CHAPTER I

This chapter starts with amalgamation of DM(Data Mining) techniques with Medical
Bioinformatics. The DM techniques are used to find out the neurological disease like
PD(Parkinson’s Disease) at an early stage. This chapter covers incentive, scope and objectives
of the thesis work. This work has been provided with combining of Data Mining (DM) models. A
new tool is developed to handle voice data for better comparison and PD analysis. The sphere of
influence selected for this work is medical biometrics and the voice collected from PD and Non-
PD patients.
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 PROLOGUE

Any science, technology or innovation will be fruitful when a common man can make use of
unique methodologies and approach. The main aim of research should have strong motivation to
help mankind from the collection of diseased data for further studies. There are so many types of
diseases faced by human beings who are related to neurological and non neurological diseases.
The Neurological diseases include Epilepsy, Brain tumors and Parkinson’s disease (PD).

As they are neurological disorders, nervous system is mostly affected. It is a complex

sophisticated system that regulates basic functions of the body and its actions. It comprises of
two important divisions, including the focal sensory system and fringe sensory system.
Neurological disarrangement incorporates infections in the focal and fringe sensory system such
as:
 Spinal line.
• Cranial nerves.
• Peripheral nerves.
• Nerve roots.
• Autonomic sensory system.
• Neuromuscular intersection.
• Muscles.
There is a little work that has been done for diagnosis of ageing diseases like Cancer, Diabetes,
Alzheimer and Parkinson or the syndromes. This research work focuses on one of the
neurological disorder like Parkinson Disease (PD) where there is no much work has been done.
Parkinson Disease (PD) is the major health problem.
The people who cross 40 years are the most sufferers of this disease (Brundin and TamasReves,
2008). In the current period, there is an interest to design a tool for the diagnosis of ageing
diseases that were focused to understand the factors responsible for Parkinson Disease (Weinreb
et al., 2012). Among them, the voice recognition is one of the solutions that can diagnose the PD
(Thackaberry and Jennifer, 2004; Shahbakhi et al., 2014). The Data Mining algorithms are used
to analyze and give major solution to comprehend the factors responsible for the origin and early
prediction of PD. The present research is focuses on the design of ‘PARKDIAG’ tool for the
diagnosis of Parkinson Disease.

1.2 MOTIVATION AND SCOPE OF THE RESEARCH WORK

The motivations behind the work are as follows.

1.2.1 Reasons for PD

This disease was discovered by Doctor James Parkinson in 1817. Parkinson's

Disease is caused by the weakening of nerve cells. In addition to it if the chemical called as
Dopamine produced by neurons decreases, chances of getting PD is more.

After Alzheimer's, PD is the second most neuro degenerative disease(Hardy et al., 2002) with
regard the studies in USA, the number of individuals in the United States with Parkinson Disease
and patient’s data reaches from 600,000 to 1,600,000 with 60,000 to 70,000 new cases reporting
every year (Li et al., 2012). Since there is no specific test for Parkinson's onset mis-conclusion
rate can be high, particularly when an expert who doesn't consistently work with this sickness
makes the wrong conclusion (Wyllie et al., 2007; Bensimon et al., 2009; Talbot, 2010). It is
highly difficult to judge this disease at first glance as Parkinson’s Disease is mostly seen in
people of age 60 found more. Scientists have distinguished families who experienced an
expanded occurrence of PD, with some demonstrating the hereditary relationship from known
PD qualities (Boyer et al., 1962; deLau et al., 2006). However, a genetic ground behind the
disease onset is rare, can say approximately 6–8% of all the cases. Most of PD patients do not
have family history of PD. Advanced studies indicate the possibility transmitted sensitivity of
developing PD. Natural introduction to specific poisons (numerous years preceding
manifestations) responsible to develop this disease (Koller et al., 1990).
Epidemiological studies are effective in investigating the relationship between PD and
introduction to specialists for example, herbicides, pesticides and different poisons (Checkoway,
2004; Costello et al., 2009).

This research work is an attempt helps in finding the PD at an early stage. The main problem
associated this disease is once it occurred, it cannot be eradicated. The available medicines can’t
cure the PD completely but they can stop the progress to some extent. Popular Data Mining
Techniques like Naïve Bayes Classification, Decision Trees and Neural Networks etc. are used
to find the best solution for the prediction of this disease. Comparison was done with the results
of each model with other data mining models to get best prediction.

The voice data was gathered from both Parkinson and Non-Parkinson diseased ailing patients
who crossed 40 years of age. The decision is made based on the comparison of collected voice
data by analyzing the attribute values like F, M and I (Frequency, Modulation and Impendence).
The examination was finished by utilizing Data Mining calculations. During data pre-processing,
the attributes were compared scientifically to decide the target class by using a classification
technique called Naïve Bayes Classification which gives the probability of either getting the
Disease or not.

1.2.2 Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease

Symptoms and side effects differ from one another. For example, one individual gets early
phases of the infection, some may get in later stage and some may not get at all. They proliferate
gradually, which sometimes cannot be noticed by the family. The disease causes motor
manifestations and non-motor side effects. Motor side effects are those interconnected with the
movement. The most important one is tremor, when the person awake, sitting or stopping.

The sign does not appear when the body parts are active. Initially, the quiver may incarcerate to
one part like hand, leg or half side of the body. It stretches and affects the cheek, upper and lower
lips along with tongue. Tremor reduces usually when the person is in action such as dancing,
walking etc. It also reduces when the person takes complete rest or relaxation. The PD
indications (symptoms) may vary one to one individual.
1.2.3 Manifestations of PD

Manifestations contrast and new side effects may create with the time as the sickness progresses.
Individuals will encounter both motor and non-motor side effects. Every PD person doesn’t have
to build up the same manifestations (Tinetti, 1986; Cannon et al., 2006).

Rigidity or Stiffness: Not withstanding and developing troublesome solidness can likewise
bring about muscle hurts. This indication frequently as a result to joint pain or torment disorder
and person look for therapeutic consideration and other orthopedic grievances (Feleus, 2008)
regularly.

Slow Movement (Akinesia): The problem appears with a decreased arm swing on one side
(Fahn, 2003). They can lose the capacity to make an ordinary outward appearance gulping up.
Family and companions may remark that the individual acquires less or seems unbiased and
ready to express their sentiments through outward appearances due to absence of developments
in facial muscles.

Sleepiness in Parkinson's Disease: Parkinson's ailment happens in 1% of individuals beyond 65

years and around 60 % of the Dopaminergic neurons in the Substantia-Nigra of the midbrain are
lost (Adams et al., 2001).

Balance and Walking Problems: At first, persons face troublesome in strolling at ordinary
speeds or may think that it’s hard to raise their leg, bringing the foot to "drag" behind the other
foot (Rinne, 1994). They may find a way to push ahead or utilize a few small strides to pivot.
Inevitable postural issues result in a stooped middle with an observable rearranging stride. Thus
body may feel unevenness and can bring about the individual to bumble or encounter close falls.
The individual may not be initiative to achieve their arm out to "break" their fall, putting them at
more serious danger for damage. The vast majority don't create postural issues until numerous
years after they have been analyzed. A few people additionally encounter scenes of “solidifying"
where they can't move for few seconds or minutes. This is most normal when they are drawing
nearer an entry way or other contained or little space.
Despite of the fact that there were no particular tests for Parkinson's illness, there are a few
methods for making an analysis. Generally an analysis depends on a neurological exam that
spreads assessment of the side effects and their seriousness. By chance those manifestations are
not kidding enough; a trial test against Parkinson's medications might be utilized. Cerebrum
outputs might be made to prevent different infections whose manifestations look like Parkinson's
malady (Benabid et al., 2003). There are two of the above essential side effects repeatedly
noticed when a conclusion of Parkinson's Disease is drawn (World Health Organization, 1992).
According to the Hoehn and Yahr scale, a regularly utilized framework for portraying
advancement of PD side effects (those side effects that may create numerous prior years
determination): Depression, Uneasiness, Exhaustion, Unsettling influence of shading vision,
blockage and loss of smell sharpness(Hyposmia) issues with rest moderate consideration.

1.3 ADVANCEMENT OF PD INFECTION HAS THE ACCOMPANYING

STAGES

1. Motor side effects warning sign on portion of the body.

2. Propagation of Symptoms on both sides of the body.

3. Balancing problem begins to debilitate

4. Walking seems more difficult, solidifying or little and quick strides. More issues influence the
mid-line of the body Ex: Trouble gulping, adjust and expanded non-motor issues.

5. Unable to loco bit autonomously, getting to be reliant on a wheelchair or other versatility

gadget.
 Fig 1.1 shows various stages of progression of the disease.

Fig 1.1 Progression of PD with increasing Time (Tentative)

Advanced research has distinguished the essential non-motor manifestations of Parkinson's

Disease which may be experienced up to ten years before the motor side effects appear. They
are diminished olfaction (smell) and sharpness.

1. Rest issue (inconvenience nodding off, staying unconscious, hollering out or showcasing
one's fantasies).

2. Pain.

3. Seborrhea, Fatigue and depression.

Depression: 40% of individuals with PD create melancholy which needs prescription and
guiding. It is critical for individuals with PD and their guardians to report indications of
despondency to the doctor. Persons with PD may not recognize their sadness and oppose for
taking treatment to treat this side effect (Wrightet et al., 2003). Individuals with Parkinson's can
build up a portion of the accompanying manifestations as the malady advances.

Swallowing Difficulties (Usually a later symptom): About half of the individuals with
Parkinson's create gulping issues (dysphonic) that may bring about the individual to dribble, to
spill substance or fluid from the mouth without gulping. Individuals with Parkinson's and their
parental figures ought to take administer to indications of gagging because of nourishment stuck
in the throat. Because of this trouble, clearing the lungs of individuals with Parkinson's otherwise
there is an expanded danger of creating pneumonia (Robbins et al., 2005). Gulping issues can be
explained with language training.

Speech problems (A secondary symptom): As expected 60% to 90% of individuals with

Parkinson's will encounter some trouble in talking. Discourse debilitation is alluded to as
dysarthria and is frequently portrayed as feeble, moderate or clumsy talking influencing pitch.
The voice may turn out in short blasts. Frequently discourse issues worsen after some time.

Discernment Issues (Processing and Using Information): The greater parts of individuals are
determined to have PD will encounter some level of intellectual disability which increments in
seriousness after some time (Graham, 1997). An individual may encounter absent-mindedness,
distractibility, debilitating official working abilities (critical thinking, arranging, multi-tasking),
slower mental handling (reviewing names, adapting new data), dialect and visual-spatial
challenges. All medicines of high dosages, some medication consumed for Parkinson's can bring
about intellectual disability (Adler and Charles, 2005).

Dynamic Analysis and treatment of the motor capacities brought by Parkinson's infection jumps
out at a more noteworthy degree than the conclusion and treatment of life-hindering
psychological sickness related conditions. The family guardian may see perception changes even
before the beneficiary under consideration may notice them in him/herself (Nolan and Grant,
2002) frequently. If you notice any change, it is a precious data to talk with the care takers and
doctor.
Proteins and PD

Parkinson's malady (PD) is a typical neurodegenerative issue. A transformation was recognized

in the chromosome α-Synuclein quality, which codes for a Presynaptic protein thought to be
required in neuronal versatility (Mihael et al., 1997).

Further PD symptoms may include:

1. Nervousness.
2. Dystonia of the eyelids can happen when a drug measurement wears off.
3. Difficult composition (little penmanship).
4. Urinary earnestness and recurrence.
5. Excessive sweating.
6. Sexual issues (later side effect).

The main job in this research is to explore the voice data sets with Data Mining techniques. The
answer can be predicted by the following queries.

1. How much quantity of Data useful practically from large quantity of data?
2. How can be the dimensionality reduced?
3. What type of mining algorithms used to get best prediction?
4. How can Performance evaluation of the model be calculated?
5. What are possible branches of the research work?

1.4 DATA SET

As stated earlier, the data was collected from various patients in the hospitals, particularly for
Neurological Departments. Under the supervision of doctors, the data was collected from all
available places in India. A Voice Recorder is used to collect the voice data from patients. Later,
it was saved in the same format. Then the voice data was converted into digital format to .CSV
file format for further analysis in Data Mining. The collected data was shown in Appendix-A.
The reason behind the selection of pronunciation of vowels is because the length of the vowel is
longer in English alphabets.
1.5 CONTRIBUTION

This work has been provided with combining of Data Mining (DM) models which will give a
better piece. It was proved that classification methods give better results suitable for the domain
developed. A new tool was developed to handle voice data for better comparison and PD
analysis. This was done in the following way.

1. Optimizing existing model.

2. Comparing the results of existing with the current to find the best solution.
3. Applying tool to predict the expectation.

1.6 ORIGIN OF RESEARCH PROBLEM

Parkinson Disease is the second most common type of Neuro-degenerative disorder that causes
disturbance in speech and accurate voice (Rusz et al., 2011). No hereditary proof of this disease
that it begins after 40 years (Langley et al 2005; Tanner et al., 1999). Parkinson's Disease occurs
between 40 and 95 years of age (WittPeter et al., 1994). Complete cure is not possible at an
advanced stage (Khachaturian and Zaven, 1985; Chaudhuri, 2009). Intensity of this disease can
be reduced if it is found at an early stage.

Origin of Study: The present generation requires a voice recognition tool to predict outcome
relevant to ageing diseases (Fox et al., 2002; Yoon et al., 2009).The diagnosis of the aged
diseases is expensive and time taking hence there is a need for research discoveries in health
monitoring systems using computers (Lindon et al., 2004; Gage et al., 2008).

1.7 SCOPE OF WORK

The Parkinson Disease is one of the growing ailments that can be expanded in step by step
(Kovats et al., 2004; Parry and Martin, 2007). The present PARKDIAG tool is the novel method
for the prediction of PD using voice recognition techniques. Research discoveries recommend
that novel MRI methods for example MTI, DWI and MRV are better than routine MRI in
recognizing anomalous components in neurodegenerative Parkinsonian issue. These methods
will develop a standard examination for early detection of Parkinsonism.
1.7.1 Purpose of Review Parkinson's illness is the second most basic neurodegenerative issue
and influences 3% of the populace beyond 60 years. Parkinson's illness and related
neurodegenerative issue speak to a developing weight on the medicinal services framework. In
the larger part of the cases, the reason for the malady is still obscure and its clarification states
one of the significant difficulties of the neurosciences. Advancement in uncommon hereditary
types of Parkinson's sickness have permitted the improvement of novel creature models giving a
premise to a superior comprehension of the sub molecule pathogenesis of the infection setting
the phase for the improvement of novel treatment methodologies (Gasser and Thomas, 2005).

1.8 OBJECTIVES

As mentioned in earlier sections, this work is an attempt for an early detection of Parkinson
Disease. The sphere of influence selected for this work is medical biometrics and the voice
collected from PD and Non-PD patients. The voice information was gathered under the super
vision of Neuro Physicians and Neuro Surgeons.
The data was collected from each person by asking them to pronounce the vowels ‘A, E, I, O and
U’ about 10 times each. The voice data was collected by using a voice recorder. The reason
behind the pronunciation of vowels is that they are of longest length in English alphabets. The
data was collected from all available sources in India.

The following are the approaches for the work

1. To understand Intelligent Parkinson Disease (PD) voice prediction using Machine

Learning (ML) techniques.

2. Finding of PD Using Machine Learning and Data Mining Systems (ML and DM)
Using Voice Dataset.

3. Approaching for predicting voice recognition for Data Mining.

4. To design and to predict Parkinson Disease using ‘PARKDIAG’ tool.

1.9 STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS

Chapter 1: This chapter is a preamble to this thesis. Voice data collection and
Contribution of the work covered in this chapter.

Chapter 2: In this chapter a review of literature on DM models, PD symptoms and

Causes are discussed.

Chapter 3: This chapter is about various DM supervised learning methods on PD

And voice data.

Chapter 4: This chapter discussed various clustering methods on PD voice data. The
Chapter shows the voice data, by using visualization techniques of Data
Mining and PNN.

Chapter 5: This chapter describes the designing of PARKDIAG tool by using the
DM concepts.

Chapter 6: This chapter covers the implementation of PARKDIAG tool and

Prediction of PD.

Chapter 7: This Chapter discusses comparison results of PARKDIAG tool with some
PD speech recognition tools.

Chapter 8: This chapter discusses the conclusion of this thesis.

1.10 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

The environment behind this concept, stimulus and span of the work are crystal clearly specified
in this chapter. The voice data collected from various hospitals in India particularly from Andhra
Pradesh.