“Any bath» work a rt ewe an upping eto tat ‘realm aes ron tse del cor ars em Bee Te Sadi Tie ub’ may be sew te Bebra i lei alé caption rural my en aes ain a on ay, the wal on ane. AE ‘Though Bay ry daly unde snepony reo ie puerta ok rst ey = ey 8 Wasnt Nes Ph tan ty ft ee certs dpe ‘ory res modem ‘bien bowed pase Sipe ot he ndendent "ly ras tore th opin al aprnch o pee © iy ht ‘nol the intone td idence f pls soda hang Son the mr wal tl th suppone net the sapry pte ttn ae 196" the fn ine at an ppc istwen ote bt ewok ae beh a uy Render wiley an ies a ening pee” iy Zi The Tgp “IA tld and fe ett book. Ep ad ge onion at smoeraly “the ees gr ya ry bl ey Sesh aga san Bf eo, eevee he. [email hv” Dit Art Te iy Smet Ua Header IOC 10154708, 5This book i dedicat wo Breda M. Bayly, soho has ed through the eontoquences ofthese itorcal soon THE BIRTH OF THE MODERN WORLD 1780-1914jeut History oF THe Wort. emt ‘al tas Pp ethan ac io The Birth of the MODERN WORLD 1780-1914 Global Connections and Comparisons C. A. Bayly Orenemye Anat “ih a A. aly el the Ac Wk te ‘ovine mie opr Dem Pr ‘mre Ne th ttm an a Sure ear fry wc Cope Dos Ra we Peco sired ia itd 4 Ba ig i (pti nos a ait a hy cA Cte A) ‘eles lec ots elds hatagml tonne Ang corel he ih pliemebicbreiaungso CONTENTS sof Maps and Tabs Aednowedgmens ones nd Convetons Invroducton ‘rosie Two: Global History and Pomme ‘Problem Thre The Comining "Rio he Men” (ContemingoStndas: Bly Poe Bulking Ouro fom the Bod: Commentary aad Comptes PART I THE END OF THE OLD REGIME 1 Old Regimes and “Archaic Globalization” Pesun and Ui. “The Paste of Diese Powers on the Fig of Stats ge fe ac Formas 2 Passages from the Ofd Regimes to Modernity ‘The Lan "Great Domesieaton” tad ncons‘nd Trade : ‘The trl steal Lins of Aon “Indoriows "inde France, an Tanai: Europea Competing Groce “Bachwanines,” Lag and Connctres Proms 4 Converging Revolutions, 170-1820 Conemorses Ponder the Wars Cs 1 Summary Asatte Word Ces 1720-1820, Seppine he Leptncy of the States From France w Chi inate eran Sate and Epes, “Tae Tht Rovlatn Psi aod Commercial Peoples PART 1! THE MODERN WORLD IN GENESIS 4 Between Wor Revolutions, 61815-1865 ‘ening te Wreck of Nets” the Reval of Agrsre Bien A Say Va! The Les inte Ne Word Ode” 1815-1885 Problems of Hye Legrimac: Whos State Was 1? The Sune Gaim Sent, tnt Enos aro Legaimac in Asa A Sua Account Tomomic ind csp ot of he Avan Reson "The Vera Hanger apd Reborn Earape, 1848-1851 “The Ameran Co War 9 Global Event Converence or Dies? Industrialiation and the New City ivory Indoraton, apd ies (Gc m Crna of Pron, Corumpton and Poy The Urn impact of he Gal Cy 1780-1620 ase and Ci the New in ‘Word Usb Cure and Ces 134 18 6 Nation, Empire, and Esha, 1860-190 Pereunting Nanas: Memon, Nations Asoctons, “hd Pon ‘ro Community to Nation The Eurasian Epes ‘Whar We Sand with Navona Teopes wat Ste Petco Asian? Inna Hy The Late Nineteen Contry Dimersons ofthe "New Incr Fr Cll olan tnurnatoanm a Pracice [PART HI STATE AND SOCIETY IN THE AGE OF 7 Myths and Technologies of the Modern State robles of Dining te See "The Modam Sate Toes Rot: Govern! Dimensions Ghai to one an Sos af Poet ‘The Snes Resources “The St’: Onions t Secs Ti fe Sate Sie, Eco and Nation ‘AiiuanceShct What bad he Sate Aces? The Theory and Practice of Liberati, Rationalism, Coney aca! Hinary ‘The Comopin of be Rigen Repabtc: A Clase Theme Regn Reus Werbwie "he Avon brim a he Mate Libera and Land Raton: Rail Teor at Free Trad or Noses! Pla Beam? Reprveing the Peoples ‘Scorn a Posun: Teanensonal Asner “The Revere of Stim and ts Leal Resonanest SSence ir Gl Context 209 Empires of Ri The Rie of NewS Re Moses o Reious Dorin he Agents ad heir Forman Regous Author, Crating “Inge Reigins™ Formatiang Decne and ict, The Expansion of ner Reo” om te one and Pgrimae a Glbaton Prong snd he Popagion of Reon Rapes Building Reon and the Nason (Concise The Sper othe Age 10 The Worl ofthe Art and the Imagination brit and Unioemity in At cron the Gabe Lavelng Foces:The Mae the Everday, and the Mosc ‘The Arco the Boergng Na, 13601850. ‘ide te Wee Adapt an Dependency [Archnecture A Sino the Cay ‘Towards Wend Laer? (Gentine Ae and Sots PART 1V CHANGE, DECAY, AND CRISIS 1 The Reconrttion of Social Herarhien (Genser and Suboatin in he “Libera Age" ‘Sores indian Sumner ‘The Penn and Karl Laborer a Bod Sef ‘The Penta Got vay hy Ren SbsrinasonSunsied entero Sura Ste Sec and Commerce Meno Fever “Bond Ace in Europe Ssrng Supromaces (Conti or Change 12 The Destruction of Native Peoples and Esoogical Whur ea: by°N Europents and Natve Protestors 1820 Nave Popes inthe "Ape of Hits 38. ca a, oy ‘The White Dele, 1840-1890 The Deluge Price! New Zea, South Ait and the USA “he New ingen re New Nato he Strange Death of ntertonal Lien ‘Whe Wee te Meno of Change? Power in la nermainal Neto Contested Unormiy and Uae Complesy Revised Biography Inde aList OF ILLUSTRATIONS 1 Drening ner Japanese woman in Westend a Sage seang machine Ninccemrciy aps pt Nenterang tobe, of Py Ne Zand. Pains by {Ged Lindh ¢1880. Nena! Liter of Ass, (CenberaBecguman Ar iba 5 aed standard Arenas Inia women in Ween Clothes. Potngraped byte Royal Engines on Para lst. Prats Colecton/The Salen Colecton ipa An labe. 1 Op Reames ano “Arcuate GLopatizarion” LLL Chetsingderence: Qin Leng ispeting i 008, ty Giuseppe Csugone Pace Maney, Being 12 Auletiicampe Epo Sah jan rete emia general AL ardan Khan, 1038 Masha nite. (ney Aas MS 173; foo 13 ThA Ashi oon bray, Oxi 1.3 Hy Roman, begged, a emperor Hy Roms rpove Chass Vistas a Shoe Lasers [eerste by Mas erbard Bru. undesdelmaan, Viena. Photo bs E Here La Cltetme 04 World Mined marge A Spun tlhe Mexean Inn wie ander ch Pang ‘Mia Carrs Muse de Ame, Mashigeman rc Lbe 2. PASSAGES FROM THE OLD REGIMES To MODERNITY a3 o Indust Ci: nee of sp. Painting, intent centr Chinese. The re Acie, Masi ‘Thomas Date Neate Dah Ort “The fst ulate compratins: Lf Ct Howe Qu ‘Archiver an Alber Mani, Landon een Tees ‘bic where A senmates af Ameran arte vn ‘lina to Kings Coun, Mesaton fer roar Pate poised in Boer agai 1908 PavatcaetonBedgeman AR Lite Convercine RevoLurions, 1780-1820 Transactions The execution ofthe de Onan, 1795, Contemporary eit. Mary Ev lture Lb ‘apleon ny: Nap the pera oe, SF ante Dee ng ts, Me me ‘An Frasan Napoleon: Fath Ai Shab, king of Persia. ining Besaeman Art Liber Pott, ui and indo: Nene lowes of [Ade Tisemand 1852. ory Evans etre Lite Berwsen WoRLD REVOLUTIONS, ¢.1815-1865, Boywcan eee an rf: The Masa of Pee! ‘Ore Syston of Eng iter, Ae 181, Etching be Mans sh Susur, Landon! Inner author ess: Nang acl Phot by Jet Tose e868 Roy Gopapicl Sok, Ieper autor rons Bet defence of Aras Howe, ‘ar ain th seoy ters Lathogrp afer Wie Taylor Bish Ley, LondoBdgeman Ae iby Rigo eons: Joi Bows (190059), sone Dagserrtipe by Augsts Wishingtn, 1846-7 ‘Noto! Pores Gale, Stsonan Tsao, ‘Wahingnpowe SCALA. ” 1505 sa ry Iypustarattzation axp THE New Cry eof indy: Women waking Lanes oon {3 07 Mary Evan iar Litany 1 ‘mtg nh rope Surabaya, Date Eat Indes, In the 1, Rol Conmonweash Socey Cece, Camas Users Libary, Y303340. 10 ‘Chinese ad Indien ore ingen one 0 Sieapere’s ew bases of hep owns, 1890s Royal Commonly Shey Caen, Cambedge Unies Libary, YOSIIG. 184 ‘Then accor: The Rlance Beg, Chicago, 1. Pho Baie. is Nation, Empire, ayo Enuwterry, ¢-1860-1900 Nason ate charg: Eauestan manus 1 ‘isn Emnaele Ste on va ep Scie, ese Hagen A ew 2 ‘eheting Paling oe Sts 1900. Aas, pate ‘Secon, Cr Pips Antone ‘arity Ea Gee Veta a seen by 2 Nigerian carver Lat ‘Socceuony fy pa moe, Yorba, ‘Nene Pat Rvs Marine, Une of Oxford (1968.10.1). 231 [Rel Cro inact Japunec nuns atending to Rin (tun in ho apne Red Crone t Chemie, Inthe Rusapanese Woe Popul prin The Ar Archie, 281 Myris axp TecHwoLogies oF tHE MODERN STATE “The aes omer rng: A Cine dnc headan, ‘Wo a Wc 1900, Pho by AH. Fate Rove ‘Commramesi Scey Clesten, Camtbdee Universi (okra, Per 08 a The oli ten ‘Ncw Gules on oar, ‘scum of Archacsogy ad Antropol, Cambridge Users P1284 2 "The aes sures of ower The site ofthe consrctin ‘Sovey Cate, Cambridge Unierty Lary, YS081R28. 208 [tantra for echng he hore of Sespesm, Ine nineteen of Achy a ‘Rate, Camere Univesity, S177. 8 Tur Treony axp PRACTICE OF LIBERALISM, RATIONALISM, SOCIALISM, AND SCIENCE 1 eran tins The on reformer Ret Rae ‘No oy 1882 Bok pay PCAC, by unnamed ari in The London Sheth Book, 1972 Mav Bras Pie Lire. 9 Enprnes oF Reicton 191 Lourdes: Prime atthe Gro. shop by unramed as (CTS08 Mary Bras Pear bry 92 God'etWon Linton Missnary Society Schl Tee Siaig SW Pac, Photo by A.C. Haan, 1888 Most of rchaslogy a Aniopols, Cambridae 93g of ce: Bloc plein’ map of te ‘Hind ho ems showing temples a the ee (Ganges 1903, Cents of Sout Aan Seas Cambrsge 195.4 Malet preaching he ed ofthe est of Raman, ‘igs 105, Photos CJ. P- Cave, Meum of Aen nd Anepogy, Cambridge Unnerst P15 03. The Musion Bop Sco! at Farag, Cyr, 199, Phos by AH. Fisher Royal Commenweath Scie Catia, Cuhsige Unversity, Per S157 6 The shluammadan tem" oe Napoe Desh, ‘Stneapors e188, Astor calleton ou wo 10 Tue Wont oF Tig ARTS axD THE IMAGINATION 10.1 Revoainay hein: Th Dat of oh Bae nner entay vera Da vn, Paitng y Jalon ‘Sous 1963 Maace Ona, PasetopeVile, Pas Trigun Ae ibe102 Ar andthe snags: Pe Dah of Fon McC. Paining ‘spate Vander, 1804s Galop Sumner & May Cato ‘Sumner Galton Fund, Wado Atheneum, Hart (Connect, Photo ARG Landon 103 Testa Plating by Pal Gagan, 191, Mane Ory, Par. Poot by Enc LesaglAKG London. ‘Rie, Mash Province. Pi by Kat kara ‘The Newark Msumbna SCALMAr Rene, 405 Exporting he dase tan: Elementary dai iy the Maye Scho! of Aa, Labor, India, 100, Phe [RUHL ser Real Commonwealth Soe Clty Cantege Univerty Lita he 7 106 A Moy gamelan band, [480s Royal Comma Sry Clecton, Came Univers iba, BAM 138, 11 Tay Reconstrrurion oF SociaL HrEKaRcHttES 111A pee stem of sinc? Pai cole bor on Maes ‘aber eae eaten cota. Cent of South ‘stn Sealey, Cambridge Unies 112 Reta’ suring ean: Pousing wit camel te tank ofthe Ne 1902 Phot by Donald McLee, Roya {Comsmonnea Scey Colleton, Cuidge Uaersty 1.3, “Thee mandarin: A graduate of the Chines examination systems aout he tine fs bein, Wes Hat Wey, 10, Phowo by AH Fer Royal Cammanweath Soe CCtleston, Camis Une Lary, Fiber 171255 114 High oon of empire The ingerpeor ta en ges ‘nthe ed For, Deh, 911 yal Commanests Soe {Catletion, Cambie Unersiy Liar, QM 20170 12. Tue Destaverion oF Native Prories AND Ecovocicat DerrepaTion 12.1 Shilus epseing the Bost on he White Niecy enti en, Moscum of Arcaclogy and Antropol, ‘Combege Uaiery, Po, 122 Dane ofthe Eland Bal Klaassen (San a Ko, tay went cet Munem ces an 0 123 Byterminng the wd A oli ice wih us, 190, ‘Photo by Er Haddon, Nise of Arcacalony and atirpolgy. Cambie Une, 39174 13, Conctusion: Ti Gnear AcceLeRarion, ©1890-1914 1341 Communiniog mode: Gusto Marconi sending ‘and Shaukat Ali take ship in defense ofthe Ottoman Kislafat {Inthe bono c 1911 Nedra Memo seam 15.3. Thestorm gates A seme onthe Nie 1914 Museum uf Archaealogy and Antropol CambdbeTaw List oF MAPS AND TABLES “Toe wold under th O1 Rime 1150 urope drag the ne een century Ethan ating eg cy Renoredrepmes, 1830 Retetion and empl n East Al, 1825-70 fei and the Monin-Rebelion 1857-9 “The Ottoman Empire in the early anetcenth century ‘The word of an Major egos centers in hen entry ‘Toe nds wot ¢ 198030 Regional rig of mmigras to he United Sates, 0-130 mated word population, 1600-1000, [Namber of univer in dirt pans of he wo ‘Acrersing migration fen Earp te ars ‘tthe wort IST 1911 SERIES EDITOR’S PREFACE tno how humanity gen and How bas comet ts preset cone, two lan ote dit pce nthe como, none the es ‘oe uniter of man nen, exposed phe velo and pesopia Se fer clean. Onin telat few decades Rowers ast Seguno appear bth nce and poo mc tat eed ea of & ‘onal and stem pra ofataigble wide Hor lame is ‘rand methods an nt it» ranch of eae ‘tor ls soph, gon, ithe send lf ofthe eet ‘nt. Wort sary beg todo So aly the cog decades of he Set nec don he ne a by ees octal rae patchy and ugly tobe work rein and on the eer by the Ick fan accpeabe Bae pen whch To one a Proent nha lawl there wan ‘Both tales ne eng ily overcome, Tez alos 0 pat of ‘he melo peat fie ts, at notte subst iro ad ‘ephsucsted ivesigaon by ecboesopst and histor. I tor than ‘eres dt knoe ming and peeves hanging td mai SSeimee guy than tpl tanner cor ther nyse form, Neue he atm gar he human pst wae Ca sod ‘mustte made. Ase wich aos common ite af ean and ps ‘Sty craneophicwasrmation cee coosnon hn. A ene ne tine we nae cased to ble, Be loners of clei story id 8 ‘Seta aha cgi define sna salimatey staat by Be {atthe moment. And since we no longer suppose tat ii our busines 98 [Rvlonane vo deere prosai "The En of Hor” ip he rion of a fades, uma on, ther so sgl wh 1 ae or aden Heytour, There bo rowing wea of ways in which wr story can be ‘rien. The lent ad spe en tha werd ry Des deri | ‘om wich (ome thigh all dange are i now son to be capa ot ‘pplcason sine the ete tes, Affliate fossa fhe tendeng of economic exchanges to create slsuisen but eer ‘anding “wort” which sin sucatine seme of pone and ule ‘nuthercone the rua character ofeach, by comparing the want which ‘hey have developed las cl lant, a ica of poms. “The Blah Hy of he Mod dow ot tek ely sy of sppeaces bat 9 suporthem ll wl oe thea by proving § ‘dem, compres, an accesso thee han ps planta ef bac in which he ndspenac maven overs one Fepal development wre bod gtr y gh sey fhe rcs ioscan of ts sures and sabes, a wel the dent ae ‘perience fs ator. In combintion, ome to dozen lume wl er "amewor in whi he inary eey prof te word abe ied tao aspects of human acti can te compare, a iret times ast een clues. fame pars perspective comparsn imps reps oe Sieence. Tht she begingf wht he pst ar oer eft “Every seboleld nc”— or ot any ete i aught ~ taste poi hewetn the er part of he egcenth cer an the oun the Greet War in 1914 saw the ih of the mode work Tough the sc ou Fe peurtins of policy wet abd sre proce athe ce fal he wri was changes separated areal fom ae ‘lr which hy ewed wih contegt, condescension, or mos Those ‘tho have oe hack upon hve aeced Whether te eration [Bhento ete wor ofthe Ames and Frac evans ad th come ‘ion ofth European tem af sing tr oh "Indl Rete {nd the sabordeution of os of wel’ pple an able esses 0 ‘he impeal and Goancal acres the Alen poms fe es Ingofthe author) of egon and manach inter i a re Is aoe been stm a eas eth 1850 hat "ihe may ive sowie the direct ru of th ranormatin,and i te Rr the modem worl she histor of ease cou, an encoun The ‘ening questo far to inpatnt to Be ft to torn ied the foundation af the made sal scene and sill dicate tv ape “The outing them, Eom Ary Sih 0 Ka! Mar an Max Webs an ‘her soccer downto th poet dy, ied amen abe ey ter spect of te orgs and nse of dtl sey an the ecu ot| ows oud on But they were unsamostscng the men ae ‘hou the hegemony of European, a lems Alani ose Barge, powerang clr. This they ate, fr ete wort devdopnents tc ou be raced in Bape sok) om i some the os in {il asnune) sound he beponing of te stent cnt, or eve sth) fom thecal and Jado Chistian pce te net Wo ‘satan th hie "Hares coun ano couse, Bee wie fn igerosy expressed fers lng tne wey a Papo e600, {nds hve proce teal end fhe wench century someting oF {Trvcton ins aumberefteachen nd wel pubcied sce of a8 spect of wold toy which aso aint the presen dean Of power and wean 20 the sper soil and clu dione f Pomenon. On bth sds, ever the apse betwen tose who eee Ercan the noel tesco ar orn consid esta a ‘anton of moderien sv «European aebierment a «ato pra ahve take or granted: One of he most consistent rer | the rest advances in er pars and periadsof woed sto) eadoned ‘scene Europe "the European fan “indi Sv and entre” ae peclly Eopean charset the very ‘oto Tn” an “Asa” ehamaches ich have atonal seed ihe common curency of comparative dein, especial nthe one ‘Se The sada ocr of ery and ener ave been weakened Jcomeguene cvs tu ey ve nt ul bow been epic she ‘hau aclewemes of CA Baly 9 ave deceit Fodor” ot noting wich ome people ose Fe il thee favored or deen tuts Sete of anematons n whic testo he people ofthe wr prscpted, and Yo ich mos the Contd ne snp ate obs rics ofthe sce a thes, Bat they dependently and renin. He doc 0 ot by prolamin “Spe or simpli formula eel sumac “ons, es Aang she haar and guns of peoples, cure an genera 0 {ey mun of unenal"ens” orgie” ba bY the eat ad ‘eran descr fan exmnsnary range of human ane, von, {uiiades nach no group of people and na ape of he Se Sven more, orl damit de Thi nde sms word sory 2 tenACKNOWLEDGMENTS [ANY Nore ay consact om 4 prt eof the work of may ‘tesco Abock on ths eles deeply ndebedto awl genera of "tan ant many ser ae ne My nu de Se ever ae oon noha en loves fo thi word most lsat ss eckes amon, paral the oustanding tory weeabop™ a St CCathanne's Coleg, Cambridge Those eho have read and samme in ‘ep ae Cvs Ck (Gera ison, Jon Trempren (US ion Hane ‘an de Ven (Cine hae) nach roa a Copp Ricard Don {Commonly history) am vey tefl tose Bian ba an fag errs fact an intron ae in hoe. Gareth Senay Joes ‘ty commence the caper on piel hog, we David Csi, Dean Lieven and Linda Coley proved to beter help reader Bab [Moore wet wel beyond tse dy providing vale com ‘ent eps hinted St Ryoko of dey f Verce to sug many improvements tthe fet expec Suvopologit'spenpecve. Mictael Doon ew om Sat is hil {nu phoaphical ning to pit ut many incostnce erent ‘carpe poor psn. St Kapa urged ne ge he Bt irs ‘he aeta Shira pot ts of hing ght Ut would herrea Be Strong ne Samson promied + Pail perperine and # Pace von, Steshos Gus and Riche! Rowe heped rent with he rons we eee Beales and Kein Greenbank provid va ace. Raho Pot 4st the index with pet nse” Many ster people nego rextng, ‘ena {han them all mon wry. Tyme fcr ‘ey esponsh forthe eres anderen a ae Do 0 eh "AL maps dro fleet gees om The Tiny Aa of We Hc ‘Landon, 198) I tank he Cambridge Maseum of Arhaoogy and Aa ‘hropoloy he Carte UnvrtyLibray andthe Cent of Sth Asa Suile, Cadg, fr pein rps tion. NOTES AND CONVENTIONS “TeansLirerarions oforcgn wore ate a pernnial eaace, Chee ed ‘oraope more mda apd scare ers ni Tuts ad Aric Imes es Shab AKL abAse" ater hun the mints century "Sb [Abdel Anica” But I have abandoned the Artic "an" aspects wal how the word and nor specs may be confi. Wt Chinese words {hie nap the convenon in Jonathan Spence, The Sah for Mor Chu That i have od he men Payne of romanian her than tes Waele one (“Qing rather than "Ching" cept where» ‘ue wel elites in Englnk wage, "Canton rater that "Guan ‘hous By cones hk dw Bt” now fama enough rece "Pak “Psi” Wh reps prevention an selercosing, the ook ected 1 2 area scent om he ts of ge aber of standing esa a onal ‘he Ontond and Cad hte, the caeue Camb Hote he eng hor sre anther laches of wich his sa pa uay unl ave en the pat Arian cour tebocks parcalty ‘hoe desing wth est Ani Lan Amer, an the Used Stes fe Thane Feerenced the wrt ute lathe ede wil be eas ate const ‘he biogas an fers som When making gener pit have ek {e pone champs ana orton frm flere od sos Wich ‘Soper in snes, dre fom hee Broad rend These ave Be ‘eeenco awry of monograph tn some achital ouees specaly ‘when source maybe obscure othe eet “et thee en temps bee to ey #9 "pove” scl arumens by eapag up lace That woud be ngs fom a plwopiea! pint ‘ew and ve f mpi eld ay would rel 2 grea pa ‘on Rac came een in nde conte some fhe aman ere ‘thi and notte tne bent cennedon ade by tna ‘whch coomte te subwance ef ntl wing. The examples ake i ‘atclear that hntosians woking in dierent regions are in unaware tat secs of icra processes dey depict weteconmecte. In other ase, isor= se sje ens le Sy tween state Dui i ibetecemry Jape tnd Vicars ~ ft hve ao le the noe to incopese a oader entetin he werk Abel hs ook tes ott cameos ene ‘ierences between wal pacer Lage sues finda narcsneviay appear inthe took. To ie ave onl spp der sparingly for sme ma rs The work ues he word "society" a fod dea Isnt ony conse pias ba any spied anhopoigsts who ve dened te ex ‘is ot intended bee to tele co essetiee bared colar! ene 50 raat bent the vl ofthe loa and aor he eel a he oa, ‘the village eve or wo isu networks within each we the work AS ‘Beclasscal popes i howere there ae ts lhe way de” INTRODUCTION “rma book dm itary ofthe world rom 1780 the begaing ofthe ‘erfoona asso 81 he onstofte Fire West Ws whch pe apa ‘iecomerporty smote snd epi stows torial eds Thu somes of event ma une been seated separ i eponal ot ‘onl ators cnt ght togeher Three he esconnecedness linerlepndencef plea andor chnges acon the word wall ‘be supposed ane the contemporary phe of otelanton” ae 105, ‘On ate enc handy the ratertons of cell mk event such 08 the Baroean reo of 1789 1948, rend utara merged with corsonstving nthi ther woe societies. On the ober bab, eens ‘uid the emoring European sd American “cr” ofthe asi wold ‘Somos such be mircetryrlon sn Chinn and Tis impacted ‘Sek ta oe ing Sesops an Saping ne socal ad ola {Safi As wold event ase moe interconneted anderen 0 ‘Kemsotiomon ation ated soca ther and cameo esembleeachthet ‘ios th wor The bok ese traces thera bal afoot in tbe ‘tur rligon poli sles an econo he the develo) ‘eine cena. Ti row nomi war enor on in get ise such the, al euro ape of ase Tass purot wb the ok cll “wy paces he wy im ich people ‘Send poke, te and mage eons win ares “These pay devon conecionebatacen dierent human sce turing necon snr ceed many Bybee, med ole, nd sme of bal samo att ey tthe sme time these ‘Simonton could ao bight the see of dec, and even tags, ‘erwen poole i diferent seis, and epi between the cis, Tncringy panes, nanan Aes france, fund eng in thar own nerd sens frail, reflow, o curl lensty when enfved with esetre halleges wich aoe or the new aba 0 ‘my, an cpcuay fe Earn enim. ‘he paradox tat baltcl toric Ain Appa wel fete the Caterer a ence Butt mln atop foren the ise ad the kel ‘he nineteen cents nation-states an contending terra empires ook Sme une sth sites cones na ihages eter them puke So Brad ace of el hang stcopbend sh appearance of rence rome iarwa an ways therefore, be lobal histories, t's no longer realy posse ro wee tar many hts are end ting th eI the 19503 and 1960 the red format obal seal and canoe histor forthe earl mer pri” leer forthe nineteen. This parle apne etry ofthe inperal sats of Europe, bath the Ini-empes such ab Rus, ad the teal Cater Hal for Bean a Geaey Hosting and Domine Lieven™ espal ates Meanie, Bin Weng” Kenneth Pomeranz? Wang Gang ‘Wi and Jona Wily-Caen "ave gun to wee Chinese soya gba Ikon, aking coe account af he Chinese dapore which pet an ete unr the sure of Ween iperial heey, "What wet the ea ring foes ta account or he world’s ring ‘cechcetuy? No eed stay of ths perio ould poss seep the ental portance ofthe pomingeonami Smiance of weer Fare ‘rere sill powerful, work-lss emit and most of Af and the Paibe ‘Reon was ruled by signe pope 1914, by cna, Chia ap the Orton sates were on the poof egmentabon, and Alia al Bees rt sued by Furepean goverment, commer fs 9d i= ‘her Bete 1780 and TOL, Europes had expropriated ast | land fm ingots people, pein meter ante A ih produc per headin western Barope athe seaboard of Noh Americ a5, not ce that of Sout Asa a marl ore tana cont {Chita in 100 the dierent ho widened to en tne or more a etary ‘he Uased tes wee now pat of what hstoran hee eles “eral tpi” where pars of poner Between Ist and sue ested, Ppa dominion was acunpnid by dient dees af etl peices Scaler see toned ine eet, entice an compeson eben European oto became conta and crn Buen pr Thom eon be fo ferneepen eran eat sue TEP ETSe mest mnt and cnn of fe domination by epee porer ee. Atte bpoing ofthe pv conse by hs {So te dw sl sce ea A Sth As and [Roea ered damien nt inte Seret aay of tcl nd ‘ene er cenf poner competive sang ha say acu t ‘repaints yen peta sw [Nas nd teen siping A hey pei he rw demasnec uber detent nd appr coi, ins hart che erdepennce of worl vent whe wing fore trait of Wem domain the ae ie a show ew et Seger of the nr he Eorpean domination was ony parce =o ones. THe ORGANIZATION OF THE BOOK eee eer Che ee eect ei edgier Senseo Goes Seo ee oe Seo etaeteecenmeccmerer Sie Taliesin hence 70 ‘he coats nce Chi and he ret eon of 1857-9 Eiipciair or cntmecae sce SSicaaesaramancce: = Tr ine rrp oop eo‘The Mexican tls had akeady recced eatusanic supper fm ‘he 1848 rebels again author eEurope" Hate, cmon express tere taunted fot scrote word Bt, only expo ob hanges could encourage Met plc, and ndinry pele to sts ‘erence het salary, By the 186 the pec Ces i Sonar and Wester gos, or Sump, bad ade Indes Arby ad {Chines mre ava ofthe dine regu patie, oem f Papal af irene Wel so reed farther bl ink Tn ilk ‘har Japanee contemporaine ope ast ran at ttcoquated wir so tc om mors The sin droghout he aks ‘combine what might be called tra ya sare ny of emection = wih “verizal ory the hsory of the delopment of “Chapter I, 2, 5, and the second al of the bool theres ate mo ‘tematic ia sppronh. "These chapter cone the great sa nce hich tarebern sdb serine) were ieee cetay wre {ou pubic characte th dona ange the ince [mang hse concep the ef the mary tase ain, pos ofthese cher ting ogehe tel Gon range of eo kolo bce ted a empowered in dren lice anda ent Peo aime. They stempe rope ayo cans and ness iho eveaiagtoasinple ew ote aon twarsfmodemey ns Shminan, onal” European or Attic eter. Here nay te bok lass on he portance othe ato clean’ a colic Enropean peopl and autrdiwtd grup ton European an cnr ‘Socket in shape contemporary wold nr So frien thes tuon ofthe Furpeen Roman Cathet ry fr 1870 ws pare = ‘much derpocesrofeceocting “welds whihwas aking sce the Hind, Confucian, pa Budd wes a mucha he Chien, This opr a mater of analog, bof dirt catston Cheat shure ep to cooperate nd reste new egananine a home presly Ree der peare rn w sed nam or cher tious adem sreding "monster Formal dependent ue The bok ends with eof pei efor the Ft Word Way ben Sipiomac ales an intematoma eanemie changes were fig the ‘Wass Hew Sircban emp” wan ders weld wa, ee sand ar +c war within the uropean core of the weed sie Tat ‘ent st ier,” att eal le which wt co down Shrgh the weit century aed the Rowing ter ae Ios eres any of them aging tide Eo an preentnton We cose thee of tem hee ble opening the dsc ‘Zin consrig te oth fury inne parce are, he eam Pronem Ons: ‘“PRime Movers’ AND rue ECONOMIC Factor Most profesional itor il ave ate bck f the ind te qusion ff'Suky things cuneed’” Hiserans and pibsopen who ied i te ‘Green cetur fended to fink that Rirry wan moved long YB ‘Su nd nec hg Too Go he te {teed 2 Buvpetn Chin “Grime mise.” Ofer nop at fae and coilasons sone ap ad dw acorn tomar ws of npetuon sv and dein, he tee eu, uterine fron of change caren he fo By 1980, man ang stra bd (Eenincncd ys hor sa sar the lope fsa captain Ste oman fc xine change bua a er 1750. Ta Een change tc nce century war the ai fb met poral Sey a secre tovads ony iui Te dre of apa “su deco td eae aor war probe face oe ‘Sener nr crn he Wes, trac A ad Ai. "Tt perf wenden fa he Egh-anegs we niente in pin Ee Hotsheet furome work aes is ‘Spa especialy is TheGoal However Pey Anderson read ‘then ices utbiograpy maple n 210, he et pel and Itcceldecopmesa cbr eth cyl ot near workon "tine sake wich det eet se underpin sowth of he power of ‘ra capa The moet of ecnomien ope and a were ‘icaheeeayconcn Te tended itera. The French Rvs {dominant cea othe ein occured befor sia nda ‘Soon hedcccedeveninBeiand low hare ow seth evan St trump of te “toute” Cerny, many wpe and “mde espe” tuk pat the rv, bo hey wee hanger f sobs and ‘pal ure am ict aps Even 187 eh ae ‘tei scorn obs nerpean, howe and arr Sed heap ateen pecan eed toca emer aa the geo een and pes nd ve cha he ‘ean age of ese Tne of hte robles, sme hsrins owas teed ofthe ooh cettry cat thes and “permet paral the domine. ‘Stgoig, Wesemaple ue, he "pine mover” i Be horrama. Bucs dee no zeay xe he poblon ite, The caer of the tmovem sate wus ein chumly connected withthe BER comme ‘anges ofthe erat seme et, even i want py eee by em Besides tee te he sate raf goverment in dct ‘ete sles te uneringQueson ned, i he nde see ‘op ata? The purse weve om cab we renee at eet vel pba projet af he rhe Une Sate of mei, had ae ‘ean wo fn bee the 180 and esas come ‘gesened sucess elon oa te doibesing Earp ste “Thisbonk snot desgned cell ads sch snes of Svpcaton, Invncion bowen ocelot, puke and esnonic te ‘vay. The coor ery am tia le he gue Fa ttre asc tiation, Chaperone come ‘or onde Vers concep ofthe “una eel” can be fl ‘panded to ack many forms of economic tecaton which habe ccaring om the wold ie at kes T050. Ove the cert cnt, “nusousrevtusons” were cating ofr soon nase of sire neato, Capt nor mee bing ade er hdr oan ‘out Cin to himatusetsSacak letenlogsa meen Were ‘utched by mosikrion the tran o gone ant pecs’ ater Ibis: Pesan amie came prosper fang ia ey shophech- er became un bugs Arsen, Malaya Fer, Py ated ‘euerauty fod and cig oe honors sau "ett suss the pone of dois evolutions ak doe i sot necro Bre pry nike xan of ac pe ‘Sonomic motor Ferindusiou elton rent sop bate angst Se drbaton of ater ces, Tey were so oleate to we today rg. People's riz of denis changes bee rn Son abut he ie an Meso ating popes aedy cling fst “Ming peopl” wanted emus compton fy et which wee epresingthemsle in ote ising a passive aye Se BS eo of cnc sh ch spewed te eres arope, ok range af the hunger an bess wo ink te nds elo together acon the wei wich armed siping sed monly Compan. The xine fem of the Caskoes pec the om ‘eesti even Thee vocal and economic changes were uneven and useing, They opened up dierent between groupe and. betwen dient mci ‘They spaned a for wealth eos and eo apo They vencs war equ! seat, sol rm ene ning fea Ted autora, al andrews. The url wan werd, Pen Dlosops and repo teachers ncn Aria equal the impos of the now connstons and he rules they anes. 1 ma hi Context that many leased confit spun ot of cote aos he word ‘wees 1720 and 1820, epee 1780. The aprete French Truttonaysote fall engendered many fee cnemie‘The European Ene is clon foie and asncent non Buopean sates notaly the ‘tan Hop Chie pe and Tagen an, oe Timo de ow esp, They ba 0 enc ino aes of ey at ‘former been szonomeos "The politcal and eco hanes ofthe revousionary ea were, hee fee ems,” ine seme tat they cou mo Be pected OF | Counted or snp the cso the contains an eons of hea ‘Rens or sven ultimately onthe devdopnent capa sane: These tev pore y the ew Msg which cis ad pera, Svcd Hn olor Els bated er nc fhe erty ite ety th he problem af der and leptimacy that dhs caused. cli and Jalal confit had inf chee bal cl, oe canoe or Ie wre cashed acres och of the wel. Tie ea tal $35 {Seo frce el spendin soi eology which ad ead Do ‘Sere by wider spans a poner aes, ie, a8! an neon afr sat 14 fice tat he pata, at now ee i soln fe ka bl le ‘etn in Epis reblionsio Aa andthe Amescen Cl ‘ae Ruling groupe moked to sae the Sci de y promoting ‘etn ora ar posing me for arian provide te router for he ae and now wenps frac. Te ge of eapa 5 need arsed bythe 8705 st Hh surmised But the men of ‘Spal cou si ony toque tats and rerpecaby by sero nen {he news hard-edged tonne. The age of cael waster io ‘rnd ner hc as pepe and eigen Dame moe Sra {demanding capes 9 ad Tt tempt show: the boa tenn hen, boa development sem 1 have been dcined by compl prlslogam of fren snsated by econo ‘henge, cli coors, ad mechan af the sate: Develop tment he worl eanony donot eal Sem to have been "rie othe isp and pil seacare se any saghforeand sense. These Aman pncated ad ifcaced cash oer to iret depees and 2 ‘Sere nes, So ete wre pers when the ate a he pont art ‘hes poole cent aout ware the "se af toil change Toe ‘wr esos of tx an By a fo iance beemeen 1815 ad 1850 [so there weve indeed pends nbn spent coool Terug ‘umalatncydccmine the diesen of genet a te sop ‘Antje ifeed ver tne he ance fev ements ered HorProstem Two: Gonaz History AND PostMODERNISM A second probe in ing word tons hows, dei fom the eset ‘keto pominene a we striae who So not ka hs wy al and ‘en total rand arate” capi th sas td ven slg ‘ng. Mer aboot 1980, sme Matra wee fnuensd hy send | ‘ought hatha se eal porate? potest: Waters lag Imew-aaties, whi hey an re comple mt he wry pace ‘perm nd api wich hy ses decent ie Stor fatal dsb above, wuld ensue tm fears fe ‘Stoned tori wt thi ty oe he cet ‘rates of peopl witout poner Thee shempoweted people ae eld 10 fave ben sorted bythe Burge and Ameen male xpi ws ‘voce the piel specs snd government mates ofthe ae, Cane {hen he vos hae teen peat expunged ror the pan ara {hesof win constuction arn ‘ome hit wring therfore rene an arcottenson, The ead balan’ besos te soa nae concep oft any. We some ofthe Bsc astumptions of woe story wong Rove ben abet 1 ‘tinge ct by portman om he pds ta they Doogeee ‘man experince ans outer of "pope wis poe “Thee reas why the uma sins shoud ape theme ‘nethoicogy. Consors af snr ca Be gitepaductve Hato has {vay lured when deen eso histor weting are ave oe Same booksel wen guetons aout "what happened ate alent ‘he goes Who ald ad "Wha id sean” Ti wet ne subordinated woman or the “nate,” the pestmodmist and posal tora mate can french selon, ad ena al trond phocean, but anes which a omnes then fe Sted in Sach counts. The postnoemist works thelr, nly cone sie om “dering mct-nare,” which poli an aang oe igs {nuimpcaons For eample many of ee acount see at ‘eer wor might ave cove sch soil ene dna “he uta sae parr, or Western Eager roa bd ot been to power AIL sity then een onc of the “gmc” ate Simply uaeral hitars Weting word Noy cin stele el 1 Sheorer a vary of hide tetas. Ths party the ae ‘Soran sts wera lee wel toche pence tbe pene etinu oy hrs nr har epee: nda an us etc an th acne of the poco of sary ae snp ‘emulsion oa ‘Sinn a pepe “te get cme ney cel Noah Sst arionbcane inp ener, Barents bene {Ei Darcag women team quer eo ay coed hen Bete founda of sauna ona Hue oom ema ope Cri dno more fr eto the eof copy te eden ‘eyorthe cocycle oo es od ales te hat ea thing sot Br hg er tbl ey oy te ‘Seng pmntrt ran ody he prac ee ot ‘Shae toardconoeniy oer he og tenth ee ‘Onur lola hrredox he wae, snd i wee cx inven. The tung of mor Cha lege bees of rnd am on chang «pre amg ‘Reis lot montis. New center pow rete Se ‘ire macnn, oe wep of Sen! bor Alte nme te np snd ne Soman i and tug were inteningy aed by he mpi Sommer om of goverment. They ere ce by om Stour eatin athe en of cnn opi rt, Ser iio ben aces nd pte cme ede he fn coring, Ti ook ete fp he oe aS peo ‘Sno ets between soy cl ago ede overs an th sty othe oad pics sich ome de Proste THREE: THE CONTINUING “Rippie oF tHe Mopern”” Ieisnow or dive arsine the se ofthe mea word whichis 1W50sand 196s 5.N- Essa” andes sed ewer deote wcrc fatal deropmensy wich combined o crs mep-hange orn ie Jnuman orton and experience which they aed “mater” The ange hey turd ated many ieten emsine of man ie. These Jaca he replacement big. extends ie ith smal race fase, {change which we seca ih wanton Tey encomnds enn a gh and can he theremin wrk fax Weber te Gorman ocologinwinen Yenc ‘Wetec alaps ad Kat Marni ee tough be mghaied he ‘ependnt oie a slog hangein bis thor Comey ch ‘log of Bena and oer ra writs fh prod Rad an cmon ‘oth et of Slab te A of hem ended Tose the ie oe ‘em inte stent cet tut teenth ey oe ‘hue Alf them ended aot pels the West th so a al Shane the aos West ap amen repent whch oul crn “ath By te 108s, the porn “mndcrazaton theres” hd come adr sack fom a numberof mately Rosle quarter. Detogrhers ose Sistas tepi todoute tat man elon "ned hve pe ‘rough ps of indtalaton.Soilogi voke hela ae ‘i pr in 1979, he onward arch of sens Chay toe USA, wo challenge the der ofthe raph of acai. Afr abo 980, ‘are began 1 eof “male moderates’ sping at » Weer ‘mode might be quite dierent um, a, «Senna a0 Ino ne nh feos they wee aging log sar es 0 plan an ery apued for "ney i or may Ino es dade oe wen it centr he mie roman confvaed. The postmodern lose ber Brun Latour utd ware eer moe,” ong the ellen ‘ens emotions and apprehensions of magi whic cota be lea atte bourgeois idan! subject er dominant. Meanie her ‘och hrs, notably Bes Gelber," Alan Matis," and David andes role mined onthe rly of he dle of he ter’ ‘Seonceansoral ep forenoon ‘the pace, hi bon asp he le th eel pr of ing mole thinking youre modern Modems an iene" th the mer” war pc fist sad ors sce el ‘ken nt, bese aba 1780 and 114 nceasing mambo of pepe fide a hey were mse, ott thy wer ing a dry ‘ether thy ted or mt The Seat ad French ish othe Sleentn conury Bld tht oad dele al previous ana tage eal satelybedarpe. By heed ofthe etch cea tae Inodemiasion~ the the serpin, the leone wee a dt “rama sens By 100 any ite Asn and Acasa | ere to ble tats was mn age men ctr ain pathy 8 Ser felon and commuy were rd nd should eae at: Om theodher duno of ikars war bgining co epee dcop. ‘em though they belted ely rongiin he dele ofthe moder. ‘eee: then be stent cers wea oft rel ecu a considerable number ethene, seme, a seas 0 ounce ordering otc bell tbe mse sae se ects poe ao brine people ard he world ought sa ey uldonprove the saanant ecco by aopngtndges tho mesa ‘Seen, wheter tee were watches, mbell, new rious "Ti steer des no ay hat people Before the ieee cena adver persed epuchal changes nman isn. THe date 6D [Sener ey ele wed dvb these change nso aye wc dd otunpy the name peo tp forward in seclr ba wis cel ‘Sc ies ofthe modern, Tose enter comments peel andersoed| pe for ise, bleed at he port eing of aan trv bcig vested een wl toy wee changing te wy people ered Try ad ising he leas the novel meds es Equal (Chnstescolrs ofthe eptcnts century beet te pious tare ston oarie gs wis bing rsiored ude he ng te wamscene| [Blof the contemporary Qing nay eventhough the clea a yas “Asecond wa nich peopl a though about major changes naman tinny were mallenaan me, th sey, people Behr htt sere the spel he ewenly Hd eke” than sory oping anc age af godine oreo propbeny. Ths ain wed | ‘ese of scr sh aed ment whch obsessed an hiner | Satsmen ater abou 740 These vo ear aes of tougspersied | ‘ence cena ncn te ofthe modern. Und oe of te ned tothe So for tance scent, modest Marin tila | wa about i ofthe ier of the exraton of Para on ear. Bua, ‘eueymulenasan enters oh sat econ sch 2 tose them ceary Tip eel Chi od Co gt Dd of pons an telepoph ne, ar symbol of modemiy 2s mach a1 Rene they Wee “es frhatorany ssl aot geen oy ta serch wat tte ae only een pooplen the pantthowgt a. Ho ard recover Pala, soi an economic tes "out tee” beso the avery sed “Thishok tke he eta coneporay change er 0a te ‘et with each thes pout ts pei could Fens be ‘bce a "he bn fhe mer werd” Ieenenpased he he ita, dem enalatin of oe yay oa ete slide ‘yale a maske epunin fob commetl td inlet ae ‘Tae imernatonal pnt of ndsaeton and anew ae of bs ing empounded hte pofand deren Te tepng oa these et “sepia ney changein a ssi opin Eve cea ele feng brondened rota Moder then war tony procs but hoa pick began ath endothe eighth century ands cone‘urive, boca they were the “fest.” This book accep the argument that Kolo sos he word caper nee ways an at ieen ‘nly capa of Hamburg or New York abe sbout te expasin| ‘West Asa boing the dy ofthe Pope mre he age who Bows Europe and is North American clones, Before 1914, people in most pars to were emp mar of he West. For atime the Wes sb ‘Sonp and orf modems, iy te ube ony these ‘ere mary ew onl and eveplets rou the wo ene WH Joya’ puri leached mca he moe pon, Sizifiant shits towards uniformity, particular in bodily praoee. Ate ‘inc sols became ienaly owe compen and mote sae. ier ‘enomenon which peoples mary een cies have undesoed in ‘ring pin fr a sna tiny which tengo Wine tether poe ‘ihou Ging one of then rein we Conrorsine ro Stanparps: Bovity Practice Tischer now thes 6a example unfree: des the ver least the tation of wernt in dsp speaks to power Iuvsemarion 1 Dregne pine woman in Woon desea Se ‘et mci Nien ps i sec xpress uy sin. Tn 130, {pet of garment wish ange fom Chinese mandarin abe, eeu so of Acs. By 1914 owing numberof he mon imponant men ‘Ghses natin andthe ede othe new Japa Seed the top Bat "Tha eit eprced pony end ttn ppd the ‘oor ings gran th change wa eee {e aden of enpicy Western de, but aoa he owt of aap Joan re refen movement emp to roid ode i he making sa Weang of esd tna. Hote gu ring fry sen ‘tir nde reemer r sane, ed wo Sop pee ging Bandsloaizaion ~ Creole, Swain Pisin ~ were armed wih thie on ‘religion, and scence across the world, be needed a pubic voce. The polis! ‘pact andthe seman tsk on sin forme Kote Pipes Rose {e Kot and Fh The mae nee no ony Clan a Wer P a si Sermons onthe ie ofthe Prope nd eo rma ack pe lig ‘Another consequence of groving gba uniformity can be sen in the etd ree igi a gs ens ‘nes ecu amrtatr wanted ncn tg ahd Jkt pope ir the pup of aston and ry sence But twa oo snl ae of ‘tions ema men sn omen end ne the for he seo ‘hun patch we cao, or psa ar emia. Reliposs tl the played separ More and mote inane were nine wer the vrs “ruts a the peat go vsne, expec saat o corn fr Rh “pletand hscinsor, Aven wereinereainglaopedea tre sandarid farm of fame paci was ons ain propa by tence an goer ments. Th ers were enficed by he bl cots pete Ou ‘image o Mess nd Mins, The in lof slvey and han Jeni, of cone, t mili of Altea, Areca nd, ant del the Pai nthe course othe tech entry. Atte sme tne ae ‘Sorking of goverment pte cours demanded tha esrons he ts {etperonal and family me fr ofa puro Tasha some sama ‘utes Ia Scandinavian cous mean tht hundred of thd of people wet led “Johacsen and “Chetaen” fr isan, we in arma te pracice of bi naming mat ht th the popula ssa ater the Burnve days the mek and sal muro ane Jegeal se Poke fd in dierent pars ofthe wold became sia, Wheat bead sacl teeth become he ana tthe Bis nd oth Goma in {eet oder prod Tis re was exo to Bis Arete {ows ok up the food of meneter Burp pay est hn hat ‘standards of thet new masters. tthe Inter nineteenth century, a8 reforming {ovement ame oper or Westend eics cae fen ‘etc rene ney ped. The nse ‘fibre and help them wo confront Wester imperialism. Mahatma Gandhi aso ety eos he en ames bd up das tm tog adbeen mde “tinue” hy perm an ad domenica He ad ‘Saping te we of mart ate and cil pepe lf wes Rad greed ithe Amesas sn en pend aco he wel yt Spanish ad Porugune congo the cae of the sent and seventeen “pt example i ter emipder hat i ws no singly a question of emecilexparsion bed crated aaa inks Rrween leet word ‘Steer which ended cowards gre unos So for tance, oh Su doted nnd ean gs, West Altea hi ped pte cs ffm th secon. Ti onnensonBeween Aa commerce a te ‘Alani ve planation ster ad been ected By Eaopean expansion. yh eno herent cau ur ad expe iin ne ures: spc and lene The heparan aad oe atte of a ‘Stor grins Had ech foes! Wo de an rae, nove ince san ‘Sone hy mol bodies Een fom f those Gin Bet exper tobe re uf he word — otal ugh, and eicket~ seed to Dea He Hamar of ts power dee to dscpine the Boysen equ ote ‘rida in cry. Ete gues which moved om Ana the We, ‘ches hooey and pol, at up fcr ongial appear pil ees tnd became err empstons Meanie Fresh peso ied tes ere coving and cai, French pte of ple plac, aod (Geaan oaceps fhe proper orden often an humanist owas stored actos the woe in sar actos BUILDING OUTWARD FROM THE Bopy: Communications anp ComprexitY "i roving fry the oe bot pic iver ies ‘the dncourses generated by esopomic nd political power bepan to converge 1 andere” was ao he age of oe! communist. Tete was ‘uve expansion of bok ping word Seen ha wee ot BY erty standard pessres became ene opted om fen ‘tc seas Europe whch win hereon 150, fret ts were ped in alta thn ie St Pec ad sre th wth gh pee cis Ba 8 non. By 190, the ta of newspaper ties had reached 31,026, theFelodo 600 nd, 15 m Arc, an 10 pun“ The slot ome ‘ord can be aopecisd He romember hat pope ease, borowed, ete people In eter nerds redced thr to mans for “The lee teeaph became an interatinal stem fling te opening othe Bop Aan cable 863 andthe two Aan cables in Meo. The ey he meamsp and Inter the telepone relatos ‘he send of cmmunictn Ir would be wrong deny the tphestion of ‘eo of meses cid mate posse aarp isin of cmon gen ars stellen the generation e150 hy Ini, "pin and Chet navonalie oesponde lage keraph esd tae tee in Pe, Tet, oon, Sen Francie, and Sane. Soe ‘ic an eda en spend ound the wor wh ean speed reveals tht formal simi ad mutual trnsaablty sil fen makes ‘es contested, paral and uncer sts outcomes eer te than | Sites thing by "ery" thn hd Earopean, thou parts deste | ‘he cocepand arian apparent mia pps hl my or ‘ten cama elo ite rather thin the doctor tht Chyi= {ances snes soup All smell sgt slr od Hindus seedmore the Chit 0114 shanty fad Deen 1780, tn conversed atthe famous Wold Parament of Reigns eld in Chicago in that ation hich has oes hee Bundles of eh, shaman petties ther oem sere efter and soppsely uno characerstcs ‘era ora unr Tis compen f fantom a ute ile fst lage soit ad wide neopets ad ccuatons, Snore now de much moe of sales work” tn Sbuaes ected DY Side Chine an, oa lene net, urope, Bren oii och hae of Ube hamie Mille East whe woes si eld nach nce hd rena ESE eton therapies fautiyntbcedersnset Asie ean werrscny creep mgiment hal ben cone by ‘Ein encour vai of acl mann employed nda ‘Temi, stems ha bse writen downs oad ven aaa Asa, Nor At, and Mid em mea protce (Sikerornacaemicand coe pacino The wold wasincaes Pretec ered ap snllinres ha come ite eiece nal he major tn ents Mana arb widely ton cpt fom owner a acting. Sesh ‘ntact ted to Landen, Psy Aten {fa hed ecme no bane ns sch Shh Tehama Naps Ferry poly we sa a se ec iat Sovting mas cilesTa ft ind of nero cess race was Teva Th pret psalm sve prada oan nresion Sten The rang ry psu and om ing sso “geste and began oboe amar sepiton. Convene, unio, ‘nimi i ean, ino al progeny ik {steal common nicest hich beached the Bounties ofthe ato nee thy were profoundly toeced bs von se fem Tw eid ae ot 8 halon hed toca woking om uma sees fr cee, Ths ‘a aiya word of of vgines osc oll oreo bcs ele ltr cme to direst ros hr wm ten bre oa hi fine, fowee tate fees fr change one bore Bee 10k EP ‘pest drama comers ced cel a ler serine ‘Ghee ones in broader he ogation pli an eno ely ae mi-ghcets centers. Chapter? poet onto ow how devon ‘eo in steal and pot i ashe wei ware Kepning ows Seve pao eee ost fe tin oF 1-10,THE END OF THE OLD REGIMEMarl Tower te OU Heine[1] OLp REGIMES AND “ARCHAIC GLOBALIZATION” Iw rt clonh-cemary wl pasa pomer and rego an ra ory mee hig ancy a ineribed Ia compe ways Eco ‘i, homeer, were relate mpl, mit by pce ad sl “pendent eos. ‘The es fou cages atemp to ean Bow tod yee assed omer more than trex generations woe ‘hire patcl and carats sccompani by te emergence of| Ive camper ad rcopbiy modem sil un ecco pater They Whew the ame ne aking the multicentre oii ofthe sit toward hs conn et fecal ceed, modem. Te ese cape adr spent oe slg a poli ogaion ft wrk ‘ary to mi-aighteeh cea. Peasants axp LoRDs 11750 she lags pr of ham sl edwin he dona of what tins eve called "agraran amps” Aton empies were ngs eh ely omic ses which bated athe core by inte the ups ‘roduc of pentane producer, Set esas wee fares wh cated {tapos ond ss wi tho aay labor bore pean i soil "aking mer lcs, wo might ometines far he a hese | So tok ents frm other penatenan. Below “peasant oper” mee Tense Lorn ho ores on te lan of peasants orth ea ing soups fr wages ora porta the crop. Cally hou, eal eh ‘ral wae, an ns laborer were a nate ike Co the “psa proper” and general subse to si aloes. “The aga ene of Qing China, Magha I, To fron Sati tra, ana he Oxoman Epc, the Rosion Erie, and the Habsburg mootriytopther mit bve scone frat eae 70 pct of‘he wr popalitin. Lrg pats f the Spi Coweta Coe ‘alan South America were nl med by peat een fhe bg ‘ered Alfa, musing complex laos wih mara foe “Sve Pesan rsd andentond, mnt have scot a pect ha ges opultion oh in seme aes the emerges a Oe fea ‘Siac mmcce may Pave pk he uta poplin tahoe 2 ‘Enrohe ral Thit apes ove te te cs cy pe ‘ontiwestem Europe martime ererine China and tat Japan "Te poland eos eres ofthese plc continued 19M ‘conics which cuntned them wee rately ple by compare ‘dh tof heater tnetentn ei whic al exper ea ae Tezaon and te poweh ofthe atte Beenie mow pone Inne wih them vere pmanny agra! ibe o tandbeeryad mechns ‘pendent op spite produce he sult ofthe havens diated ‘ser ie nt hd for hows of fea. Many weer ad southew European pean armer were burly weather han Ava an Ae “Sule agen ad es ren ccs 0 plone Joa Keron ‘pied pemusily tha och eal Ep wa sui fe teal rs ering the pects centr Even tral soc France was pegucd by conwant rire abr buns ciel Utrogboot he ance entry. Mow Asan, Aan and many Europese ‘Scr atl eitatingxactno francs vey 20 eno 0, Tet Sear were deepened by sar and frig ines, bth y see tins of mae rote sweeping in fom the pps oe ders an ‘Econ the bodes sense were ans wore a single xe The eset af bs and pes a dileet sce ndced ore at resemblance fo cach other ur dipayed many ipa diereces ‘all These deenes depended some ett onthe iret peso boc cope mich they grew For tance re going ae sh so fm Chin Southeast iy nd the Indian re alleys epee ers ty tcl cmmanits oun the pon tens which ward top nts nie se pal supported age mam of Sabre trey por dependen pests, who re eo weed he ps snd "uiope ana the bulk its Ameren cones mre, corn yin paworal are were popuaon wa let deme, Hee fs wee fen Independent but len poor bees they ace gation cst | marke or were ieee to monevenders and ther magn. Beare! those wo poles were sanurerble lclcombinton i ih the oo "glare depend on te Spee mi f cops oe mresclogy aba "ven fess whee pean culated hese pe of rps are ren ed ‘3 soci forme Regus intone and the paren of ern pot ics nenene to tate te comple ms of tnd tenure ad eatin whi nd developed win hem, Pesan ain were tend scene somes thht Ul he eee of mecha Eiming and senate cop natn ward heen of the iets Bru tc rence im he mays Wh eas ‘Sond eds hed hes ond eed to ach oe Peat nro ont re eae peo ofthe ne ow 0 WeTietathad orn temsny teenot See cea Nor Spanos ey enued in prc war of ean sei anowrets Sle ar any moderate ras petro cam. There mee ‘ets deemed pean ia of coune and the et chet Tey es pie wih thm. Yer hae efionn aly telco ear ‘Tipo attenuation sb and impos heaped upon al pce ‘him eftherowe menor an he hoy tides eno Pent fas were gue eaereeural. Thy mated more an rere moe ted mas hoe The) woul to mame he opporien Ts pro ‘deg indo cnny let whee ad wee th pic ret {ndecnami reomtancs ete options a many pare wth ad ‘Seccatyin vu snd cern Europe andi apn a oe the ‘Howting ofthe age desopment goa of pears ithe et ‘So ana pun och wast one much ofthe conan “rman ofthe nineteenth cst "Genny sal hares nod order were ao mor alae han onto teied The eines te un by se bu ey ‘rere et gi Tus wa ue eco Cnn, In, Jan abd he Nile Enews aentctuy Europeans hota enn eims oF oe snd cnseratin, Nee on the ing sty and eve me ‘ch pean inca snd id kee ih fi ne rare end {i peer wins gecrton or oi ox scetes. There ate een {camps onl of ve psa ow sine to pws. Yet he evry por was atl Sepie: penta ethan none and ‘scuctalray profeion were Doping for sme meee, Sey were wl unnped ndtndcd tobebee a Ia tre. Even he Ceres anton fare Tue Potrrics oF DirrERENCE Pe 2 he 186 seer Moras, ey Marsal Hoan bean fo wit of ‘he cay mnde amic r"guaponder rps” othe Me East Tlnd Southeast Ada Some autor enended the cagny evn rte ‘sing tht the Chese Qing Shmaty (1644 1911) ba eae east ‘he mar evolution 10 tht of the Otomans (619261922), Sate (G1S01-1730, or Maple (1526-1858), Thuy had al wanted theme ‘0s fom the sans of “et Bhan" nomad ed fearon, Nome cher and omc pe slr, mo dase and nine pervs of broad seratan drain? Iwas ern ugweed tat the ast ‘Sm an fom some pepsin, the Auesan Habu, epeented t ‘ipl and “epesennan of le have so traced exharting aris beter he eur esiogy and tal fis XV tbe Gt Langempeo (China (1736-9), and Peter the Great of Rusia” ‘Sich broad “ay erlance ewecn many ofthe plc regimes of "ures and norte ad western cera eed Yo be Hane i ele over 10 year nr The mont rece bs fear ese at Soiree even inthe commercial born eons of wets Europe {har wien pst vanesy a pate and eco fern oany of hich to be suppres or wo bea to tecme more unr over the et cow. “Spied a dee ctr and lnguic any but were gente ito {pera of kngoms grand dacs papal sats, ado he Grea ‘Prope fe wot 10 Ung wf the France ofthe eels acca gine sma bythe rote of he palace of Vrs 2 cael, fteta ste where Beat rp lcs nterene cost i lol ee fn the ame ey he en of "nent despa” waa of et Iden Europe, hangs oe the common andetaing ote Ong hes Sinan Mal rps. Thee ere indeed pct fs an eco ‘elton nw ese per an ing neta pupae es ‘ete an these empl shoud ot be cone. Forse, Wii ‘te ecve at trngig tution revenue, ven the Mesieranet| Sou, was mach serge ara Pai andi he nonesst.In Bate Iroe the nieces century, moar fee prc cage vet ‘Bs, pony and posal tems, Agi the prt of wes Anal Were re quite aes by comparison at Hyp sd the otis [A prover fhe emp, sme Saf noe Mpa ni "ven Pera and South Asa, he Msi emperors were i repo si er the maitenance fan sits whieh ered he emai ess dhe cap in an in mnt Sele he ee Betpeisn of ner goed be cealiton of pes. Lae ee) ed ap ene wee sero hese Koger so to ane [ili dma dnc wr oen me erect rol roi, thes, an es fray rie ae Chinn, Mancha Baer Cans freeones ce sone sera fctins Te Wet Aan ‘Nee knetoe em Chun), prican, developed fom of fee cay loaned be commision scans ay eat ao town brands “fetboc cumple sev ne the ener re This hat be ld inp cone and barnes the wing #0 {nde cconmy nin acu cvcn abd ute specie opel Ten ltwar rece ttl anc nore uiomly ere tat ‘Ey mubnded her mor an phe ao orp as. Tro tebe wel or stance te mj of pton term a eed were peoday mainte ty lol exmmuniie or ante, Whee compet leo al pilesr and power ad cme it einen here Wo ens endo for th oe beckon py Becoming aot thn | ‘Sac her pce ite Kings and emperors fen and erate ad ‘Sv as ee ii te ae Fic oot fhe eve pent. Here nd Gwen Europe, at ‘en panes agit the ox impo eve y auc cep cre oyna ot cay a the tf ul ea ‘ie puns Now Word sce atemps he cowe to cera power {tsa mac thw th ve mat Oy fed alr pose an te ‘Tapbioning ober fom he ndan penny. Not sepa, "a Bel abo" he Span fastened ped of merous fel roeton* The pte was sarin Ani By 1800 Chi te op ranats he ‘sain tte funding, nial, he rps ha en ote 0 ate ‘i poner nme sen ode steogtben Kew he ange Fu foneey she Geet ofthe inet inno soveycenpronie he ‘ame’ eginacy Recent work on te Wrst Aan Aste has a ow ‘Seth png coal! power sever Hed By os eons td cage gre ere, commons developed rain contacts wi he ‘eld mart np ft Bese of he ener a eae So eerment nals ets wan in something of sf he eb Ste power wis mer and pure i defeats ous an vpnce was need to ap scpang aay to meats a olfle uch. th monaco aes a si hte ps ings aud th ‘maeenc, ware an x ating reply came tom Ble when ‘nds annuay bocane npanale. The ste sold oly phy sl numberof ofc or ere mal ute ip praca cane, peer ‘ules wet ol ist Bepsning fon out who and how may pup ed Sein woes trai wha guages hey spoke o whe on ‘es theypesmed, Bsns th hry of lg escion a Eup ot uno of Seb, wan what was requ. Every terete anol fst ndimperl power reed in henge erm on he pn {nd honoring flea ees osFavering cl communis Rules a snalacd by iether sol horn ntl the German so ‘he masts af grea soles and cntlles of land were alowed efecve lordship win thei domains, proved ha they fl allegiance ote forwas of congue and Sten. Twas gt sf ost, of he Indian tery of Ratan, conoid by oa ay ad noes owing | ‘rood allegance oe Mughal emer in Del wa oe ua in tse respec. On te other side were te lds breccia a | ‘Ghbonte bearer of col magi inl inthe Conic cas rough image nd np schous a hen eto pone to ce seat fais who had fut forthe con of St Lows sce the Me Ag parently ny athe iherenzee- In pace though may ators eed ances of pape a infrmton, Wate in bureaucrat stems ‘cl nae the om power av andcoils a the ea ve Se Inge x ato dra cy react ty dee or he ome sts commersa cer and Iyer: By contr, a Cina he ng ot ‘ypany had atlanta pepe when consol fumes form which che ureucas wer tecred od ccm tet lundldings andi perqutesfcommerein throm is becomins ‘andowning nd een rating clas other on eg Te pre cha teoey bent ih he wind fg cndns: Ont ines he Vietnamese “meio Chins anda ns mi ar ety, en th dina es of rte, war anoles ad ‘iin etm nh a ren bt per of oan emperor efor, cnioed ode antler a dy pegs, esl uso od “ly cle TAR te ied fo he pnt reed howe he vee of ZEGLceront puta emda, n be wort of Wan Dove, cet {oat of Burpee ea of te ann rime was ies cone ‘Sm er poer and ppt vein of wes ition mich he Som new sch ety my ‘eee muny theatre apposed abate kings a France ‘Teeny eon ors oc rem ith pple ein ad {rtm esc mit powers orc txason Rig waseneneme ase) Srarp wht he ar tla aw me in pce Ta {oie Rowan svcnent employed 16300 ofc whe rs © tne I preent of Rosse empoyed 1400" ln Rui eer, teva ef eto rope hey ce cond am op Aas ‘Sieur au tnpy sgusion of weincay Moar cou sometnet encpealy ep the esos tee ent per snd cock {opine pal en The oar could eps fm rary powers {fEcy wot Breve oee srg te tees of esofon ot ese ‘ne fun te ean oats of cand sd arnage a exec Sor revue wt whch otc whee of police ato ie ee apo of Egan, Seta, end ‘One earth i rpmer whch ston avo emu we thi tndemy to go rough “evelopment ein which peo oF ‘inne etlion wc alowed by decried then oe Uy avenge a ecenann, In sme ce "perl eee” had any tne ty a pte by he sr cent, nd he Hh ‘Sap a emperor ad ced om she powers ty ba ed an eds of cong The Otoman rats nanbul hed vay ee ‘Khe coca perl ono eon nate io Ea Si ‘Mount tsbanoo, snd Noch Alc by 1700 pap tht ne eoained snc of eg ny 172, Ma get ‘ees eri Hind Munk and Sth subj ged in apni ae inant om Di The bag erp of as wt 8 "eo ores of sepa terol st of Shh had ep ood ft power naa ents and bow te ental ee ait ati war cere by anowing hablo the Church wd sem conto he fs he teers ey. The Oct Subunits centr cue ore hn map of dece ‘le, weaning powers ne Ganong Aon Hangar cmp ‘ning, erg on eisa semis of ol Mason who bad tr been icuorated no expanding Stille nd aserve miners rom outset bodes fstab Tel in England, where they were fined i ter mitary commands ‘Sows anh Some ofthe fers Ge radiate en ad coc teen Cato ntl” cai of Hepa. I many Europe en om aropesn sca a owt of pation Sia and sentiment ea see oat eat inp caste weer by outer na peo tsidesdiincton between “ot” li, “oener (da) and ‘tego of aur we bo em jut ve he fry Borde" caled pre ‘Mostohe ret emerald in symbo ceteton wih vasa onto "ook cu fo ter enema ade, Prien il er ‘Sio-owning poner ann rm the Keio to of Mal hoa ‘heey Aes the Repu Vee eld a ncaa waters he ‘eae of Muscat and Oman cred th Aas an ladon const he he ‘is at coronation of Southaa’ Assn popes and sbipownem Inne aceproges” Stes hve fund tha even in he gananempen Power toes af mechan an loel gen cece cntlled artit ‘Stes which were formally dominated by spills and olde Ta ‘commercial gre, that emperors fom the stench cetury onward ab Teme cose down Chin’ martin ads when they mee ao et) [Exapened or ben besten itn bon the mince cent The inl ott war fen 0 be casted “pate the comman eof Beaes Royal Na ‘Histon fave tionally Wewed the woeldvrough the pepe She ofhunaiy who ned ner hse conta Compleat Sarto, sacha he Op Great Zine, o Aste cop ented ‘Anca Yu many ther Abc especialy i the sta Fut ofthe Conner, ned in what hate Hee ale stat le sce 0d the he boas were made up tm te expltaion of a age of arcu oe ‘nd animal produc ies were common in Wes nd Non Alen ‘nerrcies were more ofen contacted of apes ad ot an Bras bY ‘ner of Ac, i eh Amn a as wi Titus ee reid ay ty nae ede abe eee he EESGf oie ny Aétan "high Hag" were constancy the conse! Se cs fe ft rage Tae power os eg al concen ‘Scone wet tan een poe (itt socwtce dependent pou di ex, ofcourse Semetanes hey wore ccndnn of sever someting poole whos pret hd pesaed ther prover in echange rp dug ad ies But ssh people were more Fe svn fie wpeioeincage than srt or plaaton slaves othe (Caoen and America model The sum wn ote Inigo populations of North Aeris ant ‘Acton the Paty ch pode many eum of ema, oe ‘fetng, tad hung populate, These were cay ost i aly dre, bat eam more oy id of spe of he tral sd {Sina wos un the popslatons of teagan ees Soi nd Blows eas or replated predicate. Gene Wasa foeral Sec ‘Papin soon tn nthe obsan Pac or tans, comune (foe teund peter tough he change of woos fc er te ong SSruncen" Bu chewhere ss anon the Mat rou by bodes of le ‘ror contend rl nih each ber, famning the pater of sale Reigos sty center cal nd mse athe than on reaching tare ial Te car shock enened segs Sach pope by he ‘Sdn al of mina aa Eapesn ry i oe Aine ‘ail wo agente "ven the gest apt relms of Ears were ged a intemaly ‘ample by diverse ses of thi Sot which Ine wa them 2 ‘mbes sceaoaly ruprred by war and fron an Basa sup ore omic pis Tas wie th sper Nanchurae esse, “ino spn x vor-congucns Gg Ra, nA stor the Propit,a ne nthe ihecmcntry wer the tekOck {Wana estnce ote Ota Epic the ao pare am Ia Pain dong the ete ena we fae em he emma ‘wal rope Zande and Quah came to power" THs a, howe ‘los the nt pert which hone ad sere male ee ‘leo ein ned ss to ve th goverment sd pute he ‘eon nthe com Riorealprcen scab Y the great edie “Masi stinker bp Kindo Om he ss fe rope sts of weer Ea Lap rane heme oe Keak sep, ed tel tence wees pmsl sees ote Bowe he Ran Bap: When ine 770s, se Gc reve agin He Epes _'Rresplte, depot ne satan wd produto singh sk tpper, miner, andfoenen tothe King nd oka of ‘eld; epee! anther Stn pe of poly Here a col ‘Beet demonsinted hat 9 eas the egheeh cet oe at “aba oedema, Tad, snd the lnc rb palago, ocwn the Steranfter were ach peoples tol prov ace roars and mary sl bur eve alo rpide with sme swe ‘thie naga ad ears In Nod Aer, he irc recor Be “omar by wars Bewecn ster and Idan. But thee were ea ‘Meow poles ofSaenaton were inteduced her U2, Harsincers oF New PoLiticaL FORMATIONS Fnaly,comsdruon mast be ge oto poli were to Become Europe, but fad so exblake cao loos i the Carian a North America In economic att, Mes and arias, mh of ‘ga, The ea thar western Europea deeopinent was wal excepted ‘oh of etepencul sce wich al corel exec Ho Mt ‘regons were much more ew specialid than even thowe centers of cea ‘merino whch cold be cen nthe cnt Yang vas, o Sra engl ein he itr of tana On ape a aro coal Cait Tenth seen eu coil Holand which Jan de Vests the Fine moder econ” as poring more than ane of fo BR from some dance, Wel-descped eon specalanon war i a ast soubor England, where Londoo wes x naine aie porting frat and veges fom southern Ueland an oa fom a at noi # Newco he eighteens cnury. asc and ee isaments et ‘sual we decd; an capa was nceng Becoming wanes ‘ivf intances Dutch foun ied ne snk the Engl Et Inia and Levant companies and in the Brisk Caan, ven oud ond remained Brain's va Tn some way the mon advanced form SOY conmispecnsatna an the ang dance Sepoymet ep wet ‘ice lations futher Noth Are eth Caen. The ie at of i ae df rion fe cnc ae SLUR ince stetistuncay tno onsen, SS ecpay nose fr onan Soto “Pn Eepen wets he cn pre scine connin nd ge tne ae Bo es Saki Steancene os rte: Bachy ac bce sete ca oes Lan ets ser TE Pol td mtd ero tegen ‘Sree tte erry appear SAttaaua w rcp onda orem fame. Erno pe af Gov Hp c opio e tng ew Scere an any nrg ro nd peony ih Sirimee sshnigorhconen sf nrseny soy ht nace pst Sonera mca Hd on ed al i mas Shores or assy aoe ohh el ome ernest ty Se gow te me Gea emed § Seco of nei poke ro lon Inge [aon mae comers on ected se of es Stuer ore became smi ith merle owe ‘nec enibieae ss hon tne ttc fn ows oaths spay me cy oe so meat Tue Premistory oF “GLOBALIZATION” ete ofthis okie owt fa orn nteraonalscety {nthe course of he lng nner tury one which in the edn, ‘at diated ty he Wes. Fore since ey we ca ey ne ‘Beto inrnatinl” Thi above als othe pt of enema {ton of mansion” when the ets an paces ofthe mtn Soweto ecer the mse of gluon nthe seven end ihe ‘uth cari, sie the ih poof the neste The wed en of {1800 vac ahiacors pst bese util nd let ak iS Sa ted ikodn ston the cots af wht | cing Ye “atic plobstation” and "ary mosern” globalization persed der the ube fe nnten cet irate, AC Hes enraged ‘sets ed domiancs cet by ESP expansion of ess ab _inet! le As the pois pope hae pes scepbaetag Te many cnr In ena he expan of Harpe” na oe among stra contemporary came of Hoban ether thay ‘date nthe making. Yer we can detest some commen tig rinses dee peer om cal mga thug 0 the Cp ‘ler pre. Vst plea and economic changes occured daring theo oly apa hitlaon npr of te Adan ron Neen tem te sno unin gal ncmore of peopl monty aa tonsa eas fr mach ofthe popu of Mederenean Europe, Ag, ‘Sted ve een teensex ct rot, trough the defor power a seu fre inquest Inte woof he i eines, hese dest erent Sem Foe ‘ose spa of the moder ntemations! stem pve pact Nadray sche gobalstn Bit, unteraling Kp eco, ‘pst ue of nmi ego and tr, amoral ral Uden fap ot tod het These fee tented some undying pte in be sins oer var dances in sar find! aay eos trier athe seme of the Mon Christen Spas Ei or 0 Mancha Shor. the petos ection indestd, the cou of ese wee fongoeron pac dicen nd "cherted men Goss sae” The i Som The get courts andthe petty imitators down te ge as So ated at magnets for hago commode drown fom detan an Kohan, Chinese ale, Arb ore and cous stone of al hin ‘tox pz cos ge tac at wee cil othe rng or (Ehunce ene ln Een inthe toe lated coum ofthe Pac ce igh Kings soup ote and charsaute objects ost embody al repent great: rsp ees of has ited nto smock rl Fate mbes socal rans wore costed thou the nga chung of pond guns Renan rent communes Ae ie nt Polos Marsal Sains pointe eat ths valaton of are pots eee Posed Hovases (0 ude caply for commode sch European até [rseran seh, Chinese porn, and pre sno eae ar "The liens ofthe rca le trait lois ad ti hn of Rone or a, he yo Alaa war dey eerie Sc rei and Abia. Scrententvcenary Mop! np Pode Ue me bh ———————— ease Ot ne ey Baek ween etn Re frye ‘of Afghanistan looked for Greeks, throwbacks to Alexander's Sms secret arse eS es Cp tencnt ust wcrc argentine an ae otictscr ee an ai ert i oan Se oe Sones louie Pee peroprtior prey in See Sener arenas Suen ‘wel in order to preserve the balance ofthe ideal pity, preserving pious eee ey ees ee eee eee ‘expistation and religious confit. ‘Ths theme will be explored further in = Sceeterveaimami fer emacs -Eagagemenss to cade how to beng the Jewish people back to dhe Temple Seer aomcrnonetetenrtenranene SS ca annie anenoraacs Setieeiecemegheaeee water testes ee citer ninemsnin rurn spread new ets. The wots biomedical pm hom he Ge, ‘ham and Hinds tag o Doi wd Contain cveoppe. Spec red ech eter tents The SOB ot Ser Specs reba ey ad ‘imal roduc wich wre thought enhance pron ad Bol eat Along with mares of roe Suh a Precos Mea Weapon, fn hoes te seach fr pied medkinesenposed dep pers Wat {rage andthe moneent of peoples" They ell o est the athe Stonecape,”& Stal pate of cll ing 0 bomow 2 werd fe ‘Aram Appaceat gun. Ty the eee cena or example he ‘Suna rere de wat desgned wo spay okancing pods at Tokens of igi. Tea ar medicines that te te okey and Bly ‘pun entered Chins, Each of these somes became, Hi ake ‘hare an hen the item sty ers pl mas ‘ampine, T some deg, tis ws ako te or ween Borage and ‘Arca hae worked den in svelte and mua nmi af he Ol! Weld soptrcted by univers! nip ad covet Felon. Inthe immedi epiter lay the uneven peat of disor aligs miliary, mad spelt comnies generate by thse aie These wer the als that seed Amenan mecha the ingen ‘he hamn ing costae bal thas houth af -mor ane teaton of suwances and gods, The lage of such comsampson me Sentepcaly to comme ivy This patter of ol hase to and bene ie gant rm he ma deen rs ARCHAIC AND EARLY MODERN GLOBALIZATION “The erent in te tobacco an opium characte he second leven pase the emerson of the moder inertonl ode ‘eso entry and spreading omc he fest of the wor by 1830. Tt Pe asain wah the growth of Atami sey a a he Hi te Burpee carer compan, ans of mec sate pe, nd the royal ading ems creat ia fe Asan woe to handle and coed "hes burgeoning wed Prot-capeat bulation developed by igo td hecming purse oo, pehape “xonlsing,” to ere Appedara® Pas gin the carr erate by ace bation Fo sans the apr a ves ace sete) lathe Bling ofthe wei go “Thee new galing emi wed methodically 0 sborint and ie ssbutelaboron avant sae Tey ted the ot chapter she ik ras tatiana ares Soe kite we nt oma Se Sea ao So eo Sie oa peas a Seetecene heres Mans metepeetmonenc si oaee yee ies ieee dommes Sintra tse a ints 1 nro ctor ema Sedna ege Sce eee oe Seats erie armen ecko ed Seeecopin ncn Seana cee sarees chat eeermnen Sie Scr nea ae ens = 7g i iin ec i. ciara ese aces See Ema aos araas Heist ay puja eae nto etre SpE ea eee we ee ete tee eet Semarang iw melt ioe ns Schram TiaoesD sae ane a Soi Surhivine Teer sect a ene Shiota es herein ator su iciniastaeesoite he seat meesisicabatemnn eh median yesa hn onan San See nS ear ame ers tly ote nar a a Toren ate eterna mest le ee eStores SUE SSoc ie arises rs SAN ae a heFr eccenting dhergnoes tern the csonomie performance of diem 1 goes on to examine the much subsler diferences which expeaed i the fn o sates sade sccts som becomes. [2] PAssaGEs FROM THE OLD REGIMES TO MOovDERNITY Farry yea ag if ofl hirano tans had bee shed wha triers change nang place two level inh sean all | teh pent tury tes Wo proba have pod whe Insti Reson and the Dering: of mechanic! production ip Brain. Noone (doubt lang ar ipo of indian or bow people ed Sons wok Bur mans Ratrns are now shea hat te Indosal Recon fad pss ey a 800 sd ave downplayed ts en ‘ance in fort of wera Bape and Ame before Be 18508 Tus Last “Great Domestication”? AND “Inpustarous REVOLUTIONS” oe pa et mt of ome eievigirnees sare epee fs oP as ger es saa iy pe Be et Secon ep is se nan a spe a ma ale age ty ce _neverting dverpnces tere the csonomle perfomance of diem {egoes on to examine che much suber difrences which emerged in the tata of ae sd cic ets he nse. [2] PAssaGEs FROM THE OLD REGIMES TO MOobDERNITY Farry yea og fehl hora or todens had bee shed what tet nr eno change ning place tweed level inthe secon al | (eke pent conty they wou probably hare ont to the India Ress and he bepning of mean! production in Beta. Noone (dou elon en ior of indoriazaan or bow people ed Sou the wor But many sorans are ao sepicl ta he Isa eon ba post ey ar 1800 an ave dowrple e s ‘Soe cen for ns of western Europe and Amer tlre the 183. Tue Last “Great Domestication”? AND “Inpustarous REVOLUTIONS” rom a goal perect,t80 ber mar spe of soil and conomic sarge beset len tut ner wor Bory a et ‘etre tou 30 he fs of tei conse be a pe of what ‘ap tean movin noma, aig fing, wih salsa sence menune span expat. The pce More 1 sea ad ery pe poe the semaine noma ents et sont 1650 Thee were «mune of rate fr ths Huma population Seam wo uch ster ose ef he eat pani Sabon page andthe Jace. Hopuatin cen began to 0" ID ‘uct aunten smh hc prstng cous Dassen eon e ‘Seta and South ameter spend are he Od Word in th wae fhe Spi no Potpise “Usenet” proving yan esas to heclues high opulent es popu reed ed rig sty encouraged he expan of culation an he see feta opis and stant agrcluraats,See people wer ae ty ln tes pended ses labor and ney. With he exe at ‘pioneer persis began to move ito this ast Evropean hinterland, Aloo freer ‘The deurucon of oe in Scoland snd the Gs othe pet opin Gack Ire wee par the proess. A abou the ane European exon im Nort America bean to pun elation Beyond ‘ane aber up ther als noses wee indore pope a faced mainly honing and Reng, During he eens cnt ‘or fat rps sch pin, ope and bec, om he om of ae (rs replied tthe end of the eighteen cet. Hete the ee merce. Aan sliver were bough th he espe ut usa commuitis, Alone the trl and eter tes of te ee toms of sted agelre in hereon foe 2 athe newer Geian miso tons sd monastic n Cental ant South Are Tn Bet and South Ace epecaly there exsed » Inger abort [ecaen mor fae fon of smal hoshandy and mee tern lh ‘of the essenially imernal nature of these changes Ic wus oaly distal oh te East Aan const Yu dung the couse ofthe Aer oth Sidra thi fore domerication nr ws promt by 2 depend Ser population dros from conauered popes. ADIOS pe hee ‘ing to deaths eneniey and ct Nga Hing dette cha ‘Grea by ming teen thei own wealth Onl ter wee wth ow OP feo net reinforced by lve aing th he ode wld 2 ‘by the appennce ofthe Mas Theres str dlls in Madea ‘he camp fom a een more efcontaied nie 0 be ound poste Hews lmgnte Moot ue Tne the, non ind ‘Sfxcn Zand Donen 150 an 100, foes were cared, inden SESE once an corer scs Siliced a ae were Sid overt anders othe covaton of eet pot? Even in cosees Chon, erin and tarening ad been inode! orn Now ern some inet the xm pressor pe, modiing Aerial Sees many pas ofthe worl he lon est domexicon~ the moe rapid lounge, eo type ad lee pent an Ero = pred tals and ior forthe ering comme {or eit,herdamen were tectme “cols annem bores i "Avcond st of rod cual and economic canes dict the sx dmc, uti etd oan cen he ea othe Sib atte oceen These wee what ate Boned “inden ov Sma" In some lash ein Forno demand an rue ‘developed bya historian ofthe Netherlands, Jan de Wis, has done much to Ine epicure of eonomic chung nis the i eine more ole ‘et iigng” Yet han ao made tore une eee Ep ‘Nowe obey nd he Ae sine como wee te ol 08 fe weed which were expescangsomcing we mh al un. De rica that pone Han, str End noch Germans tad he Thine Colonie wee etpetencing 2 see of dro eee ‘hes Ths ment sing fay bor mae fice by besa needs od ‘ers fom ote te shot Fanless new packages” of ‘adn nd cl ston For nance ors of alee 4; es ca nem ng with he pha of oa, eben ane) ‘lca sf whch oe tho es. The oti cage et (iran pve peoples ghrelin, ne tne ie, {hd sew pars osc snd eon in hehe. Io vet 18 the rae inspect fh att dpe occ) ic ‘ted the ald an hen Eay pens wich had Ben pase we seein oe be ce of Elan Hatch oa. {don apes fants tc da dig he the ce scy ws penned by ow se tne naplie Reocoh 1750 and 1830," . “eThe demand wich are fom “ie ieston of reat” along wk ocho fire or house! peck might wl tae Proved cae ‘evolutions dd no asta fe o ey ndustaeton. Tey Were tea farm of protonation,” 0 ee ese cee ehh intepreatns the nda Revoon Yas a suphe" reel, ‘ulin rom he mechnzation of prodton sos revlon, oar could cen pospey in mich sen way without Deitel Sap rte po rr prosucon, They were ined spe ‘rolutions names oy, But hey ao relcted changes in dard aa {he puters of consumer deine which kad up demand Tepes Insaoos elton witout indsating was common he Loe {Countin, Ceray nd conta! North Amerie Tens soe P| ‘tthe wally of Mesko and cont! Bra! blr 1850. Then aes tre lege snle cory produson ol ue te “This ehaperaeaty expan the concept of ini eotion by ssiening ts eogphical spe ad ping is call it Fst can ‘etl extend to repon autde Earp, which oa toa ae Seat bale up pcre of changing consumer vals ad nc el pe InChina wn te dee for he ene hs otc andra ee hh Tipe reorient prodeeen a labor many Ics En pn ar Torys ofr wich mandated erin res cad an the erage ‘ord ra mater oat Ti gue oso mtr nds sd {o imeereponlspeclation ba a Eorpe. The “abectcain ef ‘ron simian soci changes owed frm ndseou revulstons. Becaie ‘esl endo Hk th "aoc and a ear of wonder htc tio and ep owas ter ‘expansion of commerce. Merchant cipitasts ip many societies quik ‘ham rope in ew pate sf me tne, Th append ble en ‘tnt instanton 0 plc in Burp It tng th sme of ey crn inthe sons rerun of Europe td the Aer vere Wop products tobacco, cote spr an te The cola of hs bbenefis ofthis networking. Chinese, Araby and Afican merce ce fay proses. er by fare green auc aed” was aed Europeans “Thre were 2 numer of rao fr hi. From 4 Yer ly penta opertigs n inng and exposing the America ha iene Europeans | "Wmpetie actanagen word de, The expansion of he sve prot ig tinh et Marat Eaopespazenlynring stering social rn The Wht Lots Rebelon wich cape to ahead between 1796 a 180% appeared tobe the ft Yersed China in the fice of Wet sparen, Io the pe dese hy {ueton at become oven more preng, Aaccesha of Riran a Sieecnteentry China have proseated 4 pct which mies eh New of dediae. They depict Boopnt ade, incase ltereond ‘pevaiatns anda postive engagement Oy pens and gy i he ‘tersing art” Thee couse, eal es which characte he Snduseiur reasons of arope, ough the cll ener at rodeo hou large le anizntion, ise Beene bor bce And wades dsburing Insesing volumes of New Wold ser Ie Te Chan as inthe Bop uscrous eoutons ial develope swe e regpizatin of uso pater flier nd more pee {In amy incre om use ous Prom he stent oe ced ‘uta, the contnpon office hart sped boc the per aha Ey ole gry a ete etchant amis ad soe ih estan rite bereits and cued sete bows, An eyes fhe seer ‘ce cenury recoded» change i comumpin paren ich ere proceeded farther inthe eghtemth He tnd. "aw even owe fa [ow fic woden faire ad cabinet makers pened cope whee ‘hey made meng amture an other obs" The sme ws re fe ‘ate ford pink a ve ordain which we associate wih he Qian Lan ‘ean Antigueshop thoughout Harope and Nore Arena sel embers of these ey testimony to the During export cas the Englah and Dutch ne India compan. Large tlumes were | penal to Seathet Aa by Chinese mechan. We age pte of Inge vlume of porsain poston ncigtent-enary etal oa (Chine war destined a the mera ate, forte somsurpin ri Andtewe stato and merbant people Luu eee nal in 98 ih and iw one mara by the equ of sods ahr hay sin fst te cont of people by MaMetusmapstats. Las, inde | jection ental motor finda evans hin and oa ‘Sila pers were appearing in Japan oer he cue ofthe ate ee see and eigen centres Economic roth wan Bos hal een doing he sete eu ad as fen “County aces” heb nts proper. Sl, mars became more sume | ‘lave pencefl counts. Labor bea re specie el ub hom osama oe the pater fr consumption, Mera an es ccm Svc sw meme is Bed rece ccm ser ttt Te Seman fh bed sods salam he acre byte poplton of eee we Seed ast 2 by 1750 Jan's et of ole ‘2B vshing fen te mariage aorta, ese ha ow See saci ee ones op hy 0 my mow mots The Set pom af donsnd bpd so mate ieee nero. S62 Site, pene sgt seer and ting The nore ‘Src ach he ping eyo Se se in Eg remem, fawn, snd tects sea ee PEP “i mde mary mor gnc tr meio of poston 2d Behe af cal Toe pve mak Stn more ey ter ‘Maye tows posal porwr apenas may doa Tre suring) pip, in sm of the ol Hore rate ssc inpelon es prof nda an he le Eat epee eile ccoamic coon t est the mle ne teeth {coy Talo os eighteen ‘Seana Empac hn sen tse comScore num in whch he os wv peo he sume ad pets froured oy bce wae ound sooty theta pay ead Sere harm ee os ea Son pare ‘Sc puietrol be ory cae ony. te meter nan Atul whe now sepals re een ae the deine fe Mopars tne poet iene cml pope ace ‘ccnp yng sng nol meres Psa Pare Scr ta te standard fing of weavers in somemporay uth In war uy ihe al ean to Beh ene oh tech cay Otc er ow coun ele of ta bined wath tad enn drag he cory, converge le at Fela nda wars sey of i oe Snore “Thesis Wes an Sout Ay oti! even este orion sect an paca ees hit rea fo amet Meg imps sancti desopd cr own oh? pier por ‘eter wih ero uktngs hs nop caper asad Ett on alin oe tira "tren co sh be nvm rome of serene. Pron ‘ator often rested than fas dered a and facto, New Pesce ne eta oni” ad et ‘Sry eS nes mck vt es as ete 2dr tad Quon of Tend tee pce oe be Sten san heft cet "| h-THe INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL LIMITS OF AFRO-ASIAN “INDUSTRIOUS REVOLUTIONS" Many itor especialy tate wren by Asan and Afican atoning ‘hte fo tk the question, What went rong the” Why were Asan lint Aca unbleto marae ther of dvlopca ich wre imralnce boat 170 een 1750? Tse queso war ual ak of he indus mecbanang revlon, rather than of adios revlon wih gestons abou he sappy of ponds at He expense of te stay a ton, the tbutry ele ofthe Fae whch sched out kh Th ppl spec fs pest an the esac lens of penn Ho gsm the or of he ism fring the deabiow woth already ween ta and the bes ‘sang suhed the development otro a wena ena roth, wit the development of loa tude and consumption. En Ina the [Bet rene cers wee poleake by the East Inn Comps, Shieh Prose weaver rages thew of ce pd eventual cme pce od "por ofan ons Moh esa pened these on teeny suena corrosive French and Halen competion i the eighteenth ory. Thi argent ncn Ben renrected by Ane Gander rank [But Gunder Frank ans fer arsine tt there was nothing ey sec ‘boa Europe” What happened wha anal ora es ‘Europe merely gets apeaanc he “rs of Eusope Both fo ofthese sngumene nett brett Fe the “cine of sere wa oniy apathy angele proces Theeiindeed me cient {hat big acuta and commer! pow which wes oui se revo cto, as Repay to alackn by 170 over acho the wel td Afice wre defiteepeicocingeifiealty i susan he momen ‘ate for instance, he Qhg rein wi showingsagh of inp overt.” Me devtng tone and ore resources ware oe onee pi8 ‘eponal ade in China, ax coastal ares looked towards the sea ad inland ‘one became me safkart!” Some pars te eamy al beg © ‘apres seriou esoglprotiens. By ents, recent sessment Bia Wongand Kennes Pmcrans among ther sage a acl fF | Cpr epanion bel wp ate wel a Chins as se the eis Eanes aan hn Heer bap tne inn gen sort Seecheen be mabomnen sl emt benlodedino nse Bereich pene peal and reoures moved om ont eon 2 ssung ctv growth anyon en, nthe Oran ‘lpi cconmictprowement wa bl bk yh ee bere reso Begs cuon and Seve and te cent atone which oud cove Sc ont ot pan ed a wan ect” The ‘ete "ehous” perhaps beter "esi" oral wouped by mon ‘avepne wo unvealnpoip aes previous cape unt tht ‘Ge Aan snd Asn peer woe not suficeny peed down es lem nutes etre were uabeorot themes ey eet raf is opt and pou By. Toe af hn nowercs wg aden fhe rex” cosoo wi ihe ee dite of rest prod al exec) ich a pve up teneen ie Ww andthe ee by 1900. The ersten Say sober reltn sacenl pera adeno Hob ange Serge par ofthe Onan Emp, eps Exp. Sout AS the Inn cf ny vt om bre tne ut est 1620 and soe eof he bconnet eae ete poner nt te eu {rcs ot 1850 dep he ram fest Bea. "he game othe "dln fe etc eee, be pba of ‘We can go ton fr ao in aang the en of the excepnal etre Burwpeamdcrcipment The" of Barge an Earpean America be tween 1750and 150 wan than imp ea fe ee fare” of ‘as od afta Nor dn the eons or norwester Europe abt Europes Non Are yma snp the domain af cmon. They ch tho bed fo erin fares of ociy and heat Norwest aap prs sso ous revlon ~ an ands ‘toy on ws fpdia a conor sd anol one wc te ‘hom sgicansy premer culate free for cane than wa he cae i bone ad enter Europe un te resto te word. Ata a he sho Sete sem, hn mean ha tee paths fs an economic {eifomation had oe stan pe han tone of Aa and Ain THe ‘eae fhe shape coer pet of Eee ipl Soars Trave, Fixance, AND INNOVATION: Eurorean COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES “he fi ehptr has already alae wo some ofthe femaes whch ve thi ‘ed come dys to esern Hao ne aston a people _‘evan 10 describe as modernity, sth, as Kenseth Pomeran argued ‘arson Chin pd Inia, oth 8 ow cient he ers ‘aus ssc flor and sources hugh che expansion of te ae Fanon spt pred ina aehes of mae, cop eran Promnces Inte ovure of the eighteen centr, huge antes of tke toe cat ia water Europes the Steen next, Bens Aerie, a tery Uarthe wet ntl ln Burrs, the north coat of Aslan ‘ts papuiton in age numbers to the Amerie cing the problems byt ma omy th ny aS at "The pad fsa robb siniceny ier part ‘aves and mare nese forme of production alowed tome reins "rope a esp fora in he cents cet tough strlen pradction and contmpto stl eed. Tots was ade the inpor ‘Ocean, andthe Amercan, Nomhwexters Europe cold ths feed # rowing Sr popultion which acesemted mach more rail than Chine Tin sed Mid seo populations ve theo of the cent. ‘Osi apn a par of sone China, Aan and Nosh Acs do lpperoave brug in sgifeat ants of ode he eas. Eves ss in wasp in Europe rose pis wheres Chinese Bsr a [cml ne hed alent oie "high evel elt tp Th ‘were ficient enough oss demands ov, bt oto rest Treakrough, ‘As Pomerans ao pit out atten Buopcas med pi and ffseny ocx the se fc Thi cro sus cared Oe ont ted ter, fo dase grodoton. BY comparon, Chine resources les eficenty exploited Colao Inge state chun of nmoatons =| Brain, Deep mane rege pump nfm he development 9 papi ‘fe ar of he acm, which ciel te breahough i se ‘conan iran now age, y the 120s ad 180 hey mee Beinn ‘o.ese Europeans fanher ee mary tence. "Norte Baroy an ts Not Amc calms nesting a sled on tes other mivactages wl lay tore ie sect pie ‘lomaae tani he ceoori bt els poalatns wo pes thet ‘Sonos nrances wor oman prper igh wae sw rT ce ins ot Sg common tv sd ind Bean SEE Ripert hot cpr ry nt prmenl re Beet vcs td mrs cd ce wey hy page Seer Rar an han und propery wa ete we ne SF sercet occa te cee Eph sop "Ey afm’ poap so ment te re rn nce et Tinie pce y gneiss Sentscovny Seopa wet ear i perimental a SE Tenccepcten opments anger pepe soem. Fre ung te Pens Earpen revlon ce ey ot {Sy cotce Thse u mwoeoten se to da ek ery ae. mente Ears, Mid Ease, and Aan okt poe den syn to etme snc tre nee ose aceon. ‘Roulleerte sgn td hee feel dots ah ‘trees seat wer range Bem Yee ls pa doe iter en Ea nd coop Rn Grats io Aces Al nce End the Covey of eth trace ine orn incl ep’ Aroo eR ce, Sed comune try ced fom oat-conto op SSicesuccmn sth hs we hy poe Soe The Oveman satan sada er ge cme abo th ae Coats ingore hen Tass party ein cn ‘tcp chang dot enya oeting Hoe ‘Ring reso as yay mecha were ibd tk dan See Hee oo gwen fui ence ded oop ‘urna poppe” pean ton noth A ‘Siw Si Ee pone osenng pnp cae nl oe, ‘ether cs ts Nr apt go ‘Frese of pou al ome See oer 1600 ean ‘Sia nen et pte se en cutee Shanon prs cmoem Earp Ramya fre cy et he Osman dan te ween at st in Red Pp ne So ow ei td ‘eat mechan oc te ge way no th tener mae he ‘hea topic fan fe Peer te Gre ie owed ‘en pnt asic oey segue Bae saan, ‘et ne tecome pres sd peal owt wh Ste tors al Te soe er ‘ent cog comms sess neal cue Espo Se on cums pone eh pg pe sSltadonp ous tn esd gp ed asa ‘Sica atc comity nd eed fn ele sn me ee fce Theorie og pans en ee a point respond he gal hangs otc tem coysre doveoped. Nav tchology ao fl ein the weer afte 1708 ‘One hitoran of the Oromane bat fated at he mas od spe ‘veri the ghee centry, ut one for Being Sretern-cay| "The mua rouge of medion aes in Etrope ge # rt ne veto snort lp wae fo produce news more dealy weapens az tur confereds picntcompetive aang on Euepen and Pie Dorcel which were abet cpr he gents wae ned” a wel trade expanded ithe heehee For was the) who cred Ueno and os i the wok’ ages markt. Egle sale of rote ope emnete,abjpted and made ary ter pee nda Tue Activist, Parrioric State EvoLves In ation to exe an expanding enc fe elas Din Itt! amen Ee, fr beer or worse was aed Senin ‘Eselp fem ofthe mae ete ich were ed with ary | oss. These ere ote frat dung he reveluonay eis in the orev atin sine of nceatrcentry wo. Ths ein coer ‘Europe ol ego compe advantage fx ami te ye dese and he comple bunds f pote peer a reve, part ‘Astand Aisa alte spent been novia eco, Bat 2 Jeane time er Bory. Ts 1790, she cpr raged the boundary Europe sites remain fy the were in Ain abd Aes. The itera Sr coves ad arp wah epg pone sey inher mre sant nd, hey a che kf set th ery {una elder ho Bee the emp ngether Germany reid Ss ‘mend despite he ns of power altura. Goeth ‘gaming of German nonin. Before 179, however Gohe as at “ned theo apremaci, Roeper, ae eo ofthe alco French coin maton be i care pokomen thee ‘Eoin fe Ai reno hugh be roby wo og hs ae. "cn Bana Trace, which wre op te new ager oat sed peal ste te nee ey cael wane of ese et Ltr Tie ra Accdany Prine oe uch soe a he ud cave, sarig powers a these tine av wy ey Oe feruive Londo tnd opine by Toa patone: The pacwark Sim ore Peachy pte was apparent a ate 1793. La ota rained pon an ep nd ted wo aubertthe sthor co cn ci Irs as Wt, at een Cori wee iptenty beg unr of peopl in he oth pen whe Fane ‘Tieton thi of ett ppl could not peak the gia whch Srlacio body th prec cre ofthe Preset Dep cry cent wor, nga expsion and homogsoes, Son Temaneé ‘hey provi iy ah ees cer. "Ate tmey re wet longed decopments working trate wet semecioo nd 0 ae peoples cle, manor nd poli shies, (ota dren pect he ola wc and cores Seva were inpenant ging sbrans to the ne es fmt fate coc thy mee mre cere a goa atl the ee ‘tc ofthe Pench and Baoan soca Snir proces wee seen en iy tr pn pao ele Ea ont mons and hors fanaa dooo ed conmi exlntons forthe rhe of natal sentiment coving ay they 00 eb Ye he cmepace of bu tated repos ares ade people sare of each ‘Ancmony i tr as och a mere core, ca nk coun ‘ene erst phonmeon: soo ae bend the couse ‘frie wich itemboies EA. Wey shed me yeas mo London ‘Sie! dominance ver mucho Bngland cy 8 he seve Sr" Loe desc nd amen thre were fe pasts a get ‘tv Bc capt arte mare and source of upp of the ne ‘Sent, necvr ef pura ancl pee nas apesaliaton eight ‘ted and her prac he capa rie her ata The ‘Bowing xpor of Enh gm Seta a ected wih ugh ‘sho the unm ofthe two counter 1707, can 4 Ld of Brosh Pin economy" To er een, the he de Pasha achive 4 foe of ccnomic dna a Pace teu he fevsonay wat were ‘ho tor ey fib mgt be unered. Ths ag sw ep ‘eden he nce ny tcf mr i . “lege. The nia of the Pech eur rg epee bls 9g fee ang erin han Pars cement sets fem et Rep and war were wooo fonees which clad he pac of hi frou "others" people wth deer belt guns a vas. May Fimortans nom ace ght seme of Engi sent and an Baga onl sat, serene eens Ep natoalcarcte 03 et = {he High Mie Ager Late, according 0 hs vow the cnt tren wth France pred fat fe 8 rent sae 6 Ea peti, “This emai sonrvera, br here probably ow a caer mange ‘eur anfemed ch sentiment fer and grand something {centage "teh" ch Pesta Cy wasted | ‘any oc in the egw carry when te cout Sl ous oes ‘Cute ance. The ern ofthe war ein wee {bone fet To the sme dee, a French ety os beng shaped by De ‘Seve ete had fing the vault pest frm of Cab coo “Agni hsha only eceny ougto te challenge fren Pretest mucha mater of Mercy aeons of ols. ecus was the oF Pant ener thn the cur of Vena, One sign af ering sear o rec sent athe widespread we of he Fech ngoae foe pais Stents cent" The eotaon of Barc patos ith the co ‘io hat Fence opel ners stn msn ws apy oak on | ‘would remain both a speci location ove an eta beater of vera ‘ein Gon tothe Peach “ole Ths occured even when be ‘German pial der remained tre between a hundred slr tae seem to hve been Gacterste of at let he Gomitane oups of at ‘oles. Trica police wos reptacin dyastic pois, The shri o the Prvcrtung,su-Guican soccer Ban wes equa by the to ue he owl of Poesant and Cath lsh pas aint te Proton sonic tote south. Whi the Prva of Peder the Gre ‘eminem tae ana, a he ats fhe esa probably | et ay see a emscaen wither rt, eran! cont | ‘Snsalng vente of" Prananen” among the mare peed Dc siniog 2 replace te men Hed in cin a ater of patie "Ast C. , Blaoing wed ae teniment ted to Reise, when aque Gemma exis aps be Reman impels tte atin sparse ade Ben the brian, eee poem of owen uted op lac aot el obsre soe wie 8s oh. Bars se of ine centr "oatonalisn was not ew and om fhe imesh nd been ates eine ese ofthese i ioral sets dered fom language and cso, fern ways of "Thr some eviecs, ton ta protean of fran dns tetis trl may Bove been ing Way To a mae rooted see of open Exope Goverment ner inresig Shing to protec “ti nd td ‘Sanden lr asc buen al marae inks. Ads miners 74s reed fran ance th tho coe, Fane, ein he ses ob | ean" "Tver example nop wars us tat te emer of ene wus a meuy frocen, Genpales amd cance id at aces ia the ae det, Peck the Great ay wel ve ben coma ‘Seng Prsan posia which would one ay frm te eve of «Gera Iie. But he stil denped the German language ooh, peat Wegor and hail poke Penh gual the Aubin mines my Ive haa roger ses fA pepo hela Dt healed ‘Wah France atthe vo tine when seme of commen German ere wat ‘episode, embracing both Prorat Pris a Cat As "th By anal ony iene llc wth he ol Habsburg ene was oe of [Nevertheless this emerging sete of ce ational, overlapping uneveay wit ctrl ientiSeen, sso, breking down the buat Seon the diferent onder of noble, grt, bute snd wagesmes in ter ofthe ig epoca dominant ies Hein, St etsbure Ti us Pesan sl fought for Dig fons a ec but urban people fied sprang sense of pane slsney wich an tdepnent Of Sekine Noh So cold became ne bj of naonal evour when he Ue challenged by French or Spunk interop sn he magic Seoy™ Parte snge sich a "Role Binns” or tblenae sp the ts Royle, Pars, or Vn Gardens Lan,” reps oeses Senge ald toner macho more sane and expan ‘Wrath nara prota market were no doubt nportany, bat te By rl ao bp to bull ene im eighteen The so-aldenigtenel Seats beg to plone sate soy fernance: By hc ofthe Epes Maia Tete gna Asia,"sae homed well ofr 600 schol and 20,00 ste." Praia sat | gerry the metic ansins an nis imposed on ‘insta pioneered te eat, and wie the eet maybe ten | pete We a or ‘rend commen Broan Hen ai helped to bul alae ha. | sama be dots of our th eh cota oi Fech ne finger ands sense of commonly within ld dynamic rene. "The Jesus | grand Vitam, Dutch le ons and Spans and Aen le Inthe Hatsune cron and the Pate Chita athe Geman tas | geil Sense nana spaces The Jess wrt sn ttre spreading were tray Ongmating in cps maton thee | linet 8 "Conuca” clr nd esos Aes osiged “ibs” [Goupe never pal crete deaper ene orpanal aunt commer | papain and wre dove the” langues. orden pape fy Once the authorise Hed adoped commensal of ecucsn, the | onl cence st nana pon serial flowed fm Euripenn Sos eva meat the standaastion of techng abd Werte expe | amaion. The nero conic of enn th century mae ps ‘in The “proce” af ont, decbed y the heart Benes | fade eter near fb” boundaes apd “the pol. In Andcron, spread mmc tug he conc thug he newspaper: | hand Abi, howe a in Europe, ore fred ie, pata "The ramets ma care ot ended 0 Sac teinporacse | tml oi alee to wie vals han simple at) wo dase fhe French Revlon ss upeing noone of czraip a tere | bala ome, dole ad foe before Eure expansion 8 Shinaod Afr 175, Earpe wis eagle by mich moe gett a> | exis. Thee acl rm and proces wee nee ape te eon ‘tea changes an by ames nics bewecn tc which Gr moet | ean fan lathe nth an ett em ‘eu men ay sec freed maton Hogs np |i Tey wee no sip evened rons” fae eonscusns ‘Ses peomete the more una) a hare ence fe vee | lene by siren, weserizedimeigeia No, Hh te Buopen ‘ado at huyy defined ound and more gswus poise | pasos of he sect and cent cent id they eye ‘ining ee supresing the cinco tepour “oer ete teresa | ep apr no er pope naan. The eh tan a he ‘eater part id much to pode the tet fr heme outer | ech cenuy ay Mave been agli, ba wn ao acer ‘ater of inincecthcatay Theater wersom contour cenortce. | thea rey fom he Cathe peat eatin oe ine From the cr Mille Age Tarope ha winced = gaia oten snp: | tthe nthe ame wa, the Scetenary avis of te cpubieind avs aig rato olde yc | Weer Ian Maat wa on gh caste an ace ely 0 ith ‘Migucrsintty mownethng wih ade morepopiar peste apex ‘epeen fap maton these and echt ste. ‘Sox tat te was of commer and te ston onto ‘The ay fates ares an li acre a ge ary ae turism the eigenth cary Soult have made these process mantle Europe types oa ptateWeny ie the cal deg of be ‘Seach cen Tis mein in Earp’ sos the Now "ee ty sreting te pecmed,coinicion, and siting pater Wa nd outers A,r he ly born Chole Ameria aod cnerig pu estes peor Earp, tiorans hare cult “Atcans” weeaedy exe ong evince to ncming European ‘Serr © dans he data Seveen Burp tates of he weed Seno commer ines, well ae 76m oe ae ‘Tethnely otcounes finan and thers hare lang wo amare o€ te pest Aun eas, wth pretence onan" toma tne wch er natoron exper fly feo these of ey igh mens ve read or the atone he ar then trot inthe Coune of he ninnenth sean, The maa alice andes The Qn Lang orpere cached he dee of Han Chie sla onic offaropetna am ang aftr seated ie sedsotsatnaioe ey hs Manchurian dian Qutin igs he sean he pees | {Oa pars oe werd The carl bgzoe of nasonlen supp t@ Ef Han Chinese any Ts standin cmt o Manche ve made tnd nin sod Ep aber [880 Cone Ton ard tly, had ten asd Jono ay oi ha tn Jorma ‘he Ostman Emp nd North Af fterthe Fst Word Wat Soom 8 Concent, and had aways Been mie the dee coer snd fadaleny ward upon te Jopanene she nan caret dase Sutrsaarin Me whch ie anchor ha leper the Ch ‘ca, em sure theca one afer Seo Wont Wer _Th cudnt ms oer fen segs he os esha indproccicbvomih Thsscoun varthewapleafVicoranané te $4 eaten oman wnenble to Gane and rea een. SH “tpetl elegy ho ie ele or eed anos and Nec Amer ‘than eran noble dong med acs of loo ie he ce ‘ror tingg stanton the Ene and tn South inthe bags int STAE Sour nina she deprecation of oe Pore The Bure, Suckgorcnere nd Weer dacrt Tic tecry ae wemay tn Ovi and Vemaneat- eee ere Views ab deaped Shen oee cy huaa and Aisne nieces Desig be wadcapial- Smee! Keo brn ops ego race comes anand fi of which sey ae the proach hey have sug 9 pony tr ort ‘2 with serene nes we fe he intr cen. Foe ‘rhe ae fmen, docu, dfny enact hes Cae and pce, Cina wars modelo be cl bss Be « 6Sed adnan m sone ne te nh the end ome |] gay aa Cre pen ic wer th cms of ae wre Pe ehacaaeiacien sa easeeclias tenes eee cine | asee ata rorassrceers asad exetare oetee com ray foc spt anda em er tartan | Eo the Cage Rts pee fy aon oie 9 et SteAinrain woe tenay ped stereos pet | fsa sar ry dmondy capand o he oney f tenn he innocent cory sToencs “ee | Stee Hae ct bh pega ce women td domestication” Er They bul racrtn guards for temanoes In the cai case of in noe var» pesting me of ety povided the ts frm | Scud ne ng ft opens Cape ange ety nn sna ence hoa nal poles, Elearning tana | mean enc Sa 1) oat op ana oon men Sein whch nw ese oon geen | ee ctan ses nse ne uber pty ee ‘Stone ome cc dnd rg tiga pan ap wika | foe me ak Rang Exmpenm Te tee fe ae Siam ob ver soc ora Rap sts el oy de | fac ses tar and Psi or hin he Bs ‘ow Thailand of Rama Ty and Qi ean emerged cn te ingss of te | ems rented some dere of local pide und common seat emone thet Gino Mbt nt Sodan The Ean ak tw ce | Satan nh Ft oe na he ine te mere ‘ements freee fe woof emer Onassis ng emo Sethe eb ea. Te sow Soni, Se Nats trite Weve nay and wc exes | gerd popula, ean inoicor wit pete tbe eeehitp wigan spun Spmh naman | Sin ty ae ~—e Sac open or Chim he meonignton fof eur ete | dre beeen feos Semi aor ter oer fo fone pes pce tin Wich seca Mets pet | Bispace singe omcar fe oem Cn ie hess ns Ciro suman rc pe fer ny mn Soe "hi tng! wes sich cnet rns wee ep | strc? meds poss Hon opr 2 ei tiie reais the not ovr mich of su-Saaran Alc, changes ad | owen’ aso be feand not mone tg, bu i an npreitae some apparent the shen he mabighiemth onary Sore linge nd | camlton sf sy chris seen separator prs of the ang supe ad schiced an onsen andre ikon ert | wo Fee instance, iia that one are of Aa whee recoil ‘Sates nd noid lneapeede The Sore in Wt Ae adhe maw ue shay wae ln Sothens Ata, ere cafes Be ‘agande pope in Eat te ora Gite a seve fey tae! Wen mil-sneRingsom iad an ancient sey And, ofcourse, Etope’s sniberreen Pex pla hoe fee esol ipa Ow pain aon cu 1 eon ned txmctnte ely bn ssonm connec aie Wen, nb ate tower That hfe wr fy, Solstice sth red him Se tad pom ocr cemiey #heis ane ltge ad Nol Ame, wich lowed bic conmeat Sete, SUE crap: crmend permenant masala maemo esi See eal wp tadbce ‘escimulaing noc poeradkaovcdge Trenexsecton tans ‘hlogatshave cule evista the "pub phere” ere ne tin sae nth cy Hak Afi, Bape ‘There » sme dang in scchg ths e's progune” change, bemwe CRITICAL PUBLICS tropa, Asan and ter Afieans had snowed in ths decton sont Thousand of yar ce, Ceri, the existence of tre cetaed and _Unithe 1970s mesa of th ancien ime concent om yng 0 ‘tigre poss yr le Some Aan popes o rant he Erbe he oil an poll forces wich Soweto he ea nd Peat snug tle fo atime Othe such Bern and Kong, cli” ala en‘ European monarchie and emis ot the expansion of nd wih Enrpean aod ge temporary anger as see Ye Enopeted wade inthe Case Slowly, ace ia date the ew of the {toi emi ate cons ewe anys tet_ Geman cl fe Haba a he eee ot treet mach: When thse mover ods snes and sent? The “aa pu oon eam be sen te mine the ‘eematon idome,herwere meiner consqurne limited contac Ar iret man Habe hry a er nck BOE i‘.eee eee sl eee ree eeeeenae| DTunutonte cee dies arrose tiemer eas | ene | ese aa eee eee ce sng ce ta eat ha ee a ee ee eee ee ee eee eed ial and pemonalsnprovement. Later be Helped fund another society ne mai sin st foun et ote cabs for icon of god ese fStnen bowie: nerable tat a oe of he Et jours pub ‘en ory he ta pari n he Aner Relient ‘Sphaceo fugaty and pea inive made sae ae wiht Se ocr rma crm mene the ord “Mig hugh he wa happy ‘Gough o accept the ysrnmge of Bosh guveters a New Yorks Boston “Teo ering ich ound gether meme ofthe ml cle soit an upwar eb ne i gdh ong fk and ay ead troughoat che science and eighteenth cenuren In France and oer ate couse, te Cars naps nt the Jena err fe ake LeSoe Stems ct te connate Sisal lente Sr Duce tae emcee ‘during the years of global war. 7 Suibrsciercnansinie cnt astern SEE aT patents ae Sangeet arson nie aoe Sen san a oy eo ae Se ete oe ae Spo sah yu Srinv eran reo Sc pe SEIS Sa cea aa Seperate Sees Satin eerie at Indian wives, ans were generally hep at arm's length fom Europese Siac wsroy adhoc Seedy “Sova pe a Ser Spain atiate chen a ed Semple as ee, ec eT ras SESAUISRE ett ae ee ‘So spice senso ge nppor to Dai anda it astterad tne donne natapsoverthe eo he word nee cy pra, doe ately up spn. The hk bem capa Feoter an soci, pt etre, wae and opnizaon fe See" Eanes to wesc Europe ad the Now Aman colo EEO sete int acl slags, sd ae my 2 rahe sane ‘SiosTiy in chrom pete ta lc ut he se ber Secale, The wenn of Landers potion is i erin al Shiner Aon sous“ of Cahora in” As wee SS Kn ard Aan hewn hepa che dai we SFateideees cena, Dug census eon nd oi ‘Elec sone areas an mcd ty cara chang, economia and ‘Sipe gla rym as Way We moe aey or {fdr tt omer sdaprane chp and Abn ae ta © ott tie soni the r= nw pe fn, more etd een of Commend ae echologal nortons wet een Ets and atin. hse continents ners aer al oj we ir paters tt ncnateal trade the iftson of rmament, and een the spend of to ness Anton si Alcan nal pen wah cre ‘bsnl sled Eaapent deco onan he ‘aan nd Caren nh rs ae in A ac tc, however eats emi to ey Wa oe ite nts beter, ut io ere om Bat preaig er Enopean ode oy te very cee ote peat AND ab err Ac tng dang iene coms my tov ma emo sf them to ada He rap han Che Eker cemuy. ‘Ther Rings eid charbnnic suo, but er tains nee makiy fw nteete an the pose Retrmaie European tte cnn gh err Aarne 165 07), Seance ie nosh sey Man nai won ot nerdy emcee ‘that peopl ced, He wn mat conetne fo ser he reg, fect ease paces of Sun slam Epes crue once ‘ie soups ber ten sek one tem, se French monarch (Ste HagseneePromtans fo tance The tee Ae ‘ethan ua an me sore wh pein oh ey ‘Bmcecing oneal weak lo 0 sgn sok 0 fd ‘Ser and more wepony fr war of aon aint al gon. ‘Asan and Ata ves gerade he eet Europe Ete Yt own plo sfc areca eon ticcgnsnth cemumy wee mats fae wee by he treat tone same Eropenm who had mere ne on of egesog od ec Rprinn ntcore ofthe ey Wa Sere npc ose ces ‘apatin were shore rows evere rng the ao European ‘is ih wa so flow Se were flowed trough hee bhinet byte Wester mites But Japan they mee allowed fay ag ‘apy play ow under the protectin fan nino orem Tue Devevorment oF ASIAN AND APRICAN PunLics Inport changes i scl eran conned 19 mane thems sia Acar and Aion aces even ding he cranes of he ee th and sry nineenth comes, We hae fale pe tom tice ‘woah bese horas hae lng eerved tem nde he ab of Ben.” este Kings nobles sd elie expres the eed an ee | forchangeinreligoes em whether Minn Cote But they are sen mene inte atonal dc. Yr Bea Frank wrod he modern ee fren! Potton Deb aon Newion he Bosh astronomer nd pit pte oe ‘hem sprayed ra endo man nthe gener irc! erator ‘During the te seventeenth sb ety itech cers movement sosibily and rods of ital ought ocined 0 ewlp in Aa an ‘se. Thee prone people with pial and socal resources with wi fe conrne he rapid chager wich they nw around thom. Cec of Proving poi oer sexes eu ony Bt hi a ‘Gruhn propose woe snp ooking oe plac of Spe mania sacs the Probe’ rewind wo perl appraise Stand sor, acompanie by movement if pret and als {heal ener of ewan ues Even before the no ie ten ‘cory the Orman aligns fad Besone cesar the ‘oti Many of te intetl and pote ened for deine whch we tie pracice afer 1850 re anh being dca in the ee! rseraon, Wel before te ninety cet, eters of elu ‘ig the ne or etm hd red nseree cen ser he mel To te ice conn adsl mashes inthe Arbian pri ‘cgi an salon radonal erp et on Aa and wir Mit ‘is whic his contin nto the tenet) century ad a ead ‘cr and coal Aa Thee sealed Wahosbs wee Sanya a Croan Norn ca wh Bee inthe ea of Su mya ee rotted and wregthened the rn anne ‘The change ee feos fol romepeta a aay as 4 North and West Ain ere a eo tte a re ode frm of Msi ie They soup co ei ai 8 Teton “hla” Pot proces of rape and dete whi weal faut in West Alea proper mde lamest in pace a te mish ss hal Ter cing int rh etn rene oon te of ents ap Nos open acne wo ‘Tecan Suh a Hn ery Aa ea rte fate worse teagan ee chon tt ug of em wena He sel $e or sarcain hing wom’ scion, ppm See pat col etn meey age pes fe SS tnt er may der tee te ose pen male ME ed ced cour adopted fuss lashes th hm pe spe, whch a eye ‘Eien ees piu en he ae ee Sse Matin Mos id mw oi de See cTeming airy ed dd pena sca Sct ‘Roe movement aes eon tinny puch of he "Wee imp Thoy rire spe ol Cage pound he ‘Totoro so esac uate open one chm ot gine wi on i ‘Asp al nd nd Nor Ate son pve es ao ‘Souter by ccna an pci, war edo Be {Sten Eup oil wos wee eal Arian Fomine ered ow of knowl Tae rea Cnet occ of Cops aap ort ‘See ua and Ache isin snd psn 990 me Swe ay. ovine, gus figs ging oy AS hea ‘Sala mee dcp by indecent nd Soh ‘See l bg Sonor nt ape arpa be feces, Hints as Bybee ae oe exe ch ‘Sr sal col aon he Eo wr nected Wa ‘Sian Rewlonceenoay ewn or snrEuipen xen “he anc wea cnn ccc aga nd eit i Cyan Jon ry cre Ti wot th ee to ‘Recerca frit tent Hos ona wa en ei ing eapecne of oni cpanion wich ste ter ons it ‘onloion and new orparon. Tne nck ba peal Ben rid y maven pvnming th coming he rae tess, (acm. The wer atc eased o ars teh tn ho Poche te uninynans wry srcie lineh e SS sey ie y ste Such movement obi a ‘Serac pene else al Sey hon fens ye ‘Setthoon Tey asad sew peo emporio nd A foned Coun and ona Sum and Swe Aa mecones aman. One notte foming regs movement fi | ‘Sr were she Nord indun Si, whotepracigaes wets ae et they rept tenses schol eusie the Hinds wo ako the cient cemuny te Sih movement read er on anng cote ‘peop tran among ie gest Neth nn eat aes A Inovonens were tern the ee tat te pte enka Drones ofthe ns TRy show falas gupling with th cw forme Soden wn hn he emu pp Hira hase ala renee the word of phen cng Chin “The Chinese Epi ant commer conse to xpand oes ice ey Chios ws 0 he point of nee pata impoonn ‘Seectun agin The ng peiod of price ter oe Kens ob at {Eng enipror a 3 nae repeat othe Conca ie The Sade of leing, wich drew on Weert Jerne hough Foot Source, Scot rested the igh town mee hon ofthe ft {et oat nd tao ven sich rec ny ‘ieterats, and gegmphy The ew mood wos ped by Gx Manet (iets) who eared aro the whol of Cia ering np fk | ‘echoningy ping he nd, nd cling dps Gs 04g ‘Seopa dy feta wing at wou coer he ae | ‘Tolomere ofc dorian choot of Conca wih tc cp ‘mecpapcalda nd tiabon™ Schur fio tae | ‘ied oreo the cravat foe te Drese WHN e trans tine to tye. People fom the nomial cay, 2008 feces wenen by elec ang fom on eon aot Tir upset healed ope oer” a een eat | Europe had aalogies cheer In Chi pining and callzopy eac ew bight wi pice a osteoid i nen 0 AE {nd wider aude Of cue, ana hou oe bck Shee item tightest ‘des emai the pina of Enea how in thse Sea and wok he ofthe et pal vegans af threo Bare Bt “loner ofthe bun! Roman crs of Pong ans Hewulneun? Wie ‘be pst lod age, ica not 0 conde tat the rows Seale of Mane eovesmemt ad f eal and eral omnes web Dred he puro iruning tg enantio inoreconcwe sete of nd and people ound ene ang Cie? Sette tingoms wich fab w Ber wih bth veverene and fer ® nan, ea adres of the "Noth Lean” wee tt [ip pn hn sw aa Ser oy re hn no Spend eta sis of oe pain of Kore it” Sic sey bonnes more compre when we aandoo he ite fain an sees ning nut nla an. Ray en ‘ng sand the Ms ofl oan vaing tesa’ is of he ‘Set nal Matic. Pry th vad eer wae ‘BC Ts woth ptr ted toy te Briand Areas oitninacenhcnuy bu ako ty he youre panera of Be Tit who wee to acs he pire ofthe ot ae. Two generators Lined sas bane worked show tat eigentnty pat fRanbel sph, Soto poll Scent signatard we ‘Siem sonony femsinedbacynt and “Doty” ling = weer open mic and bona! oe ~ pst Span towp tamara ‘Shon te eilret ons tape tee wo a ein tune bese print ring and commen. Ora Jaane Sms ‘Eeiped her tom gem of comacred poring and mane ear {Sheomctines the peace psd and Joa ae fio {ichoor cnet a undies y being Wp Wa ‘etme ecopnent rr China ore problema fom he Wes Surat nd pepe cracaed he Tokugnen pvcnment by stp ‘ea jpnce Chie gr fe ast Shen coe "Tc rae ohh hve Come igen sta wring of et 2o ar Bou te tote cleo te on Wexrn wed ee ‘ong toibs polil and econo ang ogtou he enh tela snaeen cones Behind Conca“ of Koes oF ‘en ocralrnroverte we cn dcr uve an noc tearing pase wc problems of oansng sey andbaman ct ee Al Osis cai se complet a tf om European fot nnewcah ceo Ivar ater snp eine of Wee ‘rms, bet ms ly nce th cee von of mine ations ‘Wein den an echnical in ary cha ile od ‘ete, were so db sad zoming more nbn acon he mor lowiletns avast orton when rca contac hhc Wen of Arb rough em a ‘Se JuterEaropcan en er taken op and wed nena er ‘ites nbn wer alah atenpting (0 oe fell took ih 0 pple wah homer mages ‘Th Rowe the ptr of oa tlt endeavor cannot be ‘mete comple rive: Tre wets pet, compe rece a 5 te medium em, bere he Wes, ay a fin. Even fc {Se mere eine har came in execs Ble ‘Stns ce the Went cera rst of elec deter ‘adtecomecominin wee Eatope and Noth mesa bye cathfom moderaty yeti the dpoation of pola power The Ht eu Tete gia conte tthe damm 0 pit a The compen aeons pubic phere whi ad deepen wee fas eer cle “scene eo teins y Chine Doan Rise ad Iam school ore eam Bycontat, Europeans and Americas col make ae an orate a Public contoery about arom knowledg, esha apd ice Uninc in Europe wer ore ace tnd inneatie Suing te eigeea entry ho sometimes ugh Ia they gos cone {ue super Bus wn he dense eth seine pauper stich made he runing “Thin ana re ofthe efi tha wen in | Sed snlogs Caras Linmae's mapping of pln pee a nthe a | techarhe sls. The state conte, partly iy | Se who provid he ints. In Britain andthe United tts the So tnergnce of tem fer patenng nen and welled ma con diminished the distance betwee sana instinct "fsword Been h tke the Amity ante Brh Roya Sone Som detlopment tal echnolgy whe hy ere peed ‘hem, clgened amateur andthe Royal Navy eapeane evenly a ‘hem up. Praca! and peopl noice cal ote Rept ape thon tras case of mabe mone, wheter by fringing the ag ashe ‘ans orb gromng he be cro fem in tela In aio Cin nist the tance between the arin nd the mac of he ‘Sur apes ofan been geste Is probably econ he meta Soorany ofthe Europe es he sane of owe and oma sock tar we man sec he mow snicas erence fn the emerge Sein om epee of up emerad am the ptm ty # IBochat fo the ya cor or wees, Gao Vio (688-174 “tho tone of aman histor eatin ere emporio Inc Nenten's pes ar profes in Naples. er nell | red by ner flenaad tena nly and Eorpe ConcLusion: “BACKWARDNESS,”” Las, anv CojuNcrures ‘What we have sen in ll hee cates are people Boh side and oui | Europe apling whites inerconneced poblens These were pele | tlc rn the nf beeen ja eslands chaning ol et ‘Tey arne fom the uneven Gabon wean which reed puch economic growth, These people were al struggling wo cree th as wich wee deiner es inkral coi at ‘ttn nestandssbsequn tates, They came diferent nes Inte ‘Soon hy ce nth 1740. race and aco cho Ean MePme Aneto 770 and 1789 ery at In Bai ve 1832 a re Me resrscn of 16h acti aren fe Je Grol sons he 890 ni bhi, song wi aes Teen iment hsm og same recessed 10 European abd Noh Ares re to ex thi vented inet iba prereset n ‘nr inony prs Aan Alen ev ne the mii Stn KN, Chron and jn Abu ag” emphases, Aas fate we of ee em mechan cougar fr emu Ie Tae sae ant Mera ha nsaons which proceed wd ered Coin ant higsatnce Goverment was made more ice nt Tv ecrouue byte ecm of bodies of ear me, feos and Siionie exper Comme sei kod were oo py he Freer of Ee andthe Ames Tae vane, the reine meted precinct of Fue an Non ‘antes techacapetes a i tara canon py be ‘nd y he shorter pn res of Asn ab Aa eit Seneca and etcntcntrer The ae ne lagi eration {hse angers and wore gene renony We are pte 09 sti Ps, Earpean wee mor sal re Mba forearm ‘ners in rccng tn Aus, Acre and Payne The ‘erin of Europe re ap sda bewcen fing Hes ado ie, he muni and go pny fn fee sald and bab bet Acts poet a had tate insta ode fo ea ee dicen ens an clan wh inte get epi of the Ent an he Souh lore psn ve ory were decode ‘kf canaing hg rom nd In Europe, ve empeion Wins "lesan ce spend mentee Seep fo ‘ata oat se tht he ners at hse he se ‘aun Aan ant rs Rosana often crore a hea fst oop, wich opie thrown weap abd hone. hee ‘nin were mains brie contre. ry ance doe te ate svt caem war af Earp Ine way A ete Pe “Ths Lropesnprecinenc ne ed ato oer apes fhe fEtumatng cnc ers ote mony and prorson ci, nr oe ‘catmpenr oan mcarhces avai nd ‘Be pemexern infes: But the merge of vdeo i wh bound wel ar sec frien owe lab penne 9 at ‘lab iv European an Aran aot within wc createtrot and the longterm expectation of jie. I As pil ty hd en gunanced y “fring ut json to a ech sete eta hn "gh of scour scanty fpr ofthe tcl landcom, ad teeth century. ea the oa soctre gwatecing the erection of merchant prs the opnianton ois ote etepenea en Fil ie stand back om the debit out cl sockty and amc fxoerl, «density of civil institutions out the state which were Ot et Itch in As and Ain No Asan or Afican eer wl dep fnlghened or eerie Even the Qua Long emperor haf af Se rods and Inte of Il gets an echt Butt ako | Cermmere, a unefldcoer wa produced and reyes Mae ‘Sera None of hi to sy a the etree a erste ee ‘oral o patie bckvand. The Chinese Ente punted the wl fs pomey more ether than wexem Hurpeane protected tht Protoindustal cies before the beganing af the Race com ut dept pd populitisn grow. Inane were ped the sa ‘er ger wr of Fehon and eae wich aiced Europe, eet wt Oe ‘Seen anu, ve oan egies pte. Aa td Alen selene poeralyechowed the rl gpeson ch, pr Ey os atthe Ren of Chany, eon which adhe befor rie Sco deny ta tas Europes hot upon he ‘Darwin scholar an Fu seems to have understood hs racer beter the is coneperas ons atenntec ents European itera Prospect “These were deve Earopean strates Bt they were ones ich =| ‘stun only fr the mem term. Eve at the ph of the age Impose aftr 1850, people esd Earope wee elenging pres ‘enc, rung thrown rms of ena experise, poi eis 2 Sccali. Between 1780 ad 1620, homeer, Europe led in ware 28 ooguest was pena farther reat tat ch doused inthe nes ‘Spier This nas nota es case he intial vevlaon ha "od eons 1 soe dee ha robles of wneten weak an enh $SeGhr ace and dangrove score soo she wo tape: the reves) tind bin conor genes, Ths sy ering patna ‘ZEcmaion-sch sae, diced shore, was que meen tated (0 ‘Shave dogs, Iew ppt in Melogl arbi its Boba ‘2p and Wo demand fr mlary an can labor. appt stretched {os he continent he apa af the tea eo othe ee {Sepaph ba been ree he Hurpean sate vrs a rea {pes etme hyperactive what wat alae” for word MSO[3] ConvERGING REVOLUTIONS, 1780-1820 Ts chapter consider the age of reautins in lbs cnet mores om the analis of longer changers pola and econo fProcosesetched ip chapters I and 2 to he “ior of een” wh Impacted on tem. The caper aac the complex econ, mit sed nelogil connection hic inked he world cote oe easy Sn Naples ps rng he years 1750-03, ware in the Ames an A eran Es fans between Europeans tnd ngenus pool, tne the rs ‘eo eines Harpe Ie belpe 0 cask the anal spc of he ‘sine so tro det onthe eapacty an uit ngiiacy of fae The aftershocks of te subsoueat Earopean restos deepened {Be cre of theo deri he Amerie, Anand Noa Ae, Bat ‘ele id aot stop thee Tarte teprcmions of the er Bape ‘fic ed hac et the European comune oe cont ‘Sheed round be sobe:Nepleon Mem ney scone hw ‘he roma thatthe ate of Wao a Be lost nd Thee de eee he West andthe ret ofthe word which wax dc a ape Contemporaries Ponper THE Wort Crusis Tein he walmafeas that help ofthe revlon ws ost bo ‘Gence of the drama of 1776 and T7E9 wee of worse tpn, no snp acl eva. Vary thnk announced tha he Aer Reveuton headed New Oreo te Agere ole ofan! Freeh Jobin agai ner psa the ep importance ot ‘Black sls in the Caribbean seed othe en of esti fot | _—_— no ars Se orpatncs ater areca inlet cae lounging ater Ache ie Se Sr ah tice mmesetee aoe tare existing geyiaesntegie fe ti jeanne shane Shtsina pacer Seer sn stat cee Peaptateepreee renee merit fetish atta pier incest eoennanie noe snacers Soimcgametitan orecenarnt in ad tin et me hreauert en iomartomir ogre See te iene ae Seeman eee ae Siuimwan ei years See spree cpr see iersean ng es Sige no ycceeticec yi ated fa Te ig ne Sicuttates Galen elec Soman Eetinrohate se cermaec terete Ee Giaare tenth taae tienes ‘mapas nas corp andthe people oppressed, Alans and ian meeemi wo been to pl apr the ig Plies an es the gl ‘wl a emerged under ther ae "rope and Nor Americ Wey they ot aloe i inguin Mangers ne dota of thi recs age. Never, hee lope ack ofthe European eoluns apd the ew arsine "Eon state genre by hem spre soon the mr an eft thee coc. The Amencan Relate, for nance, sclera he pe Pace The European ssi of Ege andthe gucenng expen ropes pose in Inn Southeast Ay ad outer Aiea ee die See of Chnsin cessing, folowing Napleon's appearance blre ‘Dowues ef Car in 1798 Mean, oth ay be Napoleons sage ‘reed th Beh an Dutch ho cent av’ Te clap i rcmacs and the sadn apperancsof opponent ia {Crisan nas Terese pix, compro the oer ok Singeand dering the ance pt oe Wer pars the Pane ‘he impor of Burson denies by soles, sue, ad eaepeenees| sestred fran wie bythe rd wa edt a ageing ae me ‘hich wipe ou a he pepo termellessof this elo und ssa terol The creat torn Inne ine sate, Euapen, cli nd ext European, he ee ‘ich most people at vaditonall rege soe “posses ter ‘engn Lteaiosandsharperseme omy aoa shone ny sxetes sco the wor tough the consequences were swe! ‘much evento the oars fom 1380 to 1890, remy eke {poof he lngcrsemm changer amine in chaptr Is te emerges theres, apeive modem nana and th oe of “poe at A Summary ANatomy oF THE Wont Crisis, 1720-1820 ators probate he word “i” 10 mach, Ping «rh seems to ups soe pit are nal ost fe nd then mueniy become ens In fat conf bln re ‘he me tse lepton te wand forthe sph chan sfeyens 1780 1820. The lee of eon ry xt and pos! ‘eto cotits ered sans sugar mater sous “tepobuneceaneienes fhe smo an plc bulence fhe a eich eo srkng Tey clint in rsa changes inthe fon of | enn an a eon nar of hut te [Bootie sono or ber age par “Fichter fre examines he netnkng of nscale may is aces he wold Te thon gs oto Sarthe loge! rma oe ‘Sitonr etod ud be new pice ich amt the poser (ions inal cose te "pole and ees (techn maturing betes he surce Oe drama een. ‘Tue END oF rE Lone Peact: Asta aND NORTH AFRICA a gneayhe pvod rom 1680 to tout 1720 a ee a useing In coomc acy sro the wor ih elie peace nd aby allowing ‘emcbtinon ote peat naan water of Ain and fe Sete ‘Sepur1 Toce popuinocs Sent rm the combing of he Qe, fe frsnee Emp of Matra the Maghl, Ostman, Safi ad bart ‘amor Toa indesmayhovesuerstrade epson ‘eu terete sigh hth ern afte Sout or Est As. ‘Ste to, sar fe way a ego, ommetee Mou thi ew raply any her des of the entree became ene ‘Spon thaneic Poth ber Erope an mre Ser atien he Aan ve paatonecomy toned nother Re, {te Eanpein cols ne Actas expand and Geen tore ite ince throb ty ada es oo so mich in aoe a inte Male En a South at tbe ‘Sing oft tent cry. Haren hve sgt ong oa te ‘uo fr tise tne he Aca nd Me Esser pes ‘Mere oo wht Pat Kesey cle “petal occ” They wee fre it rn ental nextel onic of ti ren a ‘et weer the tn tances noe he manpower oo th. Abe steexion tht expan of woo ta ha put ony nd power ‘Sng fa men and pean be wo woud one to ‘Spel cont orenied agin won the ls ied ore an. Te sey ic fee ig pines tac hn ted coucucncs othr oon a oe ropes ing te {ten tc penpbere Aner 1720, te enon Salo exe Tse at ca eed oe an cen of marie bere ‘Sh ned pote The bn hes and igh ars ft Sais ure {Seperate he ag i Seth Ae init Pn td ans 0 0 Babs "hed and oe “the fae the hy and cath wn cass” ont _ “coxvenoine nevouurions, 1780-1820Muga poet pu There beg song pil stand beeen Min ‘vena fom the nth nd he western Hindu nae King the Satis andthe Mua It kos «gre wave of turbulence ech Ino were the European powers, perched ungr 08 the perpen Berson 1757 and'1768, the Ragin Ent India Company seed the ih treaing sn reegroving tery of Benga. Loc eondtions ant nfl made thi pele But Bs isons were of bal pore ‘rd oer wel foe the Inds Revlon et a, "Regime nan As rue longer han hone South A Wet ao ven Europe. Yer eten bt thre were sing ns epan, he Toki Fegemony ws unde san, bot sagged 9 fo anahe 0 sea. Dig {heron of the Gua Leng cree Ces cntnued exude ‘tough here mere some amino premonition: of te des finer a ‘overt pty got out of cone a ths decade, bees the pe ditoee have enough power tthe loa Jo! to camp do om Sin ‘monks scorn ade and tas To the sou turbulence ees! ‘spb The ip devopmen of the cos tate of he Sotheat Asa ‘her las and the conequeepoplton ovement had alec chan {be pater of plc ter Tae ype of European ard Onan fom ‘wre sed the pla ab enon sakes it fexon whic Ba oe ‘ren the scene muti sagas berween aly apd ngs. ams lan Thalond wee bet by Savage Warr the meen ces Tange cfc between peal wards Ts dun 180, when Ot "som was ually runt In he as Is, Dutch per eed he ‘ene oa ong eee of ec an Sapmentston nthe eance ate of "Mazar, st she Bosh were bd an advotage the Pil ectie To the west the Oran Epi tad fen ito 2 serous poi and ono pat byte ler epee In eng ry he OF mans ere to have peter eng power than te Muza the Salis Petap crn the Qing, Bu my fe asi he Aston and Raa A ses of ere eral power sues betwee the center and power ‘pool magnates accompanied thee eternal dates Theughoat ht Seer cent Faye the emp hes rine os tal i Pendent Osoman power, fmt Oroman autor, in Nor Aa i ‘ihe, we taaton sd walt sued out te poss of cone All these stking developments wre rey, tough tem ke trough itary inasos the miu mun ela of wards 28 ‘edrpon of wade which ollowed nthe wake of as Fac anche ro the Iron Safes the guptan abins of he fn conqueror Nab Shab, bo ive ini 199 Tis weakened ‘SSpenurinian eines acing European capnsion Farber economic Uitbe sXe Pein consequently debe the Ontoman Exes ‘Stem proinese Conds pra ows, tating the eed nd ami Sener be Earpeaso he a "i ths ry bl cris Ta nk way pth was he et tat iB cam we te an undering pate Beneath be mod ‘Seed fers of tae exons? Pato he seer aly Been ‘renew n the receding eon rps com he word wee pata eerie te faced pears of warre ring i pe The ‘bry rl” rope ted by the ston Gee Pare” ba tepatl inenson Changs i matarytedialogs, one ing 1 Eupe ad ame oui appar ate eed nenigy om te ace, fe Main cnpacs snd ren Chia fom te ne seventh ery events Asante Osomans thee in ordance sb ally wate ‘Sure wo mesmie doped new sie otal arms an or "Tacos of ara ite py Tha pail robles fr Matin caps an ih Cisse Ee, wich were omy eta abba ‘Trae cron hom wr vagropon tel Te onetem ak fae own e New Won Grog the xen neve enaes pubes perp. Sme pars orien Europe were able fet the cat api the ine produ” acted with ions ‘ens, The eamomy fs seem hve Ben dang ete Seti coune oe Cnty, dpe sae podem pea cot, Sree ef outers Earp td We an South Nowe, gover ‘ens snd ing pups found theme nde in The cn ar td fone gong uth ano et ye pr tee ‘ce tert Ann Kingdon wee abled eon ras fon acs ad nd ts gh hy ried peat devin thee Ss nd spring revo stone ol tags they expanded om tht Seeman ed ove new seas rade and ature aX, Syke beg ron into ener Gor wa 4d ese anc a, ihe cons wari ohne cba “Ths now soon wm pei he oe that ae the Mapai. ‘Ate 1670 the emperee Aun beac bogs ow ong mar of cupon ante Mash cet of weer nd a he sae ine iced peasant dere an rebel eer his pei epi. Aran ‘8 ay ctr sre whe sme nes the Bow of enue 10h ‘er ws apd, can ne opera er, Hi ‘sion wes the “ty cal” cma Te ig oe wr, t» new Europea” and Ovomatsye aomamens became .salibe, added ferder pain The emperors soul! inoue dageon ‘Agi, Ahsan, wore, European ewsenits odo he Eig ‘hem. They could iv off ace front sch dango eee "tm ot the revenues tee om rms i de se money to buy arms. Api the eau pend sone an Hod on Sosa ampere acaton ses th slates pean ‘Ay ofthese uo cou nd a, easly get on of and ac he seme obec al he ther Aton regan during he ane psn Te Satis and the Jranene serumte the Ooms aged oto te etcenth cenuy buh tie ey babe fed econ tee ‘hese provinces to power subjects ety they were caught the ‘Sie vie of sing may expendsare snd span oiling sve. Wan axp FINance IN Eunore Asia and etd emma aed contemporary Europea overmetf 10, ther aan tems and turks ira! onl ad geet teen ate tan sos a he Asan and Neth Aen ae. ese ‘me they abo ad wider leet which howe tho eye nit wih each oer apd wih Asian and Alans, Whereas the ce ‘ee ctr, Beropenn was ha ened om esl an hep test to appes sndence and eres he lhe eee srr aboot matic sures and he conte of tae, come uropenn eles were besning wo mpperet the ince ono from the proceeds af the Altice etonmics snd aig wah tht Mdieranein an Asia. So ret corporation, sac he Hg, Fron sn Dutch Eas I companies or the rans of Spanish and Pou "9 hoses in Cen and South Amer, ned oer pe importance. Overs commer hte, refed dinsy on Bop igre Barocas warn he 1740s and 765 hea was fhe Alan “Asc oral with Bata ofen bargaining for arntoe with os «nal powers by wg fr and us tha apres Aa othe Are Tas om of ware was parclary cnt “breaking window. wah snes" a Wim Pet th Els, fe Bri pine mins ced & [Natal rcs slowed up hageresuss Neb gi MIS. io ‘ot ve umes as much at Abram Crowley sla fe hee Inport svesmens of the nasal Revluson "Te sect of hot ‘thc al ben poner eren 680 at 1730, wee now ecg | {onal major conics. The maker were raed ty the deine metho skeporingfepomer developed by Feeder te Great of Pros Sole "Euopem and non-Earopan powers began tn eipoy Hepa men sno bud nen, sel engineer dene fey the mil the phe century Ta forte ad the ov wae he “A fal econ of cot ia woe wife watt rea fom the ‘Resch Revlon fa. The ie of he mane ey of young men defend Stet wo snd nd endl Nao Te ‘hoame en of mrs ae AU te Bat f Minden 1738 the Beh eed ae 3,00 farynesaWateo tnT81, te Bad 8 os sls relates uber scorpion wh he ge Geman ber uname Whe hg mom et Siestepihntene ney cena bo cde wae sonidos cf he dnt he ‘Souce co pcre march wee 26 con tents of en 04 {ema Them 1 Me eget enya ge ane a ps Stone cqpnton: le cn popula gen ca hav ourun De ‘eect farming oinnoaein mary pas of he tne Govern ‘for el depenot on cigs of age lenowner even he ety (Srmerdne soit ofmern Europe, Tewari ces of insane il nial an oad emai so ve seers ‘ovement ging ter wa nie an use Brag th ary sl ores cub! cae ei the cig of the ret ln. ‘Tus wou va set oer epson ef mers nero he tne sci wick operated lynch of European mare tion reco Bran and kr Ts and Nonh Ameren dependences Eu, gente sown rs rly eis dependent on comment ‘Sigormmer by the authors cul art he tan ower ie tei liborng cure Continous re over ttn, ence Ge, a ‘Settbread bus hs bons athe European gemma Problems of ‘ao cane the temper ce sae cnightencd dere of Gras Raia Asan the lis noe he niger oreo se the ok European suntan Ar well ne emng Be ‘Tae Bunopean Mittrany Fiscat, Crisis KICKS IN, 1756-89, ‘eye 176sha shee dre pockets of tubules in Barn adhe Ans oe ere ia, yeti i in and a Seve ean Wa (1754-69) ehh Ari, Ranay Pron, Fees Sd Ban lnk par, pua eat sonal Eopen ste Inde Earpe, {reveled the mrs apd acl weakest eat monarchs the experince of war punbed governments nto sky types of srl pica(Cin, 0, thin en yar othe Ameren det The Chia a bea? rom nel hen on ne ep SSO erp ee a ‘Sant gh ee SS eT ae eng Vc an GT Rc SONOS talented San Stn CaP Say ane ne Tina Toe ‘in pn a a Sirti cig Gn eee see “SS da tn meal tn ish ied e157 cam et el an Coa Sis Sia Raa aaa STARR SS US, acctotanear are SGUOUIN aes e's os ie esol CES fe ea eas amet Sits taps in fi neck nk SS SLE OVI nee ‘Sa Cac tata Satay ct SEES EL eae ene ot i pam cae ey sy at SAS Lise ty ee ate Ws Soca OS OLS A SSR States sheen re Ree il Sena LOT hata ean ‘hess nt Crt a a ct Spat tl yea en on a SSE Nes ioteaee tag ame er sn te ay Con ue TRATES aay ate hs cee ‘sitet eet te Caner feat ota hee daa Spy ag urrencrses ronan reas (Sinn np vies any case ceeea ce name ot mets SMR Sent ane aaa ete ws engl gr of te embed and cash-strapped Es Inia Co la ee ses ted ptm pond re mous wih wa rc Fan sl accel dough Be choppy wae case PY kran dfs pur by explting fs Asn and Caribe cis Trey herr as the Pench acy od ing cane rae sun te By wach were foe heme ble ins the anc protest pobieacotoerse crested the Aberin win wich he Ruy had enemy amp Uneting clog change ms he Sites. The Amerian cy of "No tation ut Feovsriaton” et dely mening i Pence Velunesn ta Parc pnd ge ‘Seco wong and were mabe! bythe Frach hero of the Ame thr the mugus de Layer The American crane rok 6 Europe ‘Eka frm and recon trough poner anembie Mh were tous geoinne on French The etd pioaper Conor it nile Buopes™" Mowe rial the reall arden akon Sere French Crve nordstoh the Ameren ese yal mi {Sein iy but inches, programe of room, Tse eal Under: ‘ied the of the meaty Tol. In ode ops ough plc ‘Ghnges inves needed dee ole spor cient Yr wre Set oop ely ott power tnd verbo ard Sede appar tempen satan rou en rt Avera ale consti sembly ws een Bots Ho aarecment cul Serene he der, tue cimerome rene ty, te Estates Gener was sermon in 1789, Bee he Ente rhe on the aie Dui fhe repent fd onc eeeen abit ca ate mucins tener and more Ber tweeter les ta sch eos eth Ye, £2 ‘me fatten Pent pote, adel epone, ted canvan oreks of popula diode In Pah ab be large is ee amccnion omits whowere posted in ore abd or dal seins. Aeny by 170, he elemento be comig seBewee i bce The tapmcnion ofthe od ret bed alowed flr 10 SE feng of reso and nea stony ich hal conned xt ude ‘esc op vere, Te esr pact in Pa by he ‘Read Grondnn ere ac bya fx esa th fbi ‘he Jobin bevel rng gorerament could een» "epube of anne vay hc, ebay ac onary sn gl pr. The ‘ile cond of Pars an org ce, which ad een cei Sve onthe ears ding the prevowneaton fo Be Soe Spm Cmenstine rescence hres fhe county, ‘ster endure and#Po pesany edt hat Hes |Ctumactenic: Resxronrixe THe Wortn Revouvtioy ts FROM FRaNce, 1789-1815 ‘cshan Lond Macarneys iat mission to Bing of 179-3, which mas {hat he se gtr need po Westra eke Even inthe dae Pacic Osean the evens he Bal age feet were indcty dough equal pone In diet we hey, ‘Soom; and ing shok waves impacted on Aus, New Zeng Sel iae Palnsen lane, Some ofthe ge Waldup of Earpesn ‘Amscan taal power wis rend tothe ron, Coctmeri ‘Rita te Bish “cone Goce” of Naplcn' cone ive the serch or woe oin the eater oceans rein lea "beh ‘Ste ome fu shure runs uablhment af el clos ad mb “ene an range elon which fed om the eva cna ‘Got for is ceaton of ighteous repli Here, too, the ovspl tebe lento we the new Bopenn mia ecology Thi lowe SAPPING THE LEGITIMAGY OF THE STATE: FROM FRANCE To CHINA ‘he woMd eis of 1780-1820 hd 18 orgs itn rowing balance ete the pect tay need nea cal ape Tit fisted he larg, poo abd muita states of Wes and South As Colonic, aly brapine dow the whe eice of European monarchs er 1780. Tera, the net for mika Anaboe meee appre ‘Ye ts sels cannot bea Complete emanation of what comtempors ‘defeats have throughout history, been the major reasons forthe collapse eines Typenly ain tbe eae 1780-182, thse shacks sn el ‘eg dria fewer rend and peahin The wo ae {hs pero bower, na deer andre fondamentl tan the lt ‘macs explana ouied 5 a suas Ths econ examines (Ganccion tetreen scl ranted onder of apeston to ay ‘irene oles acre wrk Tenwhor,povery,depmation, and scl coc sated fanmenth “quests about the ght frase. Theres rel sinction Beet “clare and economy” paicaaty i tcc pose she ene stration. The Soon ro of rining an pa amocisone ‘enemy Eope an Americ which wat enone nthe at chet eta opt ate po of and se abe at To or atc uncsoy hr i we mowr store ‘FSi rn pr ae oe eo ote in diferente to hve hen ea a wsering eee eet ino whale sca ce Th fp det ‘Grate is oo liens ter hush a ab of ohio we cect in tt bad petal omegunce vl oho onc veh ose dr bay of conoid poe {eon of mre nd nan, We = hc anya champions of ected cho weld de ‘Beles pulser na dae the Ror! mater ey uoyiohind wo iri ce of Areca sms fhe dep ince of poston al nue by oto Reman Cant 77, Sectastensuneduy by Bah ocaion cnet congue Cul ‘ane Toy "onde ry men soot aon. Te Fs Grime Cones done thet aid athe ame sie athe Bh Pan in Sipe Comic pono sg (Sessa sy cd Mash ecisty he coe ined so mre ei senna on Sis, eset ies it sem ate ee fy fa calowvnpcnce wt ted er ie be ve of Pn Me ‘Sura pop nd ied unto lap ews bere a8 SI, Srmurand rely pr mine wat Pech eee {Si te rn ore dade ve the reves atc Dasa ‘Shad n nie wort of frien Ske ety, and ramos “Tre yereny cnet el be monaco ‘eit Cac hugh ey an pace ele mer aed ‘osdng cour os urging een eo ht wen Flea ns sem in (70-2 ayn nd eine eal ‘iced Darton an! Mog Ost have shorn he map a ee eee ‘Someta ee exe ert gener Ser poms {nites rant gel onsgnn stot enn aden {4 Qocn Mae Anas ar oi ms Bleed ot ey {Si cwap terface bin nant ee ‘vcr snare meth psn oh = te tw wh theca Wes a 50 fhe “a campru dati of ol sve ob ne Sete oe pc former, aed i ata hs ay eae Brew i a hn a ‘ou tamioed boty pw oedema orrnan Losours be invented at Lyn Huns showed in the 19808. I iy fslenar which the elena) ezine bry ebeed. One the hallo | stated, Perce resistance from emoitered Cath a sais ee rough tas reigon or pit could tis Ul legtimate fo 2 oho bat ‘Gre Lewis bavearped hat the very nature ofthe Bech suocrcy aed ‘ca but clear pling served to mg te imporance ea op cure of ie and ean Bas, to, ba an pola en respi where pola rage snd cntmpt cui be ha concn dered. Hirt have shown tt he er, me vent ain o {adialpoet and ing in Bean was cul ing comes aig ‘he seat of eoluton, The Landen Gorespening Socket ofthe 17905 4 ‘lomingepanutonof lgea and sans pad retour > “onserntves a acl aracr wel tv od sfate aig se [Genvgrmipucat of Bah sotsam, Once war had begon, 2 pone ‘sem of communiaton sed raf rane, Caolkimy ad cn Schl order even when they empl the our and the capt Few re ‘pated to sand outce the fw. Loyalty to te Cron aeged ta ute dependent of te digs of here snd pepe yl ah | rca goverment indetedes, ich was ue in Fab o four com 2 ‘fe "htndl deb was een as eidence tt Bony were fed | fe urna ol contest cee of aca deters | Tithe same way the doubs abou the Church expressed by pub pio pera etal of eangicl egos ores il ngs hls "ack te Church och at wich was Senin Frac. Many of Bata Nips Germany's Enlightenment thsker may te wb 0 "pat Go the beck sea” but fw ated to dopense with in compete Om tts Eno eo tits pedo 2 Frm of comeatine Eight ‘These worbis wished to prove Soviets bY he application of ral Ienoalence tothe protien of pron ad norance Unoached Wy Of ‘Sols ana of Cate France ce notre Hal, Beh Me ‘utns a potion an ape or goverment had een owt © | fear again 2 Crom admire hich had cme to fave met icy fr fhe population han hed ol gnc Fan atone proecr oaor and conmniy eee Cow at Sesion sna courte anderen of pls ge ws on seve mie tg ra oul of wn, ng een ce {ovon ad adsl postial tyeshdown. They ated aki of conceal hho a oben i sretsho Rt pet engi ee tr ote inwiteus be appt any burn oe, The wad f Fares, Oro and It bes panto tng shoo wd ote Bape inept ca ttre 6 pte osm sha ey Semaine wd cnn sie te Bes kg snr Si: Moen opus he poner nomi em eee ‘shannon ty ere ee prt oa Ae ‘esp aan Sern pane sirrpe inne Per rte uw cone feast pata ed wens Bay. imac ge ey may el tec ogo so Sivan apn on tomer fey ny ad oe SRisteweyoed enya Choe eg re Sees ten ichigo wey ones menos ares Chri asap em eon 0 spn of ct rly sue Wane mes ed sper cut at ees tata mi nen, ‘SSorerinandaury yore sbonoemuthowny rhe ‘Set epost Cocos ety pea et ton uch tse may ct et he bye Ein the urs Fane The nee nnd teed to sapere on Nan nd Choe bec oasceen tes haha hoe ooh pe ne css ‘rant on eon Then anc sn mateo ‘Sr rig eo ssi Ce he ee sting enpen breed eee orepaninnermet ‘Steve hana moar punto an cn et ‘eee marke once ge oe he oh Sovietooc ag rm res beeen tpn ‘em Nor and Su Can The co nets om a ‘Stennis Balm” un, pe Tome {Ginebra mar Te ad ‘eoracomfr cog ntmemernc bac ‘Stel sonny of hing pe “Teepe fin es cn howe wer pemon of ‘cher ine te i rey tat ny rae he a deen Glan ncy Thy shovel insta, who tr al 8 ‘pnb he some td ps! ck ot Baa nd cowvencnve navorerions, 1740-1820in ns ett te Ce xt | encerted more onthe compton of the Dueasrc fan om the ce, ‘etn nance. Thema Cina nano cal wound fy | 1s lepmacy ws concep ul wel to he lett etary. Ney uh and Dao mem leder erany stacked he emperor tore ices movement ha ine concent tr anetne oan tif and eon the margin. To repeat, ed and toed rf eae ‘asd rom nero sce and these ted the seo pote oe ‘pen indeendeny of te doge of can meal dros “Tha the oi shold na te pushed eo aoe at ee be aap tbeoec te eas of tin nd Japan, sa thee ware ben Chi France Iwas at that Jp asin wo the tesony af the age ‘elton Jpen, too, wa fice il war, fog atch and pace {ibe ras dan’ over the tree generation afer 1789 The eur eins eaperienced sever ll sie The pace of econ expan Sone, sp compan shout the cmpecnce tl epithe Te fies repme grew ere inten. Peasant fetes spurte ott he canes, and the soe were rere. A gett tok pce i Eo 1787, for sence, which srs have compared wh he comtenpae | ‘cig comely they broken the sos te Bas fant he Steet and ppd them open.” “eJopan's sion othe sans ofadustal power asco Be much ese ster than Chi esd oe eruption te Haru of Frame, aod the tee of rls of eas at were ated by Chia. Te seme degree thi teed the undethng economic decaces 1 which | Soden hupcr2 pa’ poplason grew mach mere slow than Cha i local economies remained kinked and complemen, degli ‘Ecntaantion, Fre erlantions or thane ergs, bee, an found in te concen of plc ature apd eo Lte Tava cl | Imovemens more ect ha the Chinese ete" Sate power i Tek fe apn ma nde eben gue deere, Dt government ah ‘cn of communicate ech ese a ow tad! at China Tear ala salle and es popes sce The tsi ler of mars and prosproat mercantile fo ees lade to contol sen bY tens of educational programs and movements ‘ou form. Btn at etme ofthe gest ei aint he Te in Tee —Jpuv own “reach Revo” =e rang groupe mange | “The oe af hye state syed ontop cant hen, be simply eed © ‘he pola or economic “cor,” Where ano fms per an | ‘redress, crag (he word ued dougie Pll cata sand Sth As sin ne tained obs a es Buthey abe need acoso tse ious cae a epee heap lose sem fay. Bray he ‘Belcan mere thea ache hy the echoes fhe French Reva seers nr wegen aco ean uate we Sy ue aera as domme The crn bee bsnl” an Frenchy ino Geman chon ieny waar Neer Engineman whe beh en $iecbeced hic unted gen, merchant andthe ming sr of pet ‘Be BSie nacos tan srg, else Chore wee bay ‘Shape Eau in Jun the een or tamu maybe en de ‘Sows edly comme pot Yet they cou sl ote th le ‘Simic ofscc and le oreo en eg ec at Sheimowrnons wha leon he widespread see popular nee Ina, by cna the ling Sy a the tas ing it ‘mov uae counter te owing resins of ene Doers ih oul ep now cinoma So, nstane he Si Doemontin eghecvcemuy mrt id weno ped py erat comers depen, A sagged, ao ea ano ‘Sonus sharma oso sro the werd in acorn with he monn afthe gure snc The Dei aes ho wee eer ‘SSossminied Mosiny worm bth «mary and an eco dan {aris oping om Ose nd er So Hinde Fees were Seto depres the ot Mahl cara. On the de ana ‘See mere seus tipper aed fr new oder of dines wick Sify Sin shes nt power ei ating pons owen ae 1823 nb’ ‘pn alnsrtne ct mg eae wih Rusa and the Waser Foren wreable coset ovement reo the Tana." Tht ‘nce wih Sth te sural of fe state and be pret oF ‘iat hogs te ste he oe fhe Tene community set sg Sago revolts comtned fo eee ue ant te eigoos exalt heaphowt he wor Av she fee pecson i shape pots ete Wana prt meme ‘ning a Sutin, tesa the © Oxoman veer ‘Se ir the burp stone I ome ropes ste ae ‘i eottion” ade the European evan es aed ack ‘Re nover sapped A Ws vias, condemned be eae “anor and coup of he Abn se whch ha rows wel snemundng Irmo, nha sug arenosinn of he ay od i ofthe Poet Ye A ab athad's meme wt ho Foc dcid ote pon ote fonms a param Ar mas A ‘ak crn wt 105‘uses andi foamy ey hone Sek ‘Selatan whch yf ool nd a cme ‘Smad shy sins any ee hae, eee inn tm Seu soa eb eit women spread Wai eching a re ‘nea o Iam.” Dep comer in dctin, Waa neve Ties Became a age of modem for ner generations. Afr anit ‘sg of onqunts whch ok them nt peed Uy the Waa we I im he by Ovtoman Egy aes, Bu teacher insect ‘dal monte cotnued spine p ove ti pesto cet ‘aces a far dana cel Ii the Cine harden Wes Ac. Tnall tse ese mora discourses ated connny with oa prem ‘ring abo vad poll atcomer On the face off the lng td “rprrnaina nn ntory eer he a 20 year ade tke scctuing forthe diferent tex he wr oie uring the wordt party bene stra of ours apd te representatons power rage "es pit medi ora havcboenles interstate peeces8 Change ecrredin te isle, Poy they hae ssene tht teak issimpls olin "mde change Iwas ene sn the TaD an 1978 tres acral revel Bin o pier ieee popunton growth etc Cina an apn. Te kit pes, ooh [susthedsincon betwee he economic the poi the gas Ietimacy rae depended on te prev equ ia managing the mt ‘con Exell hema econo seat to cnn oa ‘shout bony changes npr expecta te bythe uted onan of changer inte Bows ps ses nabs, Tue IpeoLoGrcat ORIGINS OF THE MODERN Leer AND THE MODERN STATE “The curent of turbulence and iesopeatdience which owed et strongly afer 1789 fred ring rust econstiate tees fm rooms of these an pl to moderize Tey ew 093 vont o ‘eovement whic Wis announce by the thers fhe European Eh ‘confer ues ofthe sonal cer nm nin Cee nde | ‘Hang of the proper depen of penn and tea hey ont ‘ol plc tame ad even ivan. Thi sec oir he Fenmatent othe sat ding the eas of woe es convencnse navoLuriows, 1780-1820 ittca cen on on ote rng os fe eh ‘Srrwetsonary yor The ste seed an unt beeiia. The aon ‘loan dete th ogo eqt lig ron ete anid [Pie vir os ber Supa fa fas in othe wf te enh posopters Compton sad monopoly had ten sale by the Urata esp which pang fom or were eed hose ht epider weve id opr ne Sema or te famed for ube gh whic ited mont commer soe Sere nes gencaton. The eso mccoy oelhened na ‘Speed wresatie nse Used Sten Europe, eco ah of {oelosns which yen fen Spin (120) wo Nags and Sc 1820, einem (820,7 an ly nce et (D0) wre seamen lnting pen of ery, ui bd ey. Sar es ah the ‘Siestjoun nen ard or nda Spunsh Amex wha meted to ‘Ew of ie unr of stance, o church pies They fed Sabah ante movements in Bota, Fas ani Ure tips more iportnt tan any police phonon a8 such was the bol pep” mst Te et hat he Porch had cous (hoon ar crn ven eeu ce np wm baled. ode sort ofc engine wich bal eng an sharpen ss ‘tat drs and restart opreinn every. Save rel he Cabcin,ownte act Ln eligi Geto cal a ioe the hs hep an tnderod ren eneybesed ‘eetoce mate ie at tr fave shown a any of se bone crn ea ete ert teeth ad a Ftuonanes ween men ho rere ened ut eae pies ‘Wintmatem the wre rout the eo epee" Ths wos se ere fhe po easy 2b, even st a ee et fereadywed by thee of Gods peop er STUD win Chi ‘ty ana a Bateatndnot ae al town wa, coun, Tce wa fi sider ecu and faery cng he Ano comer ‘ier Bamand rk, he revoton Ba Ie ey othe rea of be ‘eben te made fhe Pec of 1793 dig wich he ben Pench ‘rere sire thwsnde fo ene Inde eek ieee tr ic ee va ene pope essed etioe ae ore A profane See ‘St, ceca sean eT nas ad ene fs poor St {Seclte people hd best andtind In ome ese, women had Been ued the or re, which he es of ein oe Wa, me‘he iesigal nmol ofthe year fer 1780, The wl cep th othe val i of oan eno ie saad ‘len ‘Gas Wshington and Thomas ee i caine10 Resolsionary eines in other pts of Harpe ez aos hee Jew foo he gonad remo the lions dais oth in [ven the rsoredmmchies ip France, lyn the German ste he ‘any famed st Wiest reed inthe ars ofthe Agha ea ‘et the Beis pie gan tahoe repos ery pec {ter ope auf ie of cst. Cath wee commited ‘the Beh ay ving lng fous the ast Ina Cogan fan ‘The Emancption of Cathie Held took apother 20 yee Bats ‘bsnl par ofthe eblaneat, paratype ih Le Corals tnd Wesley farmer governor genera Ini, sendy bled ‘hart was mevnble Dinter in In and ew Bish son ch (Canada, Aust ad he Cape acieed seal and pil ines th ‘ould uve been think eneraon bee It began wo sce aba ‘ould il exctoe ter denominations of Cian, "The lane eae eof the er ates andes oars ging ailtion dd ot en, however et cierence na no taken ints [orl thoes of hitory and society were aad. Those encouraged fing ets wo rank peoples rars xr nd eine according 0 ‘de to mich they bad ren on fen downy der which penta {common standard of gent forall mang. Eighteen Pos ors eel Ada Shand Wille Roberson, proved some so ‘hens underpin foe these aimninstve Het. AM ip Dechy was accepted whic al peoples and Acne repens 8 lent developed af socks esas hea elo generate comm | ‘city ora ecopszabl ste for scheme ee entry the Mae Bt Hind, and the Chinese, wee stuck a the ee of rma acre | Ah ancient Gres romans bat hey cul post fhe with ‘eneolent fect on them aoe, superior races | Sich racial ates were no er tema asd om ill at | ‘ote "map of mankind” was wc an end el Connections et Aiaconeed ms wala ferences So for insincere woo of Wil | Jones om she ancient Ian and Penan tanguage dnovered compe ‘tthe ay naetcen century worked out cea Oberon Bese ‘inn Captin Coa’ and Adria Bouse’ wosupsin th aie ‘Greed awe newt unan and atria, Oberon re ‘ake nels ad in rea mapa retusa he Suet ‘ln oo nad whith elie the ie fhe mie) caropapber wi the precion a the pow sckoce of aston" Goverment procs {he agus of aowedpe Bee par and mre sree Nspoe® "ook the ete men ofthe Fren Aradeny with Hi fo Typ, wie | Bra, SirJone Bak once ari pionaing with Cath ore fas neon fof spesored surveys snd ce ven ‘hough the Royal Societe Adi and de Bs Indi Compa [ae pemer omy ve th nd ade se wielb by tone ho conta ‘Ripon Napscoic riesmade edt coecton mock cae an had Serena ot nes “Tene they wor ofl pores hse cay anemps to semaine sin trol anata oy nat aw ba et esc "Thy en sero a ec das rater han pec hat Tibvy nyse forthe poe trowel nlcnet of pa Mra stn ling ru. Bay a Rabard Deseo ha how he ‘hic nd been congue net 17808 tthe eve peoples wee 30 Fett pit, comp, tapped ache eel of the anon then fe th, French, Amencans or Gena would have to bie the te beets of ite, cers and cdo of ae Reena f Nap Iroc sc nd govrameat Kay have son ow sto ei Was he oven ea he Tans were degenerate, apa o move Beyond psn Eny-bsed values and caption coring to conevenaine Fetch Sista, they lacked cr society and sere of mine” ad Jour" how ce tons woud neat to Be parsed of old pes, er lnded iy fed of esl crt and pe nia ese Dovel landowners pected by suong and wansaree proper hts. “Tae ening were plemented i praca poles dng he shor led French geranent of Epa iter [8BKe in Algeria They were ‘Sinn caren in Bs nay wher Lad Coralie pi Sac and Insan om igh postions a the state en the gous a ees of any had red “corpo” inthe le a ceed and ‘prem ip Bona which weed ran ob pando ah ae ‘hs pupal eed. Raat Gaba apued it 1963 dha Corals Pe [Biot Semen of venue Bengal a 1793 owed samt ech Save “pysowny” that he thee tht so ale woul pring oan ‘Ge bengn management of landed ropes by men how tation was ct sd moieene” Land revere anansement om the Cape to Ina to ‘dole eal rap. Te more ade the oi eso wes Se alo aio muna eines fhe esate ah rts he ‘oe ety, The noes comma) ney Cova nde Shen, Bo ol onda! mn cee y the no ‘them a hip an ovr the enany bent thom. Tice ily SS cr i sn gan ona nih ese ere mlemsned y the ew eoogesttae i the ver ‘See cmon ofthe Rend ser Napson The Fei heared ‘ay many olf hs and Sty sang he hed as he bs of ee “wodemnzcs” admiration In the proces, lanl accomulted es Bon rel to aps! rs ae Tek dominance in ‘Seen enna slp wnt say nebalenged fre 170K Lofac hie setng of unter sandr fr he olin popes ws oe Uhetost important change ofthe wholes, anne wie ass ar afm dung the ond wave of rv ser 48, I pore ff ara ad South Amencs, I ele ro the esi proj he ew stented ate ad ciated, hn flied om thet themida cs Ts ares of Earpeanseement, thee ew dine of oes ih eu become a insrument to blageon he werk They made aie fee whee sclera sometimes fo indigenous t,o expopete fe land war peta in 184. Attra and New Zealand, Europea cen fenced of nd and ed to acne ecole Sonera th enfin btn, who contd ween ht in ant emmon gu! fr everyncs The aly of nts an eee ae ot feed te reound of the stat, some eit lndiour people aed at Active ron the ne rer The remind mina ean ‘helower lel of germ, uber fate incertae ok nem ‘apie he concept fenton an taba ht he ogi wid {ole upon the NATIONALITIES VERSUS STATES AND EMPIRES “The very ects ofthe now pe of aad empire bed opponent snd cre The turmoil af the revoktonay ge which st Mapes moving ver ge swathes of bn plundering td eooguering nba the vem of ny f he who ined trough de east, Be famine the Mi pats of he ghee centr to te bt caren of these aon satin obs ye he cco ‘i5revlusonayemperaiam”pard i ile the esas tae sts feat sen among some gnosis Tats tne the ees of hee new ies in dfeens conics urop, of nus, hey were ot tes, However Boyan ad been he | Paton ofthe eghcent eur the experince congas i S| ‘Son by Freche petyRehened the emesis Av toy he akan pice Ggepe Maza ered bout “Tals” ad ede {fom Fen aewpeper" Hs Sat withthe user om of | evltion son gate a 104 onsen the hor the Klin pt, 9 {rE was the ras motion gas Napoleon ic Heed © {sem Renin ory, tera he res fe ar ah eso ‘Cur The Resin ony “cr” the penny the Cates ct 812, Anodes rows obese sexing rl eel See eaten eth ny eet ne en Beet someting snr upped ter 198, Gone no ee ake ‘Seng Romen emis thc German ear he epee he Tee ke Garman snes ty se Fasc Benin Brits Any an eerste ry ear rea ‘Peciooanl turning of nny he Bo powered Seceuinn ene ofthese fend of etd pope within Eee ao bah chink ot nemesis of eon Ra's parton of Pond 173, "pow oebriod "Ptah atch aso on eng ‘Recta ne cece. Wh lr sa = Becca a op he seals pti ih a Sense oan ro Paranoi 80 ad ten plated by ee ‘peucaly Caine Wh ny. Onin among heme canes ‘Soeciupo create up tye pean, Tota ene {ebb Fin ie howe ena ars ind ws peal ‘Tieden Great Bay cen ge aie ane er {ro among tama, Sema acy of Proce bats ‘Srrone Catl penanty pit fees recon an ore ‘Site pre steered se of ana “hs uasswotlvile enonenn Nh Ae, nd Cen the on af ote an tl inp sn steed ter Bd [occa somes sg tc whan ef ese {ENiowsc and Alga ced wisi thy wane Cady apo. Itt tater wrest smack arte pee 19 ‘STeseryein sme Mahood Ak cy feed el ‘Strotiany inh ney pte any of Eye" Arb nae ‘Sicstemm wo encal "yp edt Faso ese cone Stags tthe eon ter nina od pom an pic ee ‘na atin afconmisnentehoms ny on er nde. ‘Shon he sts nine meson, Bac tee waren no et Enosontrnc wasn an ee Wester ese ane Sti oriner eas tx het det the hehe poet» power || octemeconl test laerip Themen ned Vita {Sling pune ep drs Fecha eh anes mon ‘Srey and ied be uss ean sein enya bth ‘ete sts Caf ag nC, iar Ke ‘vacisr oft edn badoomachogr eos out oro Sesanpus gn ace ch hens “Serpe opnny te world a he xption of come sn uc nen rap coy ced Yo rs se ieees By the ate 18205 Bonilla the ew iy of Cale, ie aj Ram Mohan Koya i heg, gan wo dcover wa hey eel "Hing nce” and le Iya They Beano pec at three or xr gh and edd epee, ong fa the Hindu past and wo the European pve Nompuper, whch fon te en of herders made them swe ofthe pore ena) ges ‘fee es andthe Geass shee were bes of oe sled os [Genoese ho ad rights popes then srt tere mse Be ee fo Tren in the minetecoth coast etl it the reveloney ae polo esa the emergence of eso thera a of Stein Europea colonies. The peur sein boy accepted tht foment I ae aged, however, ut thks nde deetpe “he eas of the a oder had Asan, Abcam, and America tel a Esropesn, rigs Is consequences were ls gal The more emg titer and theme relate natalie which emerged fom the te erin ew on Faopean Enihenmen ptwoptin Tey ao ene irene pas of he ws, lets 0 Mk Hin Bud sa Sher stems of thought. These ening frm of ran and nate ‘emy appa to se of he ney prosperous nde o antate lass se sce Ove the flowing enn the ngs fate ‘deny and state power, wich were fed te rowaomary aed tapes ors were mcs acd ey ogee crate power fen ‘este too in he nd of plea leader cron the wor THe Tarp Revorurion: POLITE AND Commercia Peopes WortpwiDe “Treinen and fhe oa reoason in Europe andthe Americas was accompa i the eas 1780-1850 Shit gucer sevouon. Ths wa he emergence in notretm Earp Nomi Amery andi seer oe ides in the bl eer, fe Commer middle csr sot te Tit Sevopment armas odned ih profound reouton ke indi producto Mae She indo Sloe the ft raya wa stl mail stn 0 4 SE te ot mrt an en Engl Indust ere a sens ig a | tectetr tothe expunsca of conte, bt sabre the Te of omer mie ss owed more to a eopnianton and pobalsion of ensmpsan puters and the seumulton ofthe te ana ‘eco ofthe como Isle sv thir mar an nda rein” ‘refed me around teal mer mare ade pln Thnawper on id around the png jenny othe am i me lel epee an acters fm of the ius revlon, ‘edb te economic onnoquencs ofthe vent fhe enya TH ‘ordi supe stereos of aropean rs ren echt od eters aeons Ay Ai, a the Pai, whaze they ered ne fe Unie Sues roe he ew carpe oth hr ean en sites 190 the young epublica erlang pra ih 07 ‘ew York hve 10,00 poplaon This ed some mi-wentt-entny ‘Sines to ier he sgieance of the year 1780-1850, ising et “oti! soe wr roe apd emer nd ta eal change cae on ‘Stinson and he load. More ect = deren peur has amc! change ocd strane aware 78D thee wer on ‘alow hits conraane inthe Tate Claes. By 1890 ter tere unaided aneeeenarly roprton of sce Iie the Sok an ogngdin bung sd seling People bea to foe shat a soety soa Boome more prosperous so sin by sling ‘Swi, bu more tporany by sling to cach aber The inal (Soc shoreed scons few hey a of whic eae te paper mone pone, thet ora fms could ow ald chins, Se cooking ‘em an guid telthes “Thi hen, ns oe of Jan de Ves most power and coninovas ind tina frelun sch whifod nor ye by ssa mas production, ‘iour” disin of aor, long he ns aos by Aa Sy wat ‘stomped yng of pope concentrated ait ‘Banal onns, Becrecr 1790 and 1890, Now York Stas opal unde ‘ape snd Kentucky ee by ight times.” Though emaratien feo ‘Btope omy hepa so cere rply ar 1815, in sige generation ‘acs ccapd ore roy tansy had occopie ding he ee 's0 yea of heel eid” Tote ert, he Bish colonies of Cana ‘punde! spay expose ino the bend Tis ge expan of Tied serge unlocked ase guamier of resures of Wg forest for ‘hiason and grain, tinker an mince In sal wate grow of ip Tow and Se epee ima change. “Tegretol ppalon, consump, and exchange in he United Stes es ompanid by args i caspian etetal fe whieh See yet more pound, though sanoanced wi ss be than the oa Deca of fndepcscte By 180, we ale al rage wan wide tare in ste tons, Liat i ache high eve ad ee mses {Wacweppes venom aaa inal pars of the ene. Dept tha ‘chs gn sn dt the leaders fe Whig Dette aes ‘ree ows in cfc, desing withthe nt edocs mass decorate THE Seon fads! comer was que tumphant wah te wasp ester te Angican Church and the Mowing of apt Metadie ant Catncs Arcane ended tht ees and th a ‘tpn and cme orp care 2 consumable fr the aoe ratherstate nd the oon fhe ald seit f oer rie by the ea ‘nares Naps’ Hexen were of sual ince, Ouse "amturg and some oer commer ort ls te nee Geman icing sort ns made up lagly of pers teacher, ad adm. Poe "coyote mh of teal Bape remained conse uel he 19) ‘olution ip Frans, but the Resi pablshing te which hal four hr the evoronsy years coniaued vo sper be 820s ‘Some rele changes were epee sue Buster soni, tnd Noth Amercn Even Roe the get amis re fhe Ta ducted state servant Ba emerged a la apt fen he 08 ay rr and cour ofc Tey sable shot, Hoe, andes Sockets which were ssi intel ar anhing the el lead ‘tesa linn. Inthe commercial wns he Gr, Sn Ingo el rom he epson of Medseranca rade Berta ‘Alene bean expan ands wth nen wet dr land ‘fetes tne tnEnrpenn cloister popuons mined uae ‘representa of indigo people who tad mae orane a liane te Europeans Heo 1820 «smal ut io nan Southent| Asin mie css Me ameged ia prt ces sack a Caeut, Haty ‘onan, ad Bava They ded oon the dr sora ome Ine sce that they read Eps and Dutch opal infratin esr education and reious change The ners td personal poole tt regucted thee ssi abe eof each ter a aap ‘esa ecasques or ach fhe These ban wo cca wba thon hve cle an "inertial ci suse" Tis as conte by 2 eevorks of infermaton and poll asicacywbily typ I ono han thers atonal and inperalne,was pstant a pet tthe age of Enlightenment and elton Het api the Chan maa Stators whch sea rpiy acon the ob er 180, eves pra ‘mul both pstve an nest, oie fener Mien Pomered Hora printing, pei, and plc ee. Tes beg | Invesignte Ain cls and Aen legend Coal aelecls aoe tha methods ofen for ewons of ele preecto, "Ween Ewepean and Neth Amersan modes wor, hen, import ‘sates apd ptal commer which equ ple men nd sas toehavein se rtona was in onder o Be owed para Partch tena ery seal Inmany rps frit, ordi | Fenced the psteolatonary ie. Whereas the fra tr of | French Relution had mae women sols but sna thee to ‘ome her fir the model ote Roman senate rats wie Port ‘he quiet rluon began to poise women with sal openings tu tic to nec saey. Regn, eduction, a chay mere | ser ih hy eta hs re we he Zien colons Suny ee new sts, pole oct wee fe ‘Sociol cb han he "ne oko ioe planation ‘Ete and merchant which wre ded on ie pices of Paget ‘In Taan reo Canee Homan secant ne ag Eu fens bmp oslae thence eat bur of te commer "Te tv fro ha gute rata eal up ose hans sn homie which wee dcued or te out of i ee got Shey etwen soe and the erm of eimpley within tem. Fm of Hn and propery ght, comercil acy, overeat fen clog looked eres aa nea lge pr ofthe Babe Se ame tine, European congue had read tore comple spect Kneis ne peo the wet By 180, he wot of te Pee {Si Scone pops cule fund a pubes en Mare to ean to Sydney ond paces whee the concept fh ube, he HN, “Ted eat fe fo intents cen the got of European sat Ameria domisance over te word’ cso abd pepe, a ao ‘Seonpacany dans Age pur ofan xd ben cee to ‘gcc cen he scramble fr raouce a det The pole, om ‘Bev socees of Landon, Boston, an he prs of Britany Aouried a fr beaut ofthe huge flume of cheap rave mater whch sles and ‘peodct pesamies aoe the od proces to fall th ber oF the word wars om the bacs ofa rowing number af ves Indian and Intonsian pans ew cash crop fen te expe fod pe 2 “Toeendl he war ease arg mbes of wht sto pans of Sie wesd where indus plats wre te oe erable eaters ‘she acs andi Aran one Here heya wh de ‘as pop hemte onthe nove Sune of hs ele wee pil ‘iogecs Sorc te ste migrants ean he postwar owt. Yet Shem were sped of by complaint swernment een tins ‘is wortioncne poe and bearieor sees of ey ci ‘ett astra he Barone pops bad ley te 30000 BY 1a. The veer an te nu had Dent expel Abort pele ‘tom eh ay and sper of thowe ho rene were ead Penk pred" Theme scr ft setts wee so feersgy pla tren inthe mate of ns pty pea of ent ‘nd wring asst nor waa ing an eae eh SeniProspect All hese soc nl eon innlances re eure the thea Fling ‘he resoraon af ret” in Earope athe wider weed sere eet ‘hats, This wil be dicussed in the net chapter. ‘The equation between ‘Sila ret prvpety and saan, itera and esi ‘Steryhee fey balanced The pe ‘tse Faroe and Noth Amen, bowser, consoled the domiata| Part IL GENESIS THE MODERN WORLD INProspect ‘rastobeat tet pend opie equip a won ps ae Mis This wil fe diced in the tow chapter. The equa See rere ft tunes The hyper port revesonary and inet St dcted'm th chapcr cht ate 013, Many of wend bide. Earpe sd North Ame, wet, oma i ora Part II THE MODERN WORLD IN GENESIS[4] Between Wort REVOLUTIONS, c.1815-1865 “has caper examinee inemens fh gi pe word ode” which escomaced whe ested Naple wo consignee ee on end Witton n 915 charcee thw por of oc ad ata when ‘evfams sate cane) slog had aaounes tenses at had ‘yee cides A more modest fore he pata ate had pt Pred te ee and deme, Od autres framed hetero re [Rother abc ssa ngs fabri exer and represen of ‘Bevpotc an sommes pope Yee pst of pola epee Seandccontnc eit unread Over pr of Ai, Aly a he Pe epi, European a pice nigeous rules ut he le wa ‘ey ed el gle fal depended o ere fe tape goes on tocar th now tenon hich the poseeeoltionary ‘stems had fonder bythe mi-ainetent century THE pst ‘eur sebeons in China, Seth Ass, sd Esrope andthe Ci Wain "Nos Aneacwre plo s wl egonal oks Thecomuenes sean ieee ars he nol. Assessing tie “Wreck oF NATIONS” Tee wand eons of 1790-1820 bad exacted ih cin es ost 124 economic danupon, Eavher one tad see Eatoeane Eng ot Be; tes st to a sng econo he te loa cote flowing the etn ee ld Aan reine and he cman Freche ad Peed Sep nah ney ei {88 Chi, Moscom Dy ore sd Pas al prea ome piesn concen to ig Te Hh a ‘ig ery a an sd ea She starr ng ts Smad tne ben Teme ey aac ee ape See Ibs Sum ee ica ine nar ‘Se tye cl Bee Sto Se tying lpn en i me wk yer ae er Une we Sig ta ih Lins in aa a Steams dn eet par sar Satie atalino Th conf be ie on er lob speed he sea dt oa ss Soe ty tcmtn a mtr nso mr uc ad bec bel ce SSS ort es ef Hc esol gency et Sr pcp tel pr pe Zen gage hoc py deen wet Secon aici lng ap Te era troencswet sachet ire es Thm eronay sp otc ped inc ag sco ofp eo ee ton ap er oh Cas ee ‘int The Paso pd et Siu P08 Snes wha ey See SxeToatanes pa es, Se BOA Sd th no er hres em ‘at pony ting Son ny pa Toot Sexi ecnipconmet orn a og oe ea tone eae vel pe ed pa vem oie hye oe esa ou pn an ies ems oon eee scotty seme te mens Seietateemarm te eter Tis hreeibinad Some Seat aca Sabino hie eens are Sacer enon Somat Sec ete merit em ser irae reuters tg eee EeeSieplinsithe talcum tiene Aas Sreapeh ora petted See Tena eng orien me Sage treme ieee pneicoce Poteet tontirarree errant Ten enn ta et lm ei age a eS Semester eee earns ied aie eee eee Sho Thana nvanetgenar ona Seat aa aa aes Signy Gh te Stpeamneccnanreones echo tra ins pace tong mg Ro pisten wae ene es Sptalinittnns etna borer Sy aiaw peeate em tae Tae esta oS ca oy eh Seria eh ee cpio ce Ae teeter a Sores se as ir isa fame er ie Sih Sie hima nati Sa SSeS Toke Gime Manna Se SE eS ncerope also te elo and monaco Ugh the sinew ‘hor land The regimes of he 1h and 1610s were sue ret om ‘hose of 1820. Even those, such 3 Bismarck» Geman, Resi Cn ti. In Hurepes cones, oie power had ben ped et mot Be byeapateate Europeans Te slion osu svecgty nich hg ‘starr cooperted within European presen had se ht ee, Barris Maritime SuPREMACY, WORLD TRADE, AND THE REVIVAL OF AGRICULTURE ‘When the maeen wo omit the wr a he i ofthe Napoli Stermath ofthe ital war. The ler bly ede!» pst expan trade and commerce to pl he ineratnd econony oat the pt {ng boinenen and banal farmer. OF sts, Dspent a Stomataly puree plc gleence, bet hunger nd peat ‘ean ewe radiation fr Une ce, Amunive of poli sad technol devlopmens helped the conser stench ae Ter tine The Bint ro sco of ths chapter wll amine He pi ‘conomiandidecipea sores of stay and fsa ia hee the eat source of scetional eon a the previous eer the ont European peoples ito warfare. Ever though the land war of 1806-14 int Teer pista cos tebe sete Bs ary eu oe county emerged he pence of 15 a te orca Sl wie, Thete wee gaps in Bras supremacy of couse, RES fenergc ror the ars th surgi ee aay he Hal ad [ck Se, een the Otomans and Beas ate fuera. NO phere offence forthe nw United Sexe the Bits ees ‘Aer the Anglo-American war of 1812-14, sno boron the cours proved op abd na mul ier aaa 2 ‘migtion, and Prtetentcrangeaom, etn remained te whip bd tery inane ve ater te west Medarcin aslo the {Eo Aan cous Ect, thou the Royal Noy and he Bi me and sagng poss in Cape Town (180), Fema Po on the Aan ae cts20; Mat (1802) Aden 1939), Spor 119), og ome ‘Stonein ne marine donais be 181. The Beta pow eae hem ‘Simet "The eanminion of rtp ant comme oat en SE Eoopcen word ptr sx to ve proved te et Jeo tty, Dore tain of te Slee haga a he eveoy poral gcc in procs nce por owns Meso, seed of ‘Sip rmeincinsrance and wiempsby the sere este spond ‘Sedo improved he aniarency and ie ead afeoameree Woe Sle bane i the ate tc apn he U8 Sowph tee war Aten nto eee, Pol vote sigs ihe recovering aes ve yan dpe sco ang ih esters rvy dhne ‘Mag of ts urging ade ns dete fing nd Shing ei ‘Doing opus ch had eso vey epoch seb nce ‘Sicvof ne eg coy aropenn,Amescan and Es Asan poe Ito contin ep apy rn ths pros cen one fe Mies ti, Sout Ae connote sae by aie and dene. Ne cnopenpring provinces bean orm sd the Dae toler spemdiy tac, Where woolen sb Une fad ern caer ‘toi ofa comtunpnn en de, "aon mos nen he inten Srey Coton fame sve plata em materi shares oF ‘Seen of ocr aan weve com the wad wel 6 BOWIE athe of powers. Ber pwordcea gd ceampe of ho conic owt ni eco, bela ati mashed hn in hand The proce a oe oes fin fr ee Ouoman Bie and te Medcraneae por of saber Eee th anh ano 178-10, he Ost aa (Sach ld anad lng sine sind os Cay ate mit power by exgring herp ad ping the Po {tno pe works and» European amy. By 160, Faye ad itech coon felt Alani nce ones Re {Re ticioraneen port enn nin oe clone bd Ean Js ofthe eth cer. Mua As ene prene poet enough io onrans ht sigh a supp eral dene, eh‘hough bis plans fr expamion ino Paine were hate by Bean and 'By 1950, apn, lange trade ira cotton was also moving out of pot ot the shoal i production i Chia, whew poplation wis sling ‘northwest Burope when detand was particularly high. Coton and ater cash Parsi merchants in Bomba paved a9 mporaat pat orton a opm ‘nfict ower the form of the conatttion betwen ferns ad advocates {he anion dl handbomey fom the expr of lve produced rw cen and smdigy 1 Burope, But thee commodities were avulable trom oder fliveownen fund at fe 4a of a0 supper or ter a tees ny bev win Brey which emerged tone of telnet cole vulnerable presucng repos, The prt of thes ade lp 0 Europe canoe In te csp of the cen for ance, Hula ina rao pesos and ming them produc bacco, spt aa eee ‘Ai ago ow cotton to Rays he Ine eget ad ey tenth cen. The Cape of God Hope, ice 1806» fag snd bled rth ean pode ne snd Bes For the European met ert ani ech expr sated back io he 1820" Even he new on and ‘Spo of supe commodes sch at panos‘ wae ren shor Ie when the erring black conan of Lago Aca eed ‘eran onan el fing wt European ets nhac apron ‘erie Bh tiny hae the tv rade onthe cot ae 1807. en and counts The mshanion of Marenng a hehe wall ‘Seber nese Ero an North Ansa yt 1980 Layen a seat aaa eha togereeseomang oe Pl pee ee Troma ap Se Cpa be Ne ae a pampered peg Seo eres eee ee eae es Dar yet a Se Ce ee cern cua ae a sean ae ee ee gaieee Slrere ect meee eto ee ee Sortindlerm aut oat casper neta ea cee eaten nae ere ee ical See eee an np See aaee ecee eee ene eee eaten ay er ere ord Seen Sava ake as ee eee ones a ee ee ae car hanes femrar amen saeco eae eee eee ee Sere ea ree Fe gle lctr pears EmrGration: A Savery Vave? ‘cory 0 he export of commis wa the export of peopl. Int fie haf of he ineteonth cent, Abcam sve pessed and ‘panded 8 chuper 1 wi sow Te Bish abelion af the ne rade | {tut was arly evant mcey tore sare ding ne oer ston ‘So peiculrty thse of he Span and the Porupiese Savery 3620 Inge once usc tte mids Ine USA, Cab, and Bra, Ind sever more Sons worn. Whe wane about he exper of People inten haf of the cet, However web oe ee Bet ee of he toner of fee” ign her pas of he wey cope fer ea and nsf fone nae the Ate Sout Ai, ad, Somcnas age of inprovenent. Europes sttsmen hoped his would id ‘Hino eublemabr and radia. Tae mre probly ight tose deere. "The Euopenn eda o Not Ameri sour ea fhe et fem nnrsovery to fee mirton This tok some ofthe presse of the lind and eps Asn cna seaerasely buoyant Cie continued to sped acon Southeast Asia es ores aod mercer Lat, Chee and ipa mite acon thePciietn Now ap South Amer. Th nda | ‘Mean Raj Kaya reed tae pew baronet od eae [hore went to Coven, Maui, he Cain, ad et Pi and Natl ‘spre a cf and sgn cose ney owed he ht a ‘mbstenge wo le employe hel exprt fore 2 itl “new se oF “rep.” Migration slong lend ones was abo ping op mee pe ‘iy afr IsHt. Rossen sete posted fre tothe steppe as td Siena he counts poplton poh spend up inthe ne dense of Secon. Frnch nm moved a North Adc flr 189, apd Due selon ea he Cap oven nthe some eins he Bi ninseton f Cape Calon snd astro caer ddan othe." Thue acveting oversea pope ped wo pve the under ‘gs ofthe nw pba Son of Lorn win Europe spl ea wed inl semmanabetre goodh, and he resto te ld pred Tet Repe i mii he Us Se 420-1989 Gr Fo ming 0890 Fem timge Sazia10 Trem ose33 Froth Ameson iauas ‘Re Red i Ca la Wil ngs Hat "esaema coi, Wie ae of il tv ad eg [er and South America The muss movement of people ao reed the reste of popation n nontwesem Europe sn Chin and cone chee the danger o poplar aim in be OL Word "Yeh namens of aly wee matched by the isos cntlet which cmiprtion cared ih The Bt and Spanish home store ay Soe that iors orerses Cree poputins woul how of allen ‘he moter county and eventually compet economical with he no ‘rin Both and French pronaclgoernom ap mary commanden new 3, hath hunger rer opulent are a Algo (Gren ter 1830), suther Alc Cana an Ausra could ead ‘hdeic wrt ith the peopl of "nso ho were deer ‘ealctand comune clipe remained dec balapend everett Tue Losers 1x THE “New Wortp ORDER,”” 1815-1865 This sean move on wo dius are of decline and. confit whch hese fe ape by of the portent and ante ‘er conics fe 1848 nthe in place some ft ol producing eo ‘chad been we cet routine hen ey we The Caribbean vps and for ane, ee 4 ten ole le 150s nian exe export sped in the 1490 een etre anf prodacs fom rin fond nthe tala and the eam. eth ‘arte ong tel the eee ayo emiting tie ‘ots te Euope The Soubean Aan spc wade lange, Ye Probie of the ncn ety alan cls pln so 0 eso a he) mip have done he eth ery Dlr the BO in mary pa ote mr, to, nny penta commis fe et imroremen on est a very pal al Ral eno We ‘bebe fo gels fb eo Phere a een ath of hse tt Sas aro he pbs inthe 178% ang to poll turod nt sept Au Ter nb a enn ne ne ‘The Inonand tae again ce cove ha ore han se fa sore ert esa amin srs Earn, Pere dows ad oa Compounded by de ung the Sean 1647 and 184 adeno ‘nd, nich was depeneot onthe potty mare tan mon pele {Ea re lh of te ro economy mere wets mr exe ‘wer bien Revved pelt gro pce in he ae Ata “fthsmalcr ard sale plots of land, Meanwhile the eave decline folder fetal European indurakesion, ser to have had the eflet of forcing mare foie on oth and depen Tort cey beth senary was no the ea word ofthe Seti sinoper and esmamit Adan Smith who boned a a vinwus poba {Rn t ite wou! sgnalsn iene cen Rana ete Severe rfc: persed within te ncn ig em. These eit the ‘ned fre chapter Inte lace, interatono word ae, ‘Strcconnins cl wall toaacy, Economic onsen, ogy ‘Eruny more eae han 30 years can remained per. Te ect, ‘Skeaph was ely pig to saz pen by te 1504, a SE ce a dt a ae her {icra ne tl ube othe agai fhe Sens pean ro ‘alae 0 that no one could he que sure of ature profits, even survival Pes roecs might rakes ling one eran al ey oS the tex Sm ofthe begat ohne ees ech een he Beye nis fing of clos genet wiin the Bait Freeh and Dutch ‘Spier Tas cn tha see were eve sue ote ws ‘Fn a der. Demand of ths col sue wh oe ‘enmodsy nantes prediction ha been stmt ray, Dns i ude nd semi thot» mart fk oF ‘na rt od Ts sen te sande of bing moves ‘egy bec fren group of ele ene 1 per ms the Bupa mecha pp and ise who ‘wit real money. The ony ingens people wo tually cameo ‘hater monestenders obi mechan ches he Pas of Bombay o¢ tt Grote later, ao Spun Chane of Aland Bot, te meopettan Spade Portugese, an the Bet of {ep Taes wn hough ac ls opty nd dese ine eoneny sures severe depen the It 18205 eh ‘even of ins and cton in Asa abd Nor Ain combines SS comer sondons i Eange The umm tne hppa! th ‘Emmy we tte he mpage nea pointe he Soro worl ade nts Conrempto nd prod: ‘eft mater sr the ml mete Blas on impertey Bs7h on among og gram yg Skin se seine ea es ttc i SRR Ln See SE agp es ete Sta fee wade alte evs af monopoly, This was mo i a eonami theo ‘cantante nn ne Sines aop ngage nS a LOL Cotte Senet he ne we Sao feral acer mace Sauer Tica a hm nine heat scree meee ites So Stes Sette Mipseme Sera armen coe Socata eee ears ‘id the tak of cont wit regimes and busines ores which save no lt LOTT AONL Siew tne ces ns resistance, tn Germany, Pradnck Lis ralsng thatthe Bash Siena enact nec Soo Tus nol tgs bo tet odes Sol a Keane ion tea eens smectite ne ‘etn ls recon a thee iniaenous production was bate by "ti srne oe soe ies Roald Ronin snd Jo Caager sind in se 1950s Bat the econome hegemony ck Britain sought tanose by forcing oer rns to sumo fee tae wes Hd af sal cgi.” In th pe of imperial, te Bh wo od te pendence of the eine 10 sch a extent Bat fone tens were costae comet with the authori in some snependent {rad nes which Bosh mers were ced op 0 ipo ie fend In 840, Paimerton vet fetta the Bay of Nae fre ‘bo nd unemployment se by he esting inf of Bah go cd foie ther god eras uf the “empie of fe aden ation. The ores bndgencd te Onoman no racing imporane eis waceee {hy cold Tas was pe reason why they supped the independence of ‘Gece nul Ones he ih and Pech a fre ths Orta ‘ere thas T838,the stems ofthe alan a he aro eal up salaries compet nih he Wee nee domed 0 irs "Tae mot king came of enc beween he seneestd vag ste sis aoe rade pd the cnc fam Faroenn goverment Hobe fou ne cv of Chita ad the Oars War of 1858-42. Sice the te soa, The ter was gang wo ey forthe owing ceasumpion ot ‘pum trot China fr te sucrnent by the ngs Ee nd pany. Op ws abo unerining the eevee ofthe Chie sey ad i ne won seat te peat. Maer eae 10

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