Mane Orbe g B.R. Standard Headway Calculations 2 ASPECT SIGNALLING British Rail Ha = (Btd+S+O+L) Sec, Vv jeadway Time service Braking Distance d= (Hot V)-(B+8+0+L) Meter = Signal Spacing (3 & 4 Aspect) Length of Train (183-275) = Line Speed in M/See. Hy B qa s © = Overlap Catculated from Braking Table L v RereareR "Ra re S=t* Vmps fr on some raitway authorities S=D+20% ‘¢ Where Short Headway times require that the stop signals are so close as to place the repeat signal for one signal in the same place asthe stop signal in rear then 3. Aspect signalling must be used. 4 Ifa" <3 times B (Braking distance) then use 3 Aspect signalling. Page | of 9B.R. Standard Headway Calculations 3 ASPECT SIGNALLING ‘This formula gives the best possible headway when signals are as close as possible. Ho = QB+S+O+L) See Vv “The formula to obtain the greatest signal spacing to achieve a specified Headway, d must not be less than Braking stance and not more than 1.5 times braking distance, HES Ga Si Oto Where : He = Heedway Time Se “The formula is transposed 10 give B= Service Braking Distance d= =Signal Spacing (3 & 4 Aspect) d= (Bt VjS+OFL) Meter S = Sighting Distance Meter @ 10 Sec. ‘ © = Overlap Calculated fom Braking Tables L = Length of Train (183-275n) V_ = Line Speed in M/Scc. S=t* Vinps €or on some ralway authorities S=D+20% Page 3 0f 9POSITIONING OF RUNNING SIGNALS SIGNAL TYPE ‘Aspect is the first choice, so cheek whether “best case” for 3 aspect signalling medts_the required headway. Ha=@B+S+O0+L)/V Compare the result with headway time asked for. IsHo: a) Greater (ie worse) than the specified headway. n this case we need to use 4 aspects. Confirm that he headway ‘obtained using 4 aspect is adequate: Hu =(1.5B+S+O+L)/V b) Much Better (ie smaller) than specified headway. In this case, 2 aspects may be adequate, Use the 2 aspect formula to caleulate the greatest signalling spacing that will still achieve the required headway: X=(V*HT))-(B+S+0+L) Aspect signalling with section length of as little as 2x braking distance requires the same number of signals as 3 aspect signalling, In which case 3 aspect signalling could be installed for almost the same cost, but with @ much improved headway. Similarly 3 aspect signalling at 50% over-braking could be installed for much the same cost as 2 aspect signalling with a section length of as litle as 3x braking distance. So if X < about 2-3 times braking distance then 3 aspect signalling is still the most economical choice. ©) Slihtly Better than the specified hesdway. In this ese, 3 aspect signelling comect. Page 5 of 9AVERAGE GRADII D=1340m Note: For a gradient of 1 in 200, G=200 As eradients are never uniform between signals, we need to calculate an average gradient using the formula: D at a a3 eo te ee G gl g 93 Qe “ ae = 40 a0 4570 «ce so 130130 xs oO otT7 = AIT = 2267 + 4385 ow = 2.65 é 1340 = 6 = 504.76 Therefore G= 1 in 50S fallin, Page 7 ofCaleulated Headway is > than %4 of Opps Headway and < than Opps Headway therefore use 3 Aspect calculations for signal spacinj = 120 see. OPPERATIONS HEADWAY =: HTs= 2D#S+O4#L Oruse D = VxHTs-(S+O4L Vv 2 120 = 2D+2504 193.4255 B 20 = 2D+658 25 D = 120x25-658 = Tm aeat Therefore: Minimum signal spacing Maximum signal spacing 10226.5m (taken from SBD) 117 lm (taken from Calculation) Now: 1022.6 x 150% = 1533.9m IPthis amount is <117Imuse 1533.9m, if> then use 117m From the above, Headway is calculated at 1171 meters Page 9 of 9IDE SIGNAL: SIGNAL LAYOUT: STANDARD LIN! THREE POSITION 4 ASPECT SIGNALS HOME SIGNAL. ib cerca teat ae AUTOMATIC ey cator SIGNAL A @E} Normal Line Speed A (0) Normal Line Speed B ©) Medium Line Speed 40kavib B (0) mean Line Speed doko © ae Line Speed 15kn/h © \— ‘speed indeator Tndicates a higher speed Aven ‘ROEM Soe a high speed tum out a Ann Red, Yellow & Green B © ssl Permanent Red Marker B Gg Fixed Red Light used where only Marker Light Line Speed Applies BANNER INDICATORS Auto. Signal Permissive Repeating Signal Home Signals are controlled signals and provide protection to points, crossings and entrance into bi territory “They generally display a stop aspect unless cleared by the operator. Three position Home signals must display a minimum of two aspects. Where fitted, a °C” light is normally extinguished and exhibits a yellow aspect when cleared, the main arms A and B must display red lights with the yellow “C” light. Route Indicators are generally fitted where the same aspect reads onto 2 or more different tracks. ee Controlled Auto-Signals are permissive signals and are placed where there are no points in their block section but points in their overlap or some a confliction overlap. They are also placed at level crossings to allow a train 0 stop before the crossing without operating the crossing. These signals generally display a stop aspect unless cleared by ‘an operator. Controlled Automatic Signals are numbered the same as Controlled Signals. Auto-Signals are permissive signals and are placed between home signals to achieve the required headways. They generally display a proceed aspect unless there isa vebicle standing on their block section or overlap tracks, In some instances an automatic signal is dressed as a controlled signal to make it an absolute signal where itis deemed dangerous for the train to pass the automatic signal, Banner Signal must not be considered as standalone signal but as a repeat signal of the signal ahead to provide the ‘sain driver with an early indication of the signal ahead. The banner signal mimics the signal ahead’s aspects. Red= Horizontal row of LEDs; Yellow= 45° row of LEDs; Green Vertical row of LEDs. Page 3 of 17POSSIBLE SIGNAL ASPECT COMBINATIONS ASPECTS COMBINATIONS R aa Ste 1| | se [a] Meattum Speed Warning Bi | Sipatategt at Spon he set or tly | yun OR BR] Clear Medium Speed RB] Drouin rte nd spat unout 21 G | SpushaaaPeea -a[X¥ s 3| & | Reduce To Medium Speed pee - EM Esa 4) G | creartormat Speed 3-ASPECT SIGNALLING CHART 6Skavh Tumout Normal Speed Warning 4 Aspect Signaling Siaring signal om platforn to gain speed Signal ahesd at RR, SAspoct Signaling Sigal ahead at RR. Reduce to Medium 7 4 Aspect Signaling ‘Staring signal fom platform to gain spend, Signal ahead ¢ RY oF RIG. iS la Fe} —_—_+|[z} Page 8 of 17 Signal clears with a Speed Indicator for points that have a higher than medium speed. ‘umout ie 65km/b,ASPECT SEQUENCE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 4 AND 3 ASPECT. 4 ASPECT SIGNALLING CHART s xX Rg Rg BSS eee ee Gece See eee Clea Normal Reduce to Medium, Medium Speed Stop Speed Speed Warning 3 ASPECT SIGNALLING CHART gs x R R R "OR Clear Normal ‘Normal speed Warning Stop Speed Be Prepared to Stop at next Signal TANDARD SIGNAL SYMBOLS ABSOLUTE SIGNALS Information only no Information only no aspects shown aspects shown, Signal is track controlled Signal is not track circuit controlled. Has some other type of contra. Page 7 of 17PERMISSIVE ASPECTS (AUTOMATIC) RED, YELLOW or GREEN ASPECT NORMALLY YELLOW RED or GREEN ASPECT NORMALLY GREEN ‘Tis signal ingicates Reduce to Medi speed ie Yellow / Green DISTANT OR REPEATING SIGNALS LOCATION OF DISTANT SIGNAL In country areas where an unsignlled territory borders a signalled area, the first signal encountered by a train entering the signalled area isa distant signal. In reality this signal repeats the aspect ofthe signals ahead and serves sa warning tothe driver that he may need to stop atthe signal ahead. The most restrictive aspect that this signal can display is a yellow over a yellow indicating tha the signal ahead is at stop. Ths signal is not equipped wika Trainstop. DISTANT SIGNAL LINE-SIDE LAYOUT Dos esti et »© As they cannot display Stop aspect the aspects donot need to be staggered. : Distant or Repeating signal DISTANT SIGNAL SYMBOL “This Signa isa Repeat of the signal ahead and docs ot display aed aspect. Page 9 of 17BANNER INDICATOR BANNER INDICATORS LINE-SIDE LAYOUT ‘A Banner Indicator (BI) can be provided in the rear of a signal to repeat that signals aspects thereby providing ‘early warning to the train driver. Next Fixed Signal is at Stop (R/R) 5 ‘Next Fixed Signal is displaying Normal Speed Warning (¥/R) Z Next Fixed Signal is displaying Clear Normal Speed (G/R) Next Fixed Signal is displaying Reduce to Medium Speed (¥/G) Page 11 of 17,SIGNAL TYPES 1, AUTOMATIC SIGNAL This signal is primarily track circuit conttolled, It is controlled by the passage of a train and automatically gives an indication of the condition (occupied or clear) of the section in its control. 2. NON-AUTOMATIC SIGNAL This signal is one that is not track circuit controlled. 3. SEMI-AUTOMATIC OR CONTROLLED AUTOMATIC SIGNAL, ‘This signal is an automatic signal that is also manually controlled. This manval control is direct and may be by a lever ofan interlocking machine or by nowinerlocked lever such a that operated by a gatekeepey, Semi-automatic signals are divided in to three groups:~ TYPES OF SEMI-AUTOMATIC SIGNALS a) STICK, SEMI-AUTOMATIC SIGNAL This is one that will not automatically assume a clear aspect after it has been put to stop by a passage of a train until its manvally operated, Ie. Control has been restored to normal and then reversed again, b) SEMI-STICK, SEMI-AUTOMATIC SIGNAL ‘This signal is one that will not automatically assume a proceed aspect afier it has been put at stop by the passage of train. That is until a manually operated control other that its own direct control has been restored to normal, This other manual control is usually the control lever ofthe signal in advance. ) NON-STICK, SEMI-AUTOMATIC SIGNAL, This signal is one that will operate automatically as long as all contacts (including manually controlled contacts) other than track relay contacts affecting its control are closed. 1. SEMI-AUTOMATIC SIGNAL. STICK 2, SEMI-LAUTOMATIC SIGNAL SEME-STICK, 3. SEMILAUTOMATIC SIGNAL NON-STICK Page 18 of 17