BOTANYY FINAL TERM OBJECTIVE TYPE SOLVED

1. Taxonomy was recognized as a formal subject only in 1813 by A.P. CANDOLLE as a

combination of greek words taxis (arrangements) and nomos (rules or laws……).
2. SIMPSON (1961) defined systematics as a ‘scientific study of the kinds and diversity of
organisms, and of any and all relationships between them’.
3. A shortened description consisting of only those taxonomic characters which help in separating a
taxon from other closely related taxa, forms the diagnosis, and the characters are termed as
diagnostic charcters .
4. Casper Bauhin (1623) introduced the concept of Binomial nomenclature under which the name
of a species consists of two parts, the first the name of the genus to which it belongs and the
second the specific epithet.
5. The Paris Code was replaced by the Vienna Code (1905) which established Species plantarum
(1753) of Linnaeus as the starting point.
6. Basic principles of ICBN are 6
7. The alternate name of Cruciferae is …Brassicaceae……..
8. The alternate name of Guttiferae is …Clusiaceae……..
9. The alternate name of Leguminosae is ……Fabaceae………
10. The alternate name of Umbelliferae is ……Apiaceae………….
11. The alternate name of Compositae is …Asteraceae………….
12. The alternate name of Labiatae is ……Lamiaceae………..
13. The alternate name of Palmae is ……Arecaceae…………
14. The alternate name of Gramineae is …Poaceae………….
15. A specimen which is a duplicate of the holotype., collected from the same place, at the same
time and by the same person. Often the collection number is also the same, differentiated as a, b,
c, etc. isotype
16. Any one of the two or more specimens cited by the author when no holotype was designated, or
any one of the two or more specimens simultaneously designated as types. Paratype
17. Duplicate of a syntype is an isosyntype
18. Paratype is a specimen cited in the protolouge that is neither the holotype nor an isotype, nor
one of the syntypes if two or more specimens were simultaneously designated as types.
19. Neotype: A specimen or illustration selected to serve as nomenclatural type as long as all of the
material on which the name of the taxon was based is missing;
20. Topotype is often the name given to a specimen collected from the same locality from which
the holotype was originally collected.
21. Annual : A plant living and completing its life cycle in one growing season. Ephemerals are
annuals surviving for one or two weeks (Boerhavia repens).
22. Biennial : A plant living for two seasons, growing vegetatively during the first and flowering
during the second.
23. Perennial : A plant living for more than two years and flowering several times during the life
span (except in monocarpic plants which live for several years but perish after flowering
24. upper surface of leaf facing the stem axis adaxial
25. (lower surface of leaf facing away from stem axis abaxial
26. Achene : Single seeded dry fruit developing from a single carpel with superior ovary.
27. ……ANDREA CESALPINO………The first plant taxonomist
28. ----JOACHIN JUNG------- The first terminologist
29. ------THEOPHRASTUS--––Father of botany
30. ---CAROLUS LINNAEUS--—Father of taxonomy
31. Carolus Linnaeus published his best known -species plantarum- in 1753
32. classification system proposed by Linnaeus is best example -------------,
33. The system of classification of seed plants presented by Bentham and Hooker, two English
botanists, represented the most well developed natural system.
34. system of classification of the entire plant kingdom, proposed jointly by two German botanists:
Adolph Engler (1844- 1930) (Figure 10.9) and Karl A. E. Prantl (1849- 1893) Comprehensive
system published in Die Natürlichen pflanzenfamilien in 23 volumes (1887-1915)
35. the term xylem was introduced by …CARL NAGELI (M015). in 1858
36. Tracheids are fundamental cell type in the …tracheopytes/ seed less/ ancient plants/ lower
vascular plants**.They are elongated tube like cells with tapering ends and chisel like in
appearance
37. They have highly lignified secondary cell wall and the cells angular and polygonal in cross
section. ???
38. The average length of the Tracheids is …5-6 mm (M015)……..
39. Vessels are the secondary category of xylem elements. They are composed of the ----- and the -
----- like cells
40. Components of vessels are called ------ or vessel ---------.
41. Each vessel element are shorter than --------- in their length.
42. ------- are present in the lateral walls of the vessel for communication
43. Lignified secondary ---------- is absent in xylem parenchyma
44. Protoxylem first formed xylem.It contains treachery elements and parenchyma cells
45. Metaxylem contains more treachery elements than protoxylem
46. Metaxylem are functional xylem throughout the life cycle of the plant.
47. Then metaxylem is replaced by secondary xylem
48. secondary xylem is developed from vascular cambium
49. The older and longer branches are near the base and younger and shorter branches are near the
apex ------ACROPETAL SUCCESSION------------
50. The older and longer branches are near the apex and younger and shorter branches are near the
base ------BASIPETAL SUCCESSION-------

51. Many halophytes develop respiratory roots or pneumatophores in form -SPIKES-

52. A fruit is a matured and ripened ---OVARY-

53. legume or pod Fruit developing like follicle from monocarpellary superior ovary but dehiscing
along two sutures
54. -----LOMENTUM-------- Modified legume, which splits transversely at constrictions into one
or many-seeded segments,
55. ---SILIQUA--------: Fruit developing from bicarpellary syncarpous superior ovary, which is
initially one chambered but subsequently becomes two chambered due to the formation of a false
septum
56. ---SILICULA--------: Fruit similar to siliqua but shorter and broader
57. ---CAPSULE-------: Fruit developing from syncarpous ovary and dehiscing in a variety of ways
58 . ---CIRCUMSCISSILE/ PYXIS---): Dehiscence transverse so that top comes off as a lid
or operculum
59. --------PORICIDAL---: Dehiscence through terminal pores as in poppy (Papaver).

60. -------DENTICIDAL---------: Capsule opening at top exposing a number of teeth as in

Primula and Cerastium
61. -------SEPTICIDAL---------: Capsule splitting along septa and valves remaining attached
to septa as in Linum.
62. ----LOCULICIDAL-------: Capsule splitting along locules and valves remaining attached
to septa, as in family Malvaceae.

63. -----SEPTIFRAGAL--------: Capsule splitting so that valves fall off leaving seeds attached
to central axis as in Datura.

64. ---SCHIZOCARPIC FRUITS- This fruit type is intermediate between dehiscent and
indehiscent fruits.

65. Cremocarp: Fruit developing from bicarpellary syncarpous inferior ovary and splitting
into two one seeded segments known as mericarps

66. -Carcerulus-: Fruit developing from bicarpellary syncarpous superior ovary and splitting
into four one seeded segments known as nutlets, as in family Lamiaceae.

67. ---Achene: --------: Single seeded dry fruit developing from a single carpel with superior
ovary. Fruit wall is free from seed coat. Achenes are often aggregated, as in famly
Ranunculaceae

68. ------Cypsela------: Single seeded dry fruit, simiar to (and often named achene) but
developing from bicarpellary syncarpous inferior ovary, as in family Asteraceae.

69. -----Drupe-------: Fruit with usually skinny epicarp, fibrous or juicy mesocarp and hard
stony endocarp, enclosing single seed, as seen in mango, plums and coconut.
70. -----Berry----: Fruit with uniformly fleshy pericarp with numerous seeds inside, as seen in
Solanum, tomato and brinjal.

71. -PEPO-: Fruit formed from inferior ovary of cucurbits with epicarp forming tough rind.

72. HESPERIDIUM--: Fruit developing from superior ovary with axile placentation epicarp
and mesocarp forming common rind and endocarp produced inside into juice vesicles, as
seen in citrus fruits

73. ---- Hilum.--------:The scar on a seed marking the point of attachment to its seed vessel is
called Hilum.

74. ------ micropyle -------: A small opening in the surface of an ovule, through which the
pollen tube penetrates, often visible as a small pore in the ripe seed is called micropyle

75. ……… integument ……: An integument is a protective layer of cells surrounding the
ovule.

76. ……FUNICULUS……….: A filamentous stalk attaching a seed or ovule to the placenta

77. Phloem derived from the ……GREEK……. word (phloios) meaning

"…BARK…M036….."

78. The phloem term was introduced by -CARL NAGELI-M036------- in 1858.

79. A ------PROTOSTELE--------- is composed of a solid core of xylem mass surrounded by

phloem, which in turn remains encircled by pericycle.
80. A protostele having a central smooth core of xylem (almost circular in transverse section)
surrounded by the phloem and the pericycle is known as …HAPLOSTELE. e.g., Rhynia,
Selaginella, chrysocaulos etc.
81. A protostele in which xylem appears as stellate or star shaped with many radiating arms in
transverse section and phloem is present in small patches in between the radiating arms of
the xylem is known as -----ACTINOSTELE---- e.g., Lycopodium serratum., Psilotum.
82. The plectostele may be derived from the ---PROTOSTELE-- in which plate-like regions
of xylem
 appear in transverse section surrounded by phloem tissue
83. ---MIXED PITH STELE---------: A *protostele in which the central core of xylem
consists mainly of tracheids interspersed with numerous parenchyma cells.

84. SIPHONOSTELES:-
A stele consisting of a core of pith surrounded by concentric layers of xylem and phloem.
85. Ectopholoic siphonostele: The phloem is restricted only on the external side of the xylem.
86. Amphiphloic siphonostele: The phloem is present on both sides of xylem.
87. Solenostele: A type of amphiphloic siphonostele with non-overlapping leaf gap.
88. Dictyostele: A type of amphiphloic siphonostele with overlapping leaf gaps.
89. Eustele is the characteristic of gymnosperm and dicotyledonous stem.
90. Atactostele: Type of eustele where collateral vascular bundles are arranged in an irregular
manner.
91. Atactostele is the characteristic of monocotyledonous stem where there is no distinction
between pith and cortex.
92. The meristematic cells of vascular cambium are of two types
93. Vertically elongated meristematic cells called fusiform initials
94. Horizontally elongated meristematic cells called ray initials
95. Intrafascicular cambium present inside the vascular bundles
96. Interfascicular cambium present between the vascular bundles
97. Intrafascicular cambium originate from procambium
98. Intrafascicular cambium initially forms a part of primary meristem
99. Interfascicular cambium originate from medullary rays
100. From the beginning Interfascicular cambium forms a part of secondary meristem
101. The inner parts of the wood become darker. The xylem in this central part is called
heartwood or -- duramen - M040
102. The peripheral part of the wood is light coloured and it is called sapwood or - alburnum -
- M040
103. In the early summer, the cambium becomes more active and produces a large number of -
----VESSELS-- with wider lumen. These are called –SPRING ----- wood or -----EARLY-
--- wood M040
104. In autumn or winter season, the cambium becomes less active and produces vessels with
narrow lumens. Tracheids and wood fibres are formed in large numbers. These woods are
called ----AUTUMN----- wood or -----LATE------ wood. M040
105. The Periderm consists of 3 parts: --- Phellogen (Cork Cambium), Phellem (Cork) and
Phelloderm (Secondary Cortex). M040--
106. phellogen appears almost rectangular and radially flattened in transverse section. They are
vacuolated, thin-walled living cells with granular contents and divide by periclinal
divisions to give rise to the cells of cork (phellem) towards the outer side and phelloderm
(parenchymatous secondary cortex) towards inner side. The phellogen always remains
single layered. These cells may sometimes …. divide by anticlinal divisions in order to
increase in circumference. M040
107. The cells that cut off towards outer side from the
phellogen differentiate into phellem (cork). The cork (phellem) cells replace the epidermis
in roots and stems of certain plants. As they mature, they elongate tangentially and radially
and develop secondary wall due to deposition of suberin over the primary wall of cellulose
and become dead due to loss of living protoplasm
108. Cell wall was first seen in cork cells by Robert Hooke in -- 1665. .
109. Cell wall thickness varies in different types of cells from 0.1 µm to 10 µm
110. ----BACTERIAL-- cell wall: made up of peptidoglycan.
111. Cell wall of Fungi: made up of -CHITIN--.

112. Plant cell wall: made up of --CELLULOSE--.

113. Middle Lamella: is present between two adjacent ---CELLS---/?.

114. MIDDLE LAMELLA is situated outside primary cell wall and it is made up of calcium
and magnesium pectate.
115. Primary cell wall: It is first formed wall of the cell which is produced inner to - MIDDLE
LAMELLA

116. -SECONDARY WALL - is laid inner to primary wall by the accretion or deposition of
materials over surface of existing cells.
117. The innermost layer of -- TERTIARY CELL WALL - wall is sometimes distinct both
chemically as well as in staining properties due to presence of xylans.
118. Plasmodesmata: are the cytoplasmic bridges between adjacent plant cells which develop
in minute pores of their walls.
119. .Plasmodesmata is 40-50nm in diameter
120. The --APOPLAST- pathway is where water takes a route going from cell wall to cell
wall, not entering the cytoplasm at any point
121. --SYMPLAST-- path way refers to the continuous arrangement of protoplasts of a plant,
which are interconnected by plasmodesmata
122. Apoplast refers to the non protoplasmic components of a plant, including the cell wall and
the intracellular spaces

123. Collateral Bundle: A vascular bundle in which a strand of phloem is present external to
the strand of xylem on the same radius side by side is known as collateral bundle.
124. A vascular bundle with phloem situated on the peripheral and inner side of xylem is known
as bicollateral bundle
125. A vascular bundle in which one type of vascular tissue surrounds the other is known as
concentric bundle
126. A vascular bundle in which xylem encircles the central strand of phloem is known as
amphivasal bundle, also called leptocentric bundle.
127. A vascular bundle in which phloem encircles the central strand of xylem is called as
amphicribral bundle, also known as hadrocentric bundle
128. A vascular bundle, in which the primary xylem and primary phloem strands are separated
from each other by nonvascular tissues and they are situated on alternate radii of an axis,
is known as radial vascular bundle or radial bundle.
129. radial bundle are the characteristic of roots. There is no primary cambium in this bundle
and the secondary thickening occurs by the secondary cambium
130. There are four types of primary xylem development
131. Protoxylem is the first part of the primary xylem that matures (Raven et al 1999) and these
cells are usually smaller than the metaxylem. Metaxylem is the part of the primary xylem
that differentiates after the protoxylem (Raven et al 1999) and these cells are usually larger
than the protoxylem.
132. In centrarch development there is one vascular strand and the protoxylem is located in the
center surrounded by the metaxylem.
133. In mesarch development there are several vascular strands and in each of these protoxylem
is located in the center surrounded by the metaxylem.
134. In mesarch development there are several vascular strands and in each of these protoxylem
is located in the center surrounded by the metaxylem. This type of primary xylem
development is found in many species of ferns
135. In endarch development, the protoxylem is found toward the inside and metaxylem toward
the outside of the stem. Endarch development is considered the most highly advanced type
of primary xylem development (
136. In exarch development the protoxylem begins development from the outermost edge of
the procambial cylinder (the side closest to the stem) and development proceeds from the
outside to the inside. Therefore, the protoxylem is found toward the outside and metaxylem
toward the inside of the stem. This type of primary xylem development is considered a
primitive condition in vascular land plants
137. n centrarch type of primary xylem development is found in certain extinct plants from
the Devonian

REGARDS
HIRA FATIMA

ERRORS AND OMISSIONS ARE ACCEPTED