Session 4 Notes PDF

Basic Sequences
Basic Sequences
• Frequencies in the neighborhood of � = 2��k
�o
• Because of Property 1, a frequency in are usually called low frequencies
the neighborhood of � = 2� k is • Frequencies in the neighborhood of
�o � 2� k
indistinguishable from a frequency � = ��(2k+1) are usually called high
in the neighborhood of � = 0 frequencies
�o
and a frequency in the neighborhood of • v1[n] � cos(0.1� n) � cos(1.9� n) is a low-
� � �(2 k � 1) is indistinguishable from a frequency signal
�o � �( 2 k � 1)
frequency in the • v2[ n] � cos(0.8� n) � cos(1.2� n) is a high-
neighborhood of � = � frequency signal
79 Copyright © 2005, S. K. Mitra 80 Copyright © 2005, S. K. Mitra
Basic Sequences The Sampling Process
• An arbitrary sequence can be represented in • Often, a discrete-time sequence x[n] is
the time-domain as a weighted sum of some developed by uniformly sampling a
basic sequence and its delayed (advanced) continuous-time signal as indicated
xa (t )
versions below
• The relation between the two signals is
x[ n] � 0.5� [n � 2] � 1.5� [n � 1] � � [n � 2]
� � [n � 4] � 0.75� [n � 6] x[ n] � xa (t ) t �nT � xa (nT ), n � �, � 2, � 1, 0,1, 2,�
The Sampling Process The Sampling Process
• Consider the continuous-time signal
xa (t )
• Time variable t of is related to the time
variable n of x[n] only at discrete-time x (t ) � A cos(2� fot � �) � A cos(� ot � �)
tn
instants given by • The corresponding discrete-time signal is
2� � o
tn � nT � n � 2� n x[ n] � A cos(�o nT � �) � A cos(
�T
n � �)
FT �T
� A cos(�o n � �)
with denoting the sampling
FT � 1 / T
frequency and where �o � 2� �o / �T � �oT
�T � 2� FT denoting the sampling angular is the normalized digital angular frequency
frequency of x[n]
The Sampling Process
The Sampling Process • The three continuous-time signals
g1 (t ) � cos(6� t)
• If the unit of sampling period T is in
seconds g 2 (t ) � cos(14� t)
g3 (t ) � cos(26� t)
• The unit of normalized digital angular
�o
frequency is radians/sample of frequencies 3 Hz, 7 Hz, and 13 Hz, are
• The unit of normalized analog angular sampled at a sampling rate of 10 Hz, i.e.
�o
frequency is radians/second with T = 0.1 sec. generating the three
fo
• The unit of analog frequency is hertz sequences
g1[n] � cos(0.6� n) g 2 [n] � cos(1.4� n)
(Hz)
g3[n] � cos(2.6� n)
The Sampling Process
• Plots of these sequences (shown with circles) The Sampling Process
and their parent time functions are shown • This fact can also be verified by observing that
below:
1
g 2 [n] � cos(1.4� n) � cos�(2� � 0.6�) n � � cos(0.6� n)
0.5
g3[n] � cos(2.6� n) � cos�(2� � 0.6�)n � � cos(0.6� n)

Amplitude
-0.5 • As a result, all three sequences are identical
-1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
and it is difficult to associate a unique
time
continuous-time function with each of these
• Note that each sequence has exactly the same sequences
87
sample value for any given n 88
Copyright © 2005, S. K. Mitra Copyright © 2005, S. K. Mitra
• Since there are an infinite number of
• The above phenomenon of a continuous- continuous-time signals that can lead to the
time signal of higher frequency acquiring same sequence when sampled periodically,
the identity of a sinusoidal sequence of additional conditions need to imposed so
lower frequency after sampling is called {x[n]} � {xa (nT )}
that the sequence can
aliasing uniquely represent the parent continuous-
time signal xa (t )
• In this case, can be fully recovered
xa (t )
from {x[n]}
• Example - Determine the discrete-time
signal v[n] obtained by uniformly sampling • The sampling period is T � 1 � 0.005 sec
200
at a sampling rate of 200 Hz the continuous- • The generated discrete-time signal v[n] is
time signal thus given by
va (t ) � 6 cos(60� t) � 3 sin(300� t) � 2 cos(340�t) v[ n ] � 6 cos( 0.3� n) � 3 sin(1.5� n) � 2 cos(1.7 �n)
� 4 cos(500�t ) � 10 sin(660�t ) � 4 cos( 2.5� n) � 10 sin( 3.3� n)
� 6 cos( 0.3�n ) � 3 sin(( 2 � � 0.5� ) n ) � 2 cos(( 2 � � 0.3� ) n)
va (t )
• Note: is composed of 5 sinusoidal
� 4 cos(( 2 � � 0.5� ) n) � 10 sin(( 4 � � 0.7 � ) n)
signals of frequencies 30 Hz, 150 Hz, 170
Hz, 250 Hz and 330 Hz
� 6 cos( 0.3� n) � 3 sin( 0.5� n) � 2 cos( 0.3� n) � 4 cos( 0.5 � n) • Note: An identical discrete-time signal is
� 10 sin( 0.7 � n) also generated by uniformly sampling at a
� 8 cos( 0.3� n) � 5 cos( 0.5� n � 0.6435) � 10 sin( 0.7 � n) 200-Hz sampling rate the following
continuous-time signals:
• Note: v[n] is composed of 3 discrete-time
wa (t ) � 8 cos( 60 � t) � 5 cos(100 � t � 0.6435) � 10 sin(140 � t)
sinusoidal signals of normalized angular
frequencies: 0.3�, 0.5�, and 0.�� g a (t ) � 2 cos(60 � t) � 4 cos(100 � t) � 10 sin( 260 � t)
� 6 cos( 460 � t) � 3 sin( 700 � t)
2��o �T � 2�o
• On the other hand, if , the
• Recall �o � normalized digital angular frequency will
�T
foldover into a lower digital frequency
�T � 2�o
• Thus if , then the corresponding �o � � 2��o / �T � 2 � in the range
��
�o
normalized digital angular frequency of because of aliasing
the discrete-time signal obtained by • Hence, to prevent aliasing, the sampling
sampling the parent continuous-time �T
frequency should be greater than 2
sinusoidal signal will be in the range � � � � � � �o
times the frequency of the sinusoidal
• No aliasing signal being sampled
• Generalization: Consider an arbitrary • The condition to be satisfied by the
xa (t )
continuous-time signal composed of a sampling frequency to prevent aliasing is
weighted sum of a number of sinusoidal called the sampling theorem
signals • A formal proof of this theorem will be
• xa (t ) can be represented uniquely by its presented later
sampled version {x[n]} if the sampling
�T
frequency is chosen to be greater than 2
times the highest frequency contained in
xa (t )

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Basic Sequences

g3[n] � cos(2.6� n) � cos�(2� � 0.6�)n � � cos(0.6� n)

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