Basic Sequences Basic Sequences

�1, n � 0 • Real sinusoidal sequence -
• Unit sample sequence - � [n] � � x[ n] � A cos(�o n � �)
�0, n � 0
1 �o
where A is the amplitude,      is the  angular
�
frequency, and    is the  phase of x[n]
n
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Example - �  = 0.1

• Unit step sequence - �1, n � 0
o
2

�[ n] � �
�0, n � 0
1

Amplitude
0
1
-1

-2
n 0 10 20 30 40
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time index n
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Basic Sequences Basic Sequences
• Exponential sequence - • xre [n] and xim [ n] of a complex exponential 
x[ n] � A � n , � � � n � � sequence are real sinusoidal sequences with 
�
where A and     are real or complex numbers ��o � 0� ��o � 0 �
constant             , growing              , and 
j� ��o � 0�
decaying               amplitudes for n > 0
• If we write  � � e(�o � j�o ) , A � A e , Real part Imaginary part
1
then we can express
1

0.5

x[ n] � A e j�e(�o � j�o ) n � xre [n] � j xim [n],

0.5

Amplitude
Amplitude

0 0

where -0.5 -0.5

xre [n] � A e�on cos(�o n � �), -1

0 10 20 30 40 -1
0 10 20 30 40
Time index n Time index n
�o n
xim [ n] � A e sin(�o n � �) x[ n] � exp(� � j 6 )n 1 �
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Basic Sequences Basic Sequences
• Real exponential sequence - A cos(�o n � �)
• Sinusoidal sequence                         and 
x[n] � A� n , � � � n � � B exp( j�o n)
complex exponential sequence              
where A and � are real numbers are periodic sequences of period N if �o N � 2�r
� =  1.2 � =  0.9
where N and  r are positive integers
50 20

40
• Smallest value of N satisfying �o N � 2�r
15

is the fundamental period of the sequence
Amplitude

Amplitude

30
10

• To verify the above fact, consider
20

10 5

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
x1[n] � cos(�o n � �)
Time index n Time index n
x2 [n] � cos(�o (n � N ) � �)
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 Basic Sequences Basic Sequences
• Now x2 [n] � cos(�o (n � N ) � �)
� cos(�o n � �) cos �o N � sin(�o n � �) sin �o N 2�/�o
• If              is a noninteger rational number, then 
cos(�o n � �) � x1[n]
which will be equal to                                  the period will be a multiple of 2�/�o
only if • Otherwise, the sequence is aperiodic
sin �o N � 0 and cos �o N � 1 • Example - x[ n] � sin( 3n � �) is an aperiodic
• These two conditions are met if and only if sequence
2� N
�o N � 2� r or                  
�o � r
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Basic Sequences Basic Sequences
�  = 0.1�
0
�  = 0 2
0
2
1

Amplitude
1.5
0
Amplitude

1
-1
0.5
-2
0 10 20 30 40
0 Time index n
0 10 20 30 40

• Here �o � 0.1�
Time index n

• Here �o � 0
2� r
• Hence N � � 20 for r = 1                     
2� r 0.1�
• Hence period N � � 1 for r = 0
0
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Basic Sequences Basic Sequences
x[ n] � exp( j�1n)
• Property 1 - Consider                             and  • Property 2 - The frequency of oscillation of
y[n] � exp( j�2n) with                    and  
0 � �1 � � �o
A cos(�o n) increases as      increases from 0
2�k � �2 � 2�(k � 1) where k is any positive  �o
to �, and then decreases as      increases from       
integer  � to 2�
�2 � �1 � 2�k ,
• If                          then x[n] = y[n] • Thus, frequencies in the neighborhood of   
� � 0 are called low frequencies, whereas, 
���
frequencies in the neighborhood of            are 
• Thus, x[n] and y[n] are indistinguishable
called high frequencies
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 Basic Sequences
Basic Sequences
• Frequencies in the neighborhood of � = 2��k
�o
• Because of Property 1, a frequency       in  are usually called low frequencies
the neighborhood of � = 2� k is  • Frequencies in the neighborhood of              
�o � 2� k
indistinguishable from a frequency                � = ��(2k+1) are usually called high 
in the neighborhood of � = 0 frequencies
�o
and a frequency      in the neighborhood of       • v1[n] � cos(0.1� n) � cos(1.9� n) is a low-
� � �(2 k � 1) is indistinguishable from a  frequency signal
�o � �( 2 k � 1)
frequency                         in the  • v2[ n] � cos(0.8� n) � cos(1.2� n) is a high-
neighborhood of � = � frequency signal
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Basic Sequences The Sampling Process
• An arbitrary sequence can be represented in  • Often, a discrete-time sequence x[n] is 
the time-domain as a weighted sum of some  developed by uniformly sampling a 
basic sequence and its delayed (advanced)  continuous-time signal           as indicated 
xa (t )
versions below

• The relation between the two signals is
x[ n] � 0.5� [n � 2] � 1.5� [n � 1] � � [n � 2]
� � [n � 4] � 0.75� [n � 6] x[ n] � xa (t ) t �nT � xa (nT ), n � �, � 2, � 1, 0,1, 2,�
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The Sampling Process The Sampling Process
• Consider the continuous-time signal
xa (t )
• Time variable t of         is related to the time 
variable n of x[n] only at discrete-time  x (t ) � A cos(2� fot � �) � A cos(� ot � �)
tn
instants      given by • The corresponding discrete-time signal is
2� � o
tn � nT � n � 2� n x[ n] � A cos(�o nT � �) � A cos(
�T
n � �)
FT �T
� A cos(�o n � �)
with                 denoting the sampling 
FT � 1 / T
frequency and where �o � 2� �o / �T � �oT
�T � 2� FT denoting the sampling angular  is the normalized digital angular frequency 
frequency of x[n]
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