Displacement - Distance Graph

Transverse Wave Longitudinal Wave

a wave where the particles of the
medium vibrate in a direction that is
perpendicular to the direction of the
wave motion.Example:Light wave,
ripple, radio wave
the crest is the highest point on a wave.
The trough is the lowest point on a wave.
The amplitude is
the maximum displacement of
the wave from its equilibrium position.
Wavelength, λ is
a wave where the particles of the
the distance between two successive crest 
medium vibrate in a direction that is
or trough.
parallel to the direction of the wave
motion.Example:Sound Wave Displacement – Time Graph

Relationship Between Speed, Wavelength and Frequency

The period, T is the time taken for
the wave to complete one oscillation.
The frequency, f is
The wavelength of the wave is 3 cm. the number of oscillations in one second.
What is the speed of the wave?
speed = 15 Hz x 3cm
= 45cm/s

TYPES OF WAVES & RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN

SPEED, WAVELENGTH AND FREQUENCY GRAPH
A wave is a travelling disturbance from
a vibrating source

WAVES
Waves transfer energy without transferring physical matter.

RIPPLE TANK SOUND WAVES

The ripple tank is used Sound waves are produced by vibrations.

to study water waves in laboratories. The vibrations cause compression and rarefaction of air
The parts used in ripple tank are: molecules.
Power supply – Generate electricity to Sound waves need a medium to travel (We cannot hear any
the motor. sounds in vacuum space).
Motor – Moves the dipper in and out of water.
Dipper – An object used
to create water waves in the tank. It can
be any shape, length and width.
Tank – Water is poured inside here.
To study the water waves, a white
screen (i.e. a piece of paper) Loudness of a sound depends on the amplitude of
the sound wave.The greater the amplitude of a
The crest acts is placed under the tank. A light sound wave, the louder the sound is.
as convex lens while source is placed above the ripple 
the trough act as concave lens. tank to illuminate the water waves.
Therefore, the bright spot on The waves can
the screen is the crest because be altered by changing the dipper to determine the time taken for the sound
the light rays converges while . wave to reflect, t = 2D/v
the dark spot is D, distance between speaker and teh wall
the trough because the light v, velocity of the sound wave The pitch of sound is determined by its
rays diverges. frequency. The higher the frequency, the higher
the pitch.
 If water waves pass through a shallow region
Reflection of Straight and Circular Wave of concave shape, the waves will be diverged

The angle of the distance

incident is equal of image
to the angle of from the
reflection reflector is
The incident equal to the
wave, reflected distance of
wave and the source of
normal lie on wave from If water waves pass through a shallow region
the same plane. the reflector. of convex shape, the waves will be converged.

Reflection occurs when an incident wave hits a reflector and reflected back.
the change of direction of a wave when it travels from one medium to another
REFLECTION REFRACTION

Phenomena Of Waves
DIFFRACTION INTERFERENCE
the spreading of a wave when it travels through an opening or a small obstacle. the superposition of two waves that comes from two coherent sources.
PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION

Diffraction of waves occurs when waves are sprea
d out when passing through a narrow gap.
Diffraction is easily can be seen when The point where peaks and troughs intersects are
the size of gap is less than the wavelength of called constructive interference.
the waves. The line that passes through all the constructive
LIGHT interference is antinodal line.
The point where peaks and 
SOUND WAVE troughs intersects are called
  destructive interference. The 
line that passes all destructive
  interference is nodal
COHERENT WAVE FORMULA OF WAVELENGTH line.
λ=ax/D
Two wave sources λ = Wave length
which are coherent a = Distance between the two wave sources
have same frequency x = Distance between two successive anti-
node lines or node lines
or have constant D = Distance from the wave sources to the
phase difference. plane where x is measured.