Compression spring formula for Dimensional Characteristics –

Dimensional TYPE OF ENDS

Characteristics Open or Plain Open or Plain Squared or Closed and
(not ground) with ends ground Closed (not Ground
ground)
Pitch (p) FL−d FL FL−3 d FL−2d
N N N N
Solid Height (SH) ( TC+1 ) d TC∗d ( TC+1 ) d TC∗d
Active Coils (N) N=TC N=TC−1 N=TC∗2 x N=TC∗2 x
FLd FL FL−3 d FL−2d
¿ ¿ −1 ¿ ¿
p p p p
Total Coils (TC) FL−d FL FL−3 d FL−2d
+2 +2
p p p p
Free Length (FL) ( p∗TC ) +d ( p∗TC ) ( p∗N )+ 3 d ( p∗N )+ 2d

F – deflection, for N coils with load P, in.

L – active length subject to deflection, in.
d – diameter of wire or side of square, in.
N – total active coils.
TC – total coils