Manual for

Harvard USM Version 2020

(Author-Date System)

USM Health Campus

 Edited by:

ASSOC. PROF. DR WAN MOHD ZAHIRUDDIN WAN MOHAMMAD

Lecturer
Department of Community Medicine
School of Medical Sciences, USM Health Campus

NURUL AZURAH MOHD RONI

Senior Librarian
Reference and Research Division
Perpustakaan Hamdan Tahir, USM Health Campus

Copyright ©2019

Published by Perpustakaan Hamdan Tahir, USM Health Campus

NO. REFERENCE TYPE GENERAL
FORMAT/TEMPLATE
1. BOOK
a. Personal Surname and initials of
author (s) author(s). (year). title and
subtitle (edition number
(other than first)). City:
publishing house
b. Editor(s), Surname and initials of
compiler(s) as author(s) (Ed(s)). (year).
author title and subtitle (edition
number (other than first).
City: publishing house
c. Organisation Organization name.
as author and (year). title. (edition
publisher number (other than first)).
City: publishing house
Type out the full
organization name for
the reference list.
d. Chapter in Surname and initials of
book / Book author(s). (year). Chapter
section title. In Title of the book
(pp. #-#). City: publishing
house
uses p. for a one page
item and pp. for multiple
pages.
EXAMPLE
Azriani, A. R. & Ismail, M. I.
(2011). Gadisku, Bacalah.
Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa
dan Pustaka.
Helfer, M. E., Keme, R. S. &
Drugman, R. D. (1997). The
battered child (5th ed.). New
York: University of Chicago
Press.
Norsa’adah, B., Aniza, A. A. &
NorAzwany, Y. (Eds.) (2012).
Epidemiological Concept in
Non-Communicable
Diseases. Kota Bharu: PPSP
Publications
Ministry of Health. (2010).
Nutrition Research Priorities in
Malaysia - For 10th Malaysia
Plan (2011-2015). Kuala
Lumpur: Ministry of Health.
Institute of Medicine US.
(1992). Looking at the future of
the Medicaid program.
Washington: The Institute.
Norsa’adah, B. & Nik
Rosmawati, N. H. (2011). Non-
parametric Tests. In Nik
Rosmawati, N. H., Mohd
Ismail, I. and Rohana, A. J.
(Eds.), Statistics Made Easy.
Basic Statistical Steps in
Medical & Health Research
(pp 95-116). Kota Bharu:
Department of Community
Medicine.
1|Page
NO. REFERENCE TYPE GENERAL
FORMAT/TEMPLATE
2. JOURNAL ARTICLE
a. Standard Author surname, initials of
journal article author(s). (Year). Title.
Name of journal, Volume
(Issue), first page – last
pages.
b. Standard In addition to the above
journal article you should note the DOI
with DOI (Digital Object Identifier)
if one exists
EXAMPLE
Zahiruddin, W. M., Arifin, W.
N., Mohd-Nazri, S., Sukeri, S.,
Zawaha, I., Bakar, R. A.,
Hamat, R. A., Malina, O.,
Jamaludin, T., Pathman, A.,
Mas-Harithulfadhli-Agus, A. R.,
Norazlin, I., Suhailah, B. S.,
Saudi, S. N. S., Abdullah, N.
M., Nozmi, N., Zainuddin, A.
W. & Aziah, D. (2018).
Development and validation
of a new knowledge,
attitude, belief and practice
questionnaire on leptospirosis
in Malaysia. BMC Public
Health, 18(1), 331.
Ibrahim, M. I., Abdullah, M.,
Naing, L., Abdullah, J. M.,
Idris, Z. & Aljunid, S. M. (2007).
Cost effectiveness analysis of
using multiple
neuromodalities in treating
severe traumatic brain injury
in a developing country like
Malaysia. Asian Journal of
Surgery, 30(4), 261-266.
Ibrahim, M. I., Abdullah, M.,
Naing, L., Abdullah, J. M.,
Idris, Z. & Aljunid, S. M. (2007).
Cost Effectiveness Analysis of
Using Multiple
Neuromodalities in Treating
Severe Traumatic Brain Injury
in a Developing Country Like
Malaysia. Asian Journal of
Surgery, 30(4), 261-266. doi:
10.1016/s1015-9584(08)60036-
6
2|Page
NO. REFERENCE TYPE GENERAL EXAMPLE
FORMAT/TEMPLATE
c. Organisation/ Organzation name. World Health Organization.
Government (year). Title (name of (2008). WHO vaccine-
agency/ article/report/webpage). preventable diseases:
Corporate as Retrieved from monitoring system: 2008
author http://www.URL_of_specif global summary.
ic_document Retrieved from
https://www.who.int/immuniz
ation/documents/en/

Mention the organization First citation: According to

in the signal phrase or in
the parenthetical citation
the first time you cite the
source and then use only
the abbreviation in later
citations.
the World Health
Organization [WHO] (2008),…
Second citation: …….. (WHO,
2008).

d. No author Look for a corporate (“New Baltic Icebreakers,”

given author if you can’t find 2005)
author names. If cannot
find a title, provide a In the reference list:
description of the title New Baltic icebreakers under
content instead in the in- construction at Baltiyski Zavod
text citation using a short (2005). Naval Architect, 32-34.
title with capitalisation
and enclosed in
quotation marks.

e. Journal Author, Initials. (year). Title Rafizah, A. A., Aziah, B. D.,

Supplement of article. Title of journal,
Volume (issue), (Suppl.
number of supplement),
pages
Azwany, Y. N., Imran, M. K.,
Rusli, A. M., Nazri, S. M.,
Nikman, A. M., Nabilah, I.,
Asma, H. S., Zahiruddin, W. M.
& Zaliha, I. (2013). Risk factors
of leptospirosis among febrile
hospital admissions in
northeastern Malaysia. Prev
Med, Suppl 57, S11-513.

3. CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS/PAPER
a. General Author (Year of Vosniadou, S., Kayser, D. &
Conference). Protopapas, A. (2007).
Title (Sponsor, Trans.). Pro Proceedings of the European

3|Page
NO. REFERENCE TYPE GENERAL
FORMAT/TEMPLATE
ceedings
from Conference
Name. Conference
Location.
b. Unpublished Proceedings of a
conference (oral or
poster) may be published
or unpublished. It is
important to note which -
for unpublished
proceedings, use the
date of the conference
instead of a publication
date.
c. Published/ When citing
printed: printed/published
conference proceedings
papers the techniques
used are very similar to
those employed when
citing journal articles
In the case of
conference proceedings
available electronically,
replace publisher and
location details with the
DOI where available or
URL in the absence of
DOI.
4. THESIS/DISSERTATION
General Author surname, initials of
author(s). (Year). Title.
(Dissertation). Degree,
EXAMPLE
Cognitive Science
Conference. Proceedings
from European Cognitive
Science Conference.
Delphie, Greece.
Mohd Dzulkhairi, M. R.,
Zahiruddin, W. M., Mohd
Ismail, I. & Aziah, D. (2010). The
study on prevalence of
physical violence and verbal
abuse in an emergency
department of a teaching
hospital. Proceedings from
2nd National Conference on
Environment and Health 2010
"Sustainable Health Through A
Better Environment". Kota
Bharu, Kelantan. 17-18 March
2010.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M.
(1991). A motivational
approach to self: Integration
in personality. In Dienstbier, R.
(Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on
Motivation: Vol. 38.
Perspectives on motivation
(pp. 237-288). Lincoln:
University of Nebraska Press.
Kazanina, N., Phillips, C., &
Idsardi, W. (2006). The
influence of meaning on the
perception of speech sounds.
Proceedings from the
National Academy of
Sciences 103(30), 11381-
11386.
doi:10.1073/pnas.060421103
Zahiruddin, W. M. & Syed
Hatim, N. (2002). A Study on
the Influence of HIV Infection
4|Page
NO. REFERENCE TYPE GENERAL EXAMPLE
FORMAT/TEMPLATE
University, Place in Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Published. Number of Patients on the Transmission
Pages of Tuberculosis in Household
Contacts. (Dissertation).
Masters of Community
Medicine, Universiti Sains
Malaysia, Kubang Kerian.
Pages 108

5. NEWSPAPER/MAGAZINE ARTICLE
General Author surname, initials of
author(s). (Year). Title.
In, Magazine, Place
Published: Publisher,
pp ##.
Norsa’adah, B. (2012). Kanser
Payudara Jangan Berlengah!
In, Dewan Kosmik, Kuala
Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan
Pustaka, pp 44-45.

6. LEGAL MATERIAL
Legal rule or Author (Year). Title, Rule Great Britain. Department of
regulation Number. Publisher, Place Health (2012). Health and
Published. Social Care Act 2012, 2012.
The Stationery Office, United
Kingdom.

Occupational Safety and

Health Act 1194 (2000). Use
and standards of exposure of
chemicals hazardous to
health regulations 2000,
PNMB; KSM. PUU(S) 6/11Jld. 1;
PN(PU2)541/IV, Kuala Lumpur.

7. DICTIONARY AND SIMILAR REFERENCES

Dictionary Author (Year). Title,
Edition. Publisher, Place
Published. pp ##.
Brown, G. W., McLean, I. &
McMillan, A. (2018). The
Concise Oxford Dictionary of
Politics and International
Relations, 4th. Oxford
University Press, Oxford. pp
640.

Merriam-Webster’s collegiate
dictionary (11th ed.). (2005).
Springfield, MA: Merriam-
Webster. pp 119-120.

5|Page
NO. REFERENCE TYPE GENERAL EXAMPLE
FORMAT/TEMPLATE
8. UNPUBLISHED WORK/MATERIAL
Unpublished Author surname, initials of Chen, R. (1991). A measles
Material author(s). (Year). Title of outbreak in a highly
Work, (Unpublished work). vaccinated population:
Institution. Place Health sector Muyinga,
Published Burundi, 1988-1989,
(Unpublished work). Center
for Disease Control. Atlanta,
USA

9. ELECTRONIC ARTICLE
Electronic Online articles follow the
Articles/ same guidelines for
Material/ printed articles. In
Webpage addition to the above
you should note the DOI
(Digital Object Identifier)
if one exists, and if one
does not exist, add the
web address (URL) of the
database you found the
article in.
Ministry of Health. (2012).
Nutrition Research Priorities in
Malaysia - For 10th Malaysia
Plan (2011-2015). Retrieved
from:
http://www.moh.gov.my/v/n
utrition [Accessed on 20
October 2012].
United States Department of
Health and Human Services
and United States
Environmental Protection
Agency. (1997). Food safety
from the farm to table: a
new strategy for the 21st
century. Retrieved from:
http://um.crsan.fda.gov/dms
/fs-draft.html [Accessed 21
February 1997]

10. ANNUAL REPORTS AND OTHER GOVERNMENT REPORTS

Report by Technical reports, Ministry of Health, Malaysia.
Committees, company profiles, and (2013). Annual Report 2011.
Institutes and other business analyses Retrieved from
Other Bodies often lack much of the http://vlib.moh.gov.my/cms/
information for the reader content.jsp?id=com.tms.cms.
to locate the material. For document.Document_8fdc05
this reason, you may wish bd-a02c4149-1aa2ef00-
to include a database 4dabea79
name or website
Department of Statistics,
Malaysia. (2011). Vital

6|Page
NO. REFERENCE TYPE GENERAL
FORMAT/TEMPLATE
11. ONLINE LECTURE NOTES AND PRESENTATION SLIDES
When citing online
lecture notes, be sure to
provide the file format in
brackets after the lecture
title (e.g. PowerPoint
slides, Word document).
12. PERSONAL COMMUNICATION
Personal communications
may be recorded as
footnotes at the bottom
of the page but should
not be included in the list
of references.
13. COMPUTER SOFTWARE/DOWNLOADED SOFTWARE
Do not cite standard
office software (e.g.
Word, Excel) or
programming languages.
EXAMPLE
Statistics Malaysia 2011.
Retrieved from
http://www.statistics.gov.my/
portal/images/stories/files/Lat
estReleases/vital/Vital_Statisti
cs_Malaysia_2011.pdf
WHO Expert Committee on
Maternal and Child Health
(1961). Public Health Aspects
of Low Birth Weight, WHO
Technical Report, Geneva.
Hallam, A. Duality in
consumer theory [PDF
document, Lecture online].
Retrieved from
http://www.econ.iastate.edu
/classes/econ501/Hallam/ind
ex.html
Roberts, K. F. (1998). Federal
regulations of chemicals in
the environment [PowerPoint
slides]. Retrieved from
http://siri.uvm.edu/ppt/40hre
nv/index.html
A. M. Raulson (personal
communication, January 28,
2007) says...
(T. J. Mavin, personal
communication, April 15,
2009).
Ludwig, T. (2002). PsychInquiry
[computer software]. New
York: Worth.
7|Page
NO. REFERENCE TYPE GENERAL EXAMPLE
FORMAT/TEMPLATE
Provide references only SPSS Inc. (2009). PASW
for specialized software. Statistics for Windows, Version
18.0. Chicago: SPSS Inc

IBM Corp. (2016). IBM SPSS

Statistics for Windows, Version
24.0. Armonk, NY.

Software downloaded Hayes, B., Tesar, B., & Zuraw,

from a Web site should K. (2003). OTSoft: Optimality
provide the software’s Theory Software (Version 2.1)
version and year. [Software]. Available from
http://www.linguistics.ucla.ed
u/people/hayes/otsoft/

8|Page
 NOTES ON GENERAL RULES

NO ITEMS EXAMPLES
1. CITING SECONDARY SOURCE:
Book In-Text Citation:

Fong’s 1987 study (cited in Coulthard 2003)

found that older students’ memory can be
as good as that of young people, but this
depends on how memory is tested.

References:
Coulthard, P. (2003). Master Dentistry.
Churchill: Churchill Livingstone.

Do not include Fong (1987) in your reference

list but do include Coulthard (2003).

*in the Reference list include only the book

you actually used (not the source cited in
the book you used).

Journal Article In-Text Citation:

David Miller’s simple definition of social
justice (cited in Paolone and Kaitsas 2018) …

References:
Paolone, M. G. & Kaitsas, R. (2018).
Orthodontic-periodontal interactions:
Orthodontic extrusion in interdisciplinary
regenerative treatments. International
Orthodontics, 16(2), 217-245. doi:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ortho.2018.03.019

2. IN-TEXT CITATION:
a. If the author has a Regarding Michael (2013) said that …
surname, only the surname is
written, without any initials.

b. If it is an Arabic author, Ibn Hazm (1983) mentioned that…

the surname or the name
by which he is known is
used.

9|Page
 c. If it is a Malay author, his An article by Noor Haslinda Harun published
own name is used. If it is a in 2012 is referred to as:
Chinese author, his surname Noor Haslinda (2012) or Noor Haslinda Harun
is used. (2012)

An article by Chan Han Ngo published in

2011 is referred to as:
Chan (2011) or Chan Han Ngo (2011)

d. If conferred titles, omit the Tun Mahathir Mohamad, cite as:

title Mahathir Mohamad.

3. SOLE AUTHOR:
Wilson (2012) has proven that …

…as has been investigated by Rohani (2009)

In a study on the teaching and learning of

statistics (Azrin 2010)…

In the year 2012, Zahiruddin (2013)

investigated…

In a study on the teaching and learning of

biology, Nazri (2010) expressed the view
that… Nazri (2010) also said that…

4. CO-AUTHORS:
the work of two co-authors Cite author names in the order in which they
appear on the article.
For “in text citations”:
• When the authors' names form part of the
sentence use 'and' for example:
Zahiruddin and Naing (2002) described
that……..

• When the authors' names are contained

within brackets use '&', for example:
…… higher risk of infection (Zahiruddin &
Naing, 2002).

the work authored by more Three or more authors: The “in text citation”
than two people shows only the name of the first listed author
followed by 'et al.'

In the reference list, all the authors' names

must be listed in the list in the order in which

10 | P a g e
 they appear on the article. The title of the
journal is abbreviated as given in Index
Medicus (if not, give title in full).

Imran et al. (2011) has provided a detailed

explanation about the …
…has reduced the deterioration of Oxidative
DNA (Imran et al., 2011)

5. INSTITUTION/ORGANIZATION/COMMITTEE AS AUTHOR:
Treat the publishing Department of Occupational Safety and
organization the same way Health (DOSH, 2010)…
you'd treat the author's
name and format the rest of According to the Institute of Quality
the citation as normal. Assurance (2012) …

Institutions as authors whose

names can be abbreviated:

6. AUTHOR UNKNOWN:
Avoid using “Anonymous”
Cite in text the first few words
of the article title and the
year. Use double quotation
marks around the title or
abbreviated title:
If still no author for a journal, book, web
page or other articles, the title will substitute
the author’s place:
In-text citation:
("New Child Vaccine," 2001).
In the reference list:
New child vaccine gets funding boost
(2001). Retrieved from
http://news.ninemsn.com.au/health/story_13
178.asp

7. AUTHORS WITH THE SAME NAME:

If the list of references Khalid B.A.K. (2010) and Khalid Yusoff
includes works by two or (2010)…
more authors with the same
name, the full name or initials
of each author must be used
each time one of these works
is cited to avoid confusion.

8. MULTIPLE REFERENCES:
Two or more references (Smith, 1999; Jones et al., 2001; Turner &
should be by chronological William, 2006)
and separated by semi-
colons (;):

11 | P a g e
 More than one reference is (Zahiruddin 2007, 2009, 2012)
made to the same author of
separate publications, the
publication years are
separated by a comma.

Citing a same author with (Sham 2010a, 2010b)

two documents in the same
year

References:

Guidelines for Doctor of Public Health (DrPH) Research Project and Dissertation,
Department of Community Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains
Malaysia.

Zahiruddin WM. (2014). Referencing with EndNote [Powerpoint slides].

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