Nama : ika nurjanah

Npm : 16520034

Introduction to general linguistics

A. The component of grammar

Linguistics is part of the broad field of cognitive science, which studies the human mind. Linguistics focus
specifically on the mental grammar: the system that all speakers of a language have in their minds,
which allows them to understand each other. The mental grammar of every language includes
phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics. All speakers of all languages have a mental
grammar: the shared system that lets speakers of a language understand each other. In Essentials of
Linguistics we devote most of our attention to the mental grammar of English, but we’ll also use our
scientific tools and techniques to examine some parts of the grammars of other languages.

We’ll start by looking at sound systems: how speakers make particular sounds and how listeners hear
these sounds. If you’ve ever tried to learn a second language you know that the sounds in the second
language are not always the same as in your first language. Linguists call the study of speech sounds
phonetics. Then we’ll look at how the mental grammar of each language organizes sounds in the mind;
this is called phonology. We will examine the strategies that languages use to form meaningful words;
this is called morphology. Then we take a close look at the different ways that languages combine words
to form phrases and sentences. The term for that is syntax. We also look at how the meanings of words
and sentences are organized in the mind, which linguists call semantics.

These five things are the core pieces of the mental grammar of any language: they’re the things all
speakers know about a language. All languages have phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax and
semantics in their grammars. These five areas are also the core subfields of theoretical linguistics. Just
as there are other kinds of language knowledge we have, there are other branches of the field of
linguistics, and we’ll take a peek at some of those other branches along the way.

B. Type of word formation

In linguistics (particularly morphology and lexicology), word formation refers to the ways in which new
words are made on the basis of other words or morphemes. Also called derivational morphology. Word-
formation can denote either a state or a process, and it can be viewed either diachronically (through
different periods in history) or synchronically (at one particular period in time). See examples and
observations below.

C. Type of compound
In English grammar, compounding is the process of combining two words (free morphemes) to create a
new word (commonly a noun, verb, or adjective). Also called composition, it is from the Latin for "put
together". Compounds are written sometimes as one word (sunglasses), sometimes as two hyphenated
words (life-threatening), and sometimes as two separate words (football stadium). Compounding is the
most common type of word-formation in English. Compounding exists in several different forms and
parts of speech, including the following:

1. Compound Adjective :

A compound adjective is formed when two or more adjectives are joined together to modify the same
noun. These terms should be hyphenated to avoid confusion or ambiguity. For example:

Example :

a. Diana submitted a 6-page document.

b. She adopted a two-year-old cat.

2. Compound Adverb : Compound verbs can be formed in several ways. You can add a preposition, make
a phrase, add a "helping" verb, or combine two words together. Each of these results in a different form
of compound verb.

Prepositional Verb : When a preposition combines with a verb to form a new verb, the result is called a
prepositional verb. Some examples include:

a. I believe in respecting our elders.

b. Why does Timmy always ask for more ice cream?

c. The success of this campaign will rely upon increasing voter turnout.

Compound Noun

Compound Tense

Compound Verb