S&T Argentina PDF

Argentina:
The development of
Science-Based Technology
Eduardo N. Dvorkin
There is not such a word as:
SCIENCEANDTECHNOLGY
February 2010 Science- Based Technology in Argentina 2

There is:
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Science Technology
Property Social Individual
Final
Independent Dependent
Objectives
Diffusion Irrestricted Restricted
Cumulative
“If I have seen further it is
Development only by standing on the
shoulders of giants”
Uneven
(This includes Kuhn’s changes
of paradigm)
Scientific
Methodology Indifferent
Method
Immediate
Repercussion Immediate
or differed
Lateral
Large Large
Repercussion
Scientists want to understand nature
There is no need for further justification of Science
The objective of technologists is to modify nature

in order to fulfill human needs
This modification of nature can be based on scientific knowledge

or on practical knowledge.
Once the results are reached the methodology is irrelevant.

Greek philosophers did not accept to justify
their work on the basis of practical needs
(with the exception of the practitioners
of Hippocratic medicine).
They are the first milestone of Science
The Romans built aqueducts, viaducts,

big structures without the previous scientific knowledge.
They are the first milestone of Engineering

SCIENCE
“NON SCIENTIFIC”
TECHNOLOGY
INPUTS
PRODUCTION

Non Scientific Inputs
•Educated intuition (tradition)

• Trial and error
• Copy and adaptation
• Buying “know how”
Rows and scales were used before the Greeks

stated the mathematical law of the lever
(John Bernal)

However, the mathematical formalization of the lever
opened the way
for more sophisticated technological applications

•Technology is not necessarily
the objective of Science
• Science is not necessarily the prerequisite

for technology
BUT ... when they are matched they can

produce high benefits

Two important news of the XX century:
•Engineering sciences
•Applied scientific research

The Science & Technology
Process
Vannevar Bush – “Science the endless frontier” (1944)
PROCESS & PRODUCTS

INDUSTRIAL
SCIENCE PRODUCT &
R&D
ENGINEERING SERVICES
know-why know-how
UNIVERSITY INDUSTRIAL PROCESS/PRODUCT

RESEARCH PRODUCTION
RESEARCH DESIGN

Vannevar Bush – “Science the endless frontier” (1944)

“Some people believe that Science is a luxurious item and
that the most developed countried spend in Science because
they are reach.
Big mistake; they spend in science because it is an excellent
investment and in that way they get even reacher.
They do not invest in Science because they are rich and
prosperous but they are rich and prosperous because they invest
in Science.
Nothing gives higher revenues than the scientific and technological
research”
Bernardo A. Houssay (Argentine Nobel Laurate)

Who are the main players?
GOVERMENT
PRODUCTIVE UNIVERSITIES
SECTOR NATIONAL LABS
Jorge Sábato
Good news in Argentina!!
• Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation
December 2007, before it was part of the Education Ministry
• The minister is a scientist who was involved in
technological developments


An important number of scientists
and engineers are returning
to Argentina : 704 since the year 2004
Distribución de Investigadores Repatriados por Áreas

del Conocimiento
Technology 3% Agric., Engngn.

Social Sc. and and Materials
Humanities 13% 14%
Health Sc. and

Exact Sc. 33% Biology 37%

But we still need much more
investment in S&T!!
Country GDP millions of USD %R&D
Chile 169,458 0.67%
Argentina 324,767 0.61%
Australia 1,013,461 1.80%
Mexico 1,088,128 0.46%
Canada 1,499,551 1.89%
Brazil 1,572,839 1.02%
Spain 1,601,964 1.20%
France 2,866,951 2.11%
China 4,327,448 1.42%
Japan 4,910,692 3.39%
USA 14,441,425 2.62%

The Science & Technology
System should evolve
to the Pasteur’s Quadrant
Scientific interest
3 4
Bohr Pasteur
2
1
Edison
Technological interest
Donald E. Stokes, Pasteur´s Quadrant – Basic Science and Tchnological Innovation,
Brookings Inst. Press, Washington D.C., 1997.
How to establish the Vannevar Bush process?
How to evolve to Pasteur’s Quadrant?
PROCESS & PRODUCTS

INDUSTRIAL
SCIENCE PRODUCT &
R&D
Pushing incrementing scientific offer?

PROCESS & PRODUCTS

INDUSTRIAL
SCIENCE PRODUCT &
R&D
We increment the size of Bohr’s quadrant, which

is excellent BUT ….
PROCESS & PRODUCTS

INDUSTRIAL
SCIENCE PRODUCT &
R&D
Pulling incrementing industrial demand!!!

Who drives a powerful demand?
US DOE
DOD
NIH
Europe EU
Japan MITI
Brazil Petrobras
Embraer
The government can undertake long term
and risky projects.
Argentina needs to rebuild its public sector.

SUCCESSFUL CASES OF
S&T LINK

IMPACT ON THE ARGENTINE
ECONOMY
Public Sector: INVAP

A complete chain
PROCESS & PRODUCTS

INDUSTRIAL
SCIENCE PRODUCT &
R&D
Universities Balseiro Institute

Univ. Gral. San Martín
National Agencies National Atomic Commission
(C.N.E.A.)
National Space Agency
(CONAE)
Production Companies INVAP
Small subcontractors
THE COMPANY
• Created September 1st, 1976

• State owned - Province of Rio Negro
• Operates as Private Company
• Annual Sales: 40 - 70 Million USD
• 770 employees (80% Professionals and Technicians)
• Brazil and USA subsidiaries, branches in Australia, Egypt and
Venezuela
• Works in close association with Argentine Space and
Nuclear Agencies
February 2010 29
BUSINESS AREAS
February 2010 30
NUCLEAR DIVISION
RA6 - BARILOCHE
• Research and Production Reactors

• Fuel Manufacturing Plants
• Radioisotopes Production Plants
• Nuclear Power Plant Services

• Instrumentation & Control
• Spent Fuel Dry Storage Facilities
• Uranium Enrichment Technology
• Molibdenum 99 Production
Technology
February 2010 STORAGE OF SPENT FUEL 31
NUCLEAR REACTORS EXPORTED
 ARGELIA: 1MW (t), 1989

Direct Contracting
 EGIPTO: 22 MW (t), 1998

International Bidding
 AUSTRALIA: 20 MW (t), 2006

International Bidding
February 2010 32
Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation
(ANSTO)
OPAL: Open Pool Australian Light Water Reactor
• Neutron beam and radioisotope production reactor,

• International Bid : 8 Companies,
• $180 MM USD,
• AECL (Canada), SIEMENS (Germany), TECHNICATOME
(France), INVAP (Argentina),
• Contract Award July 2000,
• August 2006 First Criticality,
• November 2006 Maximum Power: 20 MW,
• April 2007 Official Opening.
February 2010 33
February 2010 Cairo, August, 2004
34
“The largest single investment ever in science and
technology in Australia’s History”
Professor Helen Garnett,
February 2010 Cairo,
ANSTO August,
Chief 2004
Executive
35
July 2000
Evolution Line:
NUCLEAR REACTORS
RA – 1: FIRST ARGENTINE RESEARCH REACTOR
(1958) CNEA
RRRP
ETRR-2 (20MW)
(22MW)
NUR World leader
(1MW) Australia in this segment
RP-10 Egypt
RA-6 (10MW)
(0.5MW)
Algeria
Peru
Argentina
1982 2006
February 2010 36
AEROSPACE AND GOVERNMENT
Flight Segment:
Satellite design, manufacture,

assembly, integration and test
Payload design, manufacture,
SAC - A assembly, integration and test
SPACE CENTER "TEÓFILO TABANERA"
Ground Segment:
Ground Stations
Mission Operations
Systems and Services
February 2010 37
SAC PROGRAM
International Partnership Program

CONAE - NASA
COMISION NACIONAL DE
ACTIVIDADES ESPACIALES
CONAE Provides INVAP is the prime NASA Provides

Bus plus contractor for design, Launch and
Scientific development and Scientific
Instrumentation fabrication Instrumentation
February 2010 38
SAC SERIE
Under the joint program between NASA and CONAE,

INVAP is the prime contractor for
design, development and fabrication
• SAC-B, Launched in April 1997.
• SAC-A, placed in orbit in December 1998.
• SAC-C, placed in orbit in November 2000.
• SAOCOM IA/IB, in performance.
• SAC-D, in performance.
February 2010 39
SAOCOM MISSION
SIASGE: Italy – Argentine Satellite System for
Risk and Emergencies Monitoring
COSMO –SkyMed system developed by ASI

• 4 satellites equipped with X-band
multipolarimetric SAR
Prime Contractor
SAOCOM system developed by CONAE

• 2 satellites equipped with L-band full
polarimetric SAR
Prime Contractor
February 2010 40
AQUARIUS SAC-D
International Partnership Mission
NASA - CONAE
• Aquarius Salinity Microwave • Service Platform and SAC-D

Instrument Science Instruments
• Launch Vehicle • Mission Operations & Ground

System
February 2010 41
SAC-D AQUARIUS Mission
NASA/CONAE
Global Ocean Salinity Measurement
SAC-D: A Trusted Spacecraft Platform

NASA’S AQUARIUS PROJECT PAYLOAD
(VALUED IN USD 180 MILLION)
WILL FLY ON ARGENTINE SAC-D SPACECRAFT.
February 2010 42
COMUNICATIONS SATELLITE – ARSAT
Argentine Geostationary Satellite

February 2010 43
REFERENCE ARGENTINE PLATFORMS
500Kg 1700Kg 2000Kg 3000Kg
Developed or under development at INVAP
February 2010 44
Evolution Line:
SATELLITES, 2010
SAOCOM
2000Kg
SAC-D LEO & GEO
SAC-C
SAC-A
ARSAT-1
SAC-B 1700Kg
500Kg
100Kg 3000Kg
200Kg
February 2010 45
INVAP’s SATELLITE INTEGRATION FACILITIES
NEW PLANT 2009
OLD PLANT (1991 – 2009)
February 2010 46
RADARS
Bariloche Airport
February 2010 Cairo, August, 2004

47
LAND, AIR & SEA CONTROL SYSTEMS
MONOPULSE 2D SECONDARY
RADAR (“INKAN”).
PRIMARY 3D RADAR
February 2010 48
THE ESSENCE OF INVAP
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF COMPLEX PROJECTS

WHERE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND INTEGRATION
IS A KEY FACTOR.
February 2010 50
ECONOMY
Private Sector: Tenaris – Siderca

(Manufacturer of seamless steel pipes)

R&D Staff
• 117 persons (June 09)
• 64 Researchers, 34 out of them Senior Researchers

with post graduate studies, MSc and Phd.
• 20 Global Trainees (GTs)
• 29 Technicians;
• 4 Administrative assistants,
secretaries
Research & Development - Argentina G. Carcagno February 2010 52

Activities Centered in:
Product Development:
New products
Incremental improvement
New applications
Manufacturing process:
New processes
Continuous improvement
Process modelling
Technical Assistance:
String Design
Material selection
Diferentiation – Excellence – Quality – Cost Optimization

Applied Physics - NDT
•Electromagnetic modeling and
• NDT signal processing material characterizacion 1 2
2 2
B (T)
B (T)
0 0
-2 -2
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
H (A/m) 4 H (A/m) 4
x 10 x 10
3 4
2 2
B (T)
B (T)
0 0
Original data string recorded at a SIDERCA / Laco 2 Final data string, which shows a significant
inspection line, showing a large external defect and improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio. This aims
noise that interferes with the detection of smaller at the detection of defects that give rise to small
-2 -2
signals signals, which otherwise remain undetected, and at -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
decreasing the number of false calls H (A/m) 4 H (A/m) 4
x 10 x 10
5 6
2 2
B (T)
B (T)
0 0
• Laser Profilometry
-2 -2
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
H (A/m) 4 H (A/m) 4
x 10 x 10
•Vibrothermography
50
X [mm]
Thread Axis
-50
0
50 -50
100 0
150 50
Z [mm] Y [mm]

Furnaces & Heat Treatment
• Rotary heart furnaces
• Walking beam furnaces
-4
x 10
0.2 -1
• Induction heating r
0.15
0.1
-2
-3
0.05 -4
0 -5
2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8
z

Structural Integrity
• Fracture Mechanics & Fatigue Analysis

1E-3 1E-3
Air Marine
1E-4 1E-4
da/dN [mm/cycles]
da/dN [mm/cycles]
1E-5 1E-5
1E-6 1E-6
WCL HAZ WCL HAZ

Exp. Data Exp. Data
Mean + 2 Std Dev Mean + 2 Std Dev
1E-7 1E-7
100 1000 10000 100 1000 10000
3/2 3/2
K [N/mm ] K [N/mm ]
• Sucker rods design & testing

• Integrity of
M&A components

Metal forming
• Piercer modeling • Hot rolling of flat products
• Upsetting

Steelmaking Area
Process modeling Materials characterization
Inclusions originated by ZrO2 filler sand used in the
ladle slide gate
50 μm Si Mn
Temperature distribution
Velocity field in SEN during solidification of
and round mould Zr
continuous casting
products 2D characterization of oscillation marks in
continuous casting products
Process optimization
200
Using the process
(2061) (74) () Number of heats
100 signals, a clogging
Clogging Index (-)
(9)
0
(9) index was
(5) developed. The
-100 effect of Sulfur
-200 content on steel 70
castability is
-300
Strands analyzed.
60 Powder P3 Powder P2 Mold friction
S1 monitoring is a
Friction Index
-400 50
S2
S4 40
helpful tool to
-500
S5
30
evaluate and
-600 select casting
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
powders
20 Strand 4
Strand 5
Sulfur content (ppm) 10
0.17-0.20 %C
47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57
Time (hs)

Refractories
• Wear evaluation, failure mechanisms, optimized design
SEM image of MgO refractory Calculated steel and slag level

Calculated and real tapping times
SEM image of MgO-C EAF refractory- particles in disolution in LF slag. evolution along a ladle campaign
for different EBT refractory designs
slag interface
EDAX analysis of EAF roof hot face SEM/ EDAX analysis of EAF bottom- Identification of crystalline phases
EDAX mapping shows chemical
against its depth. steel interface of ladle filler sand by XRD
degradation in a ladle sliding gate

String Design & Well Technologies Department
• Premium connections Development: TenarisBlue line
• Design & Modeling

• String Design & Verification
• Testing design & validation

Metallurgy Department
Process modeling Product development
Development of physical models of • Analysis of new chemistries and/or
phase transformations during: processing conditions for producing high
 Tempering strength steels (line pipes and OCTG).
 Quenching • Development of corrosive and sour Continuous cooling transformation diagram of
a medium carbon Cr-Mo steel
resistant materials.
 Accelerated cooling
• Evaluation of hydrogen- microstructure
 Welding interaction in OCTG for improving sour
 Hot rolling resistant properties.
 Strip annealing
Relationships between microstructure Materials characterization
and mechanical/corrosion properties.
Microstructure of high strength bainitic steel.
• Characterization of microstructures after

700 laboratory and plant processing.
650
Calculated Value (MPa)
600 • Chemical composition of phases.

550
500 • Determination of crystallographic textures.

450
400 • Dislocation densities and residual stresses.

350 T/A 01, 13 y 44 (C-Mn) OIM analyses: crystallographic
• Identification of crystalline products orientation in Q+T samples
X42 (Nb)
300 X65 (V-Nb-Ti)
SAE 80 Ksi (V-Nb-Ti)
250
250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700
Measured Value (MPa)

LAMCAL input screen and comparion of of calculated and
measured yield strengths after hot rolling.
SEM micrograph of FeS after NACE

testing

Surface Chemistry and Coatings Department
Surface properties of Nanostructured coatings
coated steel Passivation film, ~ 3 nm Oil ~ 4-10 nm
•Metallic alloys and composites
•Conversion coatings Tinplate
structure
•Smart coatings
•Tinplate coatings
Sn ~ 300 - 900 nm
•Superhydrophobic coatings
•Hot dip coatings FeSn2~ 80 nm
Steel ~180-500 m
•Electrogalvanized coated steel
•Painted steel
Steel
Mn
phosphate
Zn Morphology of FeSn2 layer (by SEM)
phosphate
Tenaris Mn-phosphated coupling. Cross section. Tenaris Zn-phosphated tube for cold drawing.
Heterogeneous catalysis
•Catalyst characterization and
Galvalume Electrogalvanized evaluation
•Surface treatment of pellets
Surface properties of bare steel

•Surface oxides on hot-rolled steel
•Corrosion of cold-rolled steel
•Surface reactions on annealing processes

Testing Laboratory
• Mechanical, fracture-
• OCTG Connections mechanics and fatigue tests
10.000 ft-lb FARR Tubing 20.000 ft-lb FARR Casing 65.000 ft-lb. ECKEL 14 Axial fatigue test stations High load fatigue test of an API sucker
rod
Tong (2 3/8” – 4”) Tong Model 13 3/8 (4 ½” – UHT
9 5/8”)
Casing Tong (5 ½”10 ¾”)
Multiaxial fatigue frame Multiaxial test samples
• Full-scale fatigue
• Pipes collapse

ECONOMY
Private Sector: IMPSA

IMPSA – Argentina:
• 2000 employees
• 500 MM USD of revenues
Capabilities & Competences
From development to operation
R&D Core Equipment EPC Renewable Power

Generation
Hydropower projects in EPC (Engineering, Procurement
and Construction) conditions.
Electromechanical equipment in turn-key conditions.
Key equipment such us hydraulic turbines, generators,
automation, and hydromechanical equipment.
Rehab of the hydro power plants.
Design and Production of large capacity wind generators.
Supply of wind farms under EPC contracts.
Life Cycle Services.
The only company in Latin America with its own
technology.
Product Technology
UNIPOWER®, IMPSA´s patented design, minimizes the disadvantages of the traditional

configuration of direct drive generators (size and weight), but keeping its main advantage (no
gear box).
UNIPOWER® merges in only one component the traditional functions of turbine and generator
minimizing the active parts, reducing losses and down-time for maintenance.
UNIPOWER® uses permanent magnets and variable speed pitch regulated power, optimizing the
energy collection at every wind speed.
Units of 1.5 MW and 2.1 MW. The concept is being extended to a 4 MW.
Development of power generation investment projects
from renewable resources.
Through this division, IMPSA develops, designs, builds,
operates and maintains hydroelectric projects and wind
farms, and is responsible for financial engineering.
Technological Research Center (CIT)
R&D
IMPSA’s Technological Research Center (CIT) carries

out research and development programs in the
following areas:
 hydraulics,
 aerodynamics,
 fluid dynamics,
 structural analysis,
 mechanics,
 electrical machines,
 electrical systems,
 insulating systems,
 tribology,
 heat transmission,
 automation and Control,
 mechatronics.
Hydraulic Design
The Hydraulics Laboratory is acknowledged

worldwide for its technology and experience. It has
two universal test stands for simulation of a wide
range of head and flow conditions. They are used for:
 reduced-scale simulation for all types of

hydraulic machines, and
 energy optimization of the design.
Along with physical modeling, intensive optimization

of the hydraulic design and energy performance is
carried out using Computer Fluid Dynamics (CFD).
Interaction between numeric flow modeling and tests

on physical models leads to continuous improvement
of our models.
Electrical Design
“ARGEN” “PROGEN”
Electromagnetic and mechanical Mechanical calculations
IMPSA was one of the pioneers in calculations and conceptual and verification.
developing an integral system for design.
electromagnetic and mechanical

dimensioning for synchronous
generators, called ARGEN. COMPLEXITY &
ENGINEERING
IMPSA also developed the software INVOLVEMENT
VERIFICATION
PROGEN for dimensioning and • Electricity and
STUDIES
Electromagnetism.
verification of mechanical conditions, and
• Vibration.
built a database of more than 200 • Fluid Dynamics • Electromagnetic and
software for electrical and mechanical (Ventilation) mechanical
verification. • Heat Transfer. verification.
• Structural analysis.
• Structural Analysis,
• Finite element
Pre- and Post-processors were Fatigue and Fracture.
analysis.
developed for the application of the • Tribology (Bearing-
Lubricants-Wear)
Finite Element Method for analyzing
• Machine Elements, welded
magnetic field distribution, component structures.
heating and structural and vibration • Complex material
behavior. knowledge (Magnetics,
conductors, insulation and
dielectric, structural.)
Mechanical Design
Mechanical design is carried out on 3D

computer models, on which component’s
stress, strand stress and natural frequencies
are analyzed using the Finite Element Method
(FEM).
CAD-CAE-CAM
Computer Aided Design (CAD)

IMPSA has over 100 workstations for the generation of
design engineering and the programming of detailed
engineering and of NC machine tools. The graphic output, as
the system’s sub product, allows sending all the information
for the automatic machining through LAN (Local Area
Network).
Automatic Machining for Tridimensional Surfaces

IMPSA has developed, by using its own technology,
machining systems of warped surfaces that were first used
for the generation of Kaplan runner vanes.
Wind generators
The design process of a wind turbine is

complex and multidisciplinary.
It consists of the design of:
• Blades.
• Generator.
• Structural and Mechanic
Components.
• Control System.
• Frequency convertor.
• Power Systems.
• Civil Works.
Design
IMPSA Wind uses cutting edge technology and

tools for the complete engineering
development.
The basic designs of the equipment start with decisions about the main operating
parameters of the equipment (power and wind characteristics - turbulence and
intensity).
From there it is necessary to design blade profiles and determine main loads, generator
parameters, main mechanical features and control strategy.
Aerodinamical Design
The basic geometry of the blade is optimized with the

use of numerical simulation of fluids and finite element
methods.
Generator Design
IMPSA was one of the world’s pioneers in having an integral system for optimal
electromagnetic and mechanical dimensioning of salient pole synchronous generators
(ARGEN), which allows equipment behaviour simulation under normal and extraordinary
conditions.
Furthermore, PROGEN Software for mechanical measurement and verification of all the
machine components has been developed, along with a library with more than 200
equipment verification programs capable of carrying out electrical and mechanical
studies.
Structural and Mechanical Design
Basic design is transformed into a functional machine through a long mechanical,

structural and manufacturing engineering process.
In order to achieve this, it is necessary to apply the most advanced CAD - CAM
technology (SOLID EDGE, NASTRAN and CFX – task flow software), together with more
than 50 years of experience in the design of high complex equipment.
ECONOMY
Public + Private Sectors: Agroindustry

Design and production of innovative machinery
for direct sowing
Development of transgenic species (INTA - BIOCERES)
Training of agro-entrepreneurs (INTA)

Precision Agriculture

ECONOMY
Public + Private Sectors: Bio-Industry

Development of a latex
painting with bactericide
properties
(INTI)

“ENHANCED MILK”
(CONICET-SANCOR)
“ENHANCED CHEESE”
(INTI)

Development of vaccines

Production of insuline
BIOSIDUS

Cows cloning for the production of medicines
UBA-CONICET-INTA-BIOSIDUS
A NON-SUCCESSFUL CASE
Private Sector: FATE Electronic Division
Or how free market fundamentalism

aborted a private development
in the ’70-80s

FATE: Resulting Product Strategy
Product Number In the Market Component

of market
Lines models by Target Technology
Calculator, desk Offices S&M com- TTL SSI & MSI logic &
1 End ‘70 panies & general MOS memories and low
top printing. activities. cost drum printer.
Calculator, desk Mid ‘72 Offices S&M com-

MOS VLSI Logic and very
3 thru mid panies & general low cost drum printer.
top printing. ‘73 activities
Calculator, hand End 72

Professionals & MOS VLSI Logic and LED
3 thru mid read out.
held. households.
‘74
Business in gen- MOS VLSI Logic (incl-

Accounting Early uding ASIC), MOSVLSI
1 (+) eral & S&M memories & 1st. G 4 bit
Machines ‘76
companies. processor.
1 & MOS VLSI Logic, up to 64

Early Business in gen-
multiple K Memories & 1st. G 8
Minicomputer configur
’79 eral & Me & bit processor in a 24
estim. Major Companies. bit environment.
ations

FATE: Components Integration Strategy
Number
Availa
Component of
ble by Used in Activity
models
PC boards Double Process development with
Early
phase, plated thru several
’73 on
All Products partial tech assistance
for yield improvement.
holes.
Key board & tool design,
Early
Keyboards 4
’73 on
All Products Q&R design and full
blown production.
Process development with

IC (assembly) Bipolar Mid ’74 partial tech assistance
5 All Products (training in SE Asia
and MOSVLSI on
facilities)
License from mayor Japa-
Printing nese printer manufactu-
Printer drum 1 Mid ‘77
Calculators rer for printer & parts
full blown manufacturing
Process development ba-
IC (Wafer Fab) MOS sed on own tech resour-
Late ’78
2 All Products ces generated by Univer-
VLSI on sity of Bs As enhanced
in US & Europe univer.
Tests Equipment (logic 4 Mid ’73 PC boards test. Process development ba-
sed on own tech resour-
& parametric). Mid ’74 IC test. ces.
Ion Implanter 1 Mid ‘77 Wafer fab. Contract w/ INVAP, Arg.

How free market fundamentalism
aborted a private development
in the ’70-80s
• End of protection for local industries with

complete adoption of “free market” rules
• “Cheap” USD

CONCLUSIONS
1. The importance of Science for the development

of the country is well recognized in Argentina
2. The transition from Scientific Knowledge to

Technological Applications needs more pulling
from the public sector

edvorkin@stanford.edu
After 03/30/2010
edvorkin@simytec.com

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Argentina:

February 2010 Science- Based Technology in Argentina 2

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

February 2010 Science- Based Technology in Argentina 3

February 2010 Science- Based Technology in Argentina 4

There is no need for further justification of Science

The objective of technologists is to modify nature

This modification of nature can be based on scientific knowledge

February 2010 Science- Based Technology in Argentina 6

The Romans built aqueducts, viaducts,

February 2010 Science- Based Technology in Argentina 7

February 2010 Science- Based Technology in Argentina 8

•Educated intuition (tradition)

Rows and scales were used before the Greeks

February 2010 Science- Based Technology in Argentina 9

February 2010 Science- Based Technology in Argentina 10

• Science is not necessarily the prerequisite

BUT ... when they are matched they can

February 2010 Science- Based Technology in Argentina 11

•Applied scientific research

February 2010 Science- Based Technology in Argentina 12

PROCESS & PRODUCTS

UNIVERSITY INDUSTRIAL PROCESS/PRODUCT

February 2010 Science- Based Technology in Argentina 13

February 2010 Science- Based Technology in Argentina 14

Bernardo A. Houssay (Argentine Nobel Laurate)

February 2010 Science- Based Technology in Argentina 15

February 2010 Science- Based Technology in Argentina 17

February 2010 Science- Based Technology in Argentina 18

Distribución de Investigadores Repatriados por Áreas

Technology 3% Agric., Engngn.

Health Sc. and

February 2010 Science- Based Technology in Argentina 19

February 2010 Science- Based Technology in Argentina 20

PROCESS & PRODUCTS

Pushing incrementing scientific offer?

February 2010 Science- Based Technology in Argentina 22

PROCESS & PRODUCTS

We increment the size of Bohr’s quadrant, which

PROCESS & PRODUCTS

Pulling incrementing industrial demand!!!

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Argentina needs to rebuild its public sector.

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Public Sector: INVAP

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PROCESS & PRODUCTS

Universities Balseiro Institute

• Created September 1st, 1976

• Research and Production Reactors

• Nuclear Power Plant Services

 ARGELIA: 1MW (t), 1989

 EGIPTO: 22 MW (t), 1998

 AUSTRALIA: 20 MW (t), 2006

• Neutron beam and radioisotope production reactor,

Satellite design, manufacture,

SPACE CENTER "TEÓFILO TABANERA"

International Partnership Program

CONAE Provides INVAP is the prime NASA Provides

Under the joint program between NASA and CONAE,

• SAC-B, Launched in April 1997.

• SAC-A, placed in orbit in December 1998.

• SAC-C, placed in orbit in November 2000.