Network Theory PDF

Network
Theory
(Solutions for Volume‐1 Class Room Practice Questions)

 I= 0A
1. Basic Concepts
8
And 4
R
01. Ans: (c)
 R = 2
Sol: We know that;
dq( t )
i(t) = 03. Ans: (a)
dt
Sol: The energy stored by the inductor (1, 2H)
dq(t) = i(t).dt
upto first 6 sec:
i(t), Amps
E stored upto 6sec   PL dt
 di( t ) 
5
 L .i( t )  dt
 dt 
3
2 4
 d    d  
=   2  (3t)   3t  dt    2  (6)   6  dt
0   2 
dt  dt  
t(sec)
0 3 4 5 7 6
6
 d  
   2  (3t  18)   (3t  18)  dt
5  sec 4 
dt  
q=  i(t )dt
0
= Area under i(t) upto 5 sec 2 4 6
=  18t dt   0 dt    6  3t  18  dt
0 2 4
q = q1|+q2| + q3 |
= 1  1  1 
= 36 + 0 – 36=0 J
  3  5     1  2  (1  3)     1  1  (1  3) 
2  2  2  (or)
q = 15c E stored upto 6 sec  E L | t  6 sec
L i( t ) | t  6 
1 2
02. Ans: (a) =
2
Sol:
a I b 4A
1
+ + =  2 0 2 = 0 J
4A 2
8V 8V 8V 2 8V
R
04. Ans: (d)
– –
Sol: The energy absorbed by the inductor
4A
(1, 2H) upto first 6sec:
Applying KCL at node ‘b’ Eabsorbed = Edissipated + Estored
I+4=4 Energy is dissipated in the resistor
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: 3 : Postal Coaching Solutions
I A
E dissipated   PR dt   (i(t)) 2 R dt
+
2 4 6 V 
  (3t) 2 1dt   (6) 2 1dt   (3t  18) 2 1dt 2A 10 10V 10
0 2 4
+
1A 1A
2 4 6 
  9t dt   36dt   (9t  324  108t)dt
2 2
B
0 2 4 From the diagram;
= 24 + 72 + 24 I = –1A and V = –10V
=120J
 Edissipated = 120 J 06. Ans: (a)
And E stored upto 6 sec  0 J Sol: V
* linear
 Eabsorbed = Edissipated + Estored
I I * Passive
 Eabsorbed = 120J+0J=120J 0
* bilateral
V
05. Ans: (a)
Sol: Point (20, 0)  V =  20V and I = 0A
07. Ans: (b)
IS 0A
A Sol: +V
IS +
+
* Non linear
ISRS
IS RS V= – 20V I
0
I * Active

– * Unilateral
B
V
By KVL  IS RS – V = 0
 ISRS + 20 = 0 08. Ans: (e)
+V
 ISRS = 20V ……….. (1) Sol:
+5
Point: (0, 2)  V = 0V and I = 2A I

0
I * Non linear
A
3 * Passive
IS
V
* Unilateral
IS = I = 2A
+
IS 0V RS V=0V
 09. Ans: (c)
Sol: V
B
 Is = 2A I I
* Linear
0
Substituting Is in eq (1) * Active
RS = 10 * Bilateral
V
: 4 : Network Theory
10. 12. Ans: (d)

V1 (2)
Sol: Sol:  V   16 V1 
12 
 I in 51   I in 5 
2V 4V  
V1
+ 5 +
E Iin 5 3V1 2  VOut
V1
(1)
– –
6V 8V
V2 Applying KVL,
(3) 10V
 V   16V1 
 V1  12 I in  1   2 I in  0
 5  5 
(1) By KVL  + 10 + 8 + E + 4 = 0 12V1 32V1
V1  12Iin   2Iin  0
E = 22V 5 5
(2) By KVL  + V1  2 + 4 = 0 49
14I in  V1
V1 =  2V 5
(3) By KVL  + V2 + 6  8  10 = 0 70
 V1  I in …….. (1)
V2 = 12V 49
 16V1 
 Vout  2 I in   ……. (2)
11. Ans: (d)  5 
Sol: Substitute equation (1) in equation (2)
3 2
 16 70 
Vout  2 I in   I in 
I  5 49 
5V 2V 3V
1A
  25 
= 2  I in
 7 
 50
 I in
Here the 2V voltage source and 3V voltage 7
source are in parallel which violates the  Vout  7.143 I in
KVL. Hence such circuit does not exist.
(But practical voltage sources will have 13. Ans: (c)
some internal resistance so that when two Sol: 1 V=12V 4A
unequal voltage sources are connected in 8A
12A
parallel current can flow and such a circuit +
+
+
may exist). V1 = 20V  V1 
12V 1 12V   = 4A
   5 

0V

By nodal  By using KCL

V  20 + V  4 = 0 Vx  15
 2Vx  0  Vx = IV
8
V = 12volts
Power delivered by the dependent source is By using nodal Analysis at Vz node
Vz  15
Pdel = (12  4) = 48 watts 20  Vz = + 21V
18
14. Ans: (d) 16.

Sol: 0.5 I Sol:  0V
V1 1
+
I 1
+ + –
2
1V i1 1 1 i2 1V
2   2V +
–
V + 2
V2 +
 0V
0.5 I
By KVL  1  i1  i1 = 0
i1 = 0.5A
I
1.5I 1
By KVL  – i2 – i2 +1 = 0
I
i2 = 0.5A
–
V + 2
loop By KVL  V1  0.5 + 2 + 0.5  V2 = 0
V2 = V1 + 2 V
17.
Applying KVL,
Sol: As the bridge is balanced; voltage across (G)
 V + 1.5I +2I=0
is “0V”.
 V = – 3.5 I
By KCL at node “A”   Is + 5m + 5m = 0
IS = 10mA
15. Ans: (c) IS A
Sol: 5mA 5mA

2Vx 1K +
10 Vz 1K +
5V 5V 
 0V 
0A + 0A
IS G
+ Vx 
+
5 5mA 5V 5mA
1K 
8 5V
15V

18. P6 = 0 W (Given)

Sol: Given data:  i 62 .6 = 0
VR = 5V and VC = 4sin2t then VL = ?
 i6 = 0 (V6 = 0)
Q V1  V2
= 0; V1 = V2
6  j8
1A
+
5 VR=5V By Nodal 
 VC = 4sin2t V1
V1  200 0
2A
+  + 0 =0
P R 1 j1
2A ic
iL
+
1F V1 = 10 2 450 = V2
2H VL By Nodal 

V2 V2  V
0  =0
5 5
S
V = 2V2 = 2(10 2 450)
CdVc d
ic =  (4sin2t) = 8cos2t V = 20 2 450
dt dt
By KCL; 1  2 + iL+ic = 0
20. Ans: (d)
iL = 3  8cos2t
Sol: I1 V 2
We know that;
di L d I1
VL = L = 2 (3  8cos2t) +
dt dt V +– 4 – 2I1
= 2(8)(2)sin2t
VL = 32sin2t volt
Note: Since no independent source in the
19. network, the network is said to be
Sol: V = ? If power dissipated in 6 resistor is unenergised, so called a DEAD network”.
zero. The behavior of this network is a load
resistor behavior.
1 6 j8 V2 5
V1
By Nodal 
0A
V V  2 I1
+ I1 +  =0
2000  j1 5  V
4 2
 3V = 8I1
V 8
Req =  
0V I1 3

21. Ans: (a) 1

Z2 = ; C = 1F
Sol: S1
1A 1 2A
1A
ZA ZC
Z3 = ZA + ZC +
R1 ZB
R3
3A 2A
R V1  1  1 
  
1 1 s 3s
=     
R2 s 3s 1
R4   1
 2s  F  Z3 1
1A 2 Z1 = F
I4
2 2A 3
1 1
Z3 = ;C= F
Apply KCL at Node – 1, 1 2
s 
I = IR1+IR3 = 1 + 1 = 2A 2 Z2=1F
Apply KCL at Node – 2,
I4 = I2 – I =  2  2 = – 4A 23.
Sol: Zab = ?
22. a
Sol: 2 4
1F=ZA Z3 Z1
j4

3F ZB Zab 
ZC 2F j2
Z2 2 4
Fig.1 b
Z Z  Since 2 * 4 = 4 * 2; the given bridge is

Z1 = ZA + ZB +  A B 
 ZC  balanced one, therefore the current through
the middle branch is zero. The bridge acts
 1  1 
   as below :
1 1  s  2s 
=   a a
s 2s 1
  2
 3s  4
1 1
Z1 = ; C= F Zab  Zab  8

1 3 3
s 
3 4
2
 1  1  b
   b
ZB ZC 1 1  2 s   3 s 
Z2  ZB  ZC     48 8
ZA 2 s 3s 1 Zab =  
 
s 48 3
24. R
B
Sol: Redraw the circuit diagram as shown below: R
R R R or 3R or 100R
a
A
3 3 R
RAB
Req
3
d c Rab
B
3 1 R Req
A
b
As bridge is balanced
So RAB=RǁReq=RǁR=R/2
Using  to star transformation:
a 26. Ans: (b)
1 Sol: The equivalent capacitance across a, b is
a
calculated by simplifying the bridge circuit
1
1 1 as shown in Fig. 1 to Fig. 5. [ C  0.1F]
Rab Rab
d c
4
a
3 a
3 1
b
c d
b
4 7
 Rab = 1 + =  b b
3 3 Fig. 1
a
25. a
Sol: On redrawing the circuit diagram

c d
B
R R
R
b
R b
A
R R or 3R or 100R
0.1 0.1
  0.05F
0.2

a R eq  R eq2  2  3 R eq
R eq2  2R eq  2  0
0.05F 
R eq  1  3  
0.05F
29. Ans: (c)

Sol: Applying KCL
b
I0.25 = 2i + i = 3i
Cab = 0.1 F I0.125= (1 3 i) A
Note: The bridge is balanced and the answer
is easy to get. (13i) 1/8
_
+
_ i 1/2 
+ 1/4 
27. Ans: (a) _
3i 2i +
Sol: Consider a  connected network
1A  
3Z
3Z 3 3Z
3Z
3
3Z Applying KVL in upper loop.
1  3i   i  3i  0
3
3Z 
8 2 4
Then each branch of the equivalent  5i 1  3i
  10i = 13i
4 8
3Z Z
connected impedance is = 1
3 3 i= A
13
28. Ans: (a) 3i 3 1 3
V    V
Sol: Network is redrawn as 4 4 13 52
1
a 30. Ans: (a)
Req Req Sol: ix 6 V 4
1
1
+
b 10V 2 
2ix
R eq
R eq  1  1 
1  R eq
Applying KCL at Node V
R eq 2  2R eq  R eq V V  2i x
 2    ix  0 ……….. (1)
1  R eq 1  R eq 2 4

V  10 33. Ans: (d)

ix   V  6i x  10
6
Sol: Redraw the circuit diagram as shown below:
Put in equation (1), we get Across any element two different voltages at
3ix – 5 + ix – 2.5+ix = 0 a time is impossible and hence the circuit
5ix = 7.5 does not exist.
ix = 1.5A I
Another method:
V = – 1V
By KVL  5V  
+ 10V 5
V  2i x 1  3
Idependent souce =   1A 5 + 10 = 0
4 4
15  0
 Power absorbed = (Idependent source) (2ix)
= (1) (3) = –3W 0V
Since the violation of KVL in the circuit, the

31. Ans: (d) physical connection is not possible.
Sol: V0 = ?
+ 34. Ans: (d)

2A
Sol: Redraw the given circuit as shown below:
5 V0
3A
 By KVL  I
10 10 = 0 5
10V   10V
20  0
By KCL  +2 + 3 = 0
+50
Since the violation of KCL in the circuit ;
physical connection is not possible and the
Since the violation of KVL in the circuit, the
circuit does not exist.
physical connection is not possible.
32. Ans: (b)

35. Ans: (b)
+
By KVL 
I
10 – 10 = 0
By KVL  
+
0=0 10V  10V  10V 5
15 V0 = 0 3A 15V 5 V0
+ KVL is satisfied 
V0 = 15V
3A 10
I5 = = 2A
 5
3A 0A I5 = 2A

36. Ans: (d) a
Sol:
2 A 2
+ + 
4V 2V
 2 v0 + 2A 2 2 2A

Fig. 1
The diode is forward biased. Assuming that

the diode is ideal, the Network is redrawn
3A 2 1 3A
with node A marked as in Fig. 1.
Apply KCL at node A
4  v0 v0 v0  2
 
2 2 2
b
3 v0
1 a
2 a
2 a
v0  V
3 1
(Here polarity is different what we assume 4A 5
1
2 3
so V0  V  4V
3  
 4V
37. 2
2 3
Sol: The actual circuit is O.C. b
a 3
b
2 2
b
4V + + 4V
38. Ans: (b) 10
Sol:  20V + 
2 1 5 10V
10V +
 + 3V
6V + 2A
5V
b

Voltage across 2A = 10 + 20 + 10  5 0A 4
+
= 35 V 
8V +
+
 Power supplied = VI 6V 3 +
 24V 2A
= 35 2 = 70 W Vi
 10V

0A 2A
39. Ans :(d) 
Sol: V0 1
Since; Pdel = Pabs = 48 watts. Tellegen’s
V0
6 V Theorem is satisfied.
a
+ V0 –
12 V +
–
12  41.
Sol: By KVL in first mesh
b Vx  6 + 6  12 = 0
Applying KCL at node V Vx = 12V
V  12 V P12v = (12  9) = 108 watts delivered
  V0  V0  0 6V
6 12 – +
V V
   2  V = 8V 3A
+
6 12 – (1) +
6V + 4 12V + 12V
 V0 = 4V 

–
Applying KVL in outer loop 6A 2

 –V+1(V0) +Vab = 0 +  9A
Vx
 Vab = V – V0 = 8 – 4 =4V
P4 = (12  3) = 36 watts  absorbed
40. P6V = (6  6) = 36 watts  absorbed
Sol: By KVL P6V = (6  6) = 36 watts  delivered
 Vi  6  10 = 0 P2 = (126) = 72 watts  absorbed
Vi = 16V Since Pdel = Pabs; Tellegen’s theorem is
P4 = (8 * 2) = 16watts  absorbed satisfied.
P2A = (24 * 2) = 48 watts delivered
P3 = (6*2) = 12 watts  absorbed 42. V
2 I
Sol: + 2I 
P10V = (10 * 2) = 20 watts  absorbed 
+ 4
3 16V
V3 –  16 
+ 4V3 =   Volt
 +
 3
4A

By Nodal  By KVL 
V V 4V V3  2I + 4V3 = 0
4  3 = 0
3 2 2 5V3  2I = 0 ………….. (2)
5V By KVL 
= 4  2V3 …………. (1)
6 V = V3 ……….(3)
By KVL  Substitute (3) in (1), we get
V3  2I + 4V3 = 0 24
V3 =
5V3  2I = 0 ………….. (2) 17
By KVL  24 60
V3  Volt and I = A
V = V3 ……….(3) 17 17
Substitute (3) in (1), we get P3 = 0.663W absorbed
24 P4 = 64W absorbed
V3 =
17 P4A = 69.64W delivered
24 60 P2 = 24.91W absorbed
V3  Volt and I = A
17 17 P4V3 = 19.92Wdelivered
P3 = 0.663W absorbed Since Pdel = Pabs = 89.57W ; Tellegen’s
P4 = 64W absorbed Theorem is satisfied.
P4A = 69.64W delivered
P2 = 24.91W absorbed 44. Ans: (c)
t
P4V3 = 19.92Wdelivered 1
c 0
Sol: VC  V0  ic (t )dt
Since Pdel = Pabs = 89.57W ; Tellegen’s
Theorem is satisfied. 0 < t < 1:
ic(t) = 2t and
V0 = 0V
43. V
2 I 1
1
1 / 2 0
Sol: + 2I 
 VC  0  2tdt

+ 4
3 16V 1
–  16 
V3 +
+ 4V3 =   Volt  2t 2
  3 0
4A  VC = 0V at t=0
= 2V at t= 1
By Nodal  And VC varies as parabolic
V V 4V Continue to do like this with initial
4  3 = 0
3 2 2 condition.
5V
= 4  2V3 …………. (1)
6
 
45. Ans: (c) By knowing V  I relation of the branch
Sol: KCL as well as KVL are applicable to any KCL is used at each of the n-nodes to
lumped electric circuit at any time ‘t’. obtain a set of n-simultaneous independent
Statement I is True. equations in n-voltage variables, which
The sum of the rms currents at any junction when solved will provide information
of the circuit is not zero in general. It concerning the magnitudes and phase angles
depends upon the nature of the elements of the voltages across each branch.
connected at the junction. The ideal generator maintains a constant
Statement II is false. voltage amplitude and wave-shape
regardless of the amount of current it
46. Ans: (d) supplies to the circuit.
Sol: Y transformations are true for any Both Statement I and Statement II are true
arbitrary frequency, . Statement I is False. and statement II is not the correct
Impedances in Y vary with frequency. explanation of Statement I.
Statement II is True.
49. Ans: (a)
47. Ans: (a) Sol: All networks made up of passive, linear time
0 0
invariant elements are reciprocal. Not only
Sol: q   i( t ) d t   ( t ) d t  1 Coulomb
0 0
passivity and time-invariance but also
q 1 linearity of elements is necessary to
Across capacitor, v   guarantee the reciprocity of the NW.
C C
Energy inserted instantly from  Statement I is true. Statement II is also
t = 0 to t = 0+ true and correctly explains.
1 1 1 1
 C v2  C 2  J 50. Ans: (b)
2 2 C 2C
Sol: Duals:
Statement I is True, Statement II is also True
and is the correct explanation. A. Mesh  Node (4)
B. Outside mesh  Reference node (3)
48. Ans: (b) C. Mesh current  Node voltage (2)
Sol: If there are (n + 1) nodes in a NW, by D. Number of meshesNumber of nodes(1)
selecting a datum or reference node.
The node pair voltages of all the other n- 51. Ans: (b)
nodes w.r.t this datum node are identified. Sol: In Duality resistance equivalent to
conductance

Inductance equivalent to capacitance Since the bridge is balanced ; I1 = 0A

Loop current equivalent to node pair (b) When 1V voltage source is acting
voltages alone
Number of loops equivalent to number of
1
node pairs. 1 1
+ 2
52. Ans: (a) 1V
R 1 
Sol: (A)   (Second)1 (4) I2
L 
1 1 1
(B)  2 (Radian/second)2 (3)
LC
(C) CR =   Second (1) I2 = 0A
L Since the bridge is balanced.
(D)  R  Ohm (2)
C (c) When 2V voltage source is acting
alone
2. Circuit Theorems
I3 2 1 1
01.
Sol: The current “I” = ?
I
1 2V  1 1
1 2V 1
+ 2
1V 1A + 2
 I3 = = 0.66A
I 3
1 1
By superposition theorem ; I = I1 + I2 + I3
I = 0 + 0 + 0.66A
By superposition theorem, treating one I = 0.66A
independent source at a time.
(a) When 1A current source is acting 02.
alone. Sol: 2 1
1 1 ix
10V  3A  2ix
2
1A 1
I1
1 1
ix = ?

By super position theorem; treating only one 3 7

ix = ix1 + ix2 = 2  =
independent source at a time 5 5
(a) When 10V voltage source is acting  ix = 1.4A
alone
2 1 03 R1 i = 3A
ix1
Sol:
10V   2ix1
Resistive +
120V R2 50V
Network

By KVL 
R3
10 2ix1 ix1 2ix1 = 0
PR 3  60 W
ix1 = 2A
For 120 V  i1 = 3 A
(b) When 3A current source is acting
For 105 V  i1  105  3  2.625A
alone 120
2 V 1 For 120 V  V2 = 50 V
ix2 105
For 105 V  V2   50  43.75 V
120
3A  2ix2
60
V2 = 120 V  I2R3 = 60 W I 
R3
For VS = 105 V
2
 
By Nodal  P3 =  105 60   R 3 = 45.9 W
 
V (V - 2i x 2 )  120 R 3 
–3+ =0
2 1
3V–4ix2 = 6 ……….. (1) 04. Ans: (b)
And Sol: It is a liner network
ix2 = 0  V  V  2i x 2 …..(2) Vx can be assumed as function of is1 and

2 is2
Put (2) in (1), we get Vx  Ai s1  Bi s 2
3
ix2 =  A 80 = 8A+ 12 B  (1)
5
0 = 8A+4B  (2)
By SPT ;
From equation 1 & 2
A = 2.5: B = 5

Now, VX = (2.5)(20)+(5)(20) V1 V1  V2
I 
Vx= 150V 1 1
2V1 –V2 – I = 0 ….. ……(1)
05. Ans: (c) Apply KCL at node V2
Sol: V2  V1 V2
1 3A
3 6V   2Vx  0
a 1 1
2A 5V
2V2 – V1 +2Vx = 0 …..…… (2)
4
But from the circuit,
b
Vx = 2I ….……. (3)
For finding Norton’s equivalent resistance Substitute (3) in (2)
independent voltage sources to be short 2V2 –V1 +4I = 0
circuited and independent current sources to 4V2 –2V1 +8I = 0
be open circuited, then the above circuit From (1),
becomes 2 V1 = V2 + I
1 O.C. 3 S.C.
 4 V2 – (V2 + I) + 8I =0
a
 3V2 +7I = 0
7I
O.C. S.C. 4  V2  
3
Substitute (2) in (1)
b
 7I 
RN 2V1      I  0
RN = 3 + 4 = 7  3
7  4I
2V1  I  I  0  2V1 
06. Ans: (b) 3 3
2 1
Sol: a  2I
+ Vx –  V1 
3
1 1 2 Vx
 2I 
b V=Vx +V1 = 2I    
 3
4I
Excite with a voltage source ‘V’ 
3
a I 2 V1 1 V2
4I
+ V – V
x 3
V +
 1 1 2 Vx
V 4 4
    Req = 
I 3 3
b
Apply KCL at node V1

07. Vth V Vx
  =0
Sol: 3
5 5 4
2V  V 
+  10  th 
+ 5  5 
100 0 ~ -j1 j1 j4 Vth
 Vth  V V 
  
 5  10 5 
 2V 
Vx =  
Here j1 and – j1 combination will act as  5 
open circuit. Vth = 150V, V = 100 V
The circuit becomes
3 V 5 0V
a
3
+ + +
2 Vx  Vx 
10A   0V ISC
+   4  
100 0 ~ j4 Vth

 b
0V
1000  j 4 V V
 Vth   10  =0
3  j4 5 5
= 8036.86  V 2V
= 10
5
08. V = 25V
Sol: Thevenin’s and Norton’s equivalents across 2V 2  25
Vx = =
a, b. 5 5
Vx = 10V
3 V 5 Vth
a
+
 10  15
+
 Vx  ISC =   5  = A
2 Vx 10A   Vth 4  2
  4 
15
 ISC = A
b 2
0V Vth 150
Rth =  = 20
I SC 15
By Nodal  2
V V V
10 +  th = 0
5 5 5

20 10.
a a
Sol: Vth:
15
150V   20 6 j8 j8 6
2
b + + +
b
 Vth 9000 
0
11010
 

09.
2ia
Sol: a
–+
ia ib I By Nodal 
Vth 1100 0 Vth 900 0
100 0.2ib 80  V    =0
(6  j8) (6  j8) (6  j8) (6  j8)
2Vth = 20000  Vth = 10000.
b Rth:
Super nodal equation

j8 j8
ia0.2ib + ib I = 0
Rth
I = ia + 0.8ib
6
V 6
V = 80ib ; ib =
80
- Inside the supernode, always the KVL is
written. Rth = (6 + j8)||(6+j8)  (3 +j4)
a
A
50.5 (3+j4)
+
10000  RL

b
By KVL 
B
100ia + 2ia  80ib = 0
RL = |3+j4| = 5
V 0.8  V
I=  1000 0
102 80 I=
V 1 (8  j4)
RL  = 50.5.
I 1 1 P = |I|2 × RL

102 100 Pmax = 125 × 5 = 625 W
RL = 50.5  Pmax = 625 Watts

11. Pmax = |I|2RL = 52(10) = 250W

Sol: Pmax = 250 Watts
10 j10
13. Ans: (b)

j15
+
Sol:
10000 
 RL 1 j1  a
+ V0 –
200 V – j1  V0
ZL
The maximum power delivered to “RL” is
b
RL = R S2  (X S  X L ) 2
For maximum power delivered to ZL,
Here RS = 10 ; XS = 10 & XL =  15
Z L  Zth
RL = 10  (10  15) 2 2
1 ix j1  (1+V0) a
RL = 5 5 .
+ V0 – +
1000 0
I= – j1  V0 V 1A
(10  j10  j15  5 5)
–
2
Pmax = I .5 5  236W b
Zth
 j1
12. i x  1  V0    1  V0  (0.5  j0.5)
1  j1
Sol:
10 j10 But
V0 = –ix
jXC = – (1+V0) ( 0.5 – j0.5)
+
1000 0
 I (–1–j) V0 = 1 +V0
 10
V0 (–1 –j–1) = 1
1
The maximum power delivered to 10 load V0   0.4  j0.2
2 j
resistor is:
Applying KVL
ZL = 10 jXC = 10 + j(XC)
 V0  j1(1  V0 )  V  0
XL = XC
V = –V0 +j1(1+V0)
So for MPT; (XS + XL) = 0
= 0.4 – j0.2+ j1(0.6+j0.2)
10  XC = 0;
V = (0.2 +j 0.4)V
XC = 10
V
1000 0  Z th   V  (0.2  j0.4)
I= = 500 1
(10  j10  j10  10)

 Z L  Zth = (0.2 –j 0.4)  Maximum power will occurs when R = Rs

R=1
a
14.
Sol:
j5 a 1A 1
1
+
+ j5
b
500 0  Vth 2
 ZL 1 1
5  Pmax     1  W
 b 2 4
1 1 1
25% of Pmax    W
The maximum true power delivered to “ZL” 4 4 16
is : a
 500 0 
Vth =  ( j5  5) = 50 2 450
  j5  j5  5  1A 1
R
Zth = (j5)||(5+j5) = (5 j5)

b
a
Current passing through ‘R’
Zth=(5j5)
+
1 1
50 2 450  I I  1 

ZL = Zth* = (5+j5)  1 R 1 R
2
 1  1
P  I R  
2
 R
b 1 R  16
(R +1)2 = 16R
50 245 0
I= = 5 245 0 R2 +2R+1 = 16R
(5  j5  5  j5)
 R2 – 14R +1 = 0
P = |I|25 = | 5 2 | 2 .5 = 250 Watts R = 13.9282 or 0.072
 Pmax = 250 Watts From the given options 72m is correct
15. Ans: (c) 16.

Sol: Sol: For, E = 1V, I= 0A then V =3V
a
a
R
+
1A 1 E=1V +

N
V= 3V
–
b
b Fig.(b)
Voc = 3V (with respect to terminals a and b) Fig.(c) is the energized version of Fig. (d)
For, E = 0V, I = 2A then V =2V
+
Rth V=2V I=2A
+
N V=2V I=2A –
–
2
Fig.(c)  R th   1
2
Now when E = 10V, and I is replaced by with respect to terminals a and b the
R = 2 then V = ? Thevenin’s equivalent becomes.
a Rth= 1
a
E=10V +

N V R=2 Vth=30V +

b
b
Rth= 1 a
When E = 10V,
+
From Fig.(b) using homogeneity principle Vth=30V +
 V 2
–
a b
+ 2
E=10V +

N
Voc= 30V V  30   20V
2 1
–
b  V = 20V
For finding Thevenin’s resistance across ab 17.

independent voltage sources to be short Sol: Superposition theorem cannot be applied to
circuited & independent current sources to fig (b)
be open circuited.
Since there is only voltage source given:
a a
N Rth
+
ISC N 30V
b b 
Rth
Fig (c)
Fig.(d)

By homogeneity and Reciprocity principles

1.5
to fig (a);
ISC = 6A
5 1 6A
For Rth:
Rth N  Rth
10
Z11   2.5
4
Statement: Fig (a) is the energized version 4
Z 21  1
of figure (d) 4
6 1 6
5A I 5    0.8 A
5A 6.5  1 7.5
+ +
10V 10V Rth
  19. Ans: (b)
Sol:
4A
Fig (a)
20V N 1A
10 = Rth. 5 by ohm 's law
Rth = 2. Fig.(a)
–
I=4A V N 60V
+
1 2 6A
Fig.(b)
Fig (b) Using reciprocity theorem, for Fig.(a)
6 2 a
I= = 4A
(2  1)
1A N 20V
I = 4A
b
18. Ans: (b)

10  Z Z12  4 a
Sol:     11
 4   Z 21 Z 22  0 Isc= 3A N 60V
10 = Z11 (4) + Z12 (0) b
4 = Z21 (4) + Z22 (0) Fig.(c)

Norton’s resistance between a and b is 20.

Sol: 1
R1 10A 2 10A
a a
+  5A
20V
N RN 5A A
+ 3
+ +
b b E R2 25V 5 5 25V
  
RN Fig.(d) B
Fig.(a) is the energized version of Fig.(d) A A A
4A a
5A 5A
+
20V +   25V  25V 5A
RN
25V 5 

b
20 B B B
 RN   5
4
PAB = P5 = P25V = P5A = 5*25 = 125 watts
With respect to terminals a and b the
(ABSORBED)
Norton’s equivalent of Fig.(b) is
a 21. a
5 ISC = 3A Sol:
2 I=?
b 2 1
3
4V  –  2V
 From Fig.(b) + 12V
a b
–
V N 60V By Mill Man’s theorem;
+ V1G 1  V2 G 2  V3 G 3
b V =
G1  G 2  G 3
a
–
4 12 2
V 5 ISC = 3A  
 2 2 1
+ 1 1 
b    1
2 2 
V = – 15V 4  12  4
=  –1V
2*2

a 24. 1 2
1 I Sol:
5F
2
3 1000A 2Ʊ 1Ʊ
–1V  2H
V = –1V
1 1 1 1 1 1
1
     1 = 2 25.
R R1 R 2 R 3 2 2 2 4
Sol:
1
 R1 =  ix
2 +
10V  i1 3  5ix
2 i2
I = 1  I = A 
1  7
  3
2 
Nodal equations
i = GV
22. Ans: (d)
ix = i1
Sol:
10 = 2i1 + 3(i1 i2) .………. (1)
5 5mH 2f
0 = 4i2 + 2ix + 3(i2 i1) ...…..…. (2)
+ + Vx = V1
10sin100t   10 10 = 2V1–3(V1 V2) …….…. (3)
 10sin200t 
0 = 4V2 + 2Vx + 3(V2 V1) .………. (4)
V1 3Ʊ V2
Since the two different frequencies are
operating on the network simultaneously; + +
10A Vx 2 Ʊ 4Ʊ 5Vx
always the super position theorem is used to 

evaluate the responses since the reactive
elements are frequency sensitive
1
i.e., ZL = jL and ZC = .
jc 26.
Sol: When only E1 is acting, I12 R  18
23. 18 2
 I1  3
Sol: In the above case if both the source R R
are100rad/sec, each then Millman’s theorem 2 2
is more conveniently used. Similarly, I 2  5 ; I3  7
R R

When all sources are acting,

I total  I1  I 2  I 3
Maximum power consumed by R is  I2 GS GL
P  I 2total R
2 I2 = V2(GS + GL)
 2 2 2
  3 5 7  R V1 1 1
 R R R  I2  , GS  , GL 
RS RS RL
2
3  5  7 2 .R

R Thevenin and Norton equivalents are
= 450 W derivable for linear NW’s only.
Minimum power consumed
2
P 3  5  7 2 R = 2 W 29. Ans: (b)
R Sol: Conversion to equivalent T – NW and
application of Thevenin’s Theorem have no
27. Ans: (c) relation.
100
Sol: I L  , PL  I 2L R L
R g  4  10
30. Ans: (d)
PL is maximum, when IL is maximum. Sol: ZL should be equal to ZS and =50 %
IL is maximum, when Rg is minimum  Statement (I) is false but Statement (II) is
=3 true.
Statement (I) is True.
During maximum power transfer, (i.e., when 31. Ans: (a)
Rg = 3 ), Z g  R  4  5  . 2
g
2
Sol: Diode is a nonlinear and unilateral device.
Hence, Thevenin’s theorem cannot be
R L  Z g
applied. Both Statement (I) and Statement
Statement (II) is false. (II) are true and Statement (II) is the correct
explanation of Statement (I).
28. Ans: (b)
RS 32. Ans: (c)
+ Sol: A. Load impedance (10 + j 20)
V1 RL = 10  j 20 (5)
I1
 B. Total impedance Zi + ZL = 20 (4)
50
V1 = I1(RS + RL) C. Current  2.5 (3)
20

D. Maximum power
(2.5)2  10 = 62.5 (1) 3. Transient Circuit Analysis
33. Ans: (b) 01.

i(t)
Sol:
34. Ans: (b)
Sol: A. Superposition theorem is applicable for N
V(t)=u(t) 
linear networks only (1)
B. Tellegen’s theorem utilizes the structure
of the NW irrespective (3) of the nature
of the elements
C. The equivalent circuit of a NW at two i(t) = e3tA for t > 0 (given)
terminals can be obtained by using Determine the elements & their connection
Norton’s theorem. (2) Re sponse Laplace transform
= System
Excitation Laplace transform
D. Reciprocity theorem is applicable to
Bilateral networks (4) transfer function
1
35. Ans: (c) I(s) (s  3)
i.e., = H(s) =
V(s) 1
Sol: A. Reciprocity
s
 Bilateral (2)
s 1
B. Tellegen’s = = y(s) =
b
(s  3) Z(s)
  v jk ( t 1 ) i jk ( t 2 )  0 (3) s  3
k 0 Z(s) =  
 s 
C. Superposition
1 1
 Linear (4) =1+ =R+
1 SC
D. Maximum power Transfer s 
3
 Impedance matching (1)
1
 R = 1 and C = F are in series
3
36. Ans: (d)
02. Ans: (c)

Sol: The impulse response of first order system is
Ke–2t.
K
So T/F = L(I.R) =
s2

II. Evaluating at corresponding s of the

sin 2t k y (t)
s2 input
H(j)|=0 = 0
1
K H(j)|=1 = 45
G (s)  2
s2
K K I(s)
G ( j)   III. = H(s)
2  2 2 2 2 V(s)
  I(s) = H(s)V(s)
G( j)   tan 1   tan 1 1  
2 4 1
i(t) = 0  5 +  10 sin( t  45)
So steady state response will be 2
K   i(t) = 7.07sin(t45)A
y( t )  sin  2t  
2 2  4 OBS: DC is blocked by capacitor in
steady state
03.
Sol: 04.
1 2H
Sol:
+ +
V(s) 1 1
 H(s)  Z(s)  
5V I(s) Y(s) 1 1 
 V(t) i(t) 1F    s C 
+ R sL 
10sint 
 
1
H(s) 
By KVL  v(t) = (5 + 10sint)volt  1 
1   s 
 s 
Evaluating the system transfer function H(s).
1
Desired response L.T
 System transfer function H(j ω)   1
Excitation response L.T
ω 1
 1 
1   j 
 j 
I(s) 1 1
=H(s)=Y(s)= = V(s) = I(s) H(s) = sin t
V(s) Z(s)  1 
 R  SL   v(t) = sin t Volts
 SC 
S
H(s) =
 2s  s  1
2
 05.
Leq
1 Sol: τ 
H(j) = R eq
 1 
1   2 j 
 j 

Req : Ceq = 1 F
2 9   = 3  1 = 3 sec
07.
2
Req = (2||2) + 9=10 
Sol:  = Req C
Req : 2 1
Req = (2 || 2) + 9 = 10 
2 Req
Leq :
1H
Leq Req = 3 
2H 2H
  = 3  1 = 3 sec
Leq = (2 || 2) + 1 = 2 H 08.
Leq 2 Sol: Let us assume that switch is closed at t = 
 τ    0.2 sec
R eq 10 , now we are at t = 0 instant, still the
switch is closed i.e., an infinite amount of
time, the independent dc source is connected
06.
to the network and hence it is said to be in
Sol:  = Req Ceq
steady state.
Req : 2 1
In steady state, the inductor acts as short
circuit and nature of the circuit is resistive.
2 Req
2A 30 
iL(0+)

Req = 3 
Ceq : 2F
20 
2A 2A
Ceq 1F 0A
1F 0A 2A
+ +
2A 30  0V 20 
iL(0) 0V
 

At t = 0 : Steady state: A resistive circuit iL

Note: The number of initial conditions to be 2A
evaluated at just before the switching action is
equal to the number of memory elements present 0 t
in the network.
(i) t = 0 VL
iL(0) = 2 = iL(0+)
0 t
1
E L (0 )  L i L2 (0 )
2
1 40
  4  22  8 J  E L (0 )
2
2A 1
t  5 τ  5  1 sec for steady state
2A 5
+ +  practically i.e., with in 1 sec the total 8 J
2A 60 V 60 V 30  4 2A 20  V
  + stored in the inductor will be delivered to the
2A iL
2A
  resistor.
0V 2A
For t  0
iL 4H
4H
iL
2A 20 
20  + V 
+ V  For t  0
For t  0 : Source free circuit
2A
L 4 1
I0 = 2 A ; τ    sec iL(0+) VL(0+)
R 20 5

t  +
i L  I0 e τ
2A 2A
 5t
20 
iL  2 e for 0  t  
d iL + V(0+) 
VL  L   40 e  5 t V for 0  t  
dt At t = 0+ : Resistive circuit :
Network is in transient state

By KCL ; temporary source (upto 5), it discharges

+
2 + iL(0 ) = 0 from positive terminal i.e., the current will
+
iL(0 ) = 2 A flow from negative to positive terminals.
V(0+) = R iL(0+) |By Ohm’s law (This is the must condition required for
V(0+) = 20 (2) = 40 V delivery, by Tellegan’s theorem)
By KVL ; (3) VL(0+) = 40 V
VL(0+) + V(0+) = 0 VL (t)   40 V
t  0
VL (0  )   V(0 )   40 V  VL (t) t0 
d i L (t)
Observations : L   40
dt t 0 
t = 0 t = 0+
d i L (t) 40 40
iL(0) = 2 A iL(0+) = 2 A     10 A/sec
dt t  0
L 4
i20(0) = 0 A i20(0+) = 2 A
Check :
V20(0) = 0 V V20(0+) = 40 V
 + iL(t) = 2 e5t A for 0  t  
VL(0 ) = 0 V VL(0 ) = 40 V
d i L (t)
  10 e  5 t A/sec for 0  t  
Conclusion : dt
To keep the same energy as t = 0 and to d i L (t)
  10 A/sec
protect the KCL and KVL in the circuit (i.e., dt t0 
to ensure the stability of the network), the

inductor voltage, the resistor current and its 09.
10 
voltage can change instantaneously i.e., Sol:
within zero time at t = 0+ .
S t=0
+
(2) 40  5H
iL(t) V
+  +
20  4H VL(t) 24 V iL


For t  0
iL(t) = 2 e5t A for 0  t  

VL(t) = 40 e5t V for 0  t   iL(0+) = 2.4 A
V(0+) = 96 V
Conclusion: iL(t) = 2.4 e10 t A for 0  t  
For all the source free circuits, VL(t) = ve
for t  0, since the inductor while acting as a
10. S
 = 5020
2 1 732 
Sol:  = 1msec
t=0 +
VC(t) = V0e-t/ = 20e-t/1m
800  + 50 V
2 F VC
 VC(t) = 20e-t/1mV; 0t

i
12.
+ +
VC(0 ) = 50 V ; i(0 ) = 62.5 mA Sol: After performing source transformation ;
t

1.6 10 3
20  10 
VC (t)  50 e V for t  0
+  + 
d VC +
iC  C 5 iL + 5H
dt 
By Ohm's law 
iL
11.
By KVL;
Sol: Case(i): t < 0
d iL
50 5 i L  30 i L  5  0
dt
+ d iL
VC(0-) 200 0.1A  5 iL  0
dt
–
(D + 5) iL = 0
i L (t)  K e  5 t A for 0  t  
VC(0-) = 20V & i(0-) = 0.1A 1
τ  sec
∵ capacitor never allows sudden changes in 5
voltages
VC(0-) = VC(0) = VC(0+) = 20V 13.
Case(ii): t > 0 Sol: i L1 (0)  10 A ; i L 2 (0)  2 A
t
50 
i L1 (t)  I 0 e τ
+ L 1
VC 20F i(0+) 200 0.1A τ    1 sec
R 1
–
i L1 (t)  10 e  t A
To find the time constant  = ReqC 
t
After switch closed Similarly, i L 2 (t)  I 0 e τ
Req = 50 C = 20F L

τ   2 sec
i(0+) = 0A R

t t
 
i L 2 (t)  20 e 2
A VC  8 e 10 m
 8 e 100 t V for 0  t  
d VC
iC  C  1.6 e 100 t m A for 0  t  
dt
14. By Ohm's law
VC(0) By KCL:
Sol:
+ iC + iR = 0
VC(0)
6 mA 4 k +  2 k iR =  iC = 1.6 e100 t mA for 0  t  
0V 3 k Observation:

In all the source free circuit, iC(t) = ve for
0V
t  0 because the capacitor while acting as a
temporary source it discharges from the +ve
At t = 0 : Steady state : A resistive circuit
terminal i.e., current will flow from ve to
By Nodal :
+ve terminals.
VC (0 ) VC (0 )
 6 mA    0
4K 2K
15.
VC(0) = 8 V = VC(0+) Sol: By KCL :
iR i(t) = iR(t) + iL(t)
t
6 mA + iC V (t) 1
6 mA
VC 2 F
2 k
 R
R

L  V (t) d t
L
VS 4 k  
3 k t
6 mA V (t) 1
   S
10
 i L (0) 
L  V (t)
S dt
6 mA 0V 0
i(t) = 4 t + 5 + 4 t2
For t  0 : A source free circuit i(t) |t = 2 sec = 8 + 16 + 5 = 29 A = 29000 mA
Vs = 6 m  4 K = 24 V
16. Ans: (c)
 = Req C = (5 K) 2  = 10 m sec
17.
VS 20 u(t)
Sol:
24 V 20
8V
 0 0 0+ 
 0 0 0 + 

+ d VC
iC  C
iL(0) VC(0 ) 
dt By Ohm's law
20 V + 

1 k 10 k
18.
Sol: At t= 0–
0V
At t = 0 : steady state: A resistive circuit. 8

4

(i) t = 0 12A 8
 + iL(0 –)
VC(0 ) = 20 V = VC(0 )
20
i L (0  )   20 m A  i L (0  )
1K 12  8
 i L (0 )   8A
8 4
+ At t = 0+
iL 0.1 H VC 200 nF
 12A 4A 4A
1 k 10 k 8
8A 4
12A + 8
loop
VL 2H
i1(t)
For t  0: A source free RL & RC circuit – 8A
4A 4A
0.1
τ   100 μ sec
1K  i1 (0+) = –8A
C = 200  109  10  103 = 2 m sec Applying KVL in the loop,
τC 8(4) +4(8) +VL = 0
 20 ; τ C  20 τ L
τL VL = – 64
Observation: di L
L  64
L < C ; therefore the inductive part of the dt
circuit will achieve steady state quickly i.e., di L
  32 A / sec
20 times faster. dt
t

VC  20 e τC
V for 0  t   19. Ans: (c) VC2(s)
 +

t Sol:
C1 VC|(s)
i L  20 e τL
mA for 0  t   
10/s +
R=10 5/s
d iL + +
VL  L
dt By Ohm's law
1/s
1/2s

|
Vc (s) 
15
s 2s
 
R 1  1
s 2s 21. Ans: (d)
5 Sol: at t<0
5 100
 2s 2 
2Rs  2  1 s(2Rs  3)
u(t) +
2s
 VC(0-) 1A
1A=iL(0 )
| 5 0 
Vc 2 ()  Vc| (s)  0 Loop1
s
| 5
Vc ()  Vc (s) 
s
 5 5
Vc ()  Lt s.  
s0
 s(2Rs  3) s 
Apply KVL in loop1  VC(0)100 = 0
5 20
 5  VC(0) = 100V
3 3 100
8A  +
100V
At t = 0+
20. Ans: (d) 1A VL(0+)
VL 0   0
100V
Sol: at t = 0  6 +
R
di0  
di(0)
L  VL (0)
dt L 0
dt
VL  2  3  6
E2 di0  
VL  6V 0
dt
E2 + 6 – 8R = 0
E2 = 8R – 6 22.
Sol: Case -1 at t = 0+
By redrawing the circuit
E2 – 4R = 0 I 1Ω
R 4A
E2 = 4R
10 V
8R–6=4R 2Ω
4R = 6
R = 1.5 E2

Current through the battery at t = 0+ is 2

10
Amp
3 0.5 
Case -2 at t =  + 20 V
60 V iC(0+)

I 1Ω + + 20 V
VL(0+) 
20 A
10 V 
2Ω
At t = 0+ : A resistive circuit :
Network is in transient state
Current through the battery at t =  is10
Amp VL(0+) = 20 V
Nodal :
23. 20  60
 20  i C (0  )  0
Sol: 2 2.5
iC(0+) =  4 A
+
+ 1 0V 1
60 V  + 24.

iL(0+) VC(0)
Sol: Repeat the above problem procedure :

d i L (t) VL (0 )
At t = 0 : Steady state : A resistive circuit
  0 A/sec
dt t  0
L
(i) t = 0 : d VC (t) i C (0 )

   106 V/sec
60 dt t  0
C
i L (0  )   20 A  i L (0  )
3
V1 = 20 V = VC(0) = VC(0+) 25.
2
Sol: Observation: So, the steady state will occur
either at t = 0 or at t = , that depends
1 1 where we started i.e., connected the source
+ to the network.
60 V iC(t) 10 k VC2() 12 k
 + 
+ 20 V
L  +0V 
20 A
+ +
C 100 V + VC1() 40 k VC3()
For t  0 
 

At t =  : Steady state: A Resistive circuit

100 2 i2C(t)
VC1 ()   40 K  80 V
50 K 4 + 4V

+ 2C
2 F 3 F
18 V

+  +  iC(t)
VC2() VC3() + 8V
L 
3A
80 V
+  C
80  3 μ F For t  0
VC 2 ()   48 V
(2  3) μ F
80  2 μ F and redrawing the circuit
VC 3 ()   32 V
5μ F
12 V
i2C(0+)
2
26.
4 + 4V
Sol: 2 
0A
+
+ 18 V
+ 4 V2C(0)  8V
3A iC(0+)
18 V 
 + + + 8V
iL(0) VC(0) VL(0+) 
3A
 
At t = 0 : Circuit is in Steady state: Resistive circuit
iL(0) = 3 A = iL(0+)
By Nodal;
V4 = 4  3 = 12 V
12  18 12  8
  i 2C (0  )  0
2 4
+ + 6 4
V2C(0) 2C   i 2C (0 )  0
 2 4
12 V +
VC(0) C i2C(0+) = 2 A = i2C(0)
  8  12
 i 2C (0  )  3  i C (0  )  0
4
iC(0+) = 0 A = iC(0)
12  C
V2 C (0  ) 
2C  C
27.

 4 V  V2C (0 ) Sol: t = 0 t = 0+ t = 0+
VC(0) = 8 V = VC(0+) iL(0) = 5 A iL(0+) = 5 A
d i L (0  ) V (0  ) iR(0+) =  iL(0+) + 4
 L  40
dt L iR(0+) =  5 + 4
iR(0) = 5 A iR(0+) = 1A =1A
d i R (0 ) VR(t) = R iR(t) |By Ohm’s law
  40 A/sec
dt VR(0+) = R iR(0+)
VR(0+) =  30 V
iC(0) = 0 A iC(0+) = 4A
By KVL  VL(t)  VR(t)  VC(t) = 0
d i C (0  )
  40 A/sec VL(0+) = VR(0+) + VC(0+)
dt
= 150  30
VL(0) = 0 V
= 120 V
VL(0+) = 120 V
By KCL at 2nd node;
d VL (0 )
 1098 V/sec  5 + iC(t)  iR(t) = 0
dt
iC(0+) = 4 A

VR(0 ) = 150 V (iii). t = 0+
VR(0+) = 30 V By KCL at 1st node 
d VR (0 )  4 + iL(t) + iR(t) = 0
  1200 V/sec
dt d i L (t) d
 0  i R (t)  0
VC(0 ) = 150 V dt dt
VL(0+) = 150 V VR(t) = R iR(t) |By Ohm’s law

d VC (0 ) d d
 108 V/sec VR (t)  R i R (t)
dt dt dt
(i). t = 0 By KVL 
By KCL  iL(t) + iR(t) = 0 VL(t)  VR(t)  VC(t) = 0
  
t = 0  iL(0 ) + iR(0 ) = 0 d VL (t) d VR (t) d VC (t)

   0
iR(0 ) = 5 A dt dt dt
VR(t) = R iR(t) |By Ohm’s law By KCL at node 2:
 
VR(0 ) = R iR(0 ) = 30(5) = 150 V  5 + iC(t)  iR(t) = 0
By KVL  VL(t)  VR(t)  VC(t) = 0 d d
0 i C (t)  i R (t)  0
VC(0) = VL(0)  VR(0) = 150 V dt dt
(ii). At t = 0+ d
i C (0  )   (40)
By KCL at 1st node  dt
 4 + iL(t) + iR(t) = 0  40 A/sec
 4 + iL(0+) + iR(0+) = 0

28. 30.
Sol: Transform the network into Laplace domain Sol: i(t)
+ R 
+
1 + I(s) sL   t


S - domain
That is the response is oscillatory in nature
V(s) = Z(s) I(s)
By KVL in S-domain 
31.
1  R I(s)  s L I(s) = 0
Sol: i(0) = 0 A = i(0+)
1 1
I(s)  V
L  R i()  A
s   R
 L
L
1  RL t τ  sec
i(t)  e A for t  0 R
L
V  V  t/τ V
i(t)   0   e  (1  e t / τ )
29. R  R  R
Sol: By Time domain approach ; Ldit 
VL   V e  Rt / L for t  0
VC(0) = 5  2 = 10 V = VC(0+) dt
12 i(t)
10 V(s)
V
+
5 R
25V  VC() 2A
t
  0
At t =: Steady state: A resistive circuit

VL
VC ()  25 V ( ) L
Nodal   C 2  0 V = sec
10 5 R
VC() = 15 V t
 0
 = Req C = (5 || 10) . 1 = (10/3) sec
t

VC  15  (10  15) e (10/3) Expontionaly Increasing Response
VC = 15  5 e3t/10 V for t  0
d VC
32.
iC  C  1.5 e  3 t/10 A for t  0
dt Sol: VC(0-) = 0 = VC(0+)
VC() = V

 = RC  1 di L 
-t/
i1 = 10u t   A
VC = V + (0-V)e  100 dt 
Nodal 
-t/RC
= V(1-e ) for t  0 VL  20i1
 i1  i L  0
dv c V  t / RC 20
ic  C  e for t  0
dt R 1 d iL
 2 i1  i L  0
= i(t) 200 d t
Vc(t) Substitute i1;
di L
V
 40i L  800u t 
dt
 =RCsec
t 800
 0 SIL(s) – iL(0+) + 40IL(s) =
s
iL(0-) = 0A = iL(0+)
i(t)
800 20 20
I L s    
V ss  40 s s  40
R  =RCsec
t ILt) = 20u(t) – 20e-40t u(t)
 0
IL(t) = 20(1-e-40t) u(t)
1 iL
Expontionaly Decreasing Response il = 10u t   d
100 dt
i1 = (10-8e-40t) u(t)
33.
Sol: It’s an RL circuit with L = 0   = 0 sec
35.
V
i(t) = , t  0 So, 5 = 0 sec Sol: By Laplace transform approach:
R
i(t) 2 V(t) 1
+
V iC
1
R V
2V  2 2 1F Vc(t)
 0

For t 0
i.e. the response is constant
Transform the above network into the

34. Laplace domain
100u t   VL
Sol: i1 =
10

V(s)
36.
2 1
+
IC(s) Sol: By Time domain approach ;
 1
2 2 VC(0) = 6 V (given)
 2s Vc(s)
s
1 VC() = 10 V
s 
4
For t 0
+ 0V +
10 V + VC() = 10 V
Nodal  

2 1
V(s)  V(s) 
s  V(s)  2s At t =  : Steady state : Resistive circuit
 0
2 2 1
1
s  = R C = 8 sec
 1  VC = 10 + (6  10) et/8
 V(s)  
 2s 
I C (s)  VC = 10  4 et/8
 1 
 1  VC(0) = 6 V
 s 
d VC
1 t iC  C  e  t/8  i(t)
 i C (t)  e 2 A for t  0 dt
4

1 1
 (e
 t/8 2
By KVL  VC (s)   I C (s)  0 E 4Ω  ) 4 d t  16 J
2s s 0
1 1
VC (s)   I C (s)
2s s 37.
t
1 2 Sol: 10 A 10 A 10 A
v C (t)  1  e V for t  0
2 0A 0A
+ + +
0V 10 
VC 10 A 0V 0V 5H 10 A
  
iL(t)
1V
=2sec
At t = 0 : Network is not in steady state i.e., unenergised
1/2 V
t = 0 :
t
 0 iL(0) = 0 A = iL(0+)
iC VL(0+) = 10  10 = 100 V
1
A +
4 10 
10 A VL(0+)
=2sec 
t
0
At t = 0+ : Network is in transient state : A V

resistive circuit +-
+
iL() = 10 A (since inductor becomes short) R
 i1(0+) i2(0+) 
L 5 R
τ    0.5 sec
R 10 +
iL(t) = 10 + (0  10) et/
= 10 (1  et/0.5) A for 0  t   At t = 0+: A resistive circuit: Network is in
d transient state.
VL (t)  L i L (t)  100 e  2 t V for 0  t  
dt il(0+) = i2(0+)
1 2 1 By KVL 
ELt=5 or t =  = Li   5  102  250J
2 2 -Ri1(0+)-V-Ri1(0+) = 0
V
38. Ans: (b)
 
i1 0  
2R
 i 2 0  
Sol: OBS: iL(t) = i1(t) ~ i2(t)
VC1(0)
+  At t = 0+ 
iL(0+) = i1(0+) ~ i2(0+)
+
+ 0V R
V IL(0 )  = 0A  Inductor: open circuit
 +
Vc2(0)
 39.
Sol: (b) Transform the network given in fig. (a)
into the S-domain.
At t = 0- : Steady state: A resistive circuit
V
By KVL  S 1/SC
-
V – Vc1 (0 ) = 0 +–
+  +
VC1(0-) = V = VC1 (0+)  + R
VC2(0-) = 0V = VC2(0+)  I1(s) SL I2(s) 
R +  1
iL(0-) = 0A = iL(0+) +
+ SC

V C
+- V(s) = Z(s)  I(s)
R By KVL in S-domain 
V I1 s 
i1(t) L i2(t)
R
C
 RI1 s     SLI1 s   I 2 s   0
s SC
Similarly:
For t  0 Fig (a)

I 2 s  Nodal in S-domain
 RI 2 s    SLI 2 s   I1 s   0
SC 8
E 1 s  
 1  E 1 s   16 / s s  E 1 s   3  0
R  SL  SC  SL   I1 s   V / S 
 I s    0  2 8 s
1   2    2
  SL R  SL   s 2
 SC 
8  s 2  6s  32 
E 1 s    2 
40. s  s  8s  32 
Sol: Evaluation of iL(t) and e1(t) for t  0 by 8 2s 
E 1 s   1  

Laplace transform approach. s  s  4 2  4 2 
iL(0+) = 6A; iL() = 4A e1(t) = 8 – 4e-4t sin 4t V for t  0
e1(0+) = 8V; e1() = 8V
e1(t)
2 e1(t) 2
8V
8

16V
s 0.5H 6A
t
8
F
s
iL(t) E 1 s   3
For t  0 I L s  
s
2
Transform the above network into Laplace 2
-4t
domain. iL(t) = 4+2e cos 4t A
2 E1(s) 2 for t  0 n = 4 rad/sec
8 iL(t)

16 s s
2
6
s
8 s 4A
s
iL(s)
t
0
S-domain :
2 E1(s) 2
OBS:   1 sec  1 1 1
8  3V 4  n  n   4
 +
16 LC 1 1
s 
s 2 8
8 s
2 1 1
s  n 
4 
4 4 Inductor never allows sudden change in

  1
n 4 current but if we allow the current to
 = 1 (A critically damped system) suddenly change then impulse voltage will
establish redistributing flux and then current
41. become equal in them.
 L  Now solving using Laplace transform.
Sol: t t  t  tan 1  
0  R  4V
2s
2V
2s
 L  1+ +1
t o  tan 1  
 R  I(s)
 2 500.01 
250 t o  tan 1  
 5 
 I(s) [4s] = 4 – 2 = 2
t o  32 .14 
180 o 1
to = 1.78 msec.  I(s) 
2s
So, by switching exactly at 1.78msec from
1
the instant voltage becomes zero, the current i( t )  L1 I(s)  A
2
is free from Transient.
44. Ans: (b)

42.
Sol: For an LTI network:

Sol: to +  = tan-1(CR) + y(t) = h(t)  x(t) , Y(s) = H(s) X(s)
2
Statement (I) is True.
 
2t o   tan 1 CR   ( t ) 
LT
1
4 2
Statement (II) is True and is not the correct
  1    
2t o   tan 1  2  1    explanation of Statement (I).
4  2  2 4 2

2t o   t o  0.785 sec 45. Ans: (a)
2
Sol: Statement (I): True
43. Ans: (a) Statement (II): True & correct explanation
Sol. At t=0+ the circuit is
46. Ans: (b)
2A 1A
Sol: A  1 : Linearity property
B  6 : Shift property
2H 2H C  4 : Time differentiation property
D  3 : Integration property

t
F(s) 1 0 (A) R > > RC p1 = 1 , (4)

 f (t) d t  s

s  f (x) d x

(Over p2 = 2
damping)
t
F(s) (B) R = RC p1=p2 =  (3)
and  f (t) d t 
0
s (Critical
damping)
(C) R < RC p1=+j  (2)
47. Ans: (a) (Under p2=j Sinusoid
Sol: damping) <0 Decaying
i(t) 1
(D) R=0 p1 = j (1)
(No p2 = j Sustained
+
damping) (constant
v(t) 1F
amplitude)

oscillations
V(s) s V(s) 49. Ans: (d)

I(s)  
1 s 1
1 Sol: A. The internal impedance of an ideal
s
current source is infinity (7).
(A) v(t) = u(t) ,
Note that for ideal voltage source, the
1 1
V(s)  , I(s)  ………. (2) internal impedance is zero.
s s 1
B. Attenuated natural oscillations, the poles
(B) v(t) = r(t),
of the transfer function must lie on the
1 1
V(s)  , I(s)  ………. (4) left hand part of the complex frequency
s 2
s (s 1)
plane, like s =   , s =  + j , 
(C) v(t) = (t) , V(s)  1 ,
> 0 (5)
s C. Maximum power transferred is
I(s)  ……….(1)
(s 1) 2
 E  E2
1    R  (3)
(D) v(t) = et u(t) , V(s)  ,  2R  4R
s 1
D. The roots of the characteristic equation
s
I(s)  ……….. (3) give natural response of the circuit. (2)
(s 1) 2
So the answer is (d)
48. Ans: (d)

Sol:
Value of R Location i(t), Fig
of poles

05.
4. AC Circuit Analysis
Sol: Complex power, S = VI
I 2 j12.5
01.
1 T
it dt  3  0  0  3A
T 0
Sol: I avg  I dc  + –j10  20
3000oV
–
1 T 2
i t dt
T 0
I rms 
2 2
4 2  5 2  I 2 j12.5
 3  2
 
 
 000

 2   2 
+
= 5 2A 3000oV 4–j8
–
02.
1 T
Vt dt  2V
T 0
Sol: Vdc  Vavg 
3000
I
Here the frequencies are same, by doing 2  j12.5  4  j8
simplification  I = 40–36.86
1 1
v(t) = 2 – 3 2 (cos10t  sin 10 t  ) Complex power, S = VI
2 2
= 300 0 40 36.86
+ 3cos10t = 2+3sin10t V
= 9600 +j7200
3 Reactive power delivered by the source
So Vrms = (2) 2  ( ) 2  8.5 V
2 Q = 72000 VAR
= 7.2 KVAR
03.
1 T
x t dt = 0
T 0
Sol: X avg  X dc  06.
Sol: Z = j1 + (1j1)||(1 + j2) = 1.4 + j 0.8
1 T 2 A
X rms   x t dt = E1 1020
T 0 3 I= By ohm 's law =
Z 1.4  j8
= 6.2017  9.744 A
04. Ans: (a)
I(1  j2)
Sol: For a symmetrical wave (i.e., area of I1 = = 6.201727.125  A
1  j1  1  j2
positive half cycle = area of negative half
cycle.) The RMS value of full cycle is same
as the RMS value of half cycle.

I(1  j1) Network is in phasor domain

I2 = = 3.922  81.31  A
1  j1  1  j2 Nodal 
E2 = (1j1)I1 = 8.7705  17.875  V V V V  500
  =0
E0 = 0.5I2 = 1.961  81.31 V j2 2  j0.5
V = 6.3218.440
07.
V 0
Sol: Since two different frequencies are IR2 = = 3.1618.440 = 3.16 e j18.14
2
operating on the network simultaneously iR2(t) = R.P[IR2ej2t]A
always the super position theorem is used to = 3.16cos (2t + 18.440)
evaluate the response. By super position theorem,
By SPT: (i) iR(t) = iR1(t) + iR2(t)
iR1(t) = 5+3.16cos (2t+18.440)A
+
10V
10V 2
 08. Ans: (c)
1  1
Network is in steady state, therefore the Sol:  Is  2  2s    0
s 12
 s
10
network is resistive. IR1(t) = = 5A  2s  2s 2  1  1
2 Is    2
(ii)  s  s 1
1F
1H
s
iR2(t) I(s) + 2s2I(s) + 2sI(s) 
+ s 1
2
2  5cos2t
2d 2 i di
it  

2
 2  cos t
dt dt
d 2i di
2 2
 2  it   cos t
Network is in steady state dt dt
As impedances of L and C are present
because of  = 2. They are physically 09.
present. VR2  VL  VC 
2
Sol: V =
1
ZL = jL; Zc =  2 V = VR = I.R
j C
1
100 = I.20; I = 5A
j2 VR VR
j2 V Power factor = cos =  =1
V VR
iR2(t) +
2
 500 So, unity power factor.


10. 13. Ans: (d)

Sol: Sol:
I1 I
I2 1
I3
135
By KCL in phasor – domain  90 =2 rad/sec
V
I1 I2 I3 = 0 45
I3 = (I1 + I2)
i1(t) = cos(t + 900) I2
I1 = 1900 = j1
V V
I2 = 100 = (1 + j0) I1 = I C =  90 0
ZC X C
I3 = 2  + 450 = 2 ej( + 45)
V V V
i3(t) = Real part[I3.ejt]mA I2 =   450
2  jL 2  j2 2 2
=  2 cos(t + 450+)mA
Therefore, the phasor I1 leads I2 by an angle
0
i3(t) =  2 cos(t + 45 )mA of 135.
11. 14.
V V V
Sol: I =   = 8 j12 + j18 Sol: I2 = I 2R  I C2
R ZL ZC
I = 8 + 6j  10 = I 2R  8 2
|I| = 100 = 10A IR = 6A
I 2R  I L  I C 
2
I1 = I =
12.
6 2  I L  I C 
2
Sol: By KCL  10 =
I + IL + IC = 0 IL  IC = 8A
I = IL + IC IL 8 = 8
V V 30 o IL 8 = 8(Not acceptable)
IL =  
Z L jL 1 V
j(3).  Since IL =  0.
3 ZL
30 0 30 0 IL – 8 = 8
IL =  = 3900
j 90 0
IL = 16A
I = 3900 + 4900 IL > IC
= j3 + j4 = j1 = 1900

25
IC = 8A
IC IR
+ +
 3600 0
I2 = 10A
50Hz  +
C
15
IR = 6A 90 0   
 12000
900
I1 = 10A
(IL IC) = 8A VR = RIR|By ohm’s law
300 = R.20
R = 15
IL = 16A
Network is in steady state
8 360
I2 leads 12000 by tan1  6  IR = = 24A
15
8 So the required IC = 25 2  24 2
I1 lags 12000 by tan–1  
6 vc = 7
Power factor cos =

IR I
= R 360 2 f 159.23 106 = 7
I I f = 19.4Hz
6 V
= = 0.6 (lag) OBS: IC =
10 ZC
1
15. ZC = 
25A jc
Sol:
IC IR As f   ZC   IC
+ +
30000  +
C R
50Hz   
16.
Sol: P5 = 10Watts (Given)
= Pavg = Irms2 R
Network is in steady state.
10 = Irms2.5
V 3000 0 Irms = 2A
|IC| =  = vc
ZC 1 / jc  Power delivered = Power observed
6
= 300 2 50159.2310 (By Tellegen’s Theorem)
IC = 15A PT = Irms2( 5 + 10)
I= I 2R  I C2 Vrms Irmscos =  2  (15)2
25 = I R2  15 2 50
 2 cos = 2 15
2
IR = 20A
cos = 0.6 (lag)
17. Ans: (d) 19. Ans: (b)

Sol: VL = 14V Sol: To increase power factor shunt capacitor is
to be placed.
VAR supplied by capacitor
V = P (tan1tan2)
VR = 3V = 2103[tan(cos1 0.65) – tan(cos10.95)]
= 1680 VAR
V2
VAR supplied =  V 2 C 1680
VC = 10V XC
1680
C   337 F
V  V  (VL  VC )
2
R
2
(115) 2  2   60
 (3) 2  (14  10) 2

20.
V=5V
V 16010 o  90 o
Sol: Z    3230 o
o
I 5   20  90 o
18.
Sol: Y = Yl + Yc =
1

1   30 o Inductive
ZL ZC
160 5
1 1 Vrms  Vj, I rms 
=  2 2
3040 0
 1 
  160 5
Real power (P) =   cos 300
 j c  2 2
1
= jc + 400 = 200 3 W
30
160 5 1
1 Reactive power (Q) =  
= jc + (cos400 jsin400) 2 2 2
30
= 200 VAR
Unit power factor  j term = 0
Complex power = P+jQ = 200( 3 +j1) VA
sin 40 0
c =
30
21.
sin 40 0
C= Sol: V = 410o and I = 220o
2  50  30
Note: When directly phasors are given the
= 68.1F
magnitudes are taken as rms values since
C = 68.1F
they are measured using rms meters.
Vrms  4V and I rms  2A

V IR 4
Z  2 30 o ;   30 o Inductive Power factor =  = 0.8 (lagging)
I I 5
P = 10 3 W, Q = 10VAR
S = 10( 3 +j1) VA 25. Ans: (a)
Sol:
22. Ans: (a) + I1 + I2
Sol: S = VI* 3 1
+ 1000 0
= (10  15) (2  45)
1000 0  10000
-j4
= 10 + j17.32 - j4
-
S = P + jQ - j3
P = 10 W Q = 17.32 VAR
23. Ans: (c)

NW is in Steady state.
Sol: PR = (Irms)2  R
V = 10000  Vrms = 100V
10
Irms = 10000
2 I1 =  I1 = 20 = I1rms
2
3  j4
 10 
PR =    100 10000
 2 I2 =  I2 = 100
A = I2rms
1  j1 2
24. P = P1 + P2
2 = (I1rms)2.3 + (I2rms)2.1
 240 
   100 
2
2
Vrms  2  = 202.3 + 
 2
 .1
Sol: Pavg =  = 480 Watts  
R 60
P = 6200 W
V = 24000
Q = Q1 + Q2
V 240
IR =  = 4A = (I1rms)2.4 + (I2rms)2.(1)
R 60
= 3400VAR
V V 240
IL =   = 6A So, S = P+jQ = (6200+j3400) VA
Z L X L 40
V V 240 26.
IC =    3A
Z C X C 80 Sol: 50 1mH 1mH
IL > IC : Inductive nature of the circuit. I

+
I 2R  I L  I C  C
2
I= 5sin(5000t) 1mH
–
= 4 2  3 2 = 5A

50 j5 1 X
j5 =  C =2
I
0 cR R
 VC = 200900 = j200V
+
5sin(5000t) j5 –jXc
–
29.
Sol: Series RLC circuit
f = fL , PF = cos  = 0.707(lead)
when I = 0,
f = fH , PF = cos  = 0.707(lag)
 impedance seen by the source should be
f = fo , PF = cos  = 1
infinite
Z=
30. Ans: (b)
 Z = (50+j5) + (j5) || j(5 –Xc)
Sol: Network is in steady state (since no switch is
j5  j(5  X c )
 50  j5   given)
j5  j(5  X c )
 j (10 –Xc ) = 0
1 110300A
L C
 X c  10   10 R
c
1
 C = 20 F
5000  10 Let I = 1mA
 = 0(Given)
27. Ans: (c)  IR = I
2 2 IL = QI900 = jQI
 4   4 
Sol: I rms  3 2      IC = QI900 = jQI
 2  2
IL + IC = 0
 25  5 A
|IR + IL| = |I jQI|
2
Power dissipation = I R
rms
= I 1 Q2 > I
2
= 5  10 = 250 W
|IR + IC| = |I + jQI|
= I 1 Q2 > I
28.
Sol: XC = XL   = 0, the circuit is at
31. Ans: (c)
resonance
Sol: Since; “I” leads voltage, therefore capacitive
VC = QVS900
effect and hence the operating frequency
0 L X
Q= = L =2 (f < f0)
R R

1
L 4
1 2
=
c j2
R j4 

1
 For circuit to be resonant i.e., 2 =
0 0 4
1
= = 0.5 rad/sec
2
32.
 resonance = 0.5 rad/sec
1 1
Sol: Y 
R L  jL j
RC 
C 34.
R L  jL R C  j / c L
  Sol: (i)  R 2  circuit will resonate for all the
R  L  R  1 / C 
2 2
2
L
2
C
C
j  term  0 frequencies, out of infinite number of
frequencies we are selecting one
L
R 2L  frequency.
1 C rad/sec
0 
LC L 1 1
R C2  i.e., 0 = = rad/sec
C LC 2
then Z = R = 2.
33. V 100 0
I= = = 500
Sol: 4H 1F Z 2
10
t
i(t) = 5cos A
1F
2
1
ZL = j0L = j2 ; ZC = = j2.
j 0 c
A  B
Fig. I(2  j2) I
IL = = 450
2  j2  2  j2 2
The given circuit is shown in Fig.
ZAB = 10 + Z1 5 t 
iL = cos  45 0  A
  j  j 2 2 
where, Z1 =   ||  j 4   
   I(2  j2) I
ic =  45 0
2  j2  2  j2 2
  j  j
   j4   
  5 t 
=   ic  cos   45 o  A
j j 2 2 
 j4 
 

Pavg  I L2 ( rms ) .R  I c2( rms ) .R Pavg  I Lrms

2
.R  ICrms
2
R
2 2 2 2
 5   5  2 5 2 5
 2   2     .2    .2 = 40 Watts
=  .2    .2  2   2 
 2   2 
   
= 25 watts 35.
(ii)
L
 R2 circuit will resonate at only one Sol: (i) Z ab  2  Z L || Z C || 2
C
= 2+jXL||jXC||2
frequency.
2  2X L X C X L X C  j2X L  X C 
1 1 =
i.e., at 0 =  rad/sec X L X C 2  4X L  X C 2
LC 4
2R
jterm = 0
Then Y = mho  2(XLXC) = 0
L
R2 
C XL = XC
2(2) 4 1
Y= = mho 0 L 
4 5 0 C
22 
4 1 1 1
5 0    rad / sec
Z=  LC 4.4 4
4
At resonance entire current flows
V 100 0
through 2 only.
I=  = 800
Z 5
4 (ii) Z ab   0
 2  2  4
t XL =XC
i(t) = 8cos A
4
t
ZL = j0L = j1 (iii) Vi t   Vm sin  V
 4
1
Zc = = j1 Z = 4
j 0 C
Vi t  Vm t
I(2  j1) 5 1 i t    sin    i R
-1   Z 4 4
IL =  I.tan  2 
2  j1  2  j1 4
Vm t
V  2i R  sin  V  VC  VL
8 5 t  1  2 4
iL = cos  tan 1   
4 4  2  dVC Vm t
iC  C  cos 
I(2  j1) 5 1 dt 2 4
Ic =  I tan 1  
2  j1  2  j1 4 2 Vm t 
ic  sin   90 0 A
8 5 t  1  2 4 
ic = cos   tan 1   
4 4  2 

 Vm t   0; Z C    C : open circuit  i 2  0

 V .dt =
1
iL  L cos  
L 2 4   ; Z C  0  C :Short Circuit
Vm t  Em
iL  sin   90 0 A  i2  0 o
2 4  R2
OBS: Here iL + iC = 0 Transform the given network into phasor
 LC Combination is like an open domain.
circuit. I
I1 I2
+
36. Ans: (d) R2
Em 00
+
Sol: +
R1
R Em 00  Em 00
 1


L  j C
V
L Network is in phasor domain.

Q
R By KCL in P-d  I = I1 + I2
2L
Q  2  orginal  Q  doubled E m 0 o
R I1 =
R1
S  V.I
E m 0 o E 0 o
V R  jL I2   m
 V.  1 j
R  jL R  jL R2  R2 
j C C
V2 V 2 . jL  1 
S  E m  tan 1  
R 2  L  R 2  L 
2 2
 CR 2 
I2 
S = P + jQ  1 
R2  
 C 
V2
Active power P  
R 2  L  E m 0 o
2
   I2 
V2 R2
P

R 2 1  Q2    0  I 2  0A
V2  : 0 and   j the current phasor I2 will
P
R 2 Q2 always lead the voltage E m 0 o .
as Q is doubled, P decreases by four times. (a)  = 0
= 
37. I2 Em00 
0 Em
1
Sol: Z C  R2
j C
(i) If "" Varied

(b) =0
= 
I
 Em
0 Em Em Em 00
R1 R2
0 R2
(a) Em 00
I2
38.
=0
E 0 o =
Sol: R 2  0  I2  m  E m C90 o
1
0
jC
R 2    I2  0 A Em Em
R2 = 0 0 R1 R2
(b)
(a) I Em00
R2 =
I2 =0
Emc
Em 00 ii. If “R2” is varied

0 R2 = 
R2 = 
0
(a) Em 00
(b) R2 = 0
Em
L I2
R2
R2
I
I
R2 = 0
Em 00
0
Em R2 =  Em
R1 R2 = 
R1
39. 0
(b) Em 00
E m 0 o I
Sol: I = I1 + I2; I1 
R1 I
E m 0 o
R2
I2 
R 2  j L
R2 = 0
Em  L 
   tan  1

R 22  WL   R2 
2

40. Ans: (a) 42. Ans: (d)

Sol: The given circuit is a bridge. V0
Sol: ForV0 sin 0 t  I1   I0
IR = 0 is the bridge is balanced. i.e., 0 L
Z1 Z4 = R2 R3 2 V0
For 2V0 sin 0 t  I 2   I0
Where Z1 = R1+jL1, 2 0 L
j 3 V0
Z4  R 4  For3V0 sin 0 t  I 3   I0
C4 3 0 L
As R2 R3 is real, imaginary part of
4 V0
Z1 Z4 = 0 For 4V0 sin 0t  I 4   I0
4 0 L
R1  L1 1
 L1 R 4   0 or  RMS value  4 I 02  2 I 0
C4 R1 C4 R 4
or Q1  Q 4
43. Ans: (b)
where Q is the Quality factor.
Sol:
41. Ans: (d)

VL = 6
Sol. During positive half cycle of supply D1 is
forward biased, D2 is reverse biased so 10V
current flows through the ammeter.

During negative half cycle D2 is forward
I
biased, D1 is reverse biased so current does VR
not flow though ammeter.
V 2  VR2  VL2
i0
 100 = VR2 +36  VR = 8V
VR 8
IR    4A
R 2
0  2 3 44. Ans: (b)

Sol: Full wave rectifier
Half wave rectifier waveform Here each half of secondary winding will
Im Vm 4 received 2sint
I 0 avg   
 R 10k   Vm 2
VRMS    2
0.4 2 2
I 0 avg  mA

Pavg
V
 RMS 
2
2
  2
 0.2W
R 10
45. Ans: (b) Note that at resonance, power factor is also

Sol: Complex power, unity.
*
S  V I  (100  j 50) (3  j 4)
48. Ans: (c)
 300  200  j 250  500  j 250
*
49. Ans: (c)
True power  Re [V I ]  500 W Sol: At resonance, the power factor of circuit is
Reactive power unity.
*
 Im [V I ]  250 W Hence statement (II) is false.
So Statement (I) is True, Statement (II) is
also True, but Statement (II) is not the 50. Ans: (c)
correct explanation. L  R12 C 1
Sol: res  0 , 0 
L  R 22 C LC
46. Ans: (d) Resonance occurs at all frequencies, if
Sol: In series RLC circuit, L
R 12  R 22 
i(t) is maximum at resonance frequency, C
1 and the resonant impedance
0  ,
LC L
= R1  R 2 
VS C
I max 
R  Statement (I) is True, Statement (II) is
VS False
VC 
2
 1 
C R 2    L  
  C  51. Ans: (a)
V0 ( j )
= VS for  = 0 Sol: G( j ) 
Vi ( j )
= Q VS for  = 0
1
= 0 for   
jC 1
VC is maximum at  = 0 (i.e.,  < 0)  
1 1 j  R C
R
provided Q < 1 jC
Statement (I) is false, but statement (II) is
= 1 0 , =0
true if Q < 1
 1
= 0.707 e  j 45 ,  
RC
47. Ans: (a)
= 0 90 ,   
Sol: When the input impedance is purely
resistive, the voltage and current are in
phase.

52. Ans: (c) XLeq = 14 (must for series resonance)

Sol: Curve AA  Current waveform, So the dot in the 2nd coil at “P”
having maximum value at Leq = L1 + L2 + 2M
 = res ………. (1) Leq = L1+L2+K L 1 L 2
Curve BB  | Z | ……….. (2) L eq  L 1  L 2  2K L 1 L 2 
 1 
Z  R  j   L     j ,   0 14  2  8  2K 28
  C 
 K = 0.5
Z= R,  = 0
Z = j ,  = 
03.
j
Curve CC XC   , Capacitive Sol: Lab = 4H+22+6H+22+8H22
C
Lab = 14H
reactance ………. (3)
4H+22
Curve DD  Net reactance, a
2H
 1 
X  j   L   ………. (4)
  C 
2H
=  j, =0
2H
= 0,  = 0
= j,  =  b
8H22 6H+22
5. Magnetic Circuits
04. Ans: (c)
Sol: Impedance seen by the source
01.
ZL
Sol: XC = 12 (Given) Zs =  4  j2
16
Xeq = 12 (must for series resonance)
1030o
So the dot in the second coil at point “Q” =  4  j2
16
Leq = L1 + L2  2M
= 4.54 – j1.69
L eq  L1  L 2  2K L1L 2
45
L eq  L1  L 2  2K L1L 2 . 05.
2
N 
12  8  8  2K 8.8 Sol: Z in   1  .Z L

 K = 0.25  N2  n2.5
R in'  n 2 .5
02. For maximum power transfer; RL = Rs
Sol: XC = 14 (Given) n25 = 45  n = 3
06. Ans: (b) 07.

Sol: 8
5mH Sol: R in '   2
+ 22
30mH 30mH
6V
V2 R in  3  R in '  3  2  5
50
 1020
I1   220 0
5
Apply KVL at input loop I1
 n  2  I2 = 1 20A
di1 di I2
- 6 - 3010-3+ 5 10-3 2 - 50i1 = 0 ……(1)
dt dt
Take Laplace transform 08.
6
  [30 103 (s)  50] I1 (s)  5 103 s I 2 (s)  0 .....(2) Sol: By the definition of KVL in phasor domain
s
VSV0V2 = 0
Apply KVL at output loop
 V 
d i2 di V0  VS  V2  VS 1  2 
V2 (s)  30 10 3  5 10 3 1  0 VS 
dt dt 
Take Laplace transform V= ZI
By KVL
V2 (s)  30 10 3 s I 2 (s)  5 10 3 s I1 (s)  0
VS = jL1.I1+jM (0)
Substitute I2(s) = 0 in above equation
V2 = jL2(0)+jMI1
V2 + 5  103 sI1(s) = 0 ..……… (3)
 M
From equation (2) V0  VS 1  
 L 1 
6
  (30  10 3 (s)  50) I1 (s)  0
s
09.
6
I1 (s)  ..……… (4) Sol: Transform the above network into phasor
s (30  10 3 (s)  50)
domain
Substitute eqn (4) in eqn (3)
1 j4
3
 5 10 (s) (6)
V2 (s) 
s (30  10 3 (s)  50) +
50  j8 j4 I 1
Apply Initial value theorem I1 2

 5 10 3 (s) (6)
Lt s
s  s (30  10 3 (s)  50) Network is in Phasor -domain
 5 10 3  (6) V = Z.I

v 2 (t)   1
30  10 3 By KVL in p-d 
50= I1+j8.I1j4.I2
0 = I2+j4I2j4I1

1
I1 

; i 1 t   Re al part I 1 e j2 t A   But
N1

L1
 N1  N 2
L1
N2 L2 L2
2
I2 

; i 2 t   Re alpart I 2 .e j2 t A   N 1  1000
0 .5
 1581.13
0 .2
I1(t) = 1.072cos (2t+114.610)A
2.5 sin 400t
I2(t) = 1.416cos (2t+128.650)A 1 
1581.13
1 = 1.58m sin400t
10.
1 = maxsint
Sol: Evaluation of Initial conditions:
So, max = 1.58mWb
i1 (0) = 0A = i1(0+)
i2 (0) = 0A = i2 (0+)
12. Ans: (a)
Evaluation of final conditions:
k 1 N 2 k  2 N 1
i1() = 5A ; iZ () = 0A Sol: M  
i1 i2
By KVL 
Given,
4di 1 t  di t 
5  i 1 t   2 2 i1 = 1A
dt dt
By Laplace transform to the above 1 = 0.1mWb
equations. N1 = 1000
N2 = 2000
5
s
   
 I1 s   4 sI1 s   i1 0   2 s.I 2 s   i 2 0    k = 0.6
By KVL 
M
0.60.1m 2000  0.12 H
di 2 t  di t  1
0  1.i 2 t   2 2 1
dt dt
   
0  1.I 2 s   2 sI 2 s   i 2 0   sI1 s   i1 0    6. Two Port Networks
On solving, we can obtain i1(t) and i2 (t)

01.

3t
 5   5 
i1 ( t )  5  e 4
5 cosh t   5 sinh  t  A Sol: The defining equations for open circuit
  4   4 
impedance parameters are:
V1=Z11I1+Z12I2
11. Ans: (c)
V2=Z21I1+Z22I2
N 1 1 Li
Sol: L1   1  1 1 10 4s  10 
i1 N1  s 
Z  10s 3s  10 
1 5 sin 400t  
1  s s 
2 N1

02. Ans: (b)

1 1
 1 mho
 3 2
0 2    y11 y12 
Sol: The matrix given is 
1 1   y 21 y 22  1 1 1
  2
2 2 3 3
since y11 y22

 2 1  1 1
 Asymmetrical, and      
YA   3 3
2 
YB   2 2

Y12y21 ‘ 
1
 1
 3 3 
 1 
 2 
 Non reciprocal network
 7 5
  
Y 6 6
03. 5 5 
 
Sol: Convert Y to  :  6 3 
1 1 1F
1 1F
1 05.
Sol: Convert Y to  : Convert Y to  :
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 1 2 1 2
mho 1F=S mho
1 2
1
3 2 2
1
1 1 1 2 1 2
mho mho
3 3 
2 1 2 1 1
1 
3 6
Fig:A Fig:B 
1

1
1 1
3 3
6
 2 1 6
 3  3  S  S
YA   YB  
1 2  
 S S 
   2 1  2 1
 3 3      
YA   3 3 mho Y   6 6 mho
 2 1 1 2  B  1 2 
   
 S 3 S 
3 mho  3 3   6 6 
Y
1 2 
 S  S  3 
 3 3   6 1
    1  
Y 6 6  2
3 6   1 
04.    1 
 6 6   2 
Sol:
1 1 2
2
1

06.
I1 2 I2 = 0
 1  + +
1   j1 1 3 I1
Sol: T1  T2    1
 1 1 V1 3 I1 V2
  j1 
2 I1
1  j 1  
 
 j 1 Fig. 1
T3 Z1=1; Z2 = 
1 1 V1 =  2 I1 ...…...… (1)
T3    V1
0 1 Z11   2
I1
T = (T1)(T2)(T3)
 j3 2  j4 V2 = 6 I1 + V1 …….…. (2)
T
 1  j2 j3  From (1) and (2)
V2 = 6 I1  2 I1
07. or V2 =  8 I1
2 1 V2
Sol: T1 : Z   Z 21   8
 I1
1 2 
For I1 = 0 (I/P open), the network is shown
 2 3
T1    in Fig.2
1 2 
I2
T2 : Z1 = 0 ; Z2 = 2  I1 = 0 I2
+ +
1 0 2
T2   1  1
 2 1 I2
V2
 V1
T = [T1] [T2]
3.5 3  
T  Fig. 2
 2 2
Note: that the dependent current source with
08. Ans: (a) current 3 I1 is open circuited.
Sol: For I2 = 0 (O/P open), the Network is shown V1
V1 = 1 I2 , Z12   1
in Fig.1 I2
V2
V2 = 3 I2, Z 22  3
I2
2 1
Z  
 8 3

09. I1
Sol: Y11 
Sol: By Nodal V1 V2  0
 I 1  V1  3V2  V1  2V1  V2  0
5 5
 I 2  V2  V2  2V1  0
 4  4 2
Ʊ
Y 10
 3 2  1
[Z] = Y1
We can also obtain [g], [h], [T] and [T]1 by 1 10 2
re-writing the equations.
5 5
10.
I1
Sol: The defining equations for open-circuit Y11  
0
impedance parameters are:
V1=Z11I1+Z12I2
13.
V2 = Z21I1+Z22I2
 Z1 
In this case, the individual Z-parameter 1  Z Z1 
matrices get added. Sol: (i). Ta    2 
 1 
(Z) = (Za) + (Zb) Z 1 
 2 
10 2
Z    1 Z1 
 2 7 (ii). Ta    1 Z 
 1 1 
 Z2 Z2 
11. Ta  and Tb  are obtained by defining
Sol: For this case the individual y-parameter equations for transmission parameters.
matrices get added to give the y-parameter
matrix of the overall network. 14.
Y = Ya + Yb Sol: In this case, the individual T-matrices get
The individual y-parameters also get added multiplied
Y11= Y11a + Y11b etc T   T1   TN1 
1.4  0.4
Y    mho (T) = (T1)(TN1) = 
1  s / 4 s / 2 

8 4
 
 0.4 1.4   1/ 2 1   2 5
 3s  8 3.5s  4 
= 
7 

12. Ans: (c)  6

15.  2  3
T 1  T 1   
V1 AV2  BI 2 V2  2I 2  1 2 
Sol: Z in  R in    ’
I1 CV2  DI 2 V2  3I 2 Now h parameters
V2  10 I 2  2I 2  I 1  V2
12  I 1 V2
Z in  R in   I2   ..……… (5)
13 I2 2
Substitute (5) in (1)
16.  I 1 V2
V1  2I 1 
V1 2 2
Sol:  Z11 I1
I1 + 3 1
I2 0 I1 I1 V1  I 1  V2 .………. (6)
2 2
 V1  4 || 4 I1 | I 2  0
2
2
1 3  3 1
 Z11 = 2 + V2   2
h 2
1 1
V2  4 || 4 I 2
V1
I1 0
 
 2 2
3
 Z22 = 2 1
1  1
By KVL   2
g  h   2
1
 1 3
3I1 I  
 V2  1  0 2 2
2 2
V2  I 1
17. Ans: (a)
 Z21=1=Z12 I2
Sol: Y22  V1  0
2 1 V2
Z 
1 2 just use reciprocity of fig (a)
2  1 1A
3 3 N
YZ 1
 Ʊ
 1 2 
0.5A + 1V
 3 3  
Now [T] parameters;
V1  2I 1  I 2 …….. (1)
V2  I 1  2I 2 ………. (2) Now use Homogeneity
 I1 = V22I2 ……… (3) 5A
N
Substituting (3) in (1):
2.5A + 5V
V1  2V2  2I 2   I 2  2V2  3I 2 ……(4) 
 2 3
T 
1 2 
I2 5 Note: In an ideal transformer, it is impossible to

So, Y22  V1 0   1 mho
V2 5 express V1 and V2 interms of I2 and I2, hence the
This has noting to do with fig (b) since fig ‘Z’ parameters do not exist. Similarly, the y-
(b) also valid for some specific resistance of parameters.
2  at port-1, but Y22 , V1= 0. So S.C port-1
19. Ans: (c)
18. V2
Sol: Z 22 
V2 N 2 I I12 V1  0
Sol:  n 1
V1 N 1 I2 V1 1 I 2 R I1
 
V2 V2 n I1
n 1 2
V1 1 + +
V1  V2 V1 V2
1 n
 V1  V2  0I 2 1 |  
2|
n V2  V1 1: n
 I1
1  R
0
 T  n I12  I 2  I1
0 n 

1 I 2 I12  I1 I12
n 0    1
T 1  T 1   1 n I1 I1 I1
 0 n  I12 1 1 n
 1 
n 0 I1 n n
T 1  T 1   1
 0 n 
1 n 
I12   I1
 n 
Now h-parameters
1  1  n   V2  V1 
V1  0I1  V2 I12    
n  n  R 
 I1  1 
I2   0 V2  1  n 
 V2  V2 
n I12    n 
 n  R 
 1  
0 n
 
g 
1 I12  1  n   n  1 
 0   
n  V2  n   nR 
0  n  V2 n 2R
h  
n 0  I12 n2 1

20. 22. Ans: (a)

Sol: Sol: Definition :
N1     
I (s)  [Y] V(s) V(s)  [ Z] I (s)  [ Y]1 I (s) ,
[ Z]  [Y 1 ]
N2
23. Ans: (a)
Sol: In reciprocal 2-port NW’s , y12 = y21 , z12 =
For series parallel connection individual
z21 , h12 = h21 , AD  BC = 1
h-parameters can be added.
 For network 1, h1 = g11
24. Ans: (d)
1
1 0  1 0 Sol: Convert the middle -  of 1 into a T –
   
1 1  1 1  network as shown in Fig.
1
For network 2, h2 = g 2
(1/3) (1/3) (1/3) (1/3)
1
1 1 1  1
   
0 1 0 1  (1/3)
 1 0  1  1  2  1
h    +    Fig.
 1 1  0 1   1 2 
 overall g-parameters, 2 1
z11    1  z 22 ………. (4)
 2  1 1 2 1
1 3 3
g = h-1     
 1 2  3 1 2  z12  z 21 
1
 ……….. (1)
3
2 / 3 1 / 3 
g   1 (1 / 3) 9  1  (1 / 3)
1 / 3 2 / 3 z  y  z 1  

(1 / 3) 1  8  (1 / 3)1 
9 1 3
21. Ans: (b) y12  y 21      mho (3)
8 3 8
Z Z  Y Y 
Sol: [ Z ]   11 12  , [ Y ]   11 12  9
y11  y 22  mho ………. (2)
 Z 21 Z 22  Y21 Y22  8
For Reciprocal NW, Z12 = Z21 , Y12 = Y21 ,
 [Z] and [Y] matrices are symmetrical. 25. Ans: (d)
1
[Y] = [Z] is true for reciprocal as well as Ls 1
Ls
non-reciprocal NW’s. Sol: 2 Cs 
Ls 1 LCs 2  2

2 Cs

Ls Ls V1
Z is (s)   h12   voltage ratio (4)
2 LCs 2  2 V2
Ls (LCs 2  2)  2 L s I2
 h 22   Admittance (2)
2 L (s 2  2) V2
j L (4   2 LC) I2
Z is ( j)   0 h 21   Current ratio (3)
I1
2 L (2   2 )
2
At   0 and =  , at  =  29. Ans: (c)
LC
Sol: Vb = h11 I1 + h12 Vc
I2 = h21 I1 + h22 Vc
26. Ans: (c)
Vb = re I1 + rb(I1 + I2) ……...... (1)
V V Vc = (I2 +  I1) rc + (I1 + I2) rb ..…..….. (2)
Sol: h11  1 , h12  1
I1 I2  0
V2 I1  0
or Vc = ( rc + rb) I1 + (rc + rb) I2
I2 I2 Vc  ( rc  rb ) I1
h 21  , h 22  or I 2  ..……… (3)
V2 I1  0
I1 V2  0
rc  rb
According to the definitions above, h11 is in Substitute I2 in equation (1)

ohms ()  V  ( rc  rb ) I1 
Vb  re I1  rb I1  rb  c 
h12 and h21 are dimensionless and h22 is in  rc  rb 
Siemens. r V   (rb rc ) I1  rb I1
2
= re I1  rb I1  b c
rb  rc
27. Ans: (b)
 r r r  r V
2
V = I1  re  rb  b c b   b C
Sol: A  4, I N  th , R N  R th rb  rc  rb  rc
R th 
I  r r  r r  r 2  rb rc   rb rc  rb 2 
B  2, h 22  2  I1  e b e c b 

V2  rb  rc 
I1  0
C  1, Y12 = Y21, Z21 = Z12 etc  r (r   rc ) 

= I1 re  b c 
 rb  rc 
V1  A B   V2 
D  3,  I    C D  I 
 1   2   rb 
Vb  re  rb   rc  rb  I1
 re  rb 
28. Ans: (d)  r 
  b  Vc ..……… (5)
V
Sol: h11  1  Impedance (1)  rc  rb 
I1
From equation (3)

 ( rc  rb ) I1 1
I2   Vc ….....…. (4) a
rb  rc rb  rc c
b
Comparing (5) & (4) with (1) & (2) the f
g
matching in A  1, B  4, C  2, D  3.
30. Ans: (d) 06. Ans: (a)

Sol: A  2, B  4
07.
C  1, D  3 Sol: For a complete graph ;
n n  1
b  n C2   66
7. Graph Theory 2
n = 12
01. Ans: (c) f-cut sets = (n1)=11
b f-loops = (bn+1)=55
Sol: n  1
2 f-loop = f-cutset matrices = n(n2)
Note: Mesh analysis simple when the nodes are = 12122 = 1210
more than the meshes.
08. Ans: (a)
02. Ans: (c) Sol: Let N=1
Sol: Loops = b  (n1)  loops = 5 Nodes=1, Branches = 0 ; f-loops = 0
n=7  b = 11 Let N=2
03. Ans: (a)
04.
Sol: Nodal equations required = f-cut sets Nodes = 2; Branches = 1; f-loop= 0
= (n1)=(101) = 9 Let N=3
Mesh equations required = f-loops
= bn+1=1710+1=8
So, the number of equations required
= Minimum (Nodal, mesh)=Min(9,8)=8
Nodes = 3; Branches = 3; f-loop = 1
05. Ans: (c)  Links = 1
Sol: not a tree (Because trees are not in closed Let N = 4
path)

Nodes=4; Branches = 4; f-loops=Links=1 11. Ans: (b)

Still N = 4 Sol: m = b – n + 1 = 8 – 5 + 1 = 4
12. Ans: (d)
Branches = 6; f-loops = Links = 3 13. Ans: (d)

Let N = 5 Sol: The valid cut –set is
(1,3,4,6)
Nodes = 5; Branches = 8; f –loops = Links

= 4 etc
Therefore, the graph of this network can 14. Ans: (b)
have at least “N” branches with one or more Sol:
  
closed paths to exist.

09. Ans: (b)
  
Sol: 2 2
1 1
4
3
15. Ans: (d)
Sol:
2 8
4
3 3
6 7
10. Ans: (d) 2 4
1 3
Sol:
(a) 1,2,3,4 
5
Fundamental loop should consist only one
link, therefore option (d) is correct.
(b) 2,3,4,6 
16. Ans: (d)

(c) 1,4,5,6  17. Ans: (a)
Sol: Statement (I) – True, Statement (II) – True
(d)1,3,4,5  and is correct explanation.

18. Ans: (d) 21. Ans: (a)

Sol: f – loop should contain only one link. Sol: The Tree (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) is shown with thick
 Statement (I) is False. lines.
A link with one or more of the twigs forms a The dotted lines (6, 7, 8) are links or chords.
closed loop. f – circuit or f – loops are
 Statement (II) is True. Edge set : L1 (1, 2, 4, 6) defined by chord 6
Edge set : L2 (2, 4, 5, 7) defined by chord 7
19. Ans: (b) Edge set : L3 (2, 3, 5, 8) defined by chord 8
Sol: Note that the twigs or tree branches can be
drawn so that they do not cross each other
8. Passive Filters
01.
Sol:
The graph has   0  V0  Vi 

  Low pass filter
No. of nodes = n = 4,     V0  0 
No. of branches = b = 6
No. of twigs = No. of tree branches 02.
=n1=3 Vi R 2
Sol:   0  V0 
No. of independent loops = No. of links = l R1  R 2
= b  (n 1) = 3 “V0” is attenuated  V0  0
Order of B matrix or Fundamental loop     V0  Vi
matrix = l  b = 3  6
It represents a high pass filter
Correct answer is A = 6, B = 3,
characteristics.
C = 3  6, D = 3
03.
20. Ans: (a)
Vi s  S2 LC  SRC  1
Sol: If 1, 2, 3 and 8 are the co-tree branches or Sol: Hs   
Is  SC
chords or links, and then 4, 5, 6 and 7
2 LC  jRC  1
should be Tree branches or twigs. Put s = j i  
j C
f – cutset (1, 2, 3, 4) is defined by 4 and f –
loop (6, 7, 8) is defined by 8.   0  H s   0
    Hs   0
It represents band pass filter characteristics
04. It represents a Band stop filter or notch

Sol:  = 0  V0 = 0 filter.
 =   V0 = 0
It represents Band pass filter characteristics 10.
S
Sol: H s  
05. s  s 1
2
Sol:  = 0  V0 = 0  = 0 : S = 0  H (s) = 0
 =   V0 = Vi  =  : S =   H (s) = 0
It represents High Pass filter characteristics. It represents a Band pass filter
characteristics
06.
1 11.
Sol: H s  
s  s 1
2
S2 1
Sol: H s  
 = 0 : S = 0  H (s)= 1 s 2  s 1
 =  : S =   H (s) = 0  = 0  S = 0  H (s) = 1
It represents a Low pass filter characteristics  =   S =   H (s) = 1
It represents a Band stop filter
07.
s2 12.
Sol: H s  
s 2  s 1 1 s
Sol: H s  
 = 0 : S = 0  H (s)= 0 1 s
 =  : S =   H (s) = 1  = 0  S = 0  H (s) = 1
It represents a High pass filter  =   S =   H (s) = 1 = 1 1800
characteristics It represents an All pass filter
08. 13. Ans: (c)

Sol:   0 ; V0  Vi Sol. R
+
   ; V0  0 +
Vi C V0
It represents a low pass filter characteristics.  
09.
 = 0  V0 = Vi
Sol:  = 0  V0 = Vin
 =   V0 = 0
 =   V0 = Vin

  at s = 1 and a zero at s =  . This F(s)

 V s  
V0 s    i   1  corresponds to RC impedance or RL
 1   sc 
R  admittance.
 sc 
V0 s  1
 H s   02. Ans: (b)
Vi s  SscR  1
Sol: For RC and RL driving point functions, the
1 1
H  j    poles and zeros should alternate on the
1 j c R f
1 j
fL negative real axis, where as for LC driving
point functions the poles and zeros should
|H (j )| alternate the imaginary axis.
1 03. Ans: (c)
1
04. Ans: (b)
2
BW Stop Band Sol: Remember that parallel LC networks in
cascade is Foster – I form and series LC
f
0 f = fL networks in shunt is Foster – II form. Ladder
NW with series elements as inductors and
1 shunt elements as capacitors is Cauer-I form
Where f L 
2  RC
and the ladder NW with capacitors as series
1
H  j   elements and inductors as shunt elements is
2
 f  Cauer – II form. The given circuit in this
1   
 fL  question is Foster-I form.
 f  05. Ans: (c)

 H  j    tan 1  
 fL  
s s2  1
Sol: Given : Z(s) = 2

f = 0   = 0 = min 0 s 4
f = fL   = 450 = max Location of Poles : s = j2
Location of Zeros : s = 0, j1
9. Synthesis of Passive Networks Poles and Zeros are simple and lie on the
imaginary axis, but they do not alternate.
01. Ans: (c)
Hence the given Z(s) is not realizable.
(s  2)
Sol: F(s) 
(s  1) (s  3)
06. Ans: (b)
The given F(s) has pole-zero structure as P- Sol: Poles and zeros of driving point function
Z-P-Z alternating on the negative real axis [Z(s) or Y(s)] of LC network are simple and
of the s-plane, with a pole nearest the origin alternate on the j axis.
07. Ans: (c) s 2  4s  3

ys  
Sol: V= I Z(s) s 2  2s
2   2     No.of elements = 4
V=l  tan 1    tan 1  
 
2 2
 
1/2 1/6
voltage load the current
     1/4
tan 1    tan 1          
1

  
11. Ans: (b)

08. Ans: (d)
Sol:
09. Ans: (b) j
Sol: s = –1  j
 
(s + 1) ((s+1)+j) ((s+1) –j)

3 2  1 0.5
(s + 1)2 + (1)2 = s2 + 2s + 2
K s  3 Fig.
Z(s) =
s  2s  2
2
K  3 s 2  2.5 s  1
Z(0) = 3 K=2 Given Y(s) 
2 s2  4 s  3
2  s  3 (s  0.5) (s  2)
 Z(s) = Y(s) 
s 2  2s  2 (s  1) (s  3)
Its pole-zero pattern is shown in Fig.
10. Ans: (d)
From the pattern it can be observed that
Sol:
 Poles and zeros alternate on the negative
1
s  2s)s  4s  3(1 
2 2
real axis of s-plane.
R
s 2  2s  The lowest critical frequency is a zero.
s  From the given Y(s), Y(0) = 1/3 and
2s  3)s 2  2s(  sL
2
3s Y() = 1, Y(0) < Y(), Y() has +ve
s2 
2 slope.
s 1 It is an admittance of the RC network, as
)2s  3(4 
2 R
the above properties are true for RC
2s 
s s admittance.
3) (  sL
2 6
s 12. Ans: (b)
2
0

13. Ans: (a) 64 9

Z(s) = at s = , C  F
Sol:  9s 64
j Foster – II form can be confirmed as fig. (3)
j 3 as L 
12 12
||  1 H , at s = 
7 5
j2
7 5 9
 j1 and C   
192 48 64
F at s = 0.

The exact realization can be done as
Fig. shown below. Foster–I form is obtained
by expanding the given Z(s) in partial
s (s 2  4) fractions.
F(s)  2 represents an
(s  1) (s 2  6) k2 k3 s 64 35 s
Z(s)  k 1s   2  1s  
LC immittance function with pole-zero s s 9 9s 9 s2  9
pattern as shown in Fig. Hence it is p.r. …………..(1)
s(s  4)
2
Z(s)
F(s)  is not p.r as it has a As k1  Lim 1
(s  1) (s 2  6)
2 s s
zero in the RH at s = 2 64
k 2  s Z(s) s0

9
s 3  3s 2  2s  1
F(s)  is not p.r (s 2  9)
4s k3  Z(s)
as the difference in degrees of highest s s2   9
degree terms in N(s) and D(s) is more than (9  4) ( 9  16) 35

 
1. For this F(s), difference is 2. 9 9
s(s 4  3s 2  1) It can be seen from equation (1), the first
F(s) 
(s  1) (s  2) (s  3) (s  4) Foster form corresponds to Fig. I (not Fig.
IV) Foster – II form is obtained by taking
14. Ans: (a) partial fractions of
(s 2  4) (s 2  16) s (s 2  9)
Sol: Given Z(s)  Y(s) 
s (s 2  9) (s 2  4) (s 2  16)
Out of the given figs., Foster – I form should k1 s k s
  2 2  Y1 (s)  Y2 (s)
be either (1) or (4) and Foster –II form (s  4) (s  16)
2
should be either (2) or (3). Foster–I form can

(s 2  4) 4  9 5
be confirmed as Fig. 1 by seeing the k1  Y(s)  
s s2  4
 4  16 12
behavior of Z(s) at s =  and s = 0.
Z(s) = 1 at s = , L = 1 H
(s 2  16) 16  9 7 ZD(s) has a pole at s = , removal of it gives

k2  Y(s)  
s s 2  16
16  4 12 the first element as L=2H. Follow the
Continued Fraction (CF) expansion given
5
s below, which confirms to the Network in
1 1
Y1 (s)  12  
s 4
2
12 48 1 (d).
s Ls 
5 5s Cs Quotient values
12 5 1 1
L  H, C  F L = 2H, C  F , L = 8H, C  F
5 48 4 12
 It can be seen that Foster – II form 2H 8H
corresponds to Fig. III (not Fig. II)It is
instructive to find out the remaining
1/4 F 1/12 F
elements in Fig. I and III.
Fig.
15. Ans: (a)
16. Ans: (d) Cauer – II NW is obtained by successive
Sol: Given: removal of poles at s = 0.
2 (s 2  1) (s 2  3) ZD(s) also has a pole at s=0, removal of it
Z D (s) 
s (s 2  2) 1
gives the first element as C F.
3
2 s4  8 s2  6
 Follow the CF expansion below.
s3  2 s
Out of the figs. given (d) is in the form of 
2 s  s3 6  8s2  2 s 4  3s , C
1
3
F
Cauer-I network and (a) is in the form of
6  3s 2
Cauer-II. The Cauer network can be
confirmed as (d) by seeing the behaviour of 
5s2  2 s 4 2 s  s3  52s , L
5
2
H
4
Z(s) at s =  and at s = 0 2 s  s3
5
Z(s) = 2, at s = , giving L = 2 H 1 3
5

s 5s2  2s4
25
s

, C
1
25
F
3
Z(s) = , at s  , giving 5s2
s
 1  1
1 1 1  2 s4  s3  , L  10 H
C  F    F  5  10 s
3  4 12  1 3
s
Exact realizations of Cauer – I and Cauer – 5
II forms can be obtained as shown below: 0
Cauer – I Network is obtained by successive

removal of poles at s = . As the given

(1/3) F (1/25) F 6 6
6
 s 3  3 s  3
1 6s  1 6s  1
6
(5/2) H 10 H s s
18s  3  6 9  18s
 
Fig. 6s  1 6s  1
 18s  9 
So the answer must be the Cauer – I NW 3 
6s  1 
in (d).  
18s  9
It is instructive to find the Cauer – I and 3
6s  1
Cauer–II structures by completing the CF 318s  9
expansions above 6s  1

18s  3  18s  9
17. Ans: (c) 6s  1
Sol:  1  1
3  18 s    s  
F(s) Type of F(s)  2  2
zeros in the Non-minimum
 
(s  s  4)
2
 1  1
A. right half plane phase (2) 36 s   s
s2  s  4  3 3
(s  4) poles in the Unstable (4)
B.
s  3s  4
2 right half plane 19. Ans: (b)
C. Poles and RC impedance Sol: p(s) = s4 + s3 +2s2 + 4s + 3
s4 zeros alternate (3) even part s 4  2s 2  3
on the negative y(s) = 
s  6s  5
2
odd part s 3  4s
real axis with
first critical s 3  4s)s 4  2s 2  3(s
frequency near s 4  4s 2
the origin as a s
pole.
 2s 2  3)s 3  4s(   ve quotients
2
D. multiple poles Non-positive 3s
on the real (1)
s3 
s3  3 s 2
imaginary axis
s 4  2 s 2 1 p(s)is not Hurwitz
Q(s) = s5 + 3s2 +s missing terms

18. Ans: (c) 3 Q(s) is not Hurwitz
Sol:
1 20. Ans: (a)
Z 3 6
s
21. Ans: (d)

22. Ans: (b)  Statement (II) is false.

Sol: Foster – I form consists of LC tank circuits
in series to realize ZLC(s) . 26. Ans: (a)
This form is obtained by taking partial Sol: The poles and zeros of driving point
fractions of Z(s). function should be in the left half of the s-
 plane. A is True.
A Bs 
Z(s)  4 1s   2
 s s  4  Only PR function can be realized as the
driving point function of a network and PR
function has its poles and zeros in the left
half of the s-plane. R is True and is the
correct explanation of A
27. Ans: (c)

n = 1 with an inductance and capacitance in
Sol: For a system to be stable, all coefficients of
series
the characteristic polynomial must be
positive. This is a necessary condition for
23. Ans: (a)
stability, but not a sufficient condition.
Sol: Assertion given is the necessary condition
A is true, R is false.
for Y(s) to be positive real because the
definition of positive real function includes
28. Ans: (a)
the statement that Y(s) is real for real s.
k (s 2 1) (s 2  5)
Sol: Z(s) 
(s 2  2) (s 2 10)
24. Ans: (d)
For Z(s) to be an LC function, the highest
( s 2  1) ( s 2  9)
Sol: The function 10 is a valid powers of numerator and denominator
s ( s 2  4)
should differ by 1. For the given Z(s), the
reactance function as poles and zeros
highest powers of numerator and
alternate on the j-axis.
denominator are not differing by one. They
Statement (I) is false, statement (II) is true.
are same equal to 2.
25. Ans: (c) 29. Ans: (a)

Sol: The existence of two poles or two zeroes in 1
successive on the real frequency axis of the Sol: Q 

s-plane requires that the slope be negative
For circuits with high Q,  is less. If
over part of the frequency range. So the
damping is less, the real part of the poles are
slope of reactance curve may be negative.
close to the j-axis in the left-half plane.

30. Ans: (a) Kss 2  2 s 2  10

Given: Z(s) =
Sol:
 j
s 2  1s 2  6
j It represents an LC driving point impedance
function because it satisfies the property:
j 10
j 6 s-plane Poles and zeros interlace on the imaginary
j 2 axis of the complex s – plane as shown in
 j1 Fig.

Fig. 31. Ans: (b)

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Point: (0, 2)  V = 0V and I = 2A I

10. 12. Ans: (d)

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By nodal  By using KCL

14. Ans: (d) 16.

Sol: 5mA 5mA

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18. P6 = 0 W (Given)

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21. Ans: (a) 1

Z Z  Since 2 * 4 = 4 * 2; the given bridge is

Sol: On redrawing the circuit diagram

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29. Ans: (c)

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V  10 33. Ans: (d)

Since the violation of KVL in the circuit, the

+ 34. Ans: (d)

32. Ans: (b)

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36. Ans: (d) a

The diode is forward biased. Assuming that

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Applying KVL in outer loop 6A 2

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Inductance equivalent to capacitance Since the bridge is balanced ; I1 = 0A

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By super position theorem; treating only one 3 7

ix2 = 0  V  V  2i x 2 …..(2) Vx can be assumed as function of is1 and

Apply KCL at node V1

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Super nodal equation

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11. Pmax = |I|2RL = 52(10) = 250W

13. Ans: (b)

 Z L  Zth = (0.2 –j 0.4)  Maximum power will occurs when R = Rs

Zth = (j5)||(5+j5) = (5 j5)

15. Ans: (c) 16.

For finding Thevenin’s resistance across ab 17.

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By homogeneity and Reciprocity principles

Rth = 2. Fig.(a)

Fig (b) Using reciprocity theorem, for Fig.(a)

18. Ans: (b)

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Norton’s resistance between a and b is 20.

Fig.(a) is the energized version of Fig.(d) A A A

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When all sources are acting,

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33. Ans: (b) 01.

02. Ans: (c)

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II. Evaluating at corresponding s of the

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At t = 0 : Steady state: A resistive circuit iL

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