HOUSING Datacollection-180611102841 PDF

DATA COLLECTION -
HOUSING
RESIDENTIAL DENSITY
NET RESIDENTIAL
GROSS RESIDENTIAL DENSITY
DENSITY
This is exclusive of
If This includes the
Community facilities and
required open space
provision of open spaces
provision and
and major
Community facilities and
roads (excluding
major roads; this would
incidental open spaces),
be gross
these will be net
residential densities at
Residential densities.
neighborhood level
GROUP HOUSING DENSITY, NBC
• Group housing development
may be in low rise house
clusters or multi-storeyed
apartments for high density
development.
• No limit to floors and height
shall be applicable, but the
coverage and floor area ratio
for various densities may be
as given in Table 4 unless
otherwise provided in the
Master Plan and local
development control rules.
HMDA MASTER PLAN FEATURES
• 1. Land Use Zoning linked with local levels of infrastructure in place.
Wider roads and bigger plots within Residential Zones itself allow
higher order uses.
• 2. Decongesting central areas through density policy.
• 3. Mandatory percentage of small plots in layouts for low income
groups.
• 4. Incentives for large layouts- Land pooling schemes.
• 5. Better Urban aesthetics: uniform ‘Building Lines’ on major roads.
• 6. De-reserving hazardous industries from congested central areas by
offering commercial use.
• 7. Decentralization of commercial activities and employment
through Multiple Use Zones.
• 8. Heritage Conservation as part of urban planning.
• 9. Premium on FAR (Floor Area Ratio) to generate resources.
• 10. Transfer of Development Rights (TDR) to compensate affected
land owners
I.S RULES FOR DENSITY
• Note: 1. These densities are applicable to a cluster of dwellings up to
400, with a family of 5 members.
• 2. Vertical incremental housing shall be permitted in single ownership
plot.
• 3. These densities include provision for open spaces, convenience
shopping, nursery and all internal roads and pathways, but do not
include peripheral road around the cluster.
• 4. The minimum density shall be 75 per cent of the value given under
column 2 and 3.
• NOTE In exceptional cases in metropolitan cities with
population more than one million the size of the plots
may be brought down to 25 sq.mt. in case of low
income housing colonies located in congested area or
in areas as decided by the Authority.
 Site plan shows maximum site utilization with
semi-detached house type, all streets go straight
through ,no meaningful open spaces is provided
and the distance between adjacent structure is
only 13 ft.
 Gross site area:-20 acres
 Street area:-6.3 acres
 Street area % of gross area:-31.4%
 Net site area:-3.7 acres
 Common open spaces:-none
 No. of dwelling units:-semi-det:196
 Allowable floor area:-1400sq.ft/unit
 Allowable coverage:-700sq.ft/unit
 Site plan shows a variety of house types
arranged around a loop street serve only
houses on the loop, that the houses are
oriented towards their private yards, that large
areas of common open space and that the
distance between structures is not less than
20ft.
 Street area % of gross area:-28%
 Common open space:-2.3 acres
 No. of dwelling units:-200
 Allowable floor area:-1840 sq.ft /unit
 Allowable coverage:-940sq.ft/unit
 Site plan shows town houses arranged around
a horseshoe loop and cul de sac street system.
The streets are solely for the use of the
individual townhouse clusters, that each
cluster encloses meaningful open space and
spacing between building groups is very
generous.
 Street area % of gross area:-20.5%
 Allowable coverage:-980 sq.ft/unit

 Site plan shows town houses arranged on a
modified grid street system through traffic can
e eliminated, that the resulting building
placement defines a series of open spaces,
private and common and that spacing
between the building is generous.
 Street area:-5 acres
 Street area % of gross area:-25%
 Allowable coverage:-975 sq.ft / unit

Component uses and aggregate area
one or two family 1000 2000 persons, 3000 persons, 4000 persons, 5000 persons,
development persons,275 550 families 825 families 1100 families 1375 families
families
Acres in park 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
Acres in 2.75 3.25 4.0 5.0 6.0

playground
Acres in general 0.38 0.76 1.2 1.5 1.9

community
facilities
Aggregate area
Acres: total 6.63 8.41 11.4 13.9 16.6
Acres per 1000 6.63 4.2 3.8 3.47 3.3

persons
Sq. ft. per 1050 670 600 550 530

family
Multifamily 1000 2000 persons, 3000 persons, 4000 persons, 5000 persons,
development persons,275 550 families 825 families 1100 families 1375 families
families
Acres in park 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
Acres in 2.75 3.25 4.0 5.0 6.0

playground
Acres in general 0.38 0.76 1.2 1.5 1.9

community
facilities
Aggregate area
Acres: total 7.13 9.14 12.9 15.9 19.1
Acres per 1000 7.13 4.7 4.3 3.9 3.8

persons
Sq. ft. per 1130 745 680 630 610

family
population 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Area of neighborhood park per 1000 persons 1.5 1.0 .83 .75 .70
for one or two family
acres acres acres acres acres
Area of neighborhood park per 1000 persons 2.0 1.5 1.33 1.25 1.2
for multifamily
Area of neighborhood playground per 1000 2.75 1.63 1.33 1.25 1.2
persons
Area of neighborhood park per family for one 238 sq. 158 sq. 132 sq. 119 sq. 111 sq.
or two family
ft. ft. ft. ft. ft.
Area of neighborhood park per family for 318 sq. 238 sq. 208 sq. 198 sq. 190 sq.
multifamily
ft. ft. ft. ft. ft.
Area of neighborhood playground per family 435 sq. 258 sq. 208 sq. 198 sq. 190 sq.
ft. ft. ft. ft. ft.
Public open spaces
 Area of major park for each 100 population – 3 acres
 Area of community park for each 100 population – 1 acre
 Area of play field for each 100 population – 1-2 acre
 Area of neighborhood park for each 100 population – 1 acre
HMDA GUIDELINES FOR F.A.R
G.O. 423
MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE FLOOR AREA RATIO (F.A.R.)
For Residential, Commercial, Institutional and other non-industrial
buildings, and for different areas are as follows:
Statement Plot Size Proposed Road Width as per Notified Master
Sq.mts Plan Plan/Zonal Development Plan
Below 12 12 to 18 18 mts. and Max.he
mts. mts. above ight in
mts.
For Hyd,VSP Below 200 1.00 1.25 1.25 10 (no

Mpl.Corp. & stilt)
Gaddiannaram G.P.
200 to below 1.00 1.25 1.33 15 *
1000
1000 to below 1.25 1.33 1.50 **
2000
2000 & above 1.25 1.50 1.75 **
* Individual residential buildings upto 300 Sq.mts. Max.height 10 Mts. no stilt
Individual Residential buildings in plots larger Max.height 13 mts. no stilt

than 300 Sq.mts.
For Group Housing/Apartments in plots of 450 Max.height 18 mts. including
Sq.mts. and above stilt
• C-2.4 Density
• The density norms for plotted development and mixed
development shall be as above:
Statement Plot Size Proposed Road Width as per Notified Master
Sq.mts Plan Plan/Zonal Development Plan
Below 12 12 to 18 18 mts. and Max.he
mts. mts. above ight in
mts.
For Hyd,VSP Below 200 1.00 1.25 1.25 10 (no

Mpl.Corp. & stilt)
Gaddiannaram G.P.
200 to below 1.00 1.25 1.33 15 *
1000
1000 to below 1.25 1.33 1.50 **
2000
2000 & above 1.25 1.50 1.75 **
* Individual residential buildings upto 300 Sq.mts. Max.height 10 Mts. no stilt
Individual Residential buildings in plots larger Max.height 13 mts. no stilt

than 300 Sq.mts.
For Group Housing/Apartments in plots of 450 Max.height 18 mts. including
Sq.mts. and above stilt
B) A.P BUILDING RULES FOR HOUSING
• Various Acts governing the permissions being accorded to the citizens in
urban areas; LEGAL PROVISIONS…
• A.P. Municipalities Act, 1965.
• Hyderabad Municipal Corporation Act, 1955.
• Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Act, 2008.
• A.P. Urban Areas (Development) Act, 1975.
• A.P. Agricultural Land (Conversion to Non Agricultural Purposes) Act, 2006.
• A.P. Town Planning Act, 1920.
• Government Orders issued from time to time.
Rules for the Group Development Schemes , Group Housing
Scheme / Cluster Housing Schemes
• The mininmum plot size shall be 4000 sq m and min road width shall be
12.2m .
• Accessibility to the plot shall be from the nearest main road width of 12.2
m.
• Set backs :
Height of the Distance from Distance between

building block periphery to the two blocks
building block
Up to 10m 3m 2m
Abv 10m -12m 4m 3m
Abv 12m – 18m 6m 6m
• Layout Development
i) The minimum layout size for residential plotted
development shall be 4 hectares. The lands covered
by such a scheme shall be contiguous and
approachable by an existing black topped road 12.2
mtrs wide and where such a road does not exist the
developer shall first provide the same at own cost.
• The layout proposals shall provide for the following:

• (a) Comply with the hierarchy of road network
requirements subject to a minimum internal road
width of 9 mtrs;
%OF AREA(MINIMUM) – G.O 86
OPEN SPACES HMDA EWS LIG MIG COMMUNITY SPACE
8%
16% 33%
16%
10%
17%
A. Row type housing / row type shopping requirements :
• Min site area : 1000sq m
• Size of the individual plots for
row housing / row shops : 50sq m
• Not more than 8 plots shall be
developed in a row .
• Separation between two blocks
shall not be less than 6m , which •Min open space : 10%
may be used for open space . •Height permissible up to 2 floors for plots
up to 125m
• Only internal stair case shall be
allowed . •Min setbacks : front 3 m , rear 1.5m
•In case of very large projects more than 5
• Min width of the internal roads : acres , common amenities and facilities
9m like shoppin center , community hall / club
• Internal cul-de-sac road 6m with house etc.are required to be provided in
max lengh 50m is allowed 5% of the area .
B. Cluster housing
• Min site area : 1000sq m
• Min plot size for cluster housing : 25 sq m
with maximum 20 houses in a cluster .
• Height permissible : 2 floors
• Min access road for a cluster housing
complex : 9m
• Min space between two clusters : which
may be used as pathways .
• Minimum size of cluster open space : 36
sq m with a min width of 6 m
• Setbacks : no setbacks are needed for
cluster housing as the ventilation is either
from central open space of cluster and the
surrounding pedestrain pathway / access
road of the cluster .
C. Residential enclaves
• These would be allowed as a gated development .
• These houses have a common compound wall with access control through
gates and having their own facilities and amenities .
• These housing units may comprise of semi-detached,row houses ,
apartment blocks or mix combination .
• Building requirements would be as per the type of housing.
• The residential enclaves are permitted only in those sites that give through
access of min 9m .
• Min size of the plot : 4000sq m
• Min common open area : 10 % of the site .
• Internal road requirements :
• 9 to 18m for main internal approach roads ;
• 9m for for other internal roads
D. High rise building
• When it exceeds 18 meters
• Chimneys, cooling towers, boilers, machine rooms (lifts), cold

storage and other non working areas in case of industrial
buildings water tanks in case of others are non high raised
building
• Building less than 18 meters including still and parking floor

stand excluded from high raised buildings
Abutting road side of way Minimum plot size allowed Max. plot size allowed
(in Mts.) (in Mts.) (in Mts.)
9 and below 12.2 100 2000
12.2 and below 18 200 No Restriction
18 and below 30 500 No Restriction
30 and above 1000 No Restriction
Approach road requirement for site and new area:

No site of land will shall be used for building activity unless it has a
clear and established approach road of minimum 9 Mts. black
topped road.
Abutting road side of way Minimum plot size allowed Max. plot size allowed
(in Mts.) (in Mts.) (in Mts.)
9 and below 12.2 100 2000
12.2 and below 18 200 No Restriction
18 and below 30 500 No Restriction
30 and above 1000 No Restriction
Approach road requirement for site and new area:

No site of land will shall be used for building activity unless it has a clear and
established approach road of minimum 9 Mts. black topped road.

Use of building plot permissible Min abutting road width
(in Mts.)
High raised 18-24M 12.2
High raised 24-30M 18
High raised >30M 24 and above
Requirements of high raised building:

•Shall not be allowed in congested, existing and
settlement areas.
•Min size for plot – 2000 Sq Mts.
• Sky scrapers – 18-36 mts high raised buildings are not
allowed
Requirements of Approach road for building sites:
Use of building plot permissible Min abutting road

width (in Mts.)
Site in old buildings:
Residential building – 10M (max) 6
Non-residential building and mixed occupancies –

12 M
Residential buildings – 15M (max)
9
Non-residential building and mixed occupancies –
18 M
Site in new areas:
Non high raised residential buildings – 15M 9
Parking requirements
• The area is provided as percentage of total built up area
• Parking requirements for residential apartment complexes in MCH area is 30
% and in other municipalities of development authorities is 20 %.
• Parking spaces may be provided in :
• Basements , cellars / multilevel for plots 750 sqm and above .
• In the open space left around the building with adequate vehicular access.
• The parking space should be efficiently designed and clearly marked and
provided with adequate access , aisle , drives and ramps .
• For parking spaces in basements and upper storey of parking floors atleast
two ramps of min 3.6m width or one ramp min of 5.4 m width and adequate
slope shall be provided .
• Basement or cellar setback shall be atleast 1.5m from the property line .
• Up to 10 % cellar can be used for non habitation purpose like A/C plant
room , generator room , STP, electrical installations , laundry, etc.
• Each off-street parking space provided for vehicles shall be as follows:
• For car, the minimum parking space to be 3 m x 6 m when individual
parking space is required and 2.75 m x 5 m when common parking
space is required.
• Space for scooter/two wheeler and bicycle to be not less than 1.25
mz and 1.00 mz respectively.
• Area for each equivalent car space inclusive of circulation area is 23
mz for open parking, 28 mz for ground floor covered parking and 32
mz for basement.
Restrictions on projections
• No balcony projections shall be permitted beyond the setbacks .
• Cornices chajjas only of width not exceeding 60cmshall be allowed in to the
setbacks.
• In case of plots more than 300sq mts :
I. sump, septic tank may be allowed in the rear and side open spaces
these shall need to be setback atleast 1.5m from the property line of the
plot .
II. Parking sheds ,generator room may be allowed in the rear and side open
spaces.
III. In the front setback only security booth of 2 sq m .
IV. The height of these accessory buildings shall not be more than 2.5m and
shall occupy more than 1/4th of plot width.
• For certain areas as well as sites abutting major roads of 30m and above
the authority may enforce urban design and architectural control these
shall be considered while planning .
Hierarchy and width of roads required in Land
assemblage & developments:
THE ANDHRA PRADESH WATER, LAND AND TREES
RULES, 2004
• 24. Tree planting :-
• (1) In every Municipal Corporation or Municipality or other local area, the
number of trees to be planted and their subsequent maintenance shall be
on the following scale:
• (i) Residential areas :- Every household having above 100 square meters
• area shall plant at least small or medium variety in their premises as
follows:
• Below 100 Square meters – 3 trees
• 101 to 200 Square meters – 5 trees
• 201 to 300 Square meters – 10 trees
• 301 square meters and above – 10 trees plus 5 trees for every increase of
100 Square meters.
G.O.M 62 – open spaces
G.O. 67-Amendments for housing
Types of group Housing adopted for different
Population Density
C. TYPES OF HOUSING GROUPS
• 1. Detached houses
• 2. Two-storey semi-detached houses
• 3. Two-storey row houses
• 4. Three-storey row houses
• 5. Garden apartments
• 6. Medium-high rise buildings
• 7. Clusters
DETACHED HOUSES:
•Detached housing of one story –

• six units/ acre.
TWO STORY SEMI-DETACHED HOUSING:
• Density- 16 units/acre.
TWO-STORY ROW HOUSING:
Density- 18 units/acre.
•Density- 24 units/ acre.
THREE STORY ROW HOUSING:
•Density- 38 units/acre.
GARDEN APARTMENTS:
MEDIUM HIGH RISE APARTMENTS:
HIGH DENSITY WALK-UP:
HIGH RISE APARTMENTS:
Density mixing and transition
• While some neighborhood areas might account for density on a case
by case basis, each block can be a ‘mix’ of several different densities
and household types, carefully fit together and transitioning into the
next. Even a single development site can be a ‘mix’ of densities and
uses.
A. HMDA EBRG GUIDELINES FOR SERVICES
• The basic approach towards developing EBRGs(Environmental
Building Regulations and Guidelines) is based on three fundamental
strategies adopted to optimize energy performance in a building.
• 1 Reducing energy demand
• 2 Maximizing system efficiency
• 3 Optimizing the usage of renewable energy
a. Layout and design of buildings should be as
per solar geometry
• Longer dimensions of buildings should face north and south
(with a maximum deviation of 5º off north) and shorter
dimensions should face east and west. In multistoried
apartments, the sides having openings should face either north
or south.
• The southern sides of the plots should be shaded by
deciduous trees. In case of high-rise structures, windows or
façade should be shaded by in-built shading devices.
• The east and west façades should be protected by using
shading devices, vegetation or buffer spaces.
• Courtyards should be oriented along east–west axis to capture
maximum wind. To create cooler microclimate conditions,
water elements should be provided along the wind paths.
b. Guidelines for
ensuring eco-friendly
transportation
• Cluster layout Clusters reduce the long lengths of road and also the
vehicular speed. Parking spaces in cluster development can be
provided outside the cluster.
• Facilities for cyclists and pedestrians Pedestrians and cyclists should
be provided with amenities like drinking water fountains, benches,
cycle parking, and so on. Cycling tracks and sidewalks should be
planted with shady trees.
c. Energy-efficient and renewable-energy-
based external lighting
• Horizontal average illuminance should be equal to or more than that
defined in IS:1944
• 50%–100% of outdoor lighting should be based on solar photovoltaics
alone or in combination with other renewable sources of energy like
biomass, fuel cell, wind, and so on.
• Luminous efficacy of external light sources used for outdoor lighting
shall equal or exceed 60 lm/W in case of compact fluorescent lamps,
75 lm/W in case of fluorescent lamps, 50 lm/W in case of light-
emitting diodes, and 90 lm/W in case of high-pressure sodium vapour
lamp.
d. Efficient lighting
• Efficient lighting ensures visual comfort and utilizes energy optimally and
efficiently.
• The switches used for outdoor lighting generally do not take seasonal
variation into account, which results in the wastage of energy. Therefore, a
device or a timer should be used that is sensitive to seasonal variations and
adjusts on the basis of actual length of day/night.
• Microcontroller-based time switch has inputs like real time, date, month,
year, and plus and minus offset. Due to its versatile concept of switching at
sunset and sunrise timings throughout the year, it saves on electrical units,
resulting in reduced electric bills.
• Solar energy and other sources of renewable energy can be used for
outdoor lighting, which requires minimum maintenance and operation
cost.
e. Criteria for choosing outdoor lighting
• The choice of source for
external lighting is guided
by following
considerations…
• Luminous flux
• Economy (determined by
lumens/watt and life)
• Colour characteristics
f. Types of outdoor lighting
• Up lights Used to highlight the ceiling. Installed in places like under
foliage or near bigger plants to create a glowing effect.
• Path lights Used to light up walkways.
• Ornamental lights Used to enhance landscape features.
• Electric lamps
• High pressure mercury vapour lamps Light is produced by passing an
electric charge through gaseous mercury. Though the efficacy of
mercury lamps is less compared to fluorescent lamps, they are very
popular for outdoor lighting.
• High pressure sodium vapour lamps Light is produced by passing an
electric discharge through the combined vapours of mercury and
sodium. They have a distinct yellow or golden yellow appearance.
• Metal halide lamps Also known as metal arc lamps, these are
mercury vapour lamps with metal compounds like halides. These are
used in car parking areas and city centres. They have a relatively
shorter life.
• Solar energy-powered lights These lights do not require any wiring
and are powered by a photovoltaic panel. This panel charges the
inverter, which supplies power to lamps.
g. Roof treatment to reduce heat gains
• Roof is the largest
source of heat gain,
especially in low-rise
buildings. Hence,
proper treatment of
roof is necessary to
reduce heat gains
during daytime.
Roof treatment: facts and benefits
• Treatment of roofs provides comfort levels and reduces cooling loads inside a
building.
• Thermally insulating the roof reduces the U-value (thermal conductivity) for the
roof section.
• A dark-coloured roof absorbs more heat and sunlight, increasing the cooling
demand of the building.
• A reflective roof absorbs less heat and reflects incident radiation. High albedo (or
solar reflectance, which is a measure of a material’s ability to reflect sunlight) roof
coatings or paints can be applied to roofs.
• An ideal exterior surface coating would have, on a scale 0 to 1, reflectance near 1
and absorptance. White plaster very nearly achieves this.
• By applying roof insulation in a 24-hour fully air-conditioned residential building,
an annual energy savings of 14% is achieved. Payback period is almost six years.
h.Specifications recommended by the Energy
Conservation Building Code of
India, 2007
• All exposed roof shall have a maximum U-factor of 0.261 W/m2 ºC or
a minimum R-value (the measure of its resistance to heat flow. The
higher the R-value, the more the material insulates. It is the reciprocal
of U-factor) of 3.5 m2 ºC/W.
• Roofs with slope less than 20º shall have an initial solar reflectance,
on a scale of 0 to 1, of no less than 0.70 and an initial emittance
(ability of a material to release absorbed heat) no less than 0.75 or
shall have 100% shading by using solar water heating panels or solar
photovoltaic panels or shall have green roof by integrating roof
garden ventilation
i. Solar water heating systems for domestic
buildings
• Solar water heating systems should be provided for residential,
commercial, and institutional buildings.
• These water heating systems will be required to meet a minimum of
20% of water heating needs on an annual basis.
• Insulation on pipelines should be provided as per norms.
• To reduce water wastage, water recirculating pumps should be
provided in high-rise buildings.
Solar water heating: some facts and figures
• A solar water heater uses the energy of the sun to heat water, which is used for
• various applications like bathing, washing, cooking, and other chores.
• A domestic water heater with a capacity of 100 lpd (litres per day) caters to a family of
four or five members.
• It can easily replace a 2-kW electric geyser and can save up to 1500 units of electricity in
a year.
• It recovers its cost in three to five years, depending on the electricity tariff and hot water
used in a year.
• After this, water is available almost free of cost for the remaining lifespan of the system,
which is 15–20 years.
• The cost of the water heater with a capacity of 100 lpd ranges between Rs 18 000 and Rs
25 000.
• The overall potential of solar water heating in India is estimated to be 140 million m2. Of
this, about 1 million m2 of solar collector area has been realized.
Types of solar water heating system
• Thermo siphon-type solar hot water system for capacities of up to
2000 lpd.
• Forced flow solar hot water system for capacities higher
• than 2000 lpd.
Guidelines for design, installation, and use
of solar water heating systems
• Solar collector should face true south for collecting maximum solar
radiation.
• The tilt of the solar collector should be equal to the latitude of the
place, which will ensure the
• collection of maximum annual energy. Tilt equal to +15º gives
maximum energy collection in winter, while that equal to –15º gives
maximum energy collection in summer.
• The load-carrying capacity of the roof should be checked before
installing the system.
Guidelines for system selection and use
• The hardness of the water to be used in solar heating systems should be checked
to avoid blockage of
• small diameter pipes of the solar collector due to the deposition of salts.
• P The location and layout of the heating system should be finalized at the building
design stage, which will
• reduce cost and heat loss due to long pipes.
• P Good quality pipes and insulation and a continuous supply of water should be
ensured for efficient and
• trouble-free operations.
• P When not in use, solar collectors should be covered with opaque covers to
avoid the overheating of the
• heating system.
j. Visual comfort through daylight
• Glare-free daylight
integration in buildings
through proper planning
of windows, with respect
to position, area, and
shape, to achieve daylight
factor as recommended
by BIS and NBC
Advantages of daylight
• In a typical air-conditioned building,
artificial lights account for
approximately
• 30% of the total electricity demand.
This demand can be reduced
considerably by
• integrating natural daylight during
the daytime.
• Working in daylight will be easy on
eyes and will increase productivity.
Following factors help in accomplishing
daylighting in a building
• Room characteristics
• Rooms facing north receive fairly constant, indirect daylight and
rooms facing south receive bright, direct sunlight all the year. So, a
room should be constructed in such a way that it is illuminated by
both direct and indirect sunlight.
• Rooms with windows on two sides get maximum daylight.
• For good light penetration, the depth of rooms adjacent to the
daylight source should be kept relatively small.
• The internal and external finish of a building should be light in colour,
as light-coloured surfaces reflect more light.
k. Outdoor and indoor noise levels
• Outdoor and indoor noise levels
should be maintained as
recommended by the National
Building Code, 2005.
• Appropriate noise control
measures should be taken for
ensuring acceptable outdoor and
indoor noise levels so as to
enhance comfort.
• Ambient standards of noise for
different types of establishments
should be adhered to. For
example, daytime limit for noise in
a residential area, is 55 dB
Guidelines to attenuate noise
• Various measures can be adopted indoors and outdoors to control
noise levels.
Outdoor
• Zoning Town planning authorities can undertake zoning of different areas in
a city, taking into account, besides other aspects, noise levels in different
zones and establishments. Some buildings and establishments are
particularly vulnerable to noise, like recording and radio studios, hospitals,
and research laboratories.
• Green belts and landscaping Thick belts of planting are of particular
importance in combating noise pollution. Strong leafy trees should be
planted. Shrubs or creepers may also be planted along with trees. Hard
paving should be avoided, and plantation should be grown to effectively
cut-off noise.
• Highway noise barriers Barriers are often the most effective means of
reducing traffic noise around residential areas. These barriers can be in the
form of freestanding walls, artificial mounds, and so on. Even multi-
storeyed dwellings and garages block noise.
Indoor
• Internal planning A building should be designed and oriented in such a way
so as to reduce noise. The non-critical areas, such as corridors, elevators,
and bathrooms, should be located on the noisy side, and the critical areas
should be located on the quiet side. P Windows and doors Windows and
doors should be built in such a way that they face away from the noisy side.
• Windows of noisy and quiet rooms should not open on the same side. For
critical quiet spaces, insulated glazing units should be used. Reduction of
insulation due to door opening between rooms and corridors should be
borne in mind.
• Walls and partitions Walls of appropriate thickness reduce the
transmission of noise through them. Sound absorbents Sound-absorbing
materials can also be utilized to reduce the built-up or air-borne noise
l. Indoor air quality
• In air-conditioned spaces, fresh air requirement as per the NBC (National Building Code),
2005, shall be achieved.
• Fresh air supply maintains non-odorous atmosphere and dilutes the CO2 exhaled.
• This quantity is usually quoted per person and is related to the occupant density and
activity within the space.
• The quantity and distribution of introduced fresh air should take into account the natural
infiltration of the building.
• The proportion of fresh air introduced into a building may be varied for economical
operations.
• In non-air-conditioned spaces, minimum air changes per hour, as recommended by the
NBC, should be achieved.
• Fresh air is required for thermal comfort, to provide oxygen, and to maintain CO2
concentration.
Towards ensuring good air quality
• The ventilation and air conditioning system installed in a building should clean and condition the
air.
• Enough fresh air should be introduced to remove totally or dilute the odour, fumes, and so on.
• Local extract system should be used to remove contaminants or smell when air is recirculated.
• Air inlets and extracts to the system should be positioned carefully. Inlets should not be placed
near any
• flue outlet, kitchen, extraction outlet, and so on. Inlet openings should be placed at high levels to
get as much clean air as possible.
• Particulate matter should be removed from air by using an efficient air filtration system. Air
intake
• locations should be placed properly.
• Fumes and smell may be removed from the air by physical or chemical processes.
• Tobacco and smoke can be controlled by putting health strategies in place, such as prohibiting
smoking in indoor areas or providing designated smoking zones with separate ventilation systems.
m. Water conserving fittings
• The consumption of potable water in all
new buildings has to be reduced by
adopting following measures.
• At least 25% reduction in water
consumption should be
• achieved from all sources, including
borewell, by using waterefficient
fittings, as calculated using the water
consumption
• calculator.
• P Uniform pressure, restricted to 25–30
m head, or 200 kPA, should be
maintained by using the following.
• Separate distribution downtakes for
each set of floors.
• Orifice flanges or pressure reducing
valves.
Benefits
• Water saving fittings can save up to 40% of potable water in a typical four-member household.
• Savings with individual fittings can be as indicated below.
• An old style single-flush toilet could use up to 12 litres of water per flush, while a standard dual-
flush toilet uses just a quarter of this on a half-flush.
• Use of electronic flushing system or magic eye sensor can further reduce the flow of water to 0.4
litre per flush, and waterless urinals use no water.
• A standard showerhead may use up to 25 litres of water per minute, whereas water-efficient
showerhead might use as little as 7 litres of water per minute, which is less than a third of that
consumed by standard showerhead.
• Showers with flow regulators or aerators can save up to 55% of water used for showers.
• Aerators can result in flow rates as low as 2 litres per minute, which is adequate for hand wetting
purpose.
• Taps with flow regulators, IR sensors or aerators can save up to 63% of water used for washing.
• A water-efficient washing machine may use only one-third of the water used by an inefficient
model.
n. Integrated implementation of sustainable urban
drainage systems, or SUDS
• Sustainable urban drainage systems, or SUDS, with an
integrated approach shall be implemented to manage
storm water on-site to achieve 40% reduction in volume
generated after construction development.
• Sites with areas less than 10 000 m2 shall implement
rainwater harvesting and infiltration techniques, while
larger sites (with area greater that 10 000 m2) shall
implement other SUDS techniques in combination with
smaller techniques.
• Open sites, where construction development has not
been planned, shall also implement SUDS/storm water
drainage.
Advantages of SUDS
• SUDS manage storm water run-off on-site effectively by reducing the
impacts of urbanization on drainage patterns and infrastructure.
• SUDS enhance run-off water quality by reducing pollutant
concentration in the storm water at the source.
• SUDS lead to groundwater recharge and enhance the site aesthetics.
They also reduce the problems that arise due to the storage of
stagnant water.
o. Permeable paving and heat island
• The total paved area of the site under parking, roads, paths
• or any oth er use should not exceed 25% of site area or net
• imperviousness of the unbuilt areas in the site should not go beyond
the imperviousness factor as prescribed by the National Building
Code of India, 2005, whichever is more stringent.
• At least 50% of the paved area should be provided with pervious
paving or should be planted with vegetation.
• To reduce urban heat island effect, at least 50% of the paved area,
including parking, should be shaded by a vegetated roof or pergola
with planters or coated with white cement or white paint.
Disadvantages of hard paving
• Hard paving decreases infiltration of water during rains, increasing
storm water run-off and causing waterlogging in low-lying areas.
• P Hard paved surfaces are generally coated with asphalt and concrete,
which absorb solar radiation and raise the temperature of the
surroundings. This leads to ‘heat-islands’ in built-up areas, increasing
the use of air conditioners and power consumption in general.
Alternatives
• Hard paving can be replaced with porous or permeable paving, which
allows a portion of storm water
• to infiltrate through void surfaces, reducing the run-off volumes.
• P Alternatively, grass paving can be used, which provides greenery and
reduces the ambient
• temperature of the surroundings. This would prevent the development of
‘heat island effect’ on-site,
• indirectly reducing the consumption of energy.
• P Permeable paving and grass paving can be combined with planting trees
and shrubs in the vicinity,
• which will further cool the environment and help in groundwater recharge
p. Rainwater harvesting for recharge and reuse
G.O 67 – RAINWATER HARVESTING
• Percolation pits or Trenches:
• The paved surface around the building shall have percolation pits or trenches or combination of pits
• & trenches in such a way that total volume of such structure shall not be less than 6 cum for each 100 Sq.Mts. of roof
• top area and multiples there on. Depending on the geomorphologic and topographical condition, the pits can be of
• size1.2m Wide x 1.2m Long x depth of 2 to 2.5 m. The trenches can be of width of 0.6 x length of 2 to 6 m x depth of
• 1.5 to 2.0 metres. Terrace water shall be canalized, through pits and or trenches. The pits shall be back filled with
• filter media comprising of the following materials.
• (a) 40mm Road metal as the bottom layer of 50% of the depth
• (b) 10mm road metal as the lower middle layer upto 20% of the depth
• (c) Course sand as the upper middle layer upto 20% of the depth
• (d) Top 10% of the Pits/Trenches will be empty and a splash pad is to be provided in such a way that roof top
• water falls on the splash pad.
• (e) Brick masonry wall is to be constructed and cement mortar plastered on the exposed surface. The depth
• of wall below the ground shall be in such a way that the wall prevents loose soil going into ptis/trenches.
• The projection of the all above ground could be a minimum of 15 cm.
• (f) Perforated concrete slabs shall be provided on the pits and trenches.
q.Dual plumbing and waste water treatment
• If a site does not have access to a public sewer line and discharges
• waste water, then a waste water treatment system should be installed
irrespective of the scale and type of construction and at least 75% of the total
treated water should be reused on-site.
• If a site has access to a public sewer line, following are recommended.
• Grey water reuse potential to be determined. If potential savings on potable
water due to reuse of treated grey water exceeds 20% (as calculated using the
water consumption calculator), a grey water treatment system is recommended.
• At least 80% of the total treated grey water should be reused on-site.
• In all new buildings, dual plumbing systems should be installed irrespective of
the type of waste water/ grey water system installed for separating grey water
and black water and using treated waste water for non-potable purpose.
• All large developments (>50 acres) must have ‘zero discharge’.
Benefits of dual plumbing system and grey
water treatment
• Water from toilets is called black water (sewage), while water from laundry, kitchens,
and baths is called grey water (sullage).
• Grey water constitutes 70% of the waste water, which can be treated by using simple and
cost-effective systems and can be reused for landscaping, external washing, and toilet
flushing. Reusing grey water can reduce the dependence on municipal and bore water by
up to 60%.
• Dual plumbing system separates grey water and black water at the source of generation,
following which specific treatment options either for grey or black water can be adopted.
• Separating grey water and treating it onsite for reuse reduces the volume of the waste
water to be collected and treated and, hence, reduces the stress on public sewage lines
and centralized waste water treatment systems
• It is a sustainable approach for collection, treatment, and safe disposal of waste water,
where buildings are not connected to a public sewer line.
• Local aquifers can also be recharged with excess treated water
Selecting treatment options for grey water
and waste water
• Treatment option has to be
chosen based on reuse
• application.
• The reuse applications for which
treated water is to be used
• efficiently without wastage can
be calculated using a ‘water
• calculation tool’.
• Please refer to the detailed
guideline on the website for
• further information on types of
treatment options and their
• applicability for different
building uses.
Safe disposal of unused treated grey and waste
water
• The maximum
permissible quantity of
treated waste water that
can be disposed outside
the site limits is as
follows.
• 25%, where a waste
water treatment system is
installed.
• 20%, where a grey water
treatment system is
installed
Benefits
• Recycled water, if used efficiently, can reduce dependence on municipal
• and bore water by as much as 70%.
• Application of treated wastewater on land for irrigation would help in
• enhancing plant growth and also groundwater recharge potential.
• Disposal into waterbodies in the local vicinity increases the water levels,
• enhances the recharge potential, and provides nutrient for growth of
• aquatic flora and fauna.
• Accumulation of waste water in low-lying areas is avoided, which
• otherwise becomes stagnated and breeding ground for vector-borne
• diseases.
r. Management of municipal solid waste at
neighbourhood (locality) level
• All residences (other than
apartments) and small
neighbourhood shops are
required to segregate waste
into biodegradable and non-
biodegradable waste and
hand it over to waste
collectors. Decentralized
waste management is also
promoted through this
guideline.
WATER SUPPLY
GENERAL
The consumption of water depends upon –
1. Climatic condition
2. Cost of water
3. Type of water supply i.e., continuous or intermittent,
4. Customs and habits of inhabitants
5. Pressures in pipelines
6. Population
7. Amount of water available from the private source
8. Percentage of area of gardens and lawns etc
ESTIMATION OF DEMAND
• The probable demand of water by a community is important because it fixes
the sizes and capacity of water supply units
• The requirement is generally expressed in terms of
Average no. of liters/capita/day - throughout the year
• According to Indian Standards specifications for residences (IS:779), the
domestic requirement of water including drainage and sanitation is minimum
of 135 liters/head/day.
• A minimum of 70 to 100 liters per head per day may be considered adequate
for domestic needs of urban communities, apart from non-domestic needs as
flushing requirements. (NBC)
CONSUMPTION OF WATER FOR DOMESTIC
PURPOSES
Water consumption, liters/head/day
2%4%
DRINKING
26%
17% COOKING
ABLUTION
WASHING OF UTENSILS AND HOUSE
13% WASHING OF CLOTHES
FLUSHING OF W.C'S
25% BATHING
13%
As a general rule the following rates per capita per day may be considered
minimum for domestic and non-domestic needs:
a) For communities with population up to 20000 and without flushing system:
1) water supply through stand post - 40 lphd, Min
2) water supply through house service connection - 70 to 100 lphd
b) For communities with population 20000 to 100000 together with full flushing
system - 100 to 150 lphd
c) For communities with population above 100000 together with full flushing
system - 150 to 200 lphd
NOTE :- The value of water supply given as 150 to 200 liters per head per day
maybe reduced to 135litresper head per day for houses for Lower Income
Groups (LIG) and Economically Weaker Section of Society(EWS),depending
upon prevailing conditions.
• 150 liters/head/day
• For a single dwelling unit of 5 persons
• 150*5 = 750 liters/ day
• A community of 200 dwelling units requires
• 200*750 = 1,50,000liters/ day
• Generally the storage capacity is considered as 1.5 times the
requirement i.e.,
• 1,50,000*1.5 = 2,25,000liters
• This can be further divided into no. of storage tanks and then
distributed
STORAGE :
The water may be stored either in overhead tanks (OHT) and/or underground
tanks (UGT).
MATERIALS USED FOR TANKS:
1. Reservoirs and tanks for the reception and storage of water shall be
constructed of reinforced concrete brick masonry, Ferro cement precast,
mild steel, stainless steel or plastic.
2. Tanks made of steel maybe of welded, riveted or pressed construction. The
metal shall be galvanized coated externally with a good quality anti-
corrosive weather-resisting paint.
3. Lead-based paint shall not be used in the tank. Lead-lined tanks shall not
be used. Rectangular pressed steel tanks shall conform to good practice.
Each tank shall be provided with the following:
a) Manholes:
oAdequate number of manholes for access and repair.
oThe manholes shall be made of corrosion resistant material (for example, cast
iron, reinforced cement concrete, steel fibre reinforced concrete, galvanized
steel, high density polyethylene, fibre glass reinforced plastic or such other
materials acceptable to the Authority).
oManholes shall be provided with locking arrangement to avoid misuse and
tampering.
b) Catch Rings and Ladders:
o Tanks higher than 900mm deep shall be provided with corrosion resistant
catch rings, steps or ladders according to the depth to enable a person to
reach the bottom of the tank.
c) Overflow Pipe :
o Each tank shall be provided with an overflow pipe terminating above the ground
terrace level to act as a ‘Warning Pipe’ to indicate overflow conditions.
o The size of the overflow pipe shall be adequate to accept the flow.
oNormally the overflow pipe size shall be one size higher than the inlet pipe.
o When the inlet pipe diameter is large, two or more overflow pipes of equivalent
cross-section may be provided.
d) Vent Pipes:
oTanks larger than 5000 capacity shall be provided with vent pipes to prevent
development pressure in the tank which might result in NO FLOW condition or
inward collapse of the tank.
e) Scour Pipe:
o Each tank shall be provided with a scour pipe with an accessible valve for emptying
the tank.
f) Connection of Overflow and Scour Pipe:
oUnder no circumstances tank overflow and scour pipe shall be connected to
any drain, gully trap or manhole to prevent back flow and contamination of the
water.
o All such connections shall be discharged over a grating with an air gap of 50
mm.
oAll overflow and vent pipes shall be provided with a mosquito proof brass
grating to prevent ingress of mosquito, vermin and other insects.
g) The top slab of the tank must be suitable sloped away from its, Centre for
proper drainage of the rainwater.
h) Tanks on terraces and above ground shall be supported by appropriate
structural members so as to transfer the load of the tank and the water directly
on the structural members of the building.
GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR CALCULATION OF
CAPACITY OF STORAGE TANKS
a) In case only OHT is provided, it maybe taken as 33.3 to 50% of one day’s
requirement;
b) In case only UGT is provided, it maybe taken as 50 to 150% of one day’s
requirement; and
c) In case combined storage is provided, it maybe taken as 66.6% UGT and
33.4 % OHT of one day’s requirement.
MATERIALS, FITTINGS & APPLIANCES
Pipes may be of any of the following materials:
a) cast iron , vertically cast or centrifugally (spun) cast,
b) steel (internally lined or coated with bitumen or a bituminous composition, and out-
coated with cement concrete or mortar, where necessary),
c) reinforced concrete,
d) Pre stressed concrete,
e) galvanized mild steel tubes,
f) copper,
g) brass,
h) wrought iron,
i) asbestos cement,
j) polyethylene,
k) unplasticized PVC, chlorinated PVC, or
l) stainless steel.
oThe material chosen shall be resistant to corrosion, both inside and outside or
shall be suitably protected against corrosion.
oPolyethylene and unplasticized PVC pipes shall not be installed near hot
water pipes or near any other heat sources.
o For temperature limitations in the use of polyethylene and unplasticized PVC
pipes to convey water, reference may be made to good practice
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS IN MULTI-STOREYED
BUILDINGS
There are four basic methods of distribution of water to a multistoried buildings. .
a) Direct supply from mains to ablutionary taps and kitchen with WCs and urinals
supplied by overhead tanks
b) Direct Pumping Systems
c) Hydro-Pneumatic Systems
d) Overhead Tanks Distribution

DIRECT SUPPLY SYSTEM
oThis system is adopted when adequate pressure is available round the clock
at the topmost floor.
oWith limited pressure available in most city mains, water from direct supply is
normally not available above two or three floors.
DIRECT PUMPING SYSTEM
o Water is pumped directly into the distribution
system without the aid of any overhead tank,
except for flushing purposes.
o The pumps are controlled by a pressure switch
installed on the line.
o Normally a jockey pump of smaller capacity
installed which meets the demand of water during
low consumption and the main pump starts when
the demand is greater.
o The start and stop operations are accomplished by
a set if pressure switches are installed directly on
the line.
o In some installation, a timer switch is installed to
restrict the operating cycle of the pump.
DIRECT PUMPING SYSTEM
oDirect pumping systems are suitable for buildings where a certain amount of
constant use of water is always occurring.
oThese buildings are all centrally air conditioned buildings for which a constant
make up supply for air conditioning cooling towers is required.
oThe system depends on a constant and reliable supply of power.
oAny failure in the power system would result in a breakdown in the water
supply system.
oThe system eliminates the requirements of overhead tanks for domestic
purposes
HYDRO – PNEUMATIC SYSTEM
o Hydro-pneumatic system is a variation of direct
pumping system.
o An air-tight pressure vessel is installed on the line to
regulate the operation of the pumps.
o The vessel capacity shall be based on the cut in and
cut-out pressure of the pumping system depending
upon allowable start/stops of the pumping system.
o As pumps operate, the incoming water in the vessel,
compresses the air on top.
o When a predetermined pressure is reached in the
vessel, a pressure switch installed on the vessel
switches off the pumps.
o As water is drawn into the system, pressure falls into
the vessel starting the pump at preset pressure.
o The air in the pressure tank slowly reduces the volume
due to dissolution in water and leakages from pipe
lines.
HYDRO – PNEUMATIC SYSTEM
oAn air compressor is also necessary to feed air into the vessel
so as to maintain the required air-water ratio.
oThe system shall have reliable power supply to avoid
breakdown in the water supply
oHydro-pneumatic system generally eliminates the need for
an over head tank and may supply water at a much higher
pressure than available from overhead tanks particularly on
the upper floors, resulting in even distribution of water at all
floors
OVERHEAD TANK DISTRIBUTION
oThis is the most common of the

distribution systems adopted by
various type of buildings.
oThe system comprises pumping
water to one or more overhead
tanks placed at the top most
location of the hydraulic zone.
o Water collected in the overhead
tank is distributed to the various
parts of the building by a set of
pipes located generally on the
terrace.
WASTE WATER TREATMENT
Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Treatment
Sewage or Wastewater
Sewage or wastewater is from:
• Domestic used water and toilet
wastes
• Rainwater
• Industrial effluent (Toxic
industrial water is pretreated)
• Livestock wastes
• Commercial activities (e.g.
laundries, gas stations)
• Institutions
Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL)
• Water quality standard are set by the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) to protect uses for surface water
• If the standards are not met, then a calculation is made to
determine how much of a pollutant can be discharged to the lake
or river without exceeding the standards
• This amount is called the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL)
Wastewater - Flows
• Each person in a community generates ~40 gallons of wastewater per day
• So a community with 25,000 population generates up to 1 MGD (million
gallons per day)
Wastewater - Where Does It Go
• Wastewater is carried to the treatment • In large cities, interceptor sewers can
plant via sanitary sewers be huge, sometimes big enough to
• The connection from the house to the drive a car through!
sewer system is a pipe, about 6” in • Engineers design sewer systems to
diameter take advantage of gravity flow, but
• A larger pipe (8-12” in diameter), called sometimes pumping is required
a collecting sewer, runs down the street • Rainwater is collected by storm drains
picking up the wastewater from and flow through storm sewers to
individual sewers settling ponds or lakes and rivers
• These pipes eventually run to
an interceptor sewer which delivers the
flow to the treatment plant
Combined Sewer System
Basic Steps in Wastewater Treatment
The basic steps in

wastewater treatment are:
• preliminary treatment - to
protect plant operation
• settling - to remove solids
• biological treatment - to
remove organic matter
• disinfection - to remove
pathogens
• solids processing - to
provide safe final disposal
Solids Management
We have removed solids at various points in the
wastewater treatment process
Thus sludge processing involves two
steps:
• primary sludge composed of the sewage solids 1. digestion - to break down the
collected in the primary clarifier organic matter
• waste activated sludge from the secondary 2. dewatering- to reduce the water
clarifier content and make it easily
• This sludge presents two problems handled
• First, it is rich in organic matter and will consume
oxygen and create foul odors if delivered to the The treated sludge is then sent on for
environment without further treatment final disposal
• Second, even though it's called sludge, it is
mostly water and is difficult to handle in final
disposal
Wastewater Treatment
DRAINAGE AND SANTITATION
1. Salt glazed stoneware pipe -These pipes are particularly suitable
where acid effluents or acid subsoil conditions are likely to be
encountered.
MATERIALS, 2. Cement concrete pipes - These pipes may be used for surface
FITTINGS AND water drains in all diameters.
APPLICANCES
3. Cast iron pipes -Used in bed or unstable ground where soil
movement is expected and to provide for increased strength
CHOICE OF where a sewer is laid at insufficient depth, where it is exposed or
MATERIALS where it has to be carried on piers or above ground
FOR PIPES 4. Asbestos cement pipes - commonly used for house drainage
systems and not suitable for underground situations. The life of
asbestos cement pipes may be increased by lining inside of the
pipe with suitable coatings like epoxy/polyester resins etc.
5. PVC pipes - Unplasticized PVC pipes may be used for drainage
purposes; however, where hot water discharge is anticipated, the
wall thickness shall be minimum 3 mm irrespective of the size
and flow load.
DESIGN OF DRAINAGE SYSTEM
a) The layout shall be as simple and direct as practicable. i) Sewer drain shall be laid for self-cleaning
b) The pipes should be laid in straight lines, as far as velocity of 0.75,m/s and generally should not
possible, in both vertical and horizontal planes.
flow more than half-full.
c) Anything that is likely to cause irregularity of flow, as
abrupt changes of direction, shall be avoided. j) Pipes crossing in walls and floors shall be through
mild steel sleeves of diameter leaving an annular space
d) The pipes should be non-absorbent, durable, smooth in of 5 mm around the outer diameter of the pipe crossing
bore and of adequate strength the wall.
e) The pipes should be adequately supported without k) Pipes should not be laid close to building foundation.
restricting movement.
l) Pipes should not pass near large trees because of
f) Drains should be well ventilated, to prevent the
accumulation of foul gases and fluctuation of air pressure
possibility of damage by the roots.
within the pipe, which could lead to unsealing of gully or m) Branch connections should be swept in the direction
water-closet traps. of flow.
g) All the parts of the drainage system should be n) Sewer pipes should be at least 900 mm below
accessible for feasibility of inspection and practical
maintenance. road and at least 600 mm below fields and
h) No bends and junctions whatsoever shall be permitted gardens.
in sewers except at manholes and inspection chambers. O) Pipes should not pass under a building unless
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS
Conformity with Electricity Act 2003 and Rules Amended Up-to-date
o The installation shall generally be carried out in conformity with the
requirements of The Electricity Act, 2003 as amended up-to-date and the
Indian Electricity Rules, 1956 framed thereunder and also the relevant
regulations of the Electric Supply Authority concerned as amended from time
to time.
PLANNING OF ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS
o The design and planning of an electrical wiring installation involve
consideration of all prevailing conditions, and is usually influenced by the type
and requirement of the consumer.
The design and planning of an electrical wiring installation shall take into
consideration, some or all of the following:
o the type of supply, occupancy, envisaged load and the earthing arrangement available;
o the atmospheric condition, such as cooling air temperature, moisture or such other
conditions which are likely to affect the installation adversely;
o the possible presence of inflammable or explosive dust, vapour or gas;
o the degree of electrical and mechanical protection necessary;
o the importance of continuity of service including the possible need for standby supply;
o the probability of need for modification or future extension;
o the probable operation and maintenance cost taking into account the electricity supply
tariffs available;
o the relative cost of various alternative methods;
o the need for radio and telecommunication interference suppression;
o case of maintenance;
o safety aspects;
o energy conservation; and
o the importance of proper discrimination between protective devices for continuity of supply
and limited isolation of only the affected portion.
Location:
o The substation should preferably be located in separate building and could be
adjacent to the generator room, if any. Location of substation in the basement
floors should be avoided, as far as possible.
o The ideal location for an electrical substation for a group of buildings would be
at the electrical load centre on the ground floor.
Type of Building for Substations:
o The substations enclosure, that is, walls, floor, ceiling, openings, doors, etc
shall have 2 hour fire rating.
Layout of Substation:
o In allocating the area of substation, it is to be noted that the flow of electric
power is from supply company’s room to HV room, then to transformer and
finally to the medium voltage switchgear room.
o The layout of the room shall be in accordance with this flow, so as to optimise
the cables, bus-trunking etc , Visibility of equipment controlled from the
operating point of the controlling switchgear is also a desirable feature, though
it may not be achievable in case of large substations. ,
Typical allowances for diversity:
Purpose of final circuit fed from conductors or switch Individual household installations including individual
gear to which diversity applies dwelling of blocks
Lighting 66% of total demand

Heating and power 80% of total current demand upto 10A +4070 of any
current demand in excess of 10A
Cooking appliances 10A +30% full load of connected cooking

appliances in excess of 10A + 5 A if socket outlet
incorporated in Unit.
Water heater 8070 full load of largest appliance +50% of second
largest appliance +25% full load of remaining
appliances
Floor warming installations 50%
Water heaters thermal storage space heating 50%
installations
Standard arrangements of final circuits in accordance 80% of current demand of largest circuit +4O’%Oof
with IS 732 current demand of every other circuit
Room/Spaces Required:
o Supply company’s switchgear room and/or space for meters.
o High Voltage Switch Room.
o Medium Voltage Switch Room
o Room for Standby Generator
Location of Switch Room:

o In large installations other than where a substation is provided, a separate
switch room shall be provided; this shall be located as closely as possible to
the electrical load centre preferably near the entrance of the building on the
ground floor or on the first basement level, and suitable ducts shall be laid
with minimum number of bends from the points of entry of the main supply
cable to the position of the main switchgear.
Location and Requirements of Distribution Panels:
o The electrical control gear distribution panels and other apparatus, which are
required on each floor may conveniently be mounted adjacent to the rising
mains, and adequate space should be provided at each floor for this purpose.
DISTRIBUTION OF SUPPLY AND CABLING:
o A certain redundancy in the electrical system is necessary and has to be built in
from the initial design stage itself.
o The extent of redundancy will depend on the type of load, its criticality,
normal hours of use, quality of power supply in that area, coordination with
the standby power supply, capacity to meet the starting current requirements
of large motors etc.
o In case of connected load of 100 kVA and above, the relative advantage of high
voltage three-phase supply should be considered.
o Generally the supply is at 400/230 volts, 11 kV (or 22 kV) for loads up to 5 MVA
and 33 kV or 66 kV for consumers of more than 5 MVA.
Distribution of Main Supply:
Control at Point of Commencement of Supply:
o There shall be a circuit-breaker or miniature circuit-breakers or a load break
switch fuse on each live conductor of the supply mains at the point of entry.
The wiring throughout the installation shall be such that there is no switch or
fuse unit in the earthed neutral of conductor. The neutral shall also be
distinctly marked.
Energy Meters:
o Energy meters shall be installed in residential buildings at such a place which is
readily accessible to the owner of the building and the Authority. These should
be installed at a height where it is convenient to note the meter reading, it
should preferably not be installed below one metre from the ground.
o In multi-storeyed buildings meters shall be installed with tapping point for
meters of the rising main (bus trunking) on individual floors.
Main Switches and Switchboard:
o All main switches shall be either of metal-clad enclosed pattern or of any
insulated enclosed pattern which shall be fixed at close proximity to the point of
entry of supply. Every switch shall have an environmental protection level rating
(1P), so that its operation is satisfactory in the environment of the installation.
Distribution boards:
o Main distribution board shall be provided with a circuit breaker on each pole of
each circuit, or a switch with a fuse on the phase or live conductor and a link on
the neutral or earthed conductor of each circuit. The switches shall always be
linked.
o The distribution boards shall be located as near as possible to the centre of the
load they are intended to control. These shall be fixed on suitable stanchion or
wall and shall be accessible for replacement reset of protective devices, and shall
not be more than 1.8 m from floor level.
Voltage and Frequency of Supply:
o It should be ensured that all equipment connected to the system including any
appliances to be used on it are suitable for the voltage and frequency of supply of
the system.
o The nominal values of low and medium voltage systems in India are 240 V and 415
V ac, respectively, and the frequency 50 Hz.
Installation Circuits:
Type of Circuit Wire Size Number of Circuits
 Rating of Cables and
Lighting 1.0 sq.mm 2 or more
Equipments:
The current-carrying Socket-outlets 10A 2.5 sq.mm Any number
Areas such as kitchens and laundries
capacity of different types
3 x double socket outlets
of cables shall be chosen per circuit. Other areas up to
in accordance with good 12 double socket outlets.
practice.
The current ratings of Socket-outlets 15 or 20A 2.5 sq.mm 1
switches for domestic and
Water heater 3 kW 1.5 sq.mm 1
similar purposes are 6A
and 16A. Water heater 3-6 kW 2.5 sq.mm 1
Free standing electric range 6.0 sq.mm 1
Separate oven and/or cook 4.0 sq.mm 1
top
Permanently connected 2.5 sq.mm 1 above 10 A. Upto lO A can be
appliances wired as part of a socket-outlet
including dishwashers, circuit
heaters, etc
Requirements for Physical Protection of Underground Cables:
Lighting and Levels of Illumination:
o Lighting installation shall take into consideration the many factors on which
the quality and quantity of artificial lighting depends.
Lighting Fittings
o A switch shall be provided for control of every lighting fitting or a group of
lighting fittings. Where control at more than one point is necessary as many
two way or intermediate switches maybe provided as there are control
points.
Guideline for
Electrical Layout in
Residential Buildings:
A typical distribution
scheme in a residential
building with separate
circuits for lights and
fans and for power
appliances is given in
Fig.
WIRING:
o Provision for Maximum Load:
All conductors, switches and accessories shall be of such size as to be capable of carrying, without
their respective ratings being exceeded, the maximum current which will normally flow through
them.
o Estimation of Load Requirements:
o Layout of Wiring
The layout of wiring should be designed keeping in
view disposition of the lighting system to meet the
illumination levels. All wirings shall be done on the
distribution system with main and branch distribution
boards at convenient physical and electrical load
centres. All types of wiring, whether concealed or
unconcealed should be as near the ceiling as possible.
In all types of wirings due consideration shall be given
for neatness and good appearance.
TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
oThe requirements of telecommunication facilities like Telephone
connections, Private Branch Exchange, Intercommunication facilities, Telex
and Telegraph lines are to be planned well in advance so that suitable
provisions are made in the building plan in such a way that the demand for
telecommunication services in any part of the building at any floor are met
at any time during the life of the building.
oLayout arrangements, methods for internal block wiring and other
requirements regarding provisions of space, etc, may be decided defending
as the number of phone outlets and other details.
oMaster antenna is generally provided at the top most convenient point in
any building and a suitable room on the top most floor or terrace for
housing the amplifier unit, etc, may also be provided in consultation with
the architect/engineer. 10.3.3 From the amplifier rooms, conduits are laid
in recess to facilitate drawing co-axial cable to individual flats.
UPS System:
o An electrical device providing an interface between the mains power supply and
sensitive loads (computer systems, instrumentation, etc).
o It is generally made up of a rectifier/charger and an inverter together with a
battery for backup power in the event of a mains failure with virtually no time
lag.
o Provisions:
• Provisions of isolation transformers shall be provided where the capacity exceeds kVA.
• UPS shall have dedicated neutral earthing system.
• Adequate rating of protective devices such as MCB, MCCB, fuses, ELCB, etc, shall be
provided at both incoming and outgoing sides.
• UPS room shall be provided with adequate ventilation and/or air conditioning as per
requirement.
Building Management System:
A building management/automation system may be considered to be provided for
controlling and monitoring of all parameters of HVAC, electrical, plumbing, fire
fighting, low voltage system such as telephone, TV, etc.
Diesel Generating Set (less than 5 kVA)
In general small diesel generating sets shall be provided for small installations
such as offices, shops, small scale industry, hostels, etc, with the following
provisions:
o These shall be located near the exit or outside in open areas.
o They shall be in reach of authorized persons only.
o Adequate fire fighting equipment shall be provided near such installations.
o Exhaust from these shall be disposed in such a way so as not to cause health
hazard.
o These shall have acoustic enclosure, or shall be placed at a location so as not
to cause noise pollution.
o Adequate ventilation shall be provided around the installation.
o Adequate rating of protective devices such as MCB, MCCB, fuses, ELCB, etc,
shall be provided.
o Separate and adequate body and neutral earthings shall be done.
Inverter:
In general inverter system shall be provided for house lighting, shop lighting, etc,
with the following provisions:
o Adequate rating of protective devices such as
o MCB, MCCB, fuses, ELCB, etc, shall be provided at both incoming and outgoing
sides.
o Earthing shall be done properly.
o Adequate ventilation space shall be provided around the battery section of the
inverter.
o Care in circuit design to keep the connected load in such a manner that the
demand at the time of mains failure is within the capability of the inverter.
o Circuits which are fed by the UPS or Inverter systems should have suitable
marking to ensure that a workman does not assume that the power is off,
once he has switched off the mains from the DB for maintenance.
Security System:
o Security System may be defined as an integrated Closed Circuit Television
System, Access Control System, Perimeter Protection Systems, movement
sensors, etc. These have a central control panel, which has a defined history
storage capacity. This main control panel may be located near to the fire
detection and alarm system.
o Access control may be provided for entry to high security areas. The systems
may have proximity card readers, magnetic readers, etc.
Computer Networking
Networking is the practice of linking computing devices together with hardware
and software that supports data communications across these devices.
Car Park Management System
o The Car Management System may be provided in multi-level parking or other
parking lots where number of vehicles to be parked exceeds 1000 vehicles.
The Car Park Management System may have features of Pay and Display
Machines and Parking Guidance System. The Pay and Display Machines may
be manned and unmanned type.
LIFTS
oThe appropriate aspect of lift and escalator installation shall be
discussed during the preliminary planning of the building with all the
concerned parties, namely, client, architect, consulting engineer
and/or lift/escalator manufacturer.
oThese are some of the typical arrangements and variations are
possible with respect to number of lifts and the layout,
Recommended Dimensions of Passenger Lifts and Service Lifts:
Recommended Dimensions of Pit, Overhead and Machine-Room for
Passenger Lifts and Service Lifts:
Minimum floor to floor height:
o Minimum floor to floor height for landings on same side for horizontally sliding door is f
+750 mm and for vertically biparting doors is 1.5f+ 250 mm, where ‘f’ is clear entrance
height in mm.
Lift wells:
o No equipment except that forming a part of the lift or necessary for its operation and
maintenance shall be installed in the lift well. For this purpose, the main supply lines
shall be deemed to be a part of the lift and the underground cable, if laid along the lift
well shaft, shall be properly clamped to the wall.
Lift Well Enclosures:
o Lift well enclosures shall be provided and shall extend on all sides from floor-to-floor or
stair to- stair, and shall have requisite strength and in proper plumb.
o The inner sides of the lift well enclosures facing any car entrance shall, as far as
practicable form a smooth, continuous flush surface devoid of projections or recesses.
Landing doors
o Every lift well shall, on each side from which there is access to a car, be fitted with a
door. Such a door shall be fitted with efficient electromechanical locking so as to ensure
that it cannot be opened except when the lift car is at landing and that the lift car
cannot be moved away from the landing until the door is closed and locked.
Lift Pits:
o A lift pit shall be provided at the bottom of every lift. Pits shall be of sound
construction and maintained in a dry and clean condition. Where necessary, provision
shall be made for permanent drainage and where the pit depth exceeds 1.5 m
suitable descending arrangement shall be provided to reach the lift pit.
o And a suitable fixed ladder or other descending facility in the form of permanent
brackets grouted in the wall extending to a height of 0.75 m above the lowest floor
level shall be provided.
Machine Rooms and Overhead Structures:
o The lift machine, controller and all other apparatus and equipment of a lift
installation, excepting such apparatus and equipment as function in the lift well or
other positions, shall be placed in the machine room which shall be adequately
lighted and rendered fire-proof and weather-proof.
o The machine room shall not be used as a store Room.
o It is desirable that emergency exit may be provided in case of large machine rooms
having four or more lifts.
o Wherever the machine room is placed, it should be properly ventilated. The ambient
temperature of machine room shall be maintained between + 5°C and + 40”C.
Preliminary lift planning:
o Population
The first point to be ascertained from the eventual occupier is the total building population and
whether this is likely to increase in the future, If a definite population figure is unobtainable an
assessment should be made from the net area and probable population density.
o Quantity of service
The quantity of service is a measure of the passenger handling capacity of a vertical transportation
system. It is measured in terms of the total number of passengers handled during each five-
minute peak period of the day. For residential it is 7.5 %
o Quality of service
The quality of service is generally measured by the passenger waiting time at the various floors.
o Capacity
The minimum size of car recommended for a single purpose buildings is one suitable for a duty
load of 884 kg.
o Speed
It is dependent upon the quantity and the quality of service desired. Therefore, no set formulae
for indicating the speed can be given.
o Layout
The width of the car is determined by the width of the entrance and the depth of the car is
regulated by the loading per square metre permissible under this Code. Centre opening doors are
more practicable and efficient entrance units for passenger lifts.
Determination of Transportation or Handling Capacity During the Up Peak:
The handling capacity is calculated by the following formula:
H=(3OOXQX1OO) / (TxP)
where
H = Handling capacity as the percentage of the
peak population handled during 5 min
period,
Q = Average number of passengers carried in a
car,
T = Waiting interval in seconds, and
P = Total population to be handled during peak
morning period.
The waiting interval is calculated by the following formula:
T=RTT/N
where
T = Waiting interval in seconds,
N = Number of lifts, and
R7T = Round trip time
Positioning of Lifts:
A thorough investigation should be made for assessing the most suitable position for lift(s)
while planning the building. It should take into account future expansions, if any.
Arrangement of Lifts:
The lifts should be easily accessible from all entrances to the building. For maximum
efficiency, they should be grouped near the centre of the building. It is preferably not to
have all the lifts out in straight line. The corridor should be wide enough to allow sufficient
space for waiting passengers as well as for through passengers.
Access to Machine Room and Lift Pits
Access to machine room above a lift well may be either from the roof or by an internal
staircase with a proper arrangement for fixing.
Requirements for Fireman’s Lift
For buildings having height of 15 m or more atleast one lift shall meet the requirements of
fireman’s Lift.
The fireman’s lift shall have the following minimum requirements:
• Lift car shall have floor area of not less than 1.44 sq.m. It shall also have a loading capacity of not
less than 544 kg (8 persons).
• Lift landing doors shall have a minimum of fire resistance of one hour.
• Doors shall be of automatic operation for car and landing.
FIRE SAFETY
FIRE PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS FOR HIGH RISE BUILDINGS —
15 m IN HEIGHT OR ABOVE
• Construction:-
 All materials of constructions in load bearing elements, stairways and corridors and facades shall be non-combustible.
 The internal walls or staircase shall be of brick or reinforced concrete with a minimum of 2 h fire rating.
• Lifts:-
 Walls of lift enclosures shall have a fire rating of 2 h; lifts shafts shall have a vent at the top of area not less than 0.2
sq.m
 Landing doors in lift enclosures shall have a fire resistance of not less than 1 h.
 Lift car door shall have a fire resistance rating of half an hour.
• Fire Lifts:-
 The lift shall have a floor area of not less than 1.4 sq.m. It shall have loading capacity of not less than 545 kg (8
persons lift) with automatic closing doors of minimum 0.8 m width.
 Fire fighting lift should be provided with a ceiling hatch for use in case of emergency, so that when the car.
• FIRE CONTROL ROOM:-

 For all buildings 15 m in height or above and apartment buildings with a height of 30 m and above, there shall be a
control room on the entrance floor of the building with communication system to all floors and facilities for receiving
the message from different floors.
• Doorways:-
 No exit doorway shall be less than 1000 mm in width except assembly buildings where door width shall be not less
than 2000 mm. Doorways shall be not less than 2000 mm in height.
 Exit doorways shall open outwards, but shall not obstruct the travel along any exit. No door, when opened, shall
reduce the required width of stairway or landing to less than 900 mm.
• Corridors and Passageways:-

 Where stairways discharge through corridors and passageways, the height of corridors and passageways shall be not
less than 2.4 m.
 All means of exit including staircases lifts lobbies and corridors shall be adequately ventilated.
• Internal Staircases:-
 Internal stairs shall be constructed of noncombustible materials throughout.
 A staircase shall not be arranged round a lift shaft.
 No gas piping or electrical panels shall be allowed in the stairway. Ducting in stairway may be permitted if it is of 1 h
fire resistance rating.
 The minimum width of tread without nosing shall be 250 mm and riser shall be 190 mm for internal staircase of
residential buildings.
 Handrails shall be provided at a height of 1000 mm to be measured from the base of the middle of the treads to the
top of the handrails.
 The minimum headroom in a passage under the landing of a staircase and under the staircase shall be 2.2 m.
 The main and external staircases shall be continuous from ground floor to the terrace level
 No combustible material shall be used for decoration/wall paneling in the staircase.
 The use of spiral staircase shall be limited to low occupant load and to a building not exceeding 9 m in height.
Fire classification
A Trash Wood Paper B Liquids Grease
• wood • gasoline
• paper • oil
• cloth • grease
• etc. • other solvents
C Electrical Equipment • magnesium

COMBUSTIBLE
• sodium
• computers
• potassium
• fax machine
D • titanium
• other energized
• other
electrical equip.
flammable
METALS metals
 Doors should always swing in the direction of egress travel in all buildings except single family dwellings and
• inDoors:-
all rooms except those with fewer than 50 occupants.
 Obstructions of the required egress width are allowed as follows:
1. Half of required width when door is open 90 degrees
2. 7” into the required width of a corridor or aisle when door is
fully open
3. 3 ½” into the required width of a stair or stair landing
 Even locked, doors along an exit

path must be easily openable in
the direction of egress travel.
 Exit access corridors must be

enclosed in fire-resistant walls
and accessed via fire-resistant
doors. One-hour walls with 20-
minute doors are required in
most buildings.
 Exits shall be so arranged that

they may be reached without
passing through another
occupied unit.
M
E
A C
N O
S M
P
O O
F N
E
E N
G T
R S
E
S
S
Norms For
Disability
SIGNAGE
Information Signs -These include location signs, sign directories,
maps for both internal and external areas for
orientation of the user.
.
Directional Signs -These signs direct the user to a destination with
arrow marks aiding the text.
-These signs installed at specific individual

Warning ( Safety) Signs
destinations indicate the location of a room,
service, desk, etc.
-Signs installed for the safety of users which may

Identification ( Locational) Signs be either the warning or the prohibitory t y p e .
This group would include fire exit signs, safety
signs, etc. and are normally specified by I S O
conventions in terms of colour, size and graphic.
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
-Signage should be placed at nodal positions, openly and prominently.
-It should not obstruct any movement path and, if suspended, should have a
minimum clear head-room of 2000 mm from the finished floor.
-Signage systems should be clear, consistent and in all the comprehensible

languages of the region. Cross signage should be avoided to avoid confusion.
-In general, signs should not be placed behind glass panels because of
possible reflection and thus making for poor readability.
-Signage placed on pedestrian path of travel are considered obstructions; thus

they should be detectable.
-An exterior sign complying with Sections 1.1 and 3 should be located at the
main accessible entrance.
-In the case of multiple access points, each access point should indicate the
shortest route to the accessible entry.
-Reception areas and lobbies should have locational signs for elevators, fire
exits,accessible facilities like toilets, etc., directional and locational signs for
major services like cafes, reception, public telephone, etc.,emergency signage.
In each case, the accessible route should be marked to avoid confusion.
-Each floor should have directional signs to accessible facilities and exits,
emergency signage's and a sign directory or information signs at main
intersections.
-Accessible spaces and facilities should be identified by the

international symbol of accessibility.
Specifications
Character Proportion
-Letters and numbers on signs shall have a width-to-height ratio
between 3:5 and 1:1 and a stroke-width-to-height ratio
between 1:5 and 1:10.
Raised and Brailed Characters
-The letters and signs should preferably be raised at least 1 mm from the
background, to enable sightless people to read the information using the tips of
their fingers. Raised characters shall be at least 15 mm high, but not higher
than 50 mm.
Finish and Contrast

-The characters and background of signs
shall be, non-glare finish. It is
preferable to also use light-sensitive
reflective surfaces which would reflect
incident light (radium stickers).
-Characters and symbols shall contrast with their background — either light
characters on a dark background or dark characters on a light background. The
commonly used colors are white, black, yellow, red, blue and green.
-The color combinations red/green and yellow/ blue should not be used in order
to avoid confusing color-blind persons. (They are complementary colors).
Illumination Levels
-Illumination levels on the sign surface shall be in the 100 to 300 lux range and
shall be uniform. Signs shall be located such that the illumination level on the
surface of the sign is not significantly exceeded by the ambient light or a visible
bright lighting source behind or in front of it.
Sizes for Letters and Symbols

(Minimum character size)
-At building entrances, house numbers and similar : 150 mm
-Identification or direction signs : 50 ~ 100 mm
-Sign directories : 25~50 mm
-Symbols should be at least 100mm in height.
-Braille should be incorporated in the signs.
Color and Contrast
-The color and contrast should depend on external factors such as background,
location,etc. A blue sign on a blue wall will obviously be of little help.
-A border around the sign can be useful in increasing the readability as long as
the border width is not over powering.
Background Sign Surface Sign Text / Symbol
Brick, dark stone White Black / blue / green

Light brick or stone Black / dark White / yellow
Whitewash wall Black / dark White / yellow
Green vegetation White Black / blue / green
SIGN INSTALLATION
Illumination
-All signs must be adequately lit for proper visibility. However, glare from lighting
will cause discomfort. Signs must ideally be made from materials with a matt
finish, should not be placed in front of glass or similar transparent material and
should not be suspended against a light source with angle of incidence equal to
90½.
Sign Positioning
-All wall-mounted or free standing signs must ideally be positioned in the range
of 1400 to 1600 mm above the finished floor level for proper readability. This is
specially applicable to all signs that are to be read at close range e.g. door
signs, identification signs, etc.
- Room numbers should be placed on door
frames and not on the doors so that thy are
visible even when the door is open.
- The room nameplate in Braille should be
incorporated into the signage within a range
of 1200mm to 1400 mm.
-All hanging signs must be suspended at
least 2000mm from the finished floor level so
as not to cause any obstruction to the user.
-All signs fixed flat on the wall must not
project more than 100 mm from the wall.
-Signs that are to be read from a distance
must be positioned sufficiently high so as not
be covered by other objects such as people,
cars, etc.
BASIC ANTHROPOMETRICS
Forward Reach
-If the clear floor space only allows forward
approach to an object, the maximum high
forward reach allowed shall be 1200 mm. The
minimum low forward reach is 400 mm.
-If the high forward reach is over an obstruction
500 mm deep the reach and clearances shall
be 1100 mm
Side Reach
-If the clear floor space reach allows parallel
approach by a person in a wheelchair, the
maximum high side reach allowed shall be 1300
mm and the low side reach shall be no less than
250 mm above the finished floor.
- If the side reach is over an obstruction 500
mm deep and 850 mm high, then the max. side
reach is 1200 mm.
WHITE CANE RANGE
-Any obstacle above 750 mm cannot be detected by the white cane. If there are
projections above this height then the projections have to be reflected at the
floor level in terms of level or textural differences.
-The radial range of the white cane is a band900 mm wide.
COMMON REACH ZONES

-The comfortable reach zone when
seated on a wheelchair is between
900 mm and 1200 mm. The
maximum reach zone is between 1200
mm and1400 mm.
CIRCULATION DIMENSIONS
Although 1500 mm is the minimum required turning
radius, it is desirable to provide an 1800 mm turning
radius.
Wheelchair Dimensions
. Electrical wheelchairs may be more bulky and do not
have the same as manual wheelchairs.
SPACE ALLOWANCES
MINIMUM ACCESS PROVISIONS
Type of Building Minimum Provisions
-Single detached, single -A minimum of 2 per cent of the total number of units to be
dwelling units constructed with barrier-free features.(Adoptable units).
-Staff housing, multiple -A minimum of 1 unit for every 25 units, where after 1 additional
dwelling, high - rise unit for every 100 units should be accessible.
dwelling -The main entrances and exits must be accessible.
units and tenements
-Tenement houses, row -A minimum of 1 unit for up to 150 units, where after minimum of
houses, apartments and 1 additional unit for every 100 units should be accessible.
town -The main entrances and exits must be accessible.
houses
-Post offices, banks and

financial service -A minimum of 1 lowered service counter on the premises
institutions -A minimum of 1 lowered Automatic Teller Machine (ATM). 1 cash
disbursement point on the premises. Stamp vending machine.
Wheelchair Passage Width
-The minimum clear passage width for a single

wheelchair is 900 mm continuously.
Width for Passing Wheelchairs
-The minimum passage width for two

wheelchairs to pass side by side is 1500 mm.
In case of continuous stretch of corridor,
the preferable width is 1800 mm.
Wheelchair Turning Space
-The minimum space required for a wheelchair

to make a 180 degree turn is a clear space of
1500 mm diameter or a T-shaped space 900
mm. wide.
Location
-At least one accessible route complying with Section 3 shall be provided within
the boundary of the site from public transportation stops, accessible parking
spaces, passenger loading zones, and public streets or sidewalks to an
accessible building entrance they serve.
-The accessible route shall, to the maximum extent feasible, coincide with the
route for the general public.
-At least one accessible route shall connect accessible buildings or facility
entrances with all accessible dwelling units within the building or facility.
-Ground and floor surfaces along accessible routes should comply with the
specifications in Section 3.2, have discernible colours and non slippery
materials.
Slope
-An accessible route with a running slope greater
than 1:20 is a ramp and shall comply with Section
4.6
-Nowhere shall the cross slope of an accessible
route exceed 1:50.
Changes in Levels
-If an accessible route has changes in level
greater than 12 mm, then a curb ramp, ramp,
elevator, or platform lift (as permitted in Section
3.1) shall be provided that complies with Sections
4.5, 4.6, 4.8 or 4.9 respectively.
-An accessible route does not include stairs,
steps, or escalators.
PROTRUDING OBJECTS
-Objects projecting from walls (eg. telephones,signages, and other accessories) with their
leading edges between 700 mm and 2000 mm above the finished floor shall protrude no
more than 100 mm into walks, halls, corridors, passageways, or aisles. (fig.29) Object
which can be sensed by the cane,mounted below 700mm, may project any amount.
Levels
-Changes in level up to 6mm. may be vertical
and without edge treatment.
-Changes in level between 6mm and 12 mm shall

be bevelled with a slope, no greater than 1:2.
-Changes in level greater than 12 mm should

be accomplished by means of a ramp complying
with Section 4.6.
Gratings
-If gratings are located in walking surfaces, then they shall have spaces no greater
than 12 mm wide in one direction.
-If gratings have elongated openings, then they shall be placed so that the long
dimension is perpendicular to the dominant direction of travel.
ENTRANCES
MANDATORY
- At least one entrance in the facility should have accessibility to the disabled
person. In the case of a new construction, this entrance should be
the main entrance. The position of this entrance and alternate routes should be well
marked through proper accessibility signage's using the international symbol of
accessibility.
- The entrance landing should have a minimum dimension of 1800 mm x 2000 mm.
The flooring of this landing should be made conspicuously distinct, with tactile
rendering, from the surroundings to guide the visually impaired.
- This entrance should be well connected by accessible pathways to other
accessible amenities such as parking spaces, both indoor and outdoor, local transit
bus-stops and drop-off areas.
- In the case of multi-storied buildings, this entrance should be connected to an
accessible elevator or ramp.
SUGGESTIVE
The entrance landing should have proper cover for protection against adverse weather
conditions.
VEHICULAR PARKING AND PASSENGER LOADING ZONES
Location
-Accessible parking spaces serving a particular building shall be located on the
shortest accessible route of travel from adjacent parking to an accessible
entrance.
-In parking facilities that do not serve a particular building, accessible parking
shall be located on the shortest accessible route of travel to an accessible
pedestrian entrance to the parking facility.
-In buildings with multiple accessible entrances with adjacent parking,
accessible parking spaces shall be dispersed and located closest to the
accessible entrances.
Parking Spaces
-Accessible parking spaces shall be at
least 2400mm wide. Parking access
aisles shall be part of an accessible route
to the building or facility entrance. Two
accessible parking spaces may
share a common access aisle
CURB RAMPS
.
Location
-Curb ramps complying with Sections 4.5.2 and4.5.3 shall be provided wherever an
accessible route crosses a curb. Detectable warnings required shall comply with Section
4.3.5
Width
-The minimum width of a curb ramp shall be 900mm, exclusive of flared sides.
RATIO 1:12
DOOR CLEARANCE
- Any type of door, hinged, folded or sliding
should have a minimum clear opening of 900
mm when fully open, excluding the frame or any
other such projections.
- Revolving doors and turnstiles should be

supplemented with auxiliary side hung door not
less than 900 mm clear.
Two-way swing doors must have a clear vision

panel placed between 1000 to 1500 mm from
the finished floor level to give visibility to the other
side.
In the case of double-leaf doors, at least one

door should have a minimum opening clearance
of 900 mm.
WINDOWS
- Operating systems for the auxiliary hardware such as blinds, etc. and the locking
devices for the shutters should be fixed between 900mm and 1200mm from
the finished floor level for operation by the invalid .
-Any opening or glazing
below the height of 900mm
from the finished floor
should be non opening.
Building Type: housing, new Delhi
Year :1994
DESKTOP study
Description: The high commission in
new Delhi contains residential and
recreational accodimation together with
facilities For administrative and
ceremonial functions. Unlike earlier
buildings in the high commission ,projects
are extended by local architectural
practices.
The two storey houses are arranged
around square, Which contains a circular
pathway access to all units. the
Demarcation of central enclosures is early
established by framed gateways which
Pedestrian Passage connecting the site to
garages on two ends adjoining peripheral
roads. Each dwelling unit has a private
enclosed garden at the rear ,which reflects
the traditional British terrace hosing.
The brief called for 12 new 3 bedroom dwelling in 2size.the design is based on
low rise units grouped in four terraces around a center square ,all positioned to
respect existing trees plants around the perimeter of the site.
Each dwelling has a private
enclosed area at the rare ,which
reflects the private back gardens
of traditional British housing.
The ground floor comprises living
,dining, kitchen utility area and
first floor contains 3 bedrooms
and a terrace ,it is the 2nd floor
roof of each house, which makes
a concession to diplomatic living
through its gracious terrace for
parties along with roof top
umbrellas.
The architectural language
of the housing complex is
based on energy saving
devices, e.g. deep set
windows, shaded balconies
verandahs, roof umbrellas
and overhangs which keep
the walls roof and glazing
protected from the harsh
glare of the sun.
The texture of stone and its
changing colors forms an
important feature of design
complimenting the natural
foliage on the site.
THANKYOU

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DATA COLLECTION -

 Gross site area:-20 acres

 Street area:-6.3 acres

 Street area % of gross area:-31.4%

 Net site area:-3.7 acres

 Common open spaces:-none

 No. of dwelling units:-semi-det:196

 Allowable floor area:-1400sq.ft/unit

 Gross site area:-20 acres

 Street area:-5.6 acres

 Street area % of gross area:-28%

 Net site area:-14.4 acres

 Common open space:-2.3 acres

 No. of dwelling units:-200

 Allowable floor area:-1840 sq.ft /unit

 Gross site area:-20 acres

 Street area:-4.1 acres

 Street area % of gross area:-20.5%

 Net site area:-15.9 acres

 Common open space:-8.6 acres

 No. of dwelling units:-213

 Allowable floor area:-1900 sq.ft /unit

 Allowable coverage:-980 sq.ft/unit

 Gross site area:-20 acres

 Street area:-5 acres

 Street area % of gross area:-25%

 Net site area:-15.9 acres

 Common open space:-4.0 acres

 No. of dwelling units:-210

 Allowable floor area:-1820 sq.ft /unit

 Allowable coverage:-975 sq.ft / unit

Acres in park 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

Acres in 2.75 3.25 4.0 5.0 6.0

Acres in general 0.38 0.76 1.2 1.5 1.9

Acres per 1000 6.63 4.2 3.8 3.47 3.3

Sq. ft. per 1050 670 600 550 530

Acres in park 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0

Acres in 2.75 3.25 4.0 5.0 6.0

Acres in general 0.38 0.76 1.2 1.5 1.9

Acres per 1000 7.13 4.7 4.3 3.9 3.8

Sq. ft. per 1130 745 680 630 610

For Hyd,VSP Below 200 1.00 1.25 1.25 10 (no

Individual Residential buildings in plots larger Max.height 13 mts. no stilt

For Hyd,VSP Below 200 1.00 1.25 1.25 10 (no

Individual Residential buildings in plots larger Max.height 13 mts. no stilt

Height of the Distance from Distance between

• The layout proposals shall provide for the following:

• When it exceeds 18 meters

• Chimneys, cooling towers, boilers, machine rooms (lifts), cold

• Building less than 18 meters including still and parking floor

9 and below 12.2 100 2000

12.2 and below 18 200 No Restriction

18 and below 30 500 No Restriction

30 and above 1000 No Restriction

Approach road requirement for site and new area:

9 and below 12.2 100 2000

12.2 and below 18 200 No Restriction

18 and below 30 500 No Restriction

30 and above 1000 No Restriction

Approach road requirement for site and new area:

established approach road of minimum 9 Mts. black topped road.

Requirements of high raised building:

Use of building plot permissible Min abutting road