Computer Networking Lab

Dr. Mustafa Saed

IANA

The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is a standards organization that oversees global IP
address allocation, autonomous system number allocation, root zone management in the Domain Name
System (DNS), media types, and other Internet Protocol-related symbols and Internet numbers.

Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)

It is a standardized exterior gateway protocol designed to exchange routing and reachability information
among autonomous systems (AS) on the Internet. BGP is classified as a path-vector routing protocol, and
it makes routing decisions based on paths, network policies, or rule-sets configured by a network
administrator.

BGP may be used for routing within an autonomous system. In this case it is referred to as Interior Border
Gateway Protocol, Internal BGP, or iBGP. In contrast, the Internet application of the protocol may be
referred to as Exterior Border Gateway Protocol, External BGP, or eBGP.

BGP AUTONOMOUS SYSTEM NUMBER (ASN )

An Autonomous System Number (AS number or just ASN) is a special number assigned by IANA used
primarilly with Border Gateway Protocol which uniquely identifies an network under a single technical
administration that has a unique routing policy, or is multi-homed to the public internet. This autonomous
system number is required if you are to run BGP and peer with your internet service provider and
between internet service providers at peering points and Internet Exchanges (IX).  The ASN must be
globally unique so that IP address blocks appear to come from a unique location that BGP can find and
route to. BGP uses Prefixes and Autonomous System Paths (AS Paths) to determine the shortest path to a
destination where a prefix is located.
There are 16-bit AS numbers (ASN), and new 32-bit AS numbers (ASN) which were created when the
ASN pool from IANA approached exhaustion, and the ASN field was extended the field from 16 to 32
bits [RFC4893][RFC5398]. 

Note:  In the table below the 32-bit ASN's are "backwards compatible" and overlap the 16 bit ASN's. 
IANA refers to the 16-bit AS number list as a "sub-registry" of the 32-bit list.

Number Bits Description Reference

0 16 Reserved [RFC1930]

1 - 23455 16 Public ASN's  

23456 16 Reserved for AS Pool Transition [RFC6793]
23457 - 64534 16 Public ASN's  
64000 - 64495 16 Reserved by IANA  
64496 - 64511 16 Reserved for use in documentation/sample code [RFC5398]

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Number Bits Description Reference

64512 - 65534 16 Reserved for Private Use  

65535 16 Reserved  
65536 - 65551 32 Reserved for use in documentation and sample [RFC4893][RFC5398]
code
65552 - 131071 32 Reserved
131072 - 4199999999 32 Public 32-bit ASN's
4200000000 - 32 Reserved for Private Use [RFC6996]
4294967294
4294967295 32 Reserved

PUBLIC AND PRIVATE ASN

There are public ASN and private ASN. Several RFC's outline which addresses are private and which are
public, including some special-use ASN's for documentation and/or sample code and for AS number pool
transitions. The most used are the public and private ASN's.

PUBLIC ASN

An ASN in the public range is globally unique and may be announced on the global Internet to your ISP
or at an internet exchange point (peering point) via BGP. ASN are used to uniquely identify networks or
systems of networks which appear to the outside world to be running a single consistent routing policy.
Prefixes are 'seen' to originate from these public ASN by the exterior gateway routing protocol (BGP).
This ensures that routes lead back to a unique source of a given range of IP addresses.

PRIVATE ASN

The private ASN should not be seen on the global Internet (they shouldn't be announced via your exterior
gateway routing protocol). Private AS numbers are used by ISP's who use BGP confederations or in
private networks. Private AS numbers are also sometimes used to provide an AS number to customers
with multiple connections to their ISP, but who have no connections to any other Internet service
provider. This is becoming more and more rare.  Use of private ASN is more frequent in private networks
that will never communicate directly with the Internet.  Most ISPs utilize route filters to reject routes that
contain private ASNs.

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Assignment -2: BGP basic configuration

Step 1:

1. Install ISO 7200. Use the file (ISOc7200 on blackboard)

Step 2:

1. Use the above diagram to build the project in GNS3

2. Change name of the routers to R1-lab and R2-Lab using the following command
 Hostname new router name
 Example: R1(config)#hostname Routername
3. Set Router secret password, console and VTY password on both routers
4. Set the fast Ethernet interface using the IP address as shown in the above figure

Hint:

R1(config)#interface fastethernet0/0

R1(config-if)#ip address 11.0.0.1 255.255.255.0

R1(config-if)#no shutdown

R1(config-if)#interface loopback 0

R1(config-if)#ip address 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.0

5. Set up the BGP protocols using the following configuration as an example:

R1(config)#router bgp 1

R1(config-router)#neighbor 11.0.0.2 remote-as 2

6. Verify the configuration by using show ip bgp summary command on both routers

Note:

Please pay attention to the “State/PfxRcd” column of the output. It indicates the number of prefixes that
have been received from a neighbor. If this value is a number (including “0”, which means BGP

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neighbor, does not advertise any route) then the BGP neighbor relationship is good. If this value is a word
(including “Idle”, “Connect”, “Active”, “OpenSent”, “OpenConfirm”) then the BGP neighbor
relationship is not good.

7. Advertise the loopback 0 interface on R1 to R2

Hint:

R1(config-router)#network 1.1.1.0 mask 255.255.255.0

8. Use the show IP BGP. What do you notice?

9. Use the show IP BGP summary command in router 2. What do you notice?
10. Use the Show IP Route command in router2. What do you notice?
11. Save all the results. Use the methods on assignment 1 in term to send the report