Cara Penulisan Buletin Amerika PDF

THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN
GUIDELINES FOR AUTHORS OF MANUSCRIPTS

(8 August 2002)
Contents
TYPES OF PAPERS
Articles
Purpose
Length
Costs
Voluntary Page Contributions and Mandatory Page Charges
Color
Loose Inserts
Gatefold Pages
Discussions and Replies
Purpose
Length
Costs
PREPARATION OF PAPERS
Text
Organization
Resources for Writing
Tools for Writing
Word Processors, Software
Word Processors, Font
Parts of the Text
Tables
Tools for Composition
Word Processors, Software
Word Processors, Font
Spreadsheet Software
Table Structure
Figures
General Guidelines for All Figures
Hand Drafting and Photography
Graphics Software
Maps, Shaded Figures, and Charts
Sizing Figures
Figures with Multiple Parts
Color
Loose Inserts
Gatefold Pages
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INITIAL SUBMISSION OF MANUSCRIPTS

Cover Letter
Online Submission
REVIEW OF PAPERS
REQUIRED REVISIONS
ACCEPTANCE OF PAPERS
WITHDRAWING MANUSCRIPTS
PUBLICATION PROCESS
COVER ART
ASSIGNMENT OF COPYRIGHT AND REQUEST FOR COPYRIGHT PERMISSION
REPRINTS
MEDIA RELEASES
CONTACT INFORMATION
[Note: Most papers published in the Bulletin incur mandatory charges. Read carefully the subsequent
section about costs before submitting a manuscript.]
The Geological Society of America Bulletin publishes technical manuscripts on all aspects of the earth
sciences. Multidisciplinary research is particularly sought after. Papers that discuss principles are generally
preferred to detailed areal studies, which may be more appropriate to state, provincial, or university
publications. Do not submit work that has been submitted, accepted, or published elsewhere.
All submissions are examined critically by referees before the submissions are accepted for
publication. The usual review period ranges from a few weeks for very short papers to several months for
long papers or for papers that require revision.
TYPES OF PAPERS
Articles
Purpose
The Bulletin welcomes manuscripts from any research field of the geological sciences, especially
manuscripts that will have an impact on more than one discipline in the field. Papers should make
fundamental contributions to solving current problems in the geological sciences, should be innovative, or
should be of interest to a broad audience. Manuscripts should report the results of thoroughly documented
research and should exemplify the use of the scientific method in making interpretations and reaching
conclusions.
Length
There is no rigid page limit; however, the Bulletin discourages overly long submissions. Manuscripts
with a length less than about 28 double-spaced pages (12 point type) (except for figures and tables) move
through the review process more rapidly than those that are considerably longer. You are expected to
provide concise text and illustrations that use page space efficiently.
Note that long papers incur mandatory charges when published.

Costs
Voluntary Page Contributions and Mandatory Page Charges. GSA
requests a voluntary contribution of $125 per page for the first 10 published pages. GSA has a mandatory
page charge of $125 per page for all published pages in excess of 10. The mandatory charge cannot be
waived. You can minimize the mandatory charges by making the best use of space. Tighten the text; one
published page of text has about 1250 words. Avoid redundant figures and tables. Place nonessential parts
of the manuscript in the GSA Data Repository.
Failure to pay the voluntary contributions will limit the number of reprints you receive. Failure to pay
the mandatory charges will prevent your receipt of reprints.
Color. You may use as much color as you want in your article. Color charges are a minimum of
$800 per published page. If you expect to have several color figures, you may want to save money by
numbering these figures so they can be placed together. Work with Cary Cosper (ccosper@geosociety.org)
to eliminate problems with your color figures. If additional hand work or computer time is required at
GSA or at our service bureau to modify the images to make them suitable for printing, you may be asked
to pay for this work at prevailing rates, which are about $50 per hour.
When your paper is accepted, you will be sent an exact cost quote, at which time you should agree to
pay for the color printing or decide to convert one or more figures to black-and-white. Please help us make
this quote accurate by telling us in the cover letter with your initial submission which figures you want to
be in color (many authors send color figures that they intend to have published in black-and-white).
Loose Inserts. If you have maps, cross sections, seismic lines, or other figures that are too
large for a journal page, you may want to place these images and their captions on a loose insert. There are
two sizes of inserts. They may be printed in black-and-white or color and may be printed on one or both
sides. The numbering for all figures accompanying your manuscript must be sequential, including those on
the insert. The proper position of the insert in your published paper will be marked by a footnote on the
printed page.
After your paper is accepted, you will be sent an invoice, at which time you should arrange payment
for the insert. Insert costs include press preparation, printing, folding, handling, and mechanical insertion.
You must provide electronic files of figures at the proper dimensions, or film. If you can provide only
drafted figures, the figures must be scannable (see instructions later herein for guidelines on lettering and
gray screens) and arranged in a final layout. Scanning may add to the cost of the insert. Basic costs are as
follows:
INSERT COSTS FOR GSA BULLETIN
Insert Small Large

Sheet size 27 × 43 cm (11 × 17 in.) 63 × 96 cm (25 × 38 in.)

Maximum image size 25 × 40 cm (10 × 16 in.) 60 × 93 cm (24 × 37 in.)
Black-and-white
Printed on one side $1200 $1600
Printed on both sides $1400 $1900
Color
Printed on one side $1700 $2000
Printed on both sides $2000 $2300
Gatefold Pages. Bulletin has begun offering gatefold pages. These pages require special work
by the printer and are relatively expensive (i.e., in the same range as loose inserts). You should discuss
your requirements with Cary Cosper (ccosper@geosociety.org) as soon as you know you want a gatefold
page. After your paper is accepted, you will be sent an exact cost quote, at which time you should arrange
payment for the gatefold.
Discussions and Replies
Purpose
Occasionally, a paper published in the Bulletin will elicit responses from the readership. Bulletin does
not publish letters; however, we do publish special short articles called Discussions. Each Discussion
should focus on the broad assertions in the original article or their implications and must not be too
specific or personal. Personal attacks may cause a Discussion to be rejected without review.
Discussions must be submitted within one year of the publication of the original article. The Bulletin
Science Editor will send a copy of the Discussion to the original authors for a Reply, which must be
submitted within three months.
Discussions and Replies may or may not be subjected to full peer review.
Length
Discussions and Replies are limited to four published pages each, including illustrations. You can use
the available space to maximum benefit by tightening the text and using few illustrations. One published
page of text has about 1250 words.
Costs
GSA requests a voluntary contribution of $125 per page for Discussions and Replies. Failure to pay
the voluntary contributions will limit the number of reprints you receive.
PREPARATION OF PAPERS
Text

Manuscripts must correctly use approved geological and other scientific terminology and have no
grammar or spelling errors; GSA ensures that this goal is achieved by copyediting every manuscript. You
must also check your manuscript for accuracy and consistency in use of capitalization, abbreviations, and
dates. You must also cross check your manuscript's citations with your manuscript's reference list. Use
GSA style for the references in the reference list (examples follow later in these Guidelines).
Organization
Define precisely the contribution at the outset and present it clearly in the fewest words possible (but
avoid jargon and telegraphic phrasing that make it meaningful to only those few studying the same
specialty) so that the reader may get a maximum of facts and ideas from a minimum of text. State the
purpose, give a minimum of background, concisely present the data that led to the conclusions, clearly
differentiate fact and inference, and present justifiable conclusions and, perhaps, further implications of
the conclusions. Assume that your readers are familiar with the general literature and need not be told
basic principles; therefore, give only the background and reference material necessary to support the
arguments. Provide only brief descriptions of methods and laboratory techniques (preferably as an
Appendix). Do not describe standard methods in detail if references to the methods can be cited.
Resources for Writing

Spelling. Bulletin uses American English. Our primary guide for spelling is the 10th edition of
Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (1993), which can be accessed on the web (http://www.m-
w.com). For technical words not contained in this resource, we use the current edition of the Glossary of
Geology, published by the American Geological Institute (http://www.agiweb.org).
Composition Style. With only a few exceptions (most notably, in the reference lists),
Bulletin follows the style outlined in the 14th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style (1993), published by
the University of Chicago Press (http://www.press.uchicago.edu).
Capitalization. Our primary guide for capitalization of common words is the 10th edition of
Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (1993), which can be accessed on the web (http://www.m-
w.com). We also use the 14th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style (1993), published by the University
of Chicago Press (http://www.press.uchicago.edu). For technical words not contained in this resource, we
use the guidelines contained in the seventh edition of Suggestions to Authors of the Reports of the United
States Geological Survey (1991), published by the U.S. Government Printing Office.
Abbreviations. Abbreviations should be used only when necessary and should be legitimate
abbreviations in use in the scientific community. Never coin abbreviations to take the place of names (e.g.,
using BRP in place of Basin and Range province is not acceptable). If you use abbreviations that are likely
to be known only to members of a particular discipline (e.g., abbreviations for mineral names), please add
a table of abbreviations and their explanations to your manuscript.
Units of Measure. Use the International System of units (SI, or metric) in captions,
illustrations, and text. Measurements in non-SI units may be necessary in some circumstances, such as
elevation measurements in the text that correlate to topographic maps, or because of the intended
readership. In such cases, you should provide SI measurements first, which should be followed by the non-
SI equivalents in parentheses.

Mathematical Expressions. Our primary guide for the treatment of mathematical

expressions and equations is the current edition (1999) of Mathematics into Type, published by the
American Mathematical Association. All variables (except vectors) should be italicized; only labels
(usually as subscripts) that are themselves variables should be italicized, e.g., Xmin or Xa, but Xi or CP
(underlining here is merely to emphasize where italics are applied). Mathematical functions (such as log or
tan) and chemical symbols should not be italicized. If you are using Word Equation Editor for a displayed
equation or complex within-text term, define the labels that are not variables as "text" style to eliminate
the default italics. Define all mathematical symbols in the text the first time each appears. Equations
should be set off from the rest of the text by line spaces above and below. Equations should be numbered
sequentially only if they are cited in the text; the numbers should be enclosed in parentheses and set to the
right of the equations.
Citation of Unpublished Material. Citations of unpublished material can be
problematic. Following are the six main categories of such items and the manner in which each should be
handled. In preparing references such as these, use GSA style as described subsequently in this document.
(1) Citations of theses and dissertations, which are usually unpublished, are always permitted. (2) Without
exception, citations of unpublished manuscripts that have not been accepted for publication are not
permitted. Substitute a dated personal communication or a citation to a published reference. At the last
minute, you may add your preferred citation if the item has been accepted for publication during review
and editing of your manuscript. (3) Citations of unpublished personal data (field data, mapping, etc.) that
belong to one of the authors should be deleted. Incorporate the data in the paper, or make it available in the
GSA Data Repository. (4) Citations of unpublished personal data (field data, mapping, etc.) that belong to
someone other than one of the authors should also be deleted. Instead, secure permission from the owner
of the data to use the data, or refer to the data in general terms by using only a dated personal
communication. (5) Citations of open-file reports and other unpublished works from various government
agencies (often called gray literature) are permitted. (6) Citations of company reports and the use and
interpretation of proprietary industry data are permitted, even if these items are not available to the reader.
If they are available (either in libraries or from the company), this should be noted for the benefit of the
reader.
Other Resources. Use the current edition of the North American Stratigraphic Code (1983),
which is available online (http://www.agiweb.org/nacsn/code2.html), for proper usage and capitalization
of stratigraphic terminology and concepts. Use GEOLEX, which is avilable online
(http://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Geolex/), for checking spelling and captialization of geologic names in the U.S.
Geological Survey database. Use other official resources that define proper approaches to the use of
technical terminology.
Tools for Writing

Handwriting and the Typewriter. Handwritten manuscripts are returned without
review because of the high cost of creating computer files from such material. Typewritten papers are
acceptable only if you have no access to a computer. You are responsible for the costs of converting typed
text to electronic files unless the cover letter is accompanied by a request to waive the costs for hardship
reasons.
Word Processors, Software. Bulletin text is set from files using Microsoft Word 97 for

Windows because most of our authors and our printer use this software. If you do not, you can minimize
problems with a few simple precautions. If you use a newer version of Microsoft Word, save your
manuscript as a Word 97 file. If you use a new version of WordPerfect for Windows, save your files as
8.0. We can use files from all older versions of Word and WordPerfect for Windows. If you use a
Macintosh, do not send us files saved in formats more recent than Word for Mac 98 or WordPerfect for
Mac 3.5. If you do not use Word or WordPerfect and cannot save files in those formats, convert your text
to RTF (rich text format).
Word Processors, Font. If possible, the text should be composed in Times New Roman
from Microsoft. The new version of this font, which is free, has an extended character set that is
particularly useful. The font can be downloaded from the Microsoft web site at
http://www.microsoft.com/typography/fontpack/default.htm?fname=%20&fsize=. When you install it, it
will replace the older version of the font that was on your computer.
Parts of the Text

Authors' Names and Addresses. For each author, collect the address of the
institution where the work was done, present address (if different), and e-mail address. Bulletin prefers to
use complete mailing addresses rather than simple institutional affiliations on the title page.
Abstract. The abstract should present information and results in capsule form and should be brief
and objective, containing within a 250-word maximum the content and conclusions of the paper. The topic
sentence should give the overall scope and should be followed by emphasis on new information. Omit
references, criticisms, drawings, and diagrams.
Keywords. Choose five or six keywords from the list provided at the GeoRef web site
(http://georef.cos.com/cgi-bin/gen-names-or-keys?what=keyword) at Community of Science. If you
cannot gain access to this site, provide a list based on your own experience.
Body of the Text. Precisely define the contribution at the outset and present it clearly in the
fewest words possible (but avoid jargon and telegraphic phrasing that is meaningful only to those few
studying the same specialty), so that the reader may get a maximum of facts and ideas in a minimum of
time. State the purpose, give a minimum of background, concisely present the data that led to the
conclusions, clearly differentiate fact and inference, and present justifiable conclusions and, perhaps,
further implications of the conclusions. Assume that your readers are familiar with the general literature
and need not be told basic principles; therefore, give only minimal background and reference material.
Provide only brief descriptions of methods and laboratory techniques (preferably as an Appendix). Do not
describe standard methods in detail if references to the methods can be cited. Include footnotes and
citations of figures and tables in appropriate places.
The body should be divided by using no more than four levels of headings (not including the title of
the paper). These headings have rigid typographical definitions, as follows:
First-level headings: Bold, all caps, centered on separate

line.

Second-level headings: Bold, initial caps, flush left on separate

line.
Third-level headings: Bold italics, initial caps, flush left on

separate line.
Fourth-level headings: Bold italics, initial caps, set at the

beginning of a paragraph of text.
No other headings or styles are possible. If your paper will be written by several persons, it is particularly
important to check the final version before submission to ensure that the level of each heading is correct.
The first citation of each figure and of each table must be sequential and must use simple numerals
(e.g., Fig. 1, Table 1). The words "Figure" and "Figures" should be capitalized; they should be abbreviated
(to Fig. and Figs.) when enclosed in parentheses.
Footnotes. Avoid most footnotes and parenthetical statements. Textual footnotes that are
deemed necessary should be numbered consecutively with superscripts.
Two footnotes are essential: (1) first reference to material that has been placed in the GSA Data
Repository, and (2) first reference to figures that are printed on a loose insert. In addition to the placement
of the footnote symbol for the Data Repository footnote, we also need a brief phrase describing the
material that has been deposited. We will take care of the precise wording of all footnotes. You must let us
know where to place them.
Appendix. The Appendix is optional and contains brief descriptions of methods, laboratory
techniques, and other supplementary information. Title all appendixes (for example, APPENDIX 1.
SAMPLE DESCRIPTIONS); number appendixes only if there are two or more. If more than one level of
heading is required, use the same style as that used in the body of the text. Place appendixes at the end of
the text before the Acknowledgments. Do not place appendixes in the Data Repository. Number tables and
figures in the Appendix separately from the text (e.g., Fig. A1, Fig. A2, Table A1, etc.).
References Cited. All references mentioned in the text, figures, captions, tables, and
appendixes must be listed in the References Cited section. Only references cited in the paper are to be
listed. The reference list for your Data Repository material should be separate and complete (do not omit
references also cited in the paper itself) and placed in the Data Repository. Do not cite or list papers that
are in preparation, in review, or in revision (see previous description of alternatives to "unpublished
manuscript" citations). List references alphabetically by author's surname. For references with two authors,
list alphabetically by first author's surname and then alphabetically by second author's surname. For
references with more than two authors, list alphabetically by first author's surname and then
chronologically, earliest year first. Distinguish by addition of letters those references that would otherwise
have identical citations (e.g., Smith, 1979a, 1979b). Do not abbreviate journal titles or book publishers in
references. For references that do not match any of the examples given here, include all information that
would help a reader locate the reference. See the following table for sample references; note the kinds of
information required, its order, and the punctuation. See also a current issue of the Bulletin.

Abstract
Sammis, C.G., 1993, Relating fault stability to fault zone structure:
Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 25,
no. 6, p. A115-A116. [Note: the issue number is required for this
particular publication after 1988.]
Book
[last name], [initials], [year], [book title]: [city], [publisher],
[no. of pages].
or
[last name], [initials], [year], [chapter title], in [last name], [initials],
ed., [book title]: [city], [publisher], [pages].
Vail, P.R., Audemard, F., Bowman, S.A., Eisner, P.N., and Perez-Cruz,
C., 1991, The stratigraphic signatures of tectonics, eustasy and
sedimentology-An overview, in Einsele, G., et al., eds., Cycles
and events in stratigraphy: Berlin, Springer-Verlag, p. 617-659.
[Note: only the first editor's name need be listed.]
Journal
[last name], [initials], [year], [article title]: [journal title], [volume],
[pages].
Doglioni, C., 1994, Foredeeps versus subduction zones: Geology, v. 22,
p. 271-274.
Comment, Discussion, Reply
Retallack, G.J., 1993, Classification of paleosols: Discussion:
Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 105, p. 1635-1636.
Guidebook
Blackstone, D.L., Jr., 1990, Rocky Mountain foreland exemplified by the
Owl Creek Mountains, Bridger Range and Casper Arch, central
Wyoming, in Specht, R., ed., Wyoming sedimentation and tectonics:
Casper, Wyoming Geological Association, 41st Annual Field
Conference, Guidebook, p. 151-166. [Note: Casper is the city
of publication; don't list the meeting site.]
In Press
Hoffman, H.J., and Masson, M., 2002, Archean stromatolites from
Abitibi greenstone belt, Quebec, Canada: Geological Society
of America Bulletin, v. 114 (in press).
Map

Abrams, G.A., 1993, Complete Bouguer gravity anomaly map of the

State of Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field
Studies Map MF-2236, scale 1:500,000, 1 sheet.
Open-File Report
Alpha, T.R., 1993, Landslide effects: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File
Report 93-0278-A, 43 p.
Proceedings from a Symposium or Conference
[Include year of conference if it differs from publication year.]
Baar, C., 1972, Creep measured in deep potash mines vs. theoretical
predictions, in Proceedings, Canadian Rock Mechanics Symposium,
7th, Edmonton: Ottawa, Canada Department of Energy, Mines and
Resources, p. 23-77.
Thesis
Wopat, M.A., 1990, Quaternary volcanism and tectonics in
the Mexican volcanic belt near Tequila, Jalisco, southwestern
Mexico [Ph.D. thesis]: Berkeley, University of California, 277 p.
Figure Captions. Label each caption with the figure number. Make captions precise and
explain all symbols and abbreviations used in the associated figure, or refer to a previous figure that
explains them. Label figure parts with letters (capital or lower-case; be consistent) and use those letters, in
parentheses, to separate parts of the caption. Place captions in consecutive order in the same computer file
as the text, at the end. Do not place captions with figures. Do not abbreviate the words "Figure" or
"Figures" unless they are in parentheses. If an object is used for scale in a field photograph, state the
object's size in centimeters or meters. If no object is visible for scale, and the scale is not obvious, state the
approximate physical dimensions of the view. All micrographs and fossils must have a scale bar; the
caption must state the length of the bar.
Data Repository (Supplementary Material). You can place information that
supplements and expands on your article in the GSA Data Repository. Data appropriate for the Repository
are not needed by every reader but are essential to a few who are involved in studies similar to the topic of
the paper. Your Data Repository material should have its own separate list of references that cover all the
citations in all Data Repository material.
Papers that have associated materials in the Repository include a footnote to that effect on the title
page and a footnote where the repository materials are first cited in the text (the Repository materials must
be cited in the text). This material is available on request from GSA, is posted on GSA's web site
(http://www.geosociety.org/pubs/drpint.htm), and is included with the GSA Journals on CD-ROM.
No part of the Data Repository material can be called an Appendix. Tables and figures in the Data
Repository should be numbered separately from the text (e.g., Fig. DR1, Fig. DR2, Table DR1, etc.).
Tables

Tables should replace text, not duplicate it. They should be numbered consecutively (e.g., Table 1,
Table 2, etc.). Tables in the Appendix have a separate numbering scheme (e.g., Table A1, Table A2, etc.),
as do tables in the GSA Data Repository (e.g., Table DR1, Table DR2).
Tools for Composition

Handwriting and the Typewriter. Handwritten tables are unacceptable. Typewritten
tables are acceptable only if you have no access to a computer. You are responsible for the costs of
converting typed tables to electronic files unless the cover letter is accompanied by a request to waive the
costs for hardship reasons.
Word Processors, Software. Bulletin tables are set from Microsoft Word 97 for
Windows files because most of our authors and our printer use this program. If you do not, you can
minimize problems with a few simple precautions. If you use a newer version of Microsoft Word, save
each table as a Word 97 file. If you use a new version of WordPerfect for Windows, save your tables as
8.0. We can use tables from all older versions of Word and WordPerfect for Windows.
If you use a Macintosh, do not send us tables saved in formats more recent than Word for Mac 98 or
WordPerfect for Mac 3.5. If you do not use Word or WordPerfect and cannot save tables in those formats,
convert your text to RTF (rich text format) and separate the columns on each row with tabs. If you send an
RTF file, you must send us a PDF file or a paper copy of your table so we can know its intended
appearance.
Word Processors, Font. If possible, tables should be composed in Arial from Microsoft.
The new version of this font, which is free, has an extended character set that is particularly useful. The
font can be downloaded from
http://www.microsoft.com/typography/fontpack/default.htm?fname=%20&fsize=. When you install it, it
will replace the older version of the font that was on your computer.
Spreadsheet Software. Some authors use Microsoft Excel or other spreadsheet software
to create tables. If you do so, you must convert these spreadsheets to Word tables before submitting them.
Table Structure
General. Separate only the major sections of the table with horizontal lines (as described
subsequently). Use vertical lines only if absolutely necessary; generally, vertical white space suffices. Use
the word "and" rather than an ampersand (&). Use italic type only if specifically required (e.g., genus and
species names). Use abbreviations only if required by limited space. Define all abbreviations in the first
footnote.
Title. Center the title above the table. Use all capital letters except for the symbols for chemical
elements (e.g., Ar), abbreviations for years before present (e.g., Ma), and SI units. Separate the title from
the rest of the table with a double horizontal line. Following sections review each major part of a table. For
examples, refer to any recent issue of Bulletin or Geology.
Headings. Start all column headings below the double horizontal line. Make the heading for the
first column flush left; center all other column headings. Use only an initial capital letter for each heading,
unless other capital letters are required (e.g., formal names or chemical symbols). Abbreviate units of
measurement and place them in parenthesis on a separate line just below the rest of the heading. Separate

the headings from the body of the table with a single horizontal line.
Table Body. Start all columns just below the single horizontal line at the base of the column
headings. Make only the main parts of the first column flush left; indent subsidiary elements in this
column as necessary. Center columns with numbers and align them on the decimal. Use a zero before the
decimal point for values less than one except for statistics where a zero is not necessary (e.g., probability).
Align text entries on the left and indent each line after the first. Separate sections of the table body
(optional) with a line space. Label each of these sections (optional) with a bold underlined subheading that
is flush left. Blank spaces may be left in the body of the table where appropriate or may be marked as N.D.
(no data), N.A. (not applicable), or otherwise as appropriate; define these abbreviations in the first
footnote. Follow the body of the table with a single horizontal line.
Footnotes. Treat each footnote as a separate paragraph: Indent the first line three spaces and end
with a period. Place general information about the table, including the explanation for all abbreviations, in
the first footnote, which begins with "Notes:" in italics. Footnotes should appear in the same order as the
symbols that were used in the table. Follow the footnote section with a single horizontal line.
Footnote Symbols. If several items in a table require footnotes, use relative position in the
table to determine the order in which footnotes are marked. Start at the top of the table, work from left to
right, then from top to bottom. Use the following sequence for footnotes: † (dagger), ‡ (double dagger), §
(section), # (pound), ††, ‡‡, §§, ##, †††, ‡‡‡, and so on. All symbols should be set as superscripts. Do not
use asterisks for footnote because asterisks have other, special uses (e.g., designation of radiogenic
isotopes such as Pb*).
Preparing Tables for Review. Prepare tables as you normally would, expect that tables
should have double line spacing. Minimize the space between columns and use as many pages as
necessary for large tables. For the initial online submission only, Table 1 should be placed at the end of the
text, just after the figure captions. Follow with the remaining tables in sequential order.
Figures
Submit your figures as black-and-white images unless you are willing to be responsible for the cost of
publishing in color, should your manuscript be accepted. If you have only color versions of some figures,
but you intend that they be published in black-and-white, you should so state in your cover letter.
General Guidelines for All Figures

All illustrations, whether line drawings or photographs, are considered figures; we do not use the term
"plate." Identify each with the first author's name and number them consecutively, at the bottom, outside
the image area. If a figure has more than one part, each part should be labeled with a 14-point, bold, letter
that is not in parentheses or followed by a period. The letter designation can be upper-case or lower-case;
whichever you choose, be consistent throughout your paper. Wherever possible, the letter designation
should be placed in or very near the upper left corner of each part.
Hand Drafting and Photography

Hand-drafted figures and photographs should be scanned prior to online submission. If you have no

way to scan figures, contact Cary Cosper (ccosper@geosociety.org). After your manuscript has been
accepted, follow the guidelines listed next to meet publication requirements.
Graphics Software
Initial Submission. For the initial submission, figure/image files should be in TIFF (.tif),
GIF (.gif), JPEG (.jpg), Portable Document Format (.pdf), Postscript (.ps), or Encapsulated Postscript
(.eps) format. They should be submitted in order and labeled clearly. Avoid high resolution as this requires
very large file sizes. Figure file sizes should be kept to a minimum by having a resolution just good
enough for review.
Final Figures-Resolution. Once your manuscript has been accepted, you will be asked to
provide publication-quality graphics files (see subsequent description of details). Many graphics contain
imported scans. Some of these have been scanned at such a high resolution that they require more than 30
minutes to print. Generally, imported halftones should not be scanned at higher than 300 dpi (dots per
inch). Line art is usually good at 300 dpi, but if there are fine lines or screens, these figures should be
scanned at 600 dpi-never at higher resolution than this, however. If you have a single file larger than 10
megabytes, please call us, because files this size can cause delays and problems with our printer.
Final Figures-Software Requirements. Our printer accepts figure files in the
following formats only: Canvas (version 7 or newer), Freehand (version 8 or newer), CorelDraw (version
7 or newer), Illustrator, Photoshop, TIFF (if the files are not larger than about 10 megabytes), or EPS files
if they were created by Illustrator. If you have used other software, you should scan your figures and
submit them as TIFFs. All computer files must have the proper file extensions: Canvas (.cvs), Freehand
(.fh), CorelDraw (.cdr), Illustrator (.ai), Photoshop (.psd), TIFF (.tif), EPS (.eps).
Final Figures-File Names. Please name your figure files systematically. Each file should
include only the last name of the first author, the figure number, and the proper file extension (e.g., Smith
Fig 01.eps). At any given time, the Bulletin Editorial Office is attempting to manage more than 500 figure
files. Your help is appreciated.
Canvas. Unless the figures are very simple, older Canvas files almost always create problems.
Canvas is generally set up to create graphics meant to be printed on a computer printer and is not meant
for the commercial printing process. If you have used Canvas to prepare your figures, GSA may have to
scan the figures (see subsequent instructions on how to prepare scannable artwork).
Freehand. When a Freehand file is saved as an EPS to be imported into another program, pattern
fills sometimes disappear, and labels sometimes change font or disappear. It is best to supply "native"
Freehand files, because these can be converted more faithfully.
CorelDraw. Most files can be used with few problems.
Illustrator. Illustrator is the best software for creating figures that must be imported into another
program for the commercial printing process. However, this statement refers to figures actually created in
Illustrator, not figures created in another program and then imported into Illustrator. If you have saved
files as Illustrator files, you should open them using Illustrator and resolve any problems prior to
submission.
Photoshop. Most Photoshop files can be used with few problems; just make sure that the
resolution is high enough.

Placed/Imported Images. All images that have been placed or imported into your figure
file must accompany the figure file at the final submission (i.e., if you import a photograph file called
photo.tif into an Illustrator file, you must supply this photo.tif electronic file along with your Illustrator
file; be sure the photo.tif file is rationally named so that the Editorial Office can keep it with the other files
for your manuscript).
Fonts. Convert all words and/or phrases into outlines or paths so that each text block becomes an
object. This approach will eliminate font problems.
Invisible Elements. Many graphics files contain unnecessary "invisible" elements. These
are sometimes imported graphics that the creator of the file has traced over and then set them not to print.
To save our printer's time (which is expensive), please delete the unnecessary elements rather than just
setting them not to print.
Digital Camera Files. Images created by digital cameras are accepted only as TIFF files
(.tif) scaled to 100% at 300-600 dpi.
Maps, Shaded Figures, and Charts

Basic Requirements. The title of an illustration should appear in the figure caption, not in
the figure itself. Include latitude (in degrees north or south) and longitude (in degrees west or east), a north
arrow, and a scale in kilometers on all maps. Label all map elements; explain all abbreviations in the
caption. All labels referring to bodies of water should be in italics; all other physiographic features should
not be labeled in italics. Label all axes on graphs; however, if a cluster of graphs or charts shares the same
kinds of axes, label the vertical axes only once at the left and the vertical axes only once at the bottom.
Lines and Lettering. Use clean black lines, no finer than 1 point and no thicker than 2
points. Avoid hairlines, as they often disappear in the printing process. If you size your figures according
to the instructions given in the next section, use lettering between 6 points and 14 points. Avoid making
the lettering too large for the figure; this can result in a "cartoonish" appearance. Avoid the use of small
boldface lettering because the open spaces in the letters sometimes fill in when printed. Except for proper
names, capitalize only the first letter of all names, e.g., "Granitic rocks." Place white boxes behind
lettering that has been placed over a patterned background.
Gray Screens and Patterns. If possible, use patterns instead of gray screens (also called
dot fills). When fine or smooth fills are scanned, mottled patterns often result. If gray screens are
unavoidable, use no more than two shades of gray in the same image. Screens must be between 20% and
70% black. The scanner "sees" <20% black as white and >70% black as black. Any fills that represent
different values in the same illustration must differ by at least 20%. For example, fills that are 20% black
and 30% black must not be used in the same figure, but fills that are 30% black and 50% black are
acceptable for use in the same figure.
Figures from Other Sources (Permissions). If illustrations are reproduced
without change from another publication, acknowledgment must be clearly made. You are responsible for
obtaining copyright clearance. The following conventional designations should be noted: "after"-possible
redrafting but no change in information; "modified from"-some change; "adapted from"-radical changes.
Sizing Figures
Space is expensive and limited. Make your figures as compact as possible. Draft them at final size if
at all possible. If properly prepared, figures should require no reduction prior to final layout. Review the
guidelines above for proper sizes of lines and lettering. Figures should be drafted to fit within one of the
following designations:
One-Column-Width Figures. Maximum width is 5.75 cm (2.25 inches); maximum
height is 23.25 cm (9 inches).
Two-Column-Width Figures. Maximum width is 12.25 cm (4.75 inches); maximum
height is 23.25 cm (9 inches).
Half-Page-Width Figures. This size is reserved for photographs that are set side-by-side
in pairs (a final single photo can be set opposite the figure caption). Maximum width is 9 cm (3.5 inches);
maximum height is 23.25 cm (9 inches).
Three-Column-Width (Full-Page-Width) Figures. Maximum width is 18.5 cm
(7.25 inches); maximum height is 23.25 cm (9 inches).
Facing-Page-Width Figures. Maximum width is 36.75 cm (14.5 inches); maximum
height is 23.25 cm (9 inches). These figures are not run into the gutter; they are split into two halves, with
a small overlap.
Gatefold Figures. If the facing-page approach is not used, the maximum width is 37.25 cm
(14.5 inches); maximum height is 23.25 cm (9 inches). If the facing-page approach is used, the maximum
width is 55.25 cm (21.75 inches); maximum height is 23.25 cm (9 inches).
Larger Figures. These can be placed on loose inserts and are subject to the size limitations
given in the cost chart for loose inserts (see previous listing), leaving space at the bottom for the figure
caption.
Figures with Multiple Parts

Set the parts as close together as possible without touching. Align the width and/or length of
individual photographs in a cluster to avoid an uneven appearance; the outside edges of the cluster must be
aligned. Label each part with a 14-point, bold, letter (choose either upper-case or lower-case, but be
consistent throughout your paper) that is not in parentheses or followed by a period. Wherever possible,
the letter designation should be placed in or very near the upper left corner of each part. Unless there is
some practical reason for not doing so, the individual parts should be arranged so that the first part (i.e.,
part A or part a) is in the upper left of the cluster, and other parts are arranged first to the right and then
down the page. Parts may also be set on more than one page.
Color
You may use unlimited color in your article. See the first part of the Guidelines for cost. Bulletin
prefers electronic files at the proper resolution rather than slides or color prints (although we continue to
accept them for now). Many color graphics files cause problems because they have been saved as RGB
(red, green, blue) rather than CMYK (cyan, magenta, yellow, black). When these are converted from RGB
to CMYK for commercial printing, the colors may not be exactly the same. If these colors are used to
distinguish elements on a chart or map, this is not usually a problem, but significant problems may occur if
the image is a color photograph. To avoid this pitfall, color graphics must be saved as CMYK files.

Loose Inserts
Loose inserts are intended for one or more large figures that will not fit on the journal's pages. As is
the case with other figures, the figures contained in loose inserts should not be titled; the title should be
contained in the caption. Leave room at the bottom of the sheet for the caption. When the Bulletin issue is
prepared for mailing, the insert is placed inside one of the covers. Sheets may be printed on one or both
sides. You must provide either electronic files of figures at the proper dimensions or film. If you can
provide only drafted figures, the figures must be scannable (see previous description for guidelines on
lettering and gray screens) and arranged in a final layout. Scanning may add to the cost of the insert. See
the first part of the Guidelines for dimensions and cost.
Gatefold Pages
If you have a figure that may require placement on a gatefold page (see previous description for
sizing), contact Cary Cosper (ccosper@geosociety.org) for information on how to proceed. The cost of the
gatefold may influence your decision; cost is discussed near the beginning of these Guidelines.
INITIAL SUBMISSION OF MANUSCRIPTS
The manuscript submission and peer-review process is broken into the following six steps: (1) submit
a cover letter and the manuscript, (2) the Science Editor assigns an Associate Editor, (3) the AE selects
one or two other reviewers, (4) the reviewers review the manuscript, (4) the Science Editor makes the final
decision, and (5) the Science Editor's assistant contacts you with the decision. All initial submissions
should be made by using the Bulletin's online submission system, unless you do not have access to the
Internet. Instructions for online and manual submission follow.
Cover Letter
Address this letter to "Bulletin Editor." The letter should contain the following items: (1) an
explanation of how your paper is innovative, provocative, timely, and of interest to a broad audience; (2) a
statement that the manuscript has not been submitted, accepted, or published elsewhere; (3) a list of any
papers on related topics by any of the authors that have been published within the past year or that are in
review or in press; (4) whether you intend to use color or loose inserts-if you do, which figures are
involved; (5) your agreement to pay any charges associated with the publication of your paper, including
charges for color, loose inserts, gatefold pages, or published pages greater than 10 (see sections on costs
near the beginning of these Guidelines); (6) whether the manuscript is a resubmission of a paper that was
rejected previously; and (7) if relevant, reasons why the manuscript should not be assigned to specific
individuals for review, including those in the position of Science Editor, Associate Editor, or reviewer. If
you can recommend reviewers, please do so.
Online Submission

Assembly of Required Information Before Submission

Before submitting a manuscript, please gather the following information for each author: (1) each
name as it will appear when published and the order in which all names will appear, (2) postal address, (3)
work telephone number, and (4) e-mail address.
Format for Submitted Files

Text. The cover letter and manuscript file (combined text, references, figure captions, and tables)
must be saved as Portable Document Format (.pdf), Word (.doc), WordPerfect (.wp), Text (.txt), or Rich
Text Format (.rtf) files. Do not use the Text option if you use Greek letters, special characters,
superscripts, or subscripts in your manuscript.
Figures. The figures must be saved as TIFF (.tif), JPEG (.jpg), GIF (.gif), Postscript (.ps),
Encapsulated Postscript (.eps), or Portable Document Format (.pdf) files. See previous description of
software and file-naming details.
Option for Combining Everything. If you have Adobe Acrobat, you may choose to
convert and combine all of your files (keep the cover letter separate) into one large PDF file (maximum 8
megabytes) before submission. When the system asks for numbers of files, indicate only 1 Author Cover
Letter File and 1 Article File.
Submission Process
During the first part of the submission process, you should keep the computer file of your paper open
so you can copy and paste title, abstract, and keywords when you are instructed to do so.
The manuscript submission process is broken into a series of four screens that gather detailed
information about your manuscript and allow you to upload the pertinent files. The sequence is as follows:
(1) a screen that asks for author, title, abstract, and file quantities (it will ask for corresponding author first,
contributing authors later; the corresponding author does not need to be entered again as a contributing
author, regardless of the author order); (2) a screen that asks for the actual file locations on your computer
(after completing this screen, your files will be uploaded to our server); (3) a completion screen that
provides you with a specific manuscript number for your manuscript; (4) an approval screen that asks you
to verify that your manuscript was uploaded and converted correctly.
Problems. Our system automatically merges your manuscript and figures files to make a single
PDF file for the reviewers. If your electronic files are too large, the reviewers will not be able to download
the PDF and review it. The files you submit should not total more than about 8 megabytes. If your total
file size is larger than this, please contact Cary Cosper (ccosper@geosociety.org) for advice. We perform a
quality-control check on your submission before it is released to the reviewers. If any of your figures are
illegible, your manuscript is too long, or the merged file size is too large (>8 megabytes as just explained),
your submission will be returned to you so that you can fix these problems. Your manuscript will be
considered officially submitted only after it has passed through our initial quality-control check, and these
problems (if any) have been fixed.
Manuscript Status. After you approve your manuscript, you are finished with the
submission process. You can access the status of your manuscript by (1) logging into the system with your
password, (2) clicking on the link represented by your manuscript tracking number and abbreviated title,

and (3) clicking on the "Check Status" link at the bottom of the displayed page. This procedure will
display detailed tracking information about where your manuscript is in the submission/peer-review
process.
Getting Help. If you need additional help, you can click on the help signs spread throughout the
system. A help dialogue will pop up with context-sensitive help.
Manual Submission
Manual submission should be used only if you lack access to the Internet. If you use this option, send
one paper copy of everything and the electronic files that would have been submitted online (see
description in the preceding section) to GSA Bulletin, 3300 Penrose Place, Boulder, CO 80301, USA. If
you cannot provide the required electronic files, you must enclose a letter stating the reason; there may be
a charge to make the necessary scans and file conversions. Because of limited personnel time, manual
submission is much slower than online submission.
REVIEW OF PAPERS
The Science Editor will assign your paper to an Associate Editor who is familiar with your field of
research. The AE will in turn find one or two reviewers to assist with the review. If the AE has difficulty
finding qualified reviewers, peer review of your paper could take up to three or four months. When the
reviews are completed, the Science Editor will probably contact you to ask for revisions before a decision
is made.
Discussions of Bulletin articles, along with the author's Reply, generally require no peer review and
are published rapidly after review by the Science Editor.
REQUIRED REVISIONS
Nearly all manuscripts are returned to the author with suggestions for revision, condensation, or final
polish. You are expected to return the revised manuscript and an accompanying letter summarizing how
you responded to the reviewers' suggestions. The revision must be returned to the Science Editor within
three months. The manuscript may be accepted outright by the Science Editor, or it may be returned to the
Associate Editor for further review.
ACCEPTANCE OF PAPERS
When the review and your revisions are complete, the Science Editor will accept or reject your
manuscript. The Bulletin Science Editor's decision to accept or reject a manuscript is final.
WITHDRAWING MANUSCRIPTS
Manuscripts can be withdrawn at any time. The online submission permits you to withdraw your
manuscript prior to your acceptance of the submission. After that, use the contact information at the end of

these Guidelines to contact the appropriate editorial office and have your paper withdrawn.
PUBLICATION PROCESS
Your paper will be published a few months after acceptance. Your accepted manuscript is copyedited
and returned to you for review and approval. Final changes to the text must be made at this time. Later, a
PDF of the typeset paper in final form will be sent to you for approval of figures and tables. As this review
process sometimes overlaps with field-work schedules, you should keep Cary Cosper
(ccosper@geosociety.org) informed of your whereabouts once the final publication process is under way.
COVER ART
GSA welcomes submission of photographs for the Bulletin cover. For initial consideration, we prefer
electronic files and accompanying captions as e-mail attachments. If this is not possible, mail slides
(please, no originals) or prints (at least 12 × 17 cm [5 × 7 inches]) with captions. If you send
slides, also enclose color prints (if possible) so that the editors can better judge their visual impact. Prints
or slides should be of high technical quality and illustrate some geologic process or feature. We also need
a credit line for each image. Images with a vertical orientation have a much better chance of being
selected.
If your image is chosen for the cover, you will receive three free copies of that issue of the Bulletin
and 25 copies of the cover. Submission of cover art does not guarantee acceptance for publication.
Send submissions to Cary Cosper, GSA Bulletin, 3300 Penrose Place, Boulder, CO 80301.
ASSIGNMENT OF COPYRIGHT AND REQUEST FOR COPYRIGHT

PERMISSION
GSA obtains copyright to all articles published in the Bulletin except for those written by U.S.
government employees where the work was within the scope of their employment. You must sign and
return a Transfer of Copyright form before publication. Cary Cosper will send you the form at the
appropriate time. Requests for copyright permissions for Bulletin articles (including the right for you to
post your published article on your web site) should be addressed to Jeanette Hammann
(jhammann@geosociety.org), GSA, P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO 80301-9140. A $10 application fee will
be assessed, and a license fee may be assessed.
REPRINTS
If you arrange for payment of some part of your voluntary page contributions, you will receive 100
copies of your article as printed; if you do not, you will receive only 25 copies. Failure to pay mandatory
page charges results in forfeiture of all reprints.
MEDIA RELEASES
When your paper has been accepted, you will be asked to prepare a very brief summary of your work,
which will be included as part of a GSA press release summarizing the Bulletin issue in which your paper
appears. If you arrange for other news stories or press releases concerning your paper, the release dates of
these should not be earlier than the posting of the online journal issue in which your paper appears.
CONTACT INFORMATION
Please do not contact the editorial offices unnecessarily. You will be contacted immediately after a
decision has been made about your paper. If you have a question, choose the person listed here who is
charged with the part of the process that your question relates to, as access to information is limited
outside each person's area of responsibility.
Larry Bowlds, Bulletin Senior Managing Editor

lbowlds@geosociety.org, (303) 357-1047
-difficulties with manuscript submission
-final publication date and page numbers
Cary Cosper, Editorial Assistant
ccosper@geosociety.org, (303) 357-1046
-color, loose inserts, or gatefold pages
-corrections to edited manuscripts
-cover photos
-creating PDF files
-figures
-filing copyright release forms
-invoices
-page proofs
-reprints
Caroline Williford, Editorial Assistant for Science Editor Allen Glazner
gsab@unc.edu, (919) 962-0692
-status of the review if your paper was assigned to this office
-withdrawal of manuscript
Madeleine Donachie, Editorial Assistant for Science Editor Pete Copeland
gsab@uh.edu, (713) 743-3394
-status of the review if your paper was assigned to this office
-withdrawal of manuscript
Jeanette Hammann, GSA Editorial Manager
jhammann@geosociety.org, (303) 357-1048
-permission to copy
-permission to post articles on personal web sites
Ann Crawford, Reprint Coordinator
acrawford@geosociety.org, (303) 357-1053
-special reprint orders placed after regular orders are filled

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THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN

GUIDELINES FOR AUTHORS OF MANUSCRIPTS

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INITIAL SUBMISSION OF MANUSCRIPTS

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INSERT COSTS FOR GSA BULLETIN

Insert Small Large

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Sheet size 27 × 43 cm (11 × 17 in.) 63 × 96 cm (25 × 38 in.)

Discussions and Replies

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Resources for Writing

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Mathematical Expressions. Our primary guide for the treatment of mathematical

Tools for Writing

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Parts of the Text

First-level headings: Bold, all caps, centered on separate

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Second-level headings: Bold, initial caps, flush left on separate

Third-level headings: Bold italics, initial caps, flush left on

Fourth-level headings: Bold italics, initial caps, set at the

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Abrams, G.A., 1993, Complete Bouguer gravity anomaly map of the

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Tools for Composition

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General Guidelines for All Figures

Hand Drafting and Photography

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Maps, Shaded Figures, and Charts

Figures with Multiple Parts

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INITIAL SUBMISSION OF MANUSCRIPTS

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Assembly of Required Information Before Submission

Format for Submitted Files

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ASSIGNMENT OF COPYRIGHT AND REQUEST FOR COPYRIGHT

Larry Bowlds, Bulletin Senior Managing Editor

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