BIOLOGICAL FILM TREATMENT PLANT IN THE CONSTRUCTET WETLAND

DAUZUC

BIOLOGICAL FILM TREATMENT PLANT IN THE WET AREA

CONSTRUCTED -DAUZUC represents an alternative to mechano-biological treatment plants
and centralized sewage systems.
DAUZUC, serve buildings or groups of buildings and are manufactured modularly from elements
for 2L.E. for :2,4,6 ...... 48 LE, as an alternative solution for mechano-biological treatment plants
designed for localities or groups of localities, thus eliminating the systems of centralized sewerage
but also for small treatment plants up to 50 LE with activated sludgeor with moving bed (fixed bed)
or fixed compliant: SR-EN 12566-3 Small installations of treatment for up to 50 PE - Part 3:
prefabricated and / or face-built installationsthe place for domestic wastewater treatment or small
wastewater treatment systems for up to 50 PT - Part 6: Prefabricated treatment units for effluent

DAUZUC:
- has much lower investment costs and practically no operating costs for
specialized technical supervision, maintenance operations, electricity or
chemicals.
- has the value of works for wastewater collection decreases significantly, through a
unconditional location of an emissary, which in the case of traditional treatment plants,
a watercourse must be mandatory.
- it can also function in the conditions in which the number of inhabitants, on which the design was
based, it is significantly smaller than that of the inhabitants who use the sewer.
DAUZUC uses a built wetland, defined as a system designed to simulates a natural wetland for
wastewater treatment.
The development of built wetland systems are determined lately by the need to reduce the
consumption of energy generated by burning fossil fuels, due to the fact that they use "ecological"
techniques, without or with low consumption of energy.
A wetland is a natural bioreactor with biological film.In this bioreactor take place a series of
physical, chemical and biological processes in which participates organisms and microorganisms,
plants, soil and sediments accumulated in the layer lower than the area. When natural soil is
reshaped, using layers of natural aggregates and filtering and waterproofing materials but also
various devices related and planted plants, then a built wetland is created.
The use of built wetlands generates economic benefits because depend on natural ways of
treatment, which cost less in terms of electricity consumption and labor and have lower construction
costs, maintenance, operation and servicing, including those for chemicals.
In addition, it offers: a flexible selection of the location, the conservation of the natural environment
with vegetation and habitat for wild, unaffected animals, as well as high stability
to changing climatic conditions. Also built wetlands can provide opportunities for ecological
environmental education, recreational and leisure activities.
Wetlands are typical large passive systems with high ecological resilience.
Ecological resilience measures the ability of ecosystems to persist over time through
absorption of changes.
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Resilience also measures how quickly a particular ecosystem returns to the initial state after a
period of imbalance or by reference to the magnitude of adisruptive event, which a certain system
can cope with without changing structure or functionality. In this situation the built wetlands remain
a solution viable given the effects of climate change on wastewater treatment,
replacing traditional wastewater treatment plants that are short-lived active systems
resilient.
Climate change is considered one of the main challenges of urban wastewater systems and have a
double action on sewage treatment plants
Traditional. Processes that occur in a traditional treatment plant are affected by
climate change, respectively by the extreme weather events leading to water loads, which do not
comply with the designed technical conditions, reaching the removal from operation or failure to
achieve purification parameters. On the other hand the treatment plants contributes to climate
change by eliminating wastewater treatment, greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide from aerobic
biological processes and methane from anaerobic biological processes, nitrogen oxide associated
with nitrification / denitrification processes, in the atmosphere.
At DAUZUC, there are no emissions of methane and nitrogen oxide and those of carbon dioxide
are significantly reduced due to their adsorption by the plants that cover the area
wet built.
The most used are wetlands built with vertical discharge with
sequential loading (ZUC-DV-IS), because it removes ammoniacal nitrogen by nitrification and
complete denitrification. The water is intermittently charged and is infiltrated into the substrate,
then se
it gradually drains down vertically, where it is collected at the base, through a drainage network.
The air re-enters the system at the next stage of loading and a transfer rate is achieved
high oxygen. But pumps are used to achieve intermittent vertical discharge astewater and
automation installations, and for pre-treatment, septic tanks.
The DAUZUC treatment plant uses a ZUC-DV-IS, but which by applying a of the invention "Self-
draining septic tank", eliminates: wastewater pumps, installations automation, pre-treatment
installations, realizing without additional investment costs and without electricity consumption, all
the mechanical and biological processes that are takes place in traditional treatment plants with
biological film. Constructed wetland is trsnsformed into a wastewater treatment plant with a
biological film with a sealed pool devices that ensure the forced circulation of air and liquid, by
amplifying some effects such as the chimney effect and capillary absorption.
1.Biological treatment in DAUZUC:
1.1. General aspects of biological treatment
The main objective of the biological treatment step is the removal of substances
non-sedimentable organic solids (dissolved or colloidal), as well as the stabilization of materials
organic sludge. There is also a reduction in nitrogen-based nutrients and
phosphorus. It is a flexible process that can easily adapt to a multitude of wastewater,
concentrations and compositions.
The factors that influence the biological process are: the contact time or the time of
crossing the system in which the biological process takes place, temperature, pH,
oxygen, loading the system with wastewater (dilution), with mud, nutrients, presence
process inhibitors, the hydrodynamic conditions of the process such as the degree of
homogenization and mixing.
The biological purification process is particularly complex and intervenes in solving it
a series of phenomena:
1. physical - mass transfer of oxygen to the cells of microorganisms, al
oxygen from air to water, adsorption of colloidal particles and fine suspensions to
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biomass surface, desorption of metabolic products, gravitational sedimentation
etc .;
2. chemical - hydrolysis, hydration, redox, precipitation and
coagulation, pH change;
3. biochemical - biochemical oxidation reactions of the substrate, endogenous respiration,
biomass growth, inhibition of enzymatic reactions;
4. hydraulic - flow regime, distribution of polyphasic medium in the aeration basin,
convection and density currents, hydraulic retention time, speeds
sedimentation, hydraulic loads, etc.
Biological treatment processes use the metabolic activity of groups of
microorganisms capable of degrading organic substances to carbon dioxide and
the water. They are based on biochemical reactions within the metabolism of the mixed population
bacteria, fungi and other inferior microorganisms - especially protozoa. In practice
wastewater treatment these biocenoses (mass of active microorganisms, cells
viable) are called biomass.
Biomass represents the mixed population of bacteria, fungi and other microorganisms - in
especially lower protozoa and metazoans, which carry out their metabolic activity in
purification system. The final result of the biological treatment process is materialized in
degradation of the organic substance, up to different stages corresponding to the technology and
equipment, and the growth of biomass in the form of insoluble cellular material,
sedimentable, as well as some products of metabolism, easier to remove.
Biological treatment processes, used in practice, use two groups of
microorganisms: aerobic or anaerobic. Anaerobic microorganisms are used in
the processes of elimination of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds. Aerobic microorganisms
are commonly used in the treatment of most predominantly wastewater
organic containing compounds based on carbon, nitrogen or phosphorus. Biological processes of
treatment can take place in natural conditions (lagoons, biological ponds, aerobic fermentation),
forced natural conditions (built wetlands, aerated lagoons) or in artificial regime.
DAUZUC although it works in the forced natural conditions of a humid area
built, ensures special artificial conditions, by fusing some amplifying devices
and directs natural physical processes, thus biologically purifying water and fitting in
the category of biological film treatment plants.
Bacterial metabolism represents the totality of the processes involved in the activity
biological structure of a cell through which energy and nutrients are taken up
from the environment and used for biosynthesis and growth as well as for other activities
secondary physiological - mobility, luminescence.
The biochemical processes in the living cell, called metabolism, can be separated according to how
energy use in:
a) processes of disassimilation or catabolism consuming organic matter and
producing energy following the degradation of substances (exotherms);
b) processes of assimilation or anabolism, which include the reactions that lead to
synthesis of a new cellular material based on the energy released in the catabolism phase
(Endothermic). In both phases the biochemical reactions, particularly complex, are conducted in
successive steps, each step being catalyzed by specific enzymes.
There are three distinct phases in the process of catabolism:
a) macromolecules are decomposed in their building units, proteins at
amino acids, fats to glycerin and fatty acids, carbohydrates to hexoses, pentoses, etc .; into the
this phase releases about 1% of the energy that is dissipated by thermal energy;
b) the molecules from the previous phase are transformed into other products, metabolized with
the formation of carbon dioxide and water from it having released about a third of the energy
contained in nutrients;c) the third phase can be carried out in two ways:
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ci) nutrients are degraded to carbon dioxide and process water

which results in a large amount of energy;
cii) nutrients are only partially decomposed to form products fermentation intermediates with
obtaining a smaller amount of energy. In the assimilation processes the nutritive materials, resulting
from the disassimilation stage,are incorporated into the body's own substance. Synthesis processes
are possible due to the specific enzymes and the presence in the living cell of the genetic materials
that play a role model in biosynthesis. Assimilation is achieved by assembling into macromolecules
a amino acids and nucleic bases in specific macromolecules, proteins, acids
Nucleic. The reactions are catalyzed by enzymatic systems.Enzymes are biochemical catalysts,
simple or associated proteins, proteins,living cell products. A number of enzymes are permanently
found in the cell, the enzymes incorporation. For the degradation of various organic substances
called in practice substrate of special importance are adaptive or induced enzymes. Disassimilation
reactions are catalyzed by enzymes of redox processes,so-called respiratory chain enzymes. If the
oxidation-reduction reactions from inside the cell, cellular respiration reactions take place in the
presence of molecular oxygen,The reactions are aerobic in which it is released as the main
metabolites: dioxidecarbon, water, and oxidizing products of nitrogen and sulfur.
1.2. Dynamics of the microbial population in DAUZUC
The dynamics of the multiplication of the microbial population show that it doubles at
regular time intervals; therefore, the law is a geometric progression with ratio 2 according
of the expression Nn = 2n N0 = 2rt N0, where n is the number of generations, N0, Nn - the number
of
bacterial individuals at the initial time and after the time interval t, r - growth rate - speed
multiplication of Bacterial individuals.
The generation time tg represents the time necessary to double the population. It depends on
temperature, nutrients, water pH, dissolved oxygen, etc., but in favorable environmental conditions
it is a constant tg = dt / n, where dt is the time interval.
Growth rate r - represents the number of generations formed in the unit of time r = n / t∆
= 1 / tg.
It results from the equation of dynamics in time, log2 N / N0 = rt, or r = 1,443 / t * lnN / No
depending on the temperature, the microorganisms are divided into four physiological groups:
1. cryophilic;
2. mesophile;
3. thermophilic.
Cryophilic bacteria are those that cover the range of low temperatures below 200C.
Mesophilic bacteria live in the average temperature zone 20… 450C; for fermentation
optimal anaerobic zone
is of the order of 30… 380C. Thermophilic bacteria live in the range of higher temperatures
of 450C, with an optimum between 49… 510C.
Degradation of organic impurities depends on the unhindered growth of bacteria;
the synthesis is estimated at 40… 60% of the assimilable organic substance existing in water
waste. The increase in cell mass is mainly due to the synthesis of reserve materials
carbohydrates and secondly proteins. if the substance intake
assimilable organic is insufficient bacterial mass self-oxidizes by respiration
endogenous.In static conditions the exponential phase does not last long because, on the one hand,
the amount of nutrients limits the kinetics of the process, and on the other hand increases
the concentration of metabolic products discharged into the environment to values that prevent
maintaining the maximum speed of growth and multiplication of bacteria. in this balance, which
occurs between the substrate available for processing and the increase in bacterial mass, a can be
established correlation according to Monod's expression for the specific growth rate μ = μm * L / L
+ Ls (1)
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where μ is a specific constant - the amount of cells produced over time relative to
the amount of cells existing, μm is the maximum specific speed under ideal conditions
the amount of substrate exists in abundance, Ls the numerical saturation constant equal to
the value of the substrate concentration at which the specific speed is half the value
maximum, L the value of the mediated (constant) concentration of the substrate. Kinetic parameters
μm and Ls are assumed to be constant for a given single cell system.
By replacing the expression (1) in the differential equation of the concentration, the velocity of is
obtained biomass increase dS / dt = Sμ = S * μm * L / L + Ls (2)
The equation is used to calculate continuously operating bioreactors.
The correlation between the increase of the bacterial culture and that of the decrease of the substrate
wasexpressed by Monod as dS / dt = -a * dL / dt-bS (3) where represents the factor of
conversion of the substrate into cellular material (cell yield - defined kinetic coefficient
by the ratio between the mass of cells formed and that of the consumed substrate measured on a
finite period of the exponential phase), and b the constant destruction of mature cells.
For young, vigorous cells the equation contains only the first term in the right limb, in
while in the case of mature microorganisms, the term destruction also appears. The factor of
conversion or cell production coefficient is the ratio of bacterial mass
produced and the amount of substrate used. The conversion factor values depend on
mainly of the nature of organic matter subjected to the process of biochemical degradation; of
example: a = 0.45… 0.85 in the case of carbohydrates, a = 0.39… 0.66 - alcohols, a = 0.32… 0.68
for amino acids, a = 0.15… 0.98 - organic acids. For the constant b the values b = are given
0.4… 0.7 in case of pure crops and respectively b = 0.1… 0.05 for activated sludge - crops
mixed.
Endogenous respiration is the process by which living organisms oxidize some of the
own cell mass instead of new organic matter adsorbed from the environment - self-oxidation
cell mass.
The younger sludge, in the exponential development phase, removes more actively
organic substances, but old sludge leads to high purification efficiencies due
better sedimentability and faster and easier adaptation to shocks
loading.
The factors that affect bacterial activity are:
a) temperature;
b) light;
c) humidity;
d) germicides and bacterial agents;
e) bacteriostatic agents;
f) antimetabolites.
a) Each species of bacteria has an optimal growth temperature. Small values do not
they destroy bacteria, but reduce their growth rate.
b) Certain wavelengths of light, especially those close to the ultraviolet spectrum,
they can destroy living cells.
c) Bacteria can reproduce and have a normal life cycle only under the conditions
the existence of an aqueous solution. Osmosis is a physical phenomenon that occurs as a result of
differences in the concentration of soluble substances existing on both sides of
cell membrane. If the concentration of dissolved salts is higher on the outside
than inside the cell the water in the cell tends to balance the difference which can lead
to destroy the living cell. Conversely, higher concentrations inside may lead to
also for destructive effects.
de) Germicides are substances that destroy bacteria by contact, and agents
bacteriostats are chemical compounds that prevent cell reproduction. Their presence in
the aqueous environment can even lead to the extinction of the metabolic process.
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f) Antimetabolites are chemicals that destroy or alter metabolic agents
or growth - essential factors for the normal life of bacterial cells.
1.3. Parameters that influence the biological process in DAUZUC
Biodegradability is a quality parameter of the substrate.
Biodegradability is defined by the quality of an organic substance to be
degraded by biological means over a period of time. Slightly wastewater
biodegradable are characterized by low CBO5 / CCOCr ratios. biodegradation
represents the process by which an organic substance is totally eliminated due to the activity
metabolic of a culture of microorganisms or loses, to a lesser extent
established, harmful properties. Certain organic compounds are hardly biodegradable or even
refractories to biochemical activity, while other substances may be toxic to bacteria.
The terms used in the biological purification technique are:
a) biological degradability;
b) persistent;
c) recalcitrant;
d) mineralization.
Biological degradability is represented by the possibility that it is an organic material
to be changed due to the biochemical action of a microbial population in another compound;
this does not necessarily mean that the new product is less toxic than the original one.
Persistence is a conditional property of organic matter in the sense that
it can be biologically degraded only if certain conditions are met
circumstance that favors the development of the biochemical process.
Recalcitrant - the term refers to an organic substance that cannot be biologically degraded under any
conditions or itself has a very strong resistance to the biochemical action of biomass.
Mineralization is the complete conversion of organic compounds to the last
products of biological degradation: carbon dioxide and water.
Biodegradability is a very complex notion because it seeks to bind organic substance by the activity
of biomass and the values of the environmental parameters in which it is develops
microorganisms. The substance influences its biodegradability by its characteristics
three-dimensional structural properties of the molecule, physicochemical properties, and how
reacts with enzymes. This last aspect - the quantitative relationship between the chemical structure
and the biochemical activity of the cellular material - especially important in the assessment
biodegradability is not yet fully defined. For this reason the quantitative expression of
biodegradability is done indirectly. The environmental conditions in which the process takes place
have a great importance in assessing biodegradability because a light substance
biodegradable will not be effectively degraded unless the values of physico-chemical parameters
allow the development of the activity.
The main biodegradability parameters are:
a) pH = 6… 8;
b) optimal ratio between the organic load CBO5 and the main nutrients
nitrogen and phosphorus;
c) CBO5 / CCOCr ratio lower than 2.6; a lower value indicates a higher speed
biodegradation;
d) CBO20 / CBO5 less than 1.5; a higher value indicates a very slow speed of
biodegradation;
e) negative inhibition index - the possible presence of inhibitors;
f) relative biodegradation index appreciated by the ratio of the degradation rate of
the organic matter studied and that of the speed of a standard urban wastewater.
To identify the link between the substrate and the purification efficiency were
introduced the notions: specific biodegradation rate, degree or threshold of biodegradation,
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probability of biodegradation.
The specific rate of biodegradation is an important kinetic parameter in
characterization of the biodegradability of a substance. It is defined by the amount of
substrate removed from the unit of biomass in the unit of time. if a
Organic matter is difficult to biodegrade, it degrades at low speed and will not
could be removed from the water reaching the emissary where the process will continue in time
with a
consumption of oxygen reserves in the water mass. This size depends on:
a) nature, structure and size of organic molecules;
b) the size and nature of the chains;
c) the functional groups present in the molecules and the way of binding to the carbon atoms;
d) the capacity of microorganisms to adapt to the degradation of substances by
synthesis of one or more enzymes specific to the degradation of the respective substrate.
Therefore, it can be considered that the treatment plant is correctly dimensioned and
exploited if in the estimated retention time the elimination of organic substances is achieved.
This requires a careful study of the biodegradability of organic substances so that
correlate the rate of biological degradation with the hydrodynamic flow regime and
mixing of the polyphasic medium resulting in the loss of the harmful character of the matter
organically to the extent conventionally established.
2 . DAUZUC - domestic wastewater treatment plant with film
biological
2.1 Brief description
Even though extensive research has been done on wetlands
built, no optimal ZUC projects have been established for various applications. This thing
is due to the multitude of factors that govern performance in ZUC, such as:
location selection, hydrological analysis, wastewater flow and composite.
DAUZUC, as a domestic wastewater treatment plant with a film reactor
biological in the built wetland, reduces the number of these factors to flow and composition
wastewater because the built-up wetland contains different layers of natural materials
are introduced into a sealed tank become a bioreactor type reverse filter with film
biological together with the device that equips the treatment plant. The device is
composed of tanks, with filter tubes distributing communicating with the soil surface through
absorption tubes and air exhaust tubes, through which air is absorbed due to the effect
natural “body of smoke”. The distribution filter tube has slots on the lower part of the
circumference
rectangular, interrupted at the base by a drainage channel. The device is located
in a watertight basin made of PVC or PE foil, in a layer of gravel, covered with a
geotextile membrane filter under a layer of soil.
3 Operation
The process is continuous and consists of:
- Mechanical pre-treatment in tanks:
When wastewater enters the tank, the liquid fraction of wastewater enters through the slots
directly into the distributor filter tube, then flowing on the drain channel located at its base,
repatriating in the gravel layer of the built wetland. They are retained in the tank
until liquefaction or entanglement in the liquid by the turbulence created when the wastewater falls,
only solid bodies larger than 3 mm. •

- Biological treatment
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In the tank, the anaerobic digestion of biodegradable materials alternates with digestion
aerobic, depending on the variation of the wastewater flow and the built-up wetland load.
Aeration is achieved by circulating air between the absorption tube and the chimney
evacuation, but also due to the disturbance created by the falling wastewater and the influx of water
that enters the tank from the built wet area, reaching the level of the distribution tube.
This influx also enriches the content of aerobic microorganisms, with those in the wetland
built. In the tank it is made in the anaerobic phase and denitrification for disposal
nitrogen gas, after nitrification in the built wet area and the anoxic phase of elimination
phosphorus. In the built wet area takes place the aerobic digestion of biodegradable materials
to the stationary biomedia existing in the soil and in the gravel bed which, due to the flow
variable of wastewater and variations of level and absorption in filtration-irrigation fields
multilayer, is sunk and aerated alternately at each level the filter tube distributor, by the water inside
the tank and its outlet in the layer of gravel and its withdrawal due to absorption by the
soil. Aeration inside the layer of gravel and soil is intensified both by convection caused by the
infiltration movement ofwater through the granular environment, as well as the diffusion of air from
the surface to the material layer granular, by absorption in porous media. Ammonium nitrification
also takes place (oxidation biological) due to chemoautotrophic bacteria but also the denifrification
at its base, throughaerobic microorganisms when dissolved oxygen consume oxidized nitrogen
instead of oxygen, and through anaerobic microorganisms. They convert nitrites and nitrates into
gas, sub form of nitrogen (N2). Due to the organic load in the soil and permanent aeration it also
takes place phosphorus removal. DAUZUC also purifies water through two processes
filtering, namely:
- surface filtration of the water subjected to the treatment, through which the solid suspensions of
Medium sizes are removed by retention in the pores of the gravel bed until they dissolve
portioned in effluent. Given that the retained solid suspensions are so original
mineral as well as biological, it results that through the process of superficial filtration it is
eliminated suspended materials and a significant part of the organic load of the subjected water
treatment;
- final filtration of the water subjected to the treatment, through which the solid suspensions are
removed almost entirely when the water exceeds the level of the geotextile membrane.
Biodegradation and disintegration of organic compounds and filtration is continued by
to the aerobic microorganisms in the vegetal soil, also activated by the absorbed air.
The treatment performances that are obtained are the following:
- reductions of CBO5 90% 98% (below 25mg / l), CCO (below 120mg / l) and of solid suspensions
SS (less than 30mg / l)
- complete virtual nitrification;
- denitrification 70-80%
- reduction of phosphorus 60-70%
- partial elimination of bacteria from feces (reductions of 1000 times the number are obtained
of fecal bacteria for every 1 m thickness of the layer of granular material).
The purified water is finally absorbed in the upper layers of soil and eliminated through
evapotranspiration and use in subirrigating plants. By sterilization water can also be used
for surface irrigation.
4 Increasing the evapo-transpiration coefficient by remodeling the natural soil at
DAUZUC .
Evapo-transpiration is a complex process of transforming water into vapor through a
series of physical processes (evaporation in the case of the liquid phase and sublimation in the case
of snow and ice) and biological (perspiration). The transformation of water into steam occurs at the
surface land, in the ground (at shallow depths) and in the vegetal cover (natural or cultivated).
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Evaporation can affect all forms of liquid water:

• meteoric water from the atmosphere, retained by the vegetal cover and the water falling on the
surface land;
• groundwater from the soil profile, from the ford area, from the capillary area and even from
groundwater aquifers located at shallow depths.
The evaporation process consists in "detaching" the molecules from the surface of the water
or from wet ground under the action of solar radiation and their transition to a state of vapor that
return to the atmosphere. In all cases, the evaporation rate is influenced by: power
evaporation of the atmosphere, the type of evaporating surface and the ability to feed a
evaporation
The evaporative power of the atmosphere refers to its state in the vicinity
evaporating surface and its ability to cause evaporation. Factors that
determine the evaporating power are: the saturation deficit of the atmosphere, temperature
air and water, barometric pressure, water chemistry, altitude, etc. surfaces
Wet evaporators are studied in terms of water availability and
their ability to fuel evaporation. in this sense, in hydrogeological research is
interesting evaporation on the surface of a land without vegetation, as well as in the conditions
different humidity conditions: soil (soil) saturated with water; unsaturated ground; groundwater
aquifer located at shallow depth. If the soil is saturated with water, the evaporation rate is
equal to that of a water-free surface. in addition to the physical characteristics of
lands in the muddy area (porosity, granulation, degree of saturation), evaporation at
the surface of a land devoid of vegetation also depends on the depth of the groundwater
aquifer. When the piezometric level of the groundwater aquifer is found at a shallow depth,
evaporation reachesmaximum values, determined by the evaporating power of the atmosphere,
because the power supply the evaporating surface is made continuously by the upward capillary
movement of the water aquifer. Experiences in the field can determine the depth from which
evaporation becomes insignificant, this being the critical depth below which no salts are deposited
in soil profile. The evaporation process also depends on the humidity gradient distribution
as well as the component given by the diffusion of the water-vapor mass. Evaporation in the ground
ceaseswhen the hygroscopic humidity is reached it is in balance with that of the atmosphere and not
can be removed by evaporation. Sweating is the physiological process of transforming groundwater
(mainlyfrom the soil profile) in vapors (through vegetation) that return to the atmosphere. She is
influenced by both physical factors (evaporative power of the atmosphere, meteorological factors,
soil moisture) as well as physiological ones (plant species, age or stage of vegetation, root and leaf
development, rooting depth).Plants, through their roots, can absorb water from the soil to depths of
0.30-1.50m, in the case of crops, but it can reach up to 10m in the case of trees. research
showed that the root systems can develop up to the upper limit of the capillary area
generated by the groundwater aquifer. Some root systems can reach a total length of 100m
and even 1000m, thus contributing to a significant increase in the amount of sweaty water.
5 The results of natural soil remodeling for DAUZUC
The results of the natural soil remodeling for DAUZUC are the following:
1. Obtaining a stagnant water regime by placing it in waterproofed basins
with PVC or PE membrane or foil. The stagnant water regime occurs naturally in soils
clayey (hardly permeable) from wet regions, in relief conditions (flat surfaces,
depressions, the base of the slopes) and which favors the stagnation of excess water in their part
upper (sometimes even to the surface) it does not affect the groundwater table.
2. Increasing the gaseous component of the soil up to 60% The gaseous component of the soil
naturally it is represented by the air (gases + water vapor) located in its pores. Holds between
15 and 35% of the soil volume depending on humidity. Air is indispensable in the soil,
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controlling seed germination, plant growth, activity of microorganisms and
most physical and chemical processes. balanced balance between solid, liquid and
the gaseous phase provides the soil with optimal fertility conditions. Air can be present in the soil
below several states: - free → influences the soil the most and is in the capillary pores and (May
ales) necapillary; circulates through the ground and exchanges with the atmospheric one; - captive
→ has a extremely low influence, is in isolated pores and does not circulate through the soil; does
not realize atmospheric air exchanges; - adsorbed → is bound to the surface of mineral particles; -
dissolved → gases dissolved in soil water; does not influence aeration.
DAUZUC achieves by absorbing additional air obtained through the tubes
absorption and evacuation by the natural smoke chimney effect, a doubling of the gaseous
component of soil. After the drainage is completed, the large pores of the soil are filled with both
water and air, while the small pores are still full of water. Gradually, the water stored in the soil is
taken up by plant roots or evaporates from the soil surface into the atmosphere.
Without additional water intake, the soil will dry out progressively. The soil contains a very large
amountreduced water (hygroscopic and film water), which is more strongly bound to
a force (over 20 atmospheres), which exceeds that of plant suction (below 20
atmospheres). Solulnatural includes less bound film water and capillary water.
The useful (available) water capacity depends largely on the texture and
soil structure. DAUZUC by using a layer of gravel with high granulation on 75%
from depth adds to this capacity, the volume of the gap between the stones it represents
over 40% of the gravel volume. At the multiannual level, the evaporation on the Romanian territory
varies between 300 mm / year and 800
mm / year, with the highest values in the southeastern part of the country and in the Danube
meadow (with values>
1000 mm / year), in the western part and in the south-western extremity of the country, the values
reach
over 800 mm / year. DAUZUC is obtained by remodeling the soil but also due to the contribution of
the heat brought by the discharged wastewater and the exothermic biological processes of
soil microorganisms, evapotranspiration values of 18 mm / day (annual average).
An area of 8 is required to evacuate the water consumed by evapotranspiration
sqm planted area under line
6 Biological film in wastewater treatment with DAUZUC
The use of biological film bioreactors for wastewater treatment is a
common application of biological film.
There is applied research that provides a basis for understanding film reactors
biological. Information derived from such research was used in empirical research
applied, to develop design criteria for biological film reactors and
therefore the empirical research remains the basis of the design of the reactor with the biological
film in
despite the emergence of mathematical models as tools for research and practice
6.1 Formation and propagation of biological film
Biological film formation is a process that consists of a sequence of
steps. It starts with the adsorption of macromolecules (eg proteins, polysaccharides, acids
nucleic acids) and smaller molecules (e.g., fatty acids, lipids and pollutants such as
polyaromatic hydrocarbons and chlorinated poly-biphenyls) on surfaces. These molecules adsorbed
forms films that can have several effects, such as changing characteristics
physico-chemical properties of the surface, acting as a concentrated source of nutrients for
microorganisms, suppressing or enhancing the release of toxic metal ions from
surface, detoxification of bulk solutions by adsorption of inhibitory substances, binding
nutrients and trace elements needed for biological filming and triggering
detachment of biological film. Once the surface is ready, the cells begin to form
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The adhesion of bacteria to a surface is followed by the production of adhesives
thin, extracellular polymeric substances (SPEs). They are mostly made of
polysaccharides and proteins. SPE helps in the formation of mature biological film by training
a sticky substance called the biological film matrix.
Once a mature biological film has been set on a part of the surface,
it actively propagates and eventually covers the entire surface. The mechanisms of
Propagation of biological film are many more complex than those of attachment
initial.
6.2 Processes carried out in biological film
For biological film as microorganisms and microbial deposits attached to surfaces is used the term
biological film processes, referring to all physical, chemical and biological processes in biological
film systems that affect or are affected by the rate of deposition of biological film or microbial
activity in biological film. Biological film processes are performed in film reactors
colloquially, the terms biological film reactors and film systemsbiological are used
interchangeably. But biological film systems exist withor without human intervention, while
biological film reactors are subjected human intervention. When we promote or suppress a
biological film process in abiological film system, or even when we quantify a film process
biological in a biological film system, without affecting its rate, the biological film system
it becomes a biological film reactor. For example, wetlands can be natural or
builded. However, even natural wetlands become film reactors once we start monitoring the
biological film processes in them.
We will use the term biological film system to refer to a group a compartments and their
components that determine the structure and activity of the film biological.
Biological film systems are composed of four compartments:
• the surface to which the microorganisms are attached;
• biological film (microorganisms and matrix);
• nutrient solution; and
• gas phase
Each compartment of a biological film system can have a number of
components. The exact number of components in each compartment may vary, in
depending on the needs of the research.
Biological film reactors are designed and operated to optimize activity
biological film. The activity of the biological film is identified with the utilization rate of
nutrient.
6.3Quantification of microbial activity, hydrodynamics, and mass transport in
biological film
Microbial activity (biological film activity), hydrodynamics and transport in
the mass in the film biologicae is difficult to discuss separately as they affect each other in
many types. The activity of the biological film at the microscale is quantified as flux, from
the bulk solution on the surface of the biological film, of the substance selected for evaluation
biological film activity.
The liquid layer just above the surface of the biological film, where the speed
flow decreases as a result of approaching the surface, is the boundary layer
hydrodynamics. As the flow rate decreases towards the surface of the biological film,
the mechanism of mass transport changes, being dominated by convection in locations
away from the biological film, where the flow rate is high, until it is dominated
by diffusion in locations near the surface of the biological film, where the flow rate
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is low. The microorganisms in the biological film consume nutrients at the rate at which
they are delivered and transported in bulk but become less efficient near the surface
biological film. The concentration of nutrients decreases near the surface, forming a
nutrient concentration profile in the hydrodynamic boundary layer. The liquid layer of
above the surface of the biological film in which the concentration of nutrients decreases is
6.4 Heterogeneity of the biological film and its effects
The term biological film heterogeneity refers to the extent of distribution
uneven of any element chosen in any of the compartments of the film system
biological, such as biomass distribution, selected nutrients, selected products from
microbial metabolism or selected groups of microorganisms. Because there is
numerous options for selected components to assess film heterogeneity
biological, the term heterogeneity biological film is usually combined with an adjective
which refers to the selected constituent, such as structural heterogeneity, heterogeneity
chemical or physiological heterogeneity. The term bioetherogeneity of the film was originally
used exclusively to refer to the uneven distribution of biomass in a film
biological. Over time, several types of heterogeneity have been described, and
the term biological film heterogeneity is further explained along with a the specific characteristic of
the biological film to be specified heterogeneity.
The average activity of the biological film in a reactor is a useful descriptor of
reactor performance However, a picture of the local activity of the biological film it is often
necessary.
6.5 DAUZUC- biological film reactor
Biological wastewater treatment systems require the accumulation of
microorganisms active in a bioreactor and the separation of microorganisms from those in
treated effluent. This is done in DAUZUC continuously at each penetration of
of the tributary through the washing tubes.
Also through them you can achieve an energetic wash once every 2-3 years,
depending on the tendency of loss of capacity of the "clean bed" after continuous washing.
The bed for the biological film is made of gravel which has the following properties:
- large specific surface and empty space in modular synchronization
- allows a large, improved hydraulic load
- easy oxygen transfer
- allows the control of the thickness of the biological film.
The ideal gravel size would be 50 mm but for technical reasons this execution
may vary.
7.Capillary irrigation with DAUZUC
Capillary irrigation is a form of subirrigation that uses the capillary action of a
porous medium for supplying water to the roots of plants from an accumulation of water
located under the base of the vegetable bed. This irrigation technology is recommended on
large-scale in the literature and in guidance documents, because it leads to
growing healthy plants while reducing the impact on the environment,
water demand and irrigation effort.
Vegetable bed subirrigation systems are not a new technology, but a new one
irrigation approach on which the rate of water absorption and evapotranspiration from
plants.
DAUZUC has a tank filled with granular material under the vegetal soil. Those two
layers are separated by a geotextile fabric. The tank is empty due to suction
capillaries of the soil.
In DAUZUC the water is delivered in the vegetal soil through the capillary phenomenon towards
the root zone in response to the water requirements of the plant, allowing the plants
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individual to absorb water depending on their own rate of perspiration, but also as a need to
equalizing the humidity gradient of this soil. On a larger scale in principle, in a
DAUZUC, each plant gets exactly the right amount of water at a given time, making
the system a possible solution for efficient irrigation, especially in urban areas such as
individual or community or rural households and gardens. DAUZUC can
save up to 90% of water compared to traditional surface irrigation.
8. Evaluating the performance of the pilot model
This research paper focused on establishing and evaluating performance
DAUZUC, model - pilot type, when eliminating pollution indicators (chemical oxygen demand
(COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD ), ammonium nitrogen (NH N) and
5 4-

pathogens) from domestic wastewater at increasing ambient temperature of 10–30 ° C

for 40 days. The results indicated that the efficiency of removing parameters,
CCO, CBO , and NH - N, from wastewater increased significantly from 62.4, 56.4 and,
5 4

respectively, 33.8% at 20 ° C on the 1st day to 98.1, 98.6 and 93.5%, respectively, at 30 ° C in
40th day of operation.
The elimination of pathogenic indicators from wastewater was evaluated from the point of view
of the MPN index and there was an average reduction of 88.8% in fecal coliforms in
effluent experimental period.