Lighting

Architectural lighting design

Lighting requirements
§ Required illuminance level
§ Well-balanced luminance distribution
§ No glare
§ Good contrast
§ Proper colour rendering
§ Shadows
§ No uncomfortably noise, heat &
flicker
§ Comprehensive maintenance
schedule
§ Compatibility with daylighting
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[source: Jens Christoffersen, Sbi, Denmark]

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Lighting design basics

1. General lighting
2. Localised lighting
3. Ambient lighting
4. Task lighting
5. Decorative lighting
6. Accent lighting
7. Architectural lighting

General lighting direct

0-10%
90-100%

> Luminaires uniformly distributed

> Great flexibility
> High energy use
> Reflected glare is a common problem

[source: Lechner (2001) Heating, Cooling, Lighting, fig. 14.11a, p. 422; Karlen M & Benya J (2004) Lighting Design Basics.
John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey]

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Localised lighting direct

0-10%
90-100%

> Distribution according to need

> Less flexibility
> More energy-efficient
> Reduced glare by reflection

[source: Lechner (2001) Heating, Cooling, Lighting, fig. 14.11b, p. 422]

indirect
Ambient lighting
90-100%
> Walls and ceiling are part of the system 0-10%
> Should be completed by task lighting
> Great flexibility direct-indirect
> Little or no glare
40-60%
40-60%

[source: Stein & Reynolds (2000) Mechanical and Electrical…, fig. 20.4, p. 1215]

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Lighting requirements
Lighting Design Selection and Comparison Tool

[source: Cell office, http://sts.bwk.tue.nl/artificial_light/]

Decorative lighting

§ Luminaires or lamps used as an

element of architecture
§ Glare must be controlled

[source: Karlen M & Benya J (2004) Lighting Design Basics. John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey; Stein & Reynolds (2000)
Mechanical and Electrical…, fig. 20.17 + 20.10, p. 1219+1224]

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Architectural lighting

Cove lighting
> Spatial impression
> Good ambient lighting
> Avoid direct view of
light source

[source: Lechner (2001) Heating, Cooling, Lighting, fig. 14.14a, p. 427]

Architectural lighting

> Large coffers illuminated with cove lighting

Using this type of solution in a skylight will result in loss of

light towards the exterior (thus loss of energy).

[source: Lechner (2001) Heating, Cooling, Lighting, fig. 14.14b, p. 428]

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Architectural lighting

> Large coffers illuminated with cove lighting

Impression of skylights

[source: Lechner (2001) Heating, Cooling, Lighting, fig. 14.14c, p. 428]

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Architectural lighting

Luminous ceiling

> impression of an
overcast sky
> very diffuse lighting,
not very pleasant

[source: Lechner (2001) Heating, Cooling, Lighting, fig. 14.14d, p. 428]

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Architectural lighting

Valance lighting
> increase wall luminance
> avoid direct view of light
source
> not closer than 30 cm
from ceiling

[source: Lechner (2001) Heating, Cooling, Lighting, fig. 14.14e, p. 429]

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Architectural lighting

Cornice (soffit) lighting

> ceiling can look

dark
> direct view of the light
source can be problematic

[source: Lechner (2001) Heating, Cooling, Lighting, fig. 14.14f, p. 429]

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Architectural lighting

Cornice (soffit) lighting

> ceiling can look

dark
> direct view of the light
source can be problematic
but louvers can solve the
problem

[source: Lechner (2001) Heating, Cooling, Lighting, fig. 14.14g, p. 429]

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Lighting

Electric light sources

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 Difference between lamp and luminaire

Lamp

Luminaire
(light
fixture or
light fitting)

[source: Stein & Reynolds, 2000, Mecanical and Electrical…, fig. 20.10 p. 1219]

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Electric lighting in buildings - historic perspective

candles, oil lamps

gas coal

kerosene

incandescent
lamps

fluorescent lamps

T8
Time => CFL

[source: Lechner, 2001, Heating, Cooling, Lighting]

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Electric lighting in buildings - historic perspective

2009 Phasing out of

1981 Introduction of compact incandescent lamps
fluorescent lamps

1980 Introduction of fluorescent 1995 Introduction of T5 fluo lamps

lamps

1994 Introduction of metal halide with

ceramic burner

Towards energy-efficient lighting

1991 High-frequency ballasts

1991 Introduction of induction lamps

1996 LED
1995 More energy-efficient reflector
material

[source: www.belysningsbranschen.se]

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Electric light Sources

Incandescent CFL Halogen LED

Fluorescent High Intensity Discharge

[source: via Jens Christoffersen, Sbi, Denmark]

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Electric light Sources
Incandescent lamps
> Tungsten (filament)
> Tungsten-halogen
Discharge lamps (luminescence)
> Fluorescents (standards, compacts or
CFL, induction)
> High intensity discharge (HID)
- mercury
- metal halide
- high pressure sodium
LED (light emitting diodes)

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Incandescent lamps: tungsten (filament)

Many types available

Banned in Europe since 2009

[source: Lechner N. Heating, Cooling, Lighting. Fig. 14.3a, p. 410 + wikipedia.org]

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Incandescent lamps: tungsten-halogen

[source: Stein & Reynolds, 2000, Mechanical and Electrical…, fig. 19.42, p. 1165+ site Internet SquareOne,
http://www.squ1.com/site.html]

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Incandescent lamps: tungsten-halogen

A more concentrated beam allows illuminating
objects in a more efficient way.

5,5-12 V

[source: www.lightolier.com + Lechner N. Heating, Cooling, Lighting. Fig. 14.3g, p. 412]

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Incandescent lamps: tungsten-halogen

[source: Lechner N. Heating, Cooling, Lighting. Fig. 14.3d, p. 411]

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Incandescent lamps

Advantages > Low cost

> Immediate start
> Dimming to low cost
> Simple installation, compact
> Low cost luminaires
> Can retrofit incandescent
> Great optical control (focusing)
> Excellent colour rendering (warm)
> Flexibility (types and power, W)
> No lead or mercury.

[source: Lechner N. Heating, Cooling, Lighting +

http://www.gelighting.com/eu/resources/learn_about_light/pop_color_booth.html]

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 Incandescent lamps

Disadvantages > Short life (750-3000 hrs)

> Low luminous efficacy
> Traditional incandescent
phased out in Europe

[source: Salomon T & Bedel S (2003). La maison des négawatts]

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Incandescent lamps
Luminous efficacy

Incandescent

Halogen

Compact fluo

Fluorescent

[source: Salomon T & Bedel S (2003). La maison des négawatts]

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 Discharge lamps: fluorescent lamps

Applications:
§General and ambient lighting
§Energy savings
§Places that are difficult to access

[source: Lechner N. Heating, Cooling, Lighting. Fig. 14.4, 14.5c, p. 412, 414 +
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leuchtstofflampen-chtaube050409.jpg]

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Discharge lamps: fluorescent lamps

T5
T8
5/8”
1”

T12 T2

1 ½” ¼“

[source: Lechner N. Heating, Cooling, Lighting. Fig. 14.5a, p. 413]

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Discharge lamps: fluorescent lamps

[source: Lechner N. Heating, Cooling, Lighting. Fig. 14.4, 14.5c, p. 412, 414 +
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leuchtstofflampen-chtaube050409.jpg]

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Discharge lamps: fluorescent lamps

Advantages > Long lamp life

> High luminous efficacy
> Good colour rendering

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 Discharge lamps: fluorescent lamps

Disadvantages § High initial cost (ballast)

§ Flashing, noise
§ Low optical control
§ Sensitive to temperature (do not
use under very cold or very
warm conditions, >10ºC)
§ Contain mercury, which is
highly toxic
§ Light output decay
One fluorescent tube contains enough mercury to pollute 30000
litres of water
[source: Lechner N. Heating, Cooling, Lighting]

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Discharge lamps: compact fluorescent lamps

Compact lamp allowing a good optical control

Applications:
§Desk top lamps
§Suspended lamps
§Decorative lamps
§Garden lamps

[source: Lechner N. Heating, Cooling, Lighting. Fig. 14.5b, p. 413]

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Discharge lamps: compact fluorescent lamps

Advantages § Long lamp life (6000-15000 hrs)

§ High luminous efficacy
§ Good optical control
§ Good colour rendering (warm)

[source: Salomon T & Bedel S (2003) La maison des négawatts]

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Discharge lamps: compact fluorescent lamps

Disadvantages § Health aspects

§ Higher initial cost
§ Contains mercury, which is very
toxic
§ Sensitive to temperature
(cannot be used under very
warm or cold conditions >10ºC)
§ Long start time
§ Light output decay

[source: Salomon T & Bedel S (2003) La maison des négawatts]

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High intensity discharge (HID) lamps
§ Mercury
§ Metal halide
§ Low- and high-pressure sodium

ballast

[source: Lechner N. Heating, Cooling, Lighting. Fig. 14.6b, p. 416 + Salomon & Bedel (2003). La maison des négawatts]

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High intensity discharge (HID) lamps

Advantages > Very long lamp life

> Very high luminous efficacy
(90 lm/W)
> Relatively good optical control

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 High intensity discharge (HID) lamps

Disadvantages § Slow start

§ Relatively poor colour rendering
§ Contain mercury

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LED : Light Emitting Diode

[source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RBG-LED.jpg]

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 LED : Light Emitting Diode

See film at http://www.lightolier.com/LOL_Lessons/lesson25/index.jsp

[source: www.lightolier.com]

41

LED : Light Emitting Diode

Disadvantages § Temperature dependence

[source: www.lightolier.com]

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 LED : Light Emitting Diode
Technical development for light sources
Luminous efficacy
(lumen/W) White LEDs

Ordinary light sources

Metal halide

Fluorescent

Compact fluorescent
Mercury
lamps

Halogen

Incandescent lamps

[source: www.belysningsbranschen.se]

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Photometry

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 Photometric definitions, terms and units

illuminance

luminance

[source : http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/ems3.html#c2]

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Photometric definitions, terms and units

Light
Portion of the electromagnetic spectrum to which our
eye is sensitive.

§ Light is part of the electro magnetic spectrum

(EMS)
§ Different animals are sensitive to different parts
of the EMS
§ Light is understood sometimes as particles
(photons) and sometimes as a wave
§ Different colours are associated to different
wavelengths
[source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EM_spectrum.svg]

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 Photometric definitions, terms and units

Quantum theory

Planck’s equation
Q = photon energy (joules)
h = Planck’s constant
(6.623 x 10-34 J s)
c = speed of light
(2.998 x 108 m s-1)
λ = wavelength of radiation
(meters)

[source : Ryer A (1996) International Light Inc., www.intl-light.com/handbook/irrad.html]

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Photometric definitions, terms and units

Light
The colour of light depends on the wavelength.

[source : http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/ems3.html#c2]

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 Photometric definitions, terms and units

Light

[source : http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/ems3.html#c2]

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Photometric definitions, terms and units

Luminous flux (lumen)

(Φv) is energy per unit time (dQ/dt) that is radiated from
a source over visible wavelengths (by the human eye).

1 lumen is defined to be
1/4π candela (the SI
base unit of luminous
Intensity)

[source : Moore F, 1985, Fig. 2.3a, p. 18 ]

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 Photometric definitions, terms and units

Luminous intensity (candela)

Amount of luminous flux emitted into a solid angle of space in
a specified direction (since many sources are not isotropic).
1 cd = 1 lm/sr

An isotropic light
source with a luminous
intensity of 1 cd is
emitting a total
luminous flux of
approximately 4π
lumens(since an
isotropic source emits
light into a total volume
of 4πsr)

[source : Scheiber Frank, Heimstra Human Factors Laboratories, University of South Dakota ,Photometry Tor traffic Engineers]

51

Photometric definitions, terms and units

Illuminance (lux, lm/m2)

Density of luminous flux on a surface (lux, lx).

[source : Ryer A (1996) International Light Inc., www.intl-light.com/handbook/irrad.html]

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 Photometric definitions, terms and units

Illuminance (lux, lm/m2)

Examples of typically measured illuminances (lux, lx).

[source : http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hframe.html]

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Photometric definitions, terms and units

Brightness
Subjective perception of the luminance.

[source : Power Point clip art object and image from lecturer at Energiting Skåne, 2010]

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 Photometric definitions, terms and units

Summary

Vλ

[source : http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hframe.html]

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Photometric definitions, terms and units

Summary, photometric units

[source : Wikipedia, www.wikipedia.ord/photometry]

56

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 Light interacting with surfaces

Refraction of light
Index of refraction depends on the medium.

[source : Ryer A (1996) International Light Inc., www.intl-light.com/handbook/irrad.html]

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Light interacting with surfaces

Diffraction of light
Index of refraction depends on the medium.

θ=λ/D

[source : Ryer A (1996) International Light Inc., www.intl-light.com/handbook/irrad.html]

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 Light interacting with surfaces

Law of reflection
The angle between the incident ray and the normal to the
surface is equal to the angle between the reflected ray and
the normal.

specular reflection

[source : Ryer A (1996) International Light Inc., www.intl-light.com/handbook/irrad.html]

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Light interacting with surfaces

Reflection
Many reflections are a combination of both diffuse and
specular components.

[source : Ryer A (1996) International Light Inc., www.intl-light.com/handbook/irrad.html]

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 Light interacting with surfaces

Transmission
Many reflections are a combination of both diffuse and
specular components.

[source : Ryer A (1996) International Light Inc., www.intl-light.com/handbook/irrad.html]

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What this course is about…

Colour
1. Colour vision and colour perception
2. Colour terms and definitions
3. Colour spaces and systems
4. Colour of light sources
5. Colour interacting with surfaces

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 Colour vision and colour perception
Human beings can perceive specific
wavelengths as colour

The visual
spectrum
(380 to 780 nm)

[source : Scheiber Frank, Heimstra Human Factors Laboratories, University of South Dakota ,Photometry Tor traffic Engineers]

63

Colour vision and colour perception

Colour vision
Three types of color-sensitive cones in the retina of the
human eye, corresponding roughly to red, green, and blue
sensitive detectors.

[source : http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/vision/colcon.html#c1]

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 Colour
Eyevision
and andvision
colour perception
- retina
structure

The signals generated by the cones are transmitted through optical

nerves to the brain (visual cortex) which usually interprets them in terms
of previous experience. Any change in either the spectral distribution of
the source colour or the colour sensitive mechanism of the eye affects
the final sensation of colour.
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Colour terms and definitions

Some definitions
§Hue
§Saturation
§Brigthness
§Chroma
§Lightness
§Colourfulness
§Gamut

[source : Hyperphysics, http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/vision/colchar.html#c1]

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 Colour spaces
XYZ (Yxy) Colour space

Fundamental CIE colour system:

§ XYZ tristimulus values
§ Yxy color space
[source : Konica Minolta, Precise color communication, 2007; www.konicaminolta.com/instruments/knowledge/color]

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Colour terms and definitions

Hue
Hue Attribute of visual sensation which has given rise to
color names such as: blue, green, yellow, red, purple, etc.

[source : Hyperphysics, http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/vision/colchar.html#c1]

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 Colour terms and definitions

Saturation (vividness)
A fully saturated color is one with no mixture of white.

A spectral color consisting of only one wavelength is fully saturated.

[source : Hyperphysics, http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/vision/colchar.html#c1]

69

Colour terms and definitions

Brigthness (lightness)
The brightness of a colored surface depends upon the
illuminance and upon its reflectivity.

[source : Hyperphysics, http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/vision/colchar.html#c1]

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 Colour terms and definitions

Colour wheel

Hue

Lightness

Saturation

[source : Konica Minolta, Precise color communication, 2007; www.konicaminolta.com/instruments/knowledge/color]

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Colour of light sources

Colour temperature (°K)
Temperatures in Kelvin

Sun on the horizon Fluorescent lamp daylight

Sodium lamp Sun at zenith

Incandescent lamps Standard natural light D65

Fluorescent lamps warm white

Halogen lamps

Fluorescent lamps white neutral

HID lamps metal halide

[source : Wikipedia + Lechner, 2001, Heating, Cooling, Lighting]

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