Building Tech Guide - Construction Materials & Finishes

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
Construction Materials and Finishes

- Finishes
- Woods and plastics
- Thermal and Moisture Protection
- Architectural Finishing System
-Hardware
-Metals
-Glass and Glazing
-Estimates
Building Construction
-Preparation for Construction
-Timber Construction
-Reinforced Concrete and Pre-Stressed Construction
-Steel Construction
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
Dr. Runddy Ramilo, PhD
Lecturer
Week 01
• Preparation for Construction
• Timber Construction
• Reinforced Concrete and Pre-Stressed Const.
• Steel Construction
• Estimates
Week 02
Building Materials and Finishes
• Thermal and Moisture Protection
• Material and Finishes
• Wood and Plastics
• Architectural Finishing System
• Glazing
• Door and Windows
• Hardwares
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
Dr. Runddy Ramilo, PhD
Week 01
Building Materials and Finishes
• Finishes
•Thermal and Moisture Protection
• Material and Finishes
• Wood and Plastics
• Architectural Finishing System
• Glazing
• Door and Windows
• Hardwares
Week 02
• Preparation for Construction
• Timber Construction
• Reinforced Concrete and Pre-Stressed Const.
• Steel Construction
• Estimates
FINISHES
This teaching material is a compilation of information from journals, books, magazines, internet,
several review centers and other sources of publication for the purpose of further studying
architecture. ArcStudio, its offices, members and lecturers assumes no liability whatsoever and do
not claim any express or implied authorship, patents relating to all contents found herein. Some
content herein maybe claim by the rightful owners.
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or 1. CONCRETE SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 1.01 STUCCO OR CEMENT PLASTER FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish Stucco is a mortar consisting of cement, sand and water.
1.05 Sand-blast Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr Hydrated lime is often added to make the mortar easier to
1.07 Wood Float Finish work. It is applied in three coats:
1.08 Steel Trowelled
1.09 Integral Colored-
- scratch and brown coats are mixed in the proportion of
Cement Finish 1 part Portland cement to 3 parts of sand, with about
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH 10lbs. of hydrated lime.
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo - The finish coat is usually richer in the proportion of
3. TILE FINISHES 1 part of Portland cement to 2 parts of sand.
3.01 Cement Tile - Coarse sand is used for the base coats and fine sand
3.02 Ceramic Tile
for the finish coat.
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet
Before applying the stucco or cement plaster, the concrete
4.05 Linoleum Sheet (or masonry) surface should be roughened to ensure good
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
bonding.
5.02 Plank Flooring
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor Old concrete surfaces are roughened with a bush hammer
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
or small pick, and then washed thoroughly with acid and
6.02 Acoustic Tile water to remove all dirt and loose particles.
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.01 Transparent Fin
7.02 Opaque Fin New concrete can be roughened with a heavy wire brush
7.03 Paint Defects or a special scoring tool.
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 1.01 STUCCO OR CEMENT PLASTER FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
The scratch coat is then trowelled onto the wall surface.
1.07 Wood Float Finish Just as soon as the first coat is but not hard, it is scratched
1.08 Steel Trowelled with a small rake to form a key for the second coat.
Cement Finish Average thickness of the scratch coat is 3/8”.
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
The brown coat is applied a few days after the first coat
3. TILE FINISHES
has set firm and hard, also to a thickness of 3/8”. It is
3.01 Cement Tile applied with a wood float and leveled to a flat, even and
3.02 Ceramic Tile
relatively smooth surface.
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet The finish coat is applied over the brown coat after all work
4.05 Linoleum Sheet is free from waves and cracks, and set and dry. Thickness
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN of the finish coat is 1/8” minimum and rarely exceeds ¼”
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring except for finishes requiring rough texture. The finish coat
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor should be kept damp but not wet for a few days, to prevent
6. CEILING FINISHES hairline cracks.
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 1.02 RUBBED FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
This consists of grinding down the surface of the
1.07 Wood Float Finish concrete a day or two after it is poured, using a brick of
1.08 Steel Trowelled carborundum, emery or soft natural stone.
Cement Finish
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH With the rubbing, which is done with a circular motion, a
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
thin grout of cement and sand is applied to the surface
3. TILE FINISHES
and well rubbed in to fill surface imperfections, and the
3.01 Cement Tile work afterward washed down with clean water.
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet If fine sand is used instead of a grout, the method is
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet called a sand-float finish .
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 1.03 BRUSHED FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
This type of finish is obtained by scrubbing or brushing
1.07 Wood Float Finish the concrete surface with fiber or wire brushes and water
1.08 Steel Trowelled to remove the surface film or mortar, leaving the coarse
Cement Finish aggregate exposed.
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
This should be done while the concrete surface is still
3. TILE FINISHES
green and just as soon as it is possible to do so without
3.01 Cement Tile removing particles of the aggregate.
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet The appearance of a brushed finish can be improved by
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet washing with a diluted solution of acid applied with a
4.05 Linoleum Sheet brush. The acid thoroughly cleans the surface of the
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN aggregate, thereby intensifying the color and texture of
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring the same.
6. CEILING FINISHES The surface should be thoroughly washed after the acid
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile treatment as otherwise it will have a mottled, streaky
7. PAINT FINISHES appearance.
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 1.04 TOOLED FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
Concrete surfaces may be finished by tooling by any of
1.07 Wood Float Finish the methods employed for dressing or finishing natural
1.08 Steel Trowelled stone.
Cement Finish
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH Bush hammering, either by hand or by pneumatic tool, is
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
the most popular method used in tooling concrete
3. TILE FINISHES
surfaces. The best results are obtained on surfaces
3.01 Cement Tile which are thoroughly hard.
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet The concrete should preferably be about 2 months old.
4.05 Linoleum Sheet Only small-sized aggregate should be used in the facing
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN material, as it is hard to dress and obtain uniform results
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring where large angular stones are encountered.
6. CEILING FINISHES Tooling cannot ordinarily be performed satisfactorily on
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile gravel concrete, as the pebbles will be dislodged before
7. PAINT FINISHES being chipped.
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 1.05 SAND-BLAST FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
A sand-blast finish is very much the same in appearance
1.07 Wood Float Finish as that obtained by brushing the concrete while it is still
1.08 Steel Trowelled green.
Cement Finish
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH Sand blasting produces a granulated finish somewhat
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
similar to sandstone but not so uniform, because the
3. TILE FINISHES
aggregates are likely to be brought out irregularly.
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
The concrete should be thoroughly hardened before
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet sand-blasting.
4.05 Linoleum Sheet A clean, sharp, thoroughly dried silica sand or crushed
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN quartz is most effective for sand-blasting. A 3/8”nozzle
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring may be used, but under ordinary conditions ¼” or even
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor 1/8” have been found to give good results.
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile The best results are obtained on a thoroughly hardened
7. PAINT FINISHES concrete surface at least a month old, and for such work
7.01 Transparent Fin a nozzle pressure of from 50 to 80 lbs. will be required.
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 1.06 EXPOSED AGGREGATE FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
The color is obtained from exposed aggregate and not
1.07 Wood Float Finish by adding coloring material to the mixture.
Cement Finish Facing plaster of I part Portland cement, 1-1/2 parts
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH sand, and 3 parts of special screenings or pebbles of the
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
desired color shall be placed against the forms to a
3. TILE FINISHES
thickness of about 1 inch sufficiently in advance of the
3.01 Cement Tile body concrete to prevent the latter from coming into
3.02 Ceramic Tile
contact with the forms.
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet Such colored or other
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
special aggregate used
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN for finish shall be exposed
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring by scrubbing as in 1.03.
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish
Cement Finish
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
Cement Finish
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
Cement Finish
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
Cement Finish
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 1.08 STEEL TROWELLED FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
After the concrete aggregate is forced below the surface,
1.07 Wood Float Finish the surface is leveled with a straight wood screed, and
1.08 Steel Trowelled given a wood float finish. Before the concrete finally sets,
Cement Finish the entire surface is steel-trowelled
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo 1.09 INTEGRAL COLORED-CEMENT FINISH
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile When the concrete is still green but surface water is
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN gone, the surface is leveled with a straight wood screed.
Then a finish coat of 1:3 plaster is applied. This finish
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet coat is leveled with a wood screed, given a wood float
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
finish and then steel-trowelled
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or 2. GRANOLITHIC and TERRAZZO FLOOR FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 2.01 GRANOLITHIC FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
This consists of a topping with a mixture of 1 part cement,
1.07 Wood Float Finish 1 part sand and 1 part finely crushed stone. It is called
1.08 Steel Trowelled granolithic because fine aggregate chips were originally
Cement Finish used in the aggregate.
2.01 Granolithic Finely ground corundum may also be a part of the
2.02 Terrazo
aggregate to produce an enduring and non-slip surface .
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile 2.02 TERRAZZO FINISH
Terrazzo is a mixture of cement, marble chip aggregates
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet and water laid as a topping or as a wall finish, and ground
4.05 Linoleum Sheet to a fine, smooth surface.
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring It is used for floor and bases where durability, resistance to
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor wear, and minimal maintenance are necessary. It is
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
available either in precast form e.g. tile, or cast-in-place
6.02 Acoustic Tile form, with either a smoothly polished or non-slip surface.
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.01 Transparent Fin For non-slip surfaces, abrasive granules are added to the
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects mixture.
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or 2. GRANOLITHIC and TERRAZO FLOOR FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 2.02 TERRAZO FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish The terrazzo topping shall consist of
1.06 Exposed Aggr
200 lbs. of marble chip aggregate to
1.08 Steel Trowelled 1 bag (94 lb.) of cement. The matrix
1.09 Integral Colored- may either be white or gray Portland
Cement Finish
cement as desired.
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
For non-slip heavy duty floors the
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile mixture shall consist of 150 lbs. of
3.02 Ceramic Tile marble chip aggregate and 50 lbs. of
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN abrasive granules to one bag of
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet cement.
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
Common specifications require that 70% of the marble
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN aggregate for terrazzo topping must show;
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring - for heavy-duty non-slip topping a proportion of three
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor marble granules to one abrasive must show ; and
6. CEILING FINISHES - for light-duty non-slip topping, where the abrasive is
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
sprinkled on the finish, a proportion of four marble to
7. PAINT FINISHES one abrasive granule must show.
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects Minimum thickness of terrazzo topping is 5/8”.
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or 3. TILE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 3.01 CEMENT TILE FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
Cement tile is manufactured by pressing in moulds a
1.07 Wood Float Finish plastic mixture of cement and sand. Surface color of the tile
1.08 Steel Trowelled is achieved by the addition of mineral oxide colors.
Cement Finish
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH Thickness of cement tile is 25mm (1”).
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
Common sizes are squares 200mm x 200mm (8”x8”),
3.01 Cement Tile 300mm x 300mm (12”x12”), and 400mm x 400mm
3.02 Ceramic Tile
(16”x16”).
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet When installing cement tile, the top of the base slab shall
4.05 Linoleum Sheet be left 50mm (2”) below the finish floor.
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring The tiles shall be thoroughly soaked in water before laying
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor on a setting bed of cement mortar (1 part of Portland
6. CEILING FINISHES cement to three parts of sand).
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 3.02 CERAMIC TILE FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
Ceramic tile are small surfacing units made from clay or
1.07 Wood Float Finish mixture of clay with other ceramic materials and fired
1.08 Steel Trowelled according various processes.
Cement Finish
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH Tiles differ principally in:
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
(1) composition of the body
3. TILE FINISHES
(2) surface finish, that is, glazed or unglazed
3.01 Cement Tile (3) process of manufacture; and
3.02 Ceramic Tile
(4) the degree of vitrification or fusion of the tile body
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet after firing, as indicated by the extent to which it
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet absorbs moisture
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
Composition:
1.08 Steel Trowelled Tiles are made of compounded and of natural clay
Cement Finish bodies. Those made of compound bodies contain three
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH principal constituents:
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
- the plastic, usually clays having high bonding power
3.01 Cement Tile and some fluxing ability
3.02 Ceramic Tile
- the filler which reduces shrinkage in drying and firing
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet and imparts to the body a certain rigidity which
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet prevents deformation under heat, e.g. flint or finely
4.05 Linoleum Sheet pulverized silica, kaolin, tale; and
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN - the flux or solvent which melts under intense heat
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring and fuses the heat resisting elements into a solid
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor mass.
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile The most widely used flux in floor and wall tiles is the
7. PAINT FINISHES minimal feldspar.
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
Finish:
1.08 Steel Trowelled Unglazed tiles are composed of the same ingredients
Cement Finish throughout and derive their color and texture from the
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH materials of which the body is made.
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
Glazed tiles have a glassy surface of ceramic materials
3.01 Cement Tile fused upon their face to give them a decorative
3.02 Ceramic Tile
appearance and to make the surface impervious to
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet moisture.
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
Glazes are produced in a large variety of colors, ranging
1.07 Wood Float Finish from pure white to jet black. Glaze finishes are of two
1.08 Steel Trowelled general classes in their light reflecting qualities:
Cement Finish 1) bright glazes, which have a highly polished surface
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH and reflect an image clearly; and
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
2) matte glazes, or those which do not clearly reflect an
3. TILE FINISHES
image or are entirely without sheen.
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
All degrees of semilustrous or satinlike finish may be
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet produced between the two extremes of reflection and
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet nonreflection.
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN In addition, glazes may have:
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring - Plain
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor - textured
6. CEILING FINISHES - polychrome
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile - mottled
7. PAINT FINISHES - stippled or
7.01 Transparent Fin - rippled surface
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
Manufacture:
1.08 Steel Trowelled (a) Dust-press Process. Dust-pressed tiles are shaped
Cement Finish in steel dies by applying heavy pressure to the damp
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH ceramic mix while it is in finely pulverized form. The
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
dust-press method of production gives greater
3. TILE FINISHES
mechanical precision and a more regular appearance
3.01 Cement Tile to the tiles than other methods.
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet (b) Plastic Process. Plastic-made tiles are shaped from
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet clay rendered plastic by mixing with sufficient water.
4.05 Linoleum Sheet They are made either by hand molding or by extrusion
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN from an auger-machine. When shaped by machine,
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring the extruded ribbon of clay is cut into the desired sizes
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor as it emerges from the die. Most types of tile made by
6. CEILING FINISHES the plastic method vary slightly from the true geometric
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile forms and therefore have a more hand-made
7. PAINT FINISHES appearance than to dust-pressed tiles.
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
Vitrification:
1.08 Steel Trowelled Vitrification is a measure of the tile’s density and relative
Cement Finish absorption which depends partly on the tile’s composition
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH and partly on the degree of burning. There are four
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
degrees of vitrification:
3. TILE FINISHES
- Nonvitreous tiles have a degree of density that permits
3.01 Cement Tile moisture absorption of more than 7% of the weight of
3.02 Ceramic Tile
the tile but does not prevent the tile from having a high
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet degree of strength.
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet - Semivitreous tiles have a degree of density that limits
4.05 Linoleum Sheet moisture absorption to from 3 to 7% of the weight of
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN the tile.
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring - Vitreous tiles have a moisture absorption of less than
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor 3% and a body density which prevents any penetration
6. CEILING FINISHES of dirt that cannot be easily removed.
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile - Impervious tiles are the hardest. Their moisture
7. PAINT FINISHES absorption is negligible and they are readily cleansed
7.01 Transparent Fin of stains and dirt.
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
Types of Ceramic Tiles:
1.08 Steel Trowelled a. Glazed interior tiles
Cement Finish are non-vitreous product made by the dust-
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH press-process .
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish b. Ceramic Mosaic Tiles
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish are tiles less than 6 sq.
in. in facial area,
Cement Finish preponderantly
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH unglazed, and having
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo fully vitrified or fairly
3. TILE FINISHES dense bodies.
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
To facilitate installation,
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet ceramic mosaic tiles are
usually mounted at the
4.05 Linoleum Sheet factory on sheets of
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
paper about 2 sq. ft. in
5.02 Plank Flooring area, individual tile units
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor being spaced so as to allow for the insertion of
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
cement between them when the paper is removed
6.02 Acoustic Tile and the face of the tiles is exposed .
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
c. Quarry tiles
1.07 Wood Float Finish are unglazed floor tiles made from natural clays or
1.08 Steel Trowelled shales by the plastic method. They are a very durable
Cement Finish flooring material, being impervious to moisture, stains
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH and dirt, and are resistant to abrasion .
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
d. Pavers
3.01 Cement Tile are standard size unglazed tiles resembling ceramic
3.02 Ceramic Tile
mosaic tiles in composition and physical
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet characteristics but usually having facial area of 6 sq.
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet in. or more. Because of their greater size, which
4.05 Linoleum Sheet usually ranges from 3”x3” to 6”x6”, these tiles are
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN generally not pasted onto paper but are laid out
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring individually. When by the plastic method, it is either
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor vitreous and semivitreous; dust-pressed pavers are
6. CEILING FINISHES either impervious or vitreous. All pavers are
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile weatherproof and are especially suitable for heavy
7. PAINT FINISHES floor service .
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or 4. RESILIENT FLOOR FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 4.01 ASPHALT TILE & SHEET FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
Resilient flooring is manufactured as tile or sheet
1.07 Wood Float Finish including:
1.08 Steel Trowelled - Asphalt
Cement Finish - vinyl
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH - rubber
2.01 Granolithic - linoleum, and
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
- cork.
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
Vinyl, linoleum and rubber flooring are available also in
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet sheet form .
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish This consists of thoroughly bonded composition of
1.06 Exposed Aggr
thermoplastic binder (asphaltic type for standard
1.08 Steel Trowelled asphalt tile and resinous for greaseproof asphalt
1.09 Integral Colored- tile), asbestos and other fibers, inert filler materials
Cement Finish
(various stone dust, diatomite, mica, etc.) and inert
2.01 Granolithic color pigments, formed under pressure while hot
2.02 Terrazo
and cut to size.
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile Asphalt tile is usually made in 9” squares and less
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN commonly in 12” squares.
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet Rectangular borders18”x24” are made in a limited
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN variety of colors and patterns. Usual thickness are
5.01 StripFlooring 1/8” and 3/16”.
5.02 Plank Flooring
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish Asphalt tile may be installed on any smooth concrete
1.06 Exposed Aggr
subfloor above or below grade and on any wood subfloor
1.08 Steel Trowelled with sufficient strength so that no deflection can occur.
Cement Finish
In either case there should be no dampness:
2.01 Granolithic - It should not be used out-of-doors or for interiors
2.02 Terrazo
subject to strong direct sunlight;
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile - on concrete floors where dampness or hydrostatic
3.02 Ceramic Tile pressure exists;
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN - on any under floor that is not smooth, even and clean
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet (as the flooring will reveal exactly the contours of the
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet under flooring surface);
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN - in many areas where water may be constantly
5.01 StripFlooring splashed on the floor, e.g. shower rooms and toilet
5.02 Plank Flooring
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor rooms; and
6. CEILING FINISHES - in areas where grease can accumulate unless
6.01 Ceiling Board greaseproof asphalt tile is used.
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 4.02 VINYL TILE & SHEET FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish Vinyl resilient flooring materials are divided into three
1.06 Exposed Aggr
major types:
1.08 Steel Trowelled a. solid vinyl
1.09 Integral Colored- b. vinyl and asbestos combined
Cement Finish
c. a thin vinyl layer applied to other types of resilient
2.01 Granolithic flooring materials .
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile Tiles:
3.02 Ceramic Tile
Vinyl tiles (all vinyl) are made into the ff thicknesses:
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet - 1.5mm
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet - 2.0mm
4.05 Linoleum Sheet - 2.5mm and
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN - 3mm
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring in squares 300mm x 300mm
6. CEILING FINISHES Sheet:
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile in rolls 2.0mm and 2.5mm thick x 1.80m (6’) wide and
7. PAINT FINISHES in 50m lengths. The thicker sheet is used in areas
7.01 Transparent Fin where heavy traffic will be encountered.
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 4.02 VINYL TILE & SHEET FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish Vinyl flooring is recommended where a colorful,
1.06 Exposed Aggr
textured, tough, durable, easily maintained, grease-
1.08 Steel Trowelled resistant type of finish flooring is required for areas of
1.09 Integral Colored- both light and heavy human traffic.
Cement Finish
2.01 Granolithic It may be used for above-grade, on-grade and below-
2.02 Terrazo
grade floors.
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile Vinyl flooring should not be used:
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN - for exterior floor surfaces
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet - in areas where specific chemicals that attack vinyl
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet are used
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 4.03 RUBBER TILE & SHEET FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish Tiles:
1.06 Exposed Aggr
Rubber floor tiles are as a rule made of neutral rubber
1.08 Steel Trowelled for greatest resilience.
Cement Finish
Sizes, thicknesses, as well as methods of application
2.01 Granolithic and precautions to follow in installation, are much the
2.02 Terrazo
same as for vinyl floor tiles
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile Sheet:
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN Rubber sheet flooring is manufactured in rolls 3’ wide,
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet in thicknesses of 3/32”, 1/8” and 3/16”, with 3/32” most
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet commonly used in home installations. Rubber sheet
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN flooring is applied according to the general rules given
5.01 StripFlooring for linoleum.
5.02 Plank Flooring
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 4.03 RUBBER TILE & SHEET FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish Advantages of rubber flooring are:
1.06 Exposed Aggr
- It is the quietest floor possible with the exception of
1.08 Steel Trowelled thick cork tile;
1.09 Integral Colored- - its color are more brilliant than those of other types.
Cement Finish
2.01 Granolithic Rubber flooring, however, is not as resistant to soap,
2.02 Terrazo
oil and many household solvents, as vinyl and linoleum
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 4.04 LINOLEUM TILE & SHEET FINISH
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish Linoleum is resilient, waterproof floor covering that
1.06 Exposed Aggr
consists of a backing covered with a relatively thick
1.08 Steel Trowelled layer of wearing surface. This wearing surface is a
1.09 Integral Colored- mixture that contains oxidized linseed oil processed in
Cement Finish
a special way, combined with wood or cork flour,
2.01 Granolithic various fillers, stone dust, whiting, diatomite), resins
2.02 Terrazo
binders, driers and inert color pigments.
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish Linoleum can be divided
1.06 Exposed Aggr
into five classifications:
1.08 Steel Trowelled - plain
1.09 Integral Colored- - marbled
Cement Finish
- spatter
2.01 Granolithic - straight-line inlaid, &
2.02 Terrazo
- molded inlaid.
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
It is available in three
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet gauges:
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet - service (1/16”)
4.05 Linoleum Sheet - standard (3/32”), and
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN - heavy (1/8”).
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor It comes in rolls 2’ and 6’ wide and up to 30 ft. in
6. CEILING FINISHES length, and in 9”x9” tiles for plain and marbled
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish Linoleum is recommended in areas:
1.06 Exposed Aggr
- where a resilient, durable, colorful, greaseproof,
1.08 Steel Trowelled waterproof type of flooring is needed;
1.09 Integral Colored- - where there is spillage of water such as baths and
Cement Finish
toilet rooms;
2.01 Granolithic - where there is spillage of grease, fruit juices, etc.
2.02 Terrazo
such as kitchens, cafeterias; for countertops and
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile desk tops where heavy wear, grease and cooking
3.02 Ceramic Tile spillage occur.
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet It should not be used:
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet - on concrete slabs below grade and subflooring
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN where dampness can penetrate from below;
5.01 StripFlooring - for exteriors;
5.02 Plank Flooring
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor - where any strong alkalis and acids may be present.
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board When specifying linoleum, the latest colors, patterns,
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
and textures should always be checked because many
7.01 Transparent Fin of these are quickly discontinued
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or 5. WOOD FLOOR FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 5.01 STRIP FLOORING
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish This type of flooring consists of
1.06 Exposed Aggr
tongue-and-grooved (T&G)
1.08 Steel Trowelled boards 6” or less in width.
1.09 Integral Colored- Nominal sizes of strips are
Cement Finish
- 1” x 3”, 1” x 4” and 1” x 6”;
2.01 Granolithic - net (face) widths are 2-1/4”,
2.02 Terrazo
3-1/4”, and 5-1/4”
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile respectively.
3.02 Ceramic Tile - Net thickness is 7/8”.
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet In laying strip flooring, the strips are started square the
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet room against either side wall. The first strip is placed
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN with the grooved edge towards the wall and shall be
5.01 StripFlooring face-nailed as close to the wall as possible so that the
5.02 Plank Flooring
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor baseboard will conceal the nailing. All succeeding
6. CEILING FINISHES strips are blind-nailed. The strips should be laid in such
6.01 Ceiling Board a manner that joints in successive courses do not come
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
together.
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 5.01 STRIP FLOORING
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish Strip flooring is often laid over a concrete slab
1.06 Exposed Aggr
subfloor, nailed to 2x3 or 2x4 sleepers or screeds
1.08 Steel Trowelled embedded or anchored to the concrete floor.
Cement Finish
The sleepers should be treated with a suitable wood
2.01 Granolithic preservative.
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile The space between the finish floor and the top of the
3.02 Ceramic Tile concrete slab is filled with cinder concrete or other
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN damp-proof composition fill
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet In laying strip flooring, the strips are started square with
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
the room against a wall. The first strip is placed with
5.01 StripFlooring the grooved edge towards the wall and shall be face-
5.02 Plank Flooring
nailed as close to the wall as possible so that the
baseboard will conceal the nailing. All succeeding
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board strips are blind-nailed. The strips should be laid in such
6.02 Acoustic Tile
a manner that joints in successive courses do not come
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.01 Transparent Fin together.
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 5.02 PLANK FLOORING
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish This type of flooring consists of square-edged boards
1.06 Exposed Aggr
8” or more in width as are commonly found in old
1.08 Steel Trowelled Spanish- period houses.
Cement Finish
Plank flooring is usually faced-nailed.
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 5.03 PARQUET TILE FLOORING
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr Also called block flooring, consists of square pieces or
1.07 Wood Float Finish blocks which have been built up in several layers like
1.09 Integral Colored- plywood and having a veneered surface, or consists of
Cement Finish several parquet strips assembled at the factory to form
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH a tile.
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES This type of flooring may also be nailed to a wood
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
subfloor or set in mastic to a concrete subfloor.
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish Tiles are 3/8” or 5/15” in thickness,
1.06 Exposed Aggr
in squares of 9-5/8” x 9-5/8”, 14-1/2” x 14-1/2”, 19-1/4”
1.08 Steel Trowelled x 19-1/4” and 24” x 24”.
Cement Finish
For wooden subfloors, lumber must be properly kiln-
2.01 Granolithic dried (or use 12mm or 19mm plywood). An 11mm
2.02 Terrazo
depression below the finish floor level is necessary for
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile 10mm thick parquet tile flooring.
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish Concrete subfloors must be level and flat.
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.08 Steel Trowelled Freshly poured concrete should be allowed to cure for
1.09 Integral Colored- at least two weeks before laying parquet.
Cement Finish
2.01 Granolithic Slab construction must be such that it will stay dry.
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile For concrete subfloors directly over fill, the base of the
3.02 Ceramic Tile surrounding slab should be above ground level and/or
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN finish grade. It is desirable that the slab be constructed
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet with a vapor-moisture barrier (see PLASTICS).
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN Asphalt-type underlayment, felt paper, should not be
5.01 StripFlooring used.
5.02 Plank Flooring
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or 6. CEILING FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 6.01 CEILING BOARD
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish These are shiplapped boards with a bead running
1.06 Exposed Aggr
along the center of the board and along the joint,
1.08 Steel Trowelled hence it is often referred as beaded ceiling board
1.09 Integral Colored- (B.C.B.) Thickness are 3/8 and ½ in. Widths of boards
Cement Finish
are 4 and 6 in.
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 6.02 ACOUSTIC TILE
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish Acoustic tile is used for ceiling and wall finishes in
1.06 Exposed Aggr
rooms where it is required to control sound by
1.08 Steel Trowelled absorption.
Cement Finish
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 6.02 ACOUSTIC TILE
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish There are several types of acoustic tile:
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.08 Steel Trowelled a. Cellulose fiber tile.
1.09 Integral Colored- These are made from compressed sugar cane or
Cement Finish
wood fibers with perforations on the surface of the
2.01 Granolithic tile.
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile b. Mineral wool tile.
3.02 Ceramic Tile Felted rock wool with a fissured surface. Mineral
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN wool tile has limited acoustic values, is flame
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet retardant but will not withstand rough usage and
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet cannot be painted. It is available in ½, 5/8, 2/4, 7/8
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN and 1 in. thickness. Sizes are 12”x12”, 12”x24” and
5.01 StripFlooring 24”x24”.
5.02 Plank Flooring
6. CEILING FINISHES c. Glass fiber tile.
6.01 Ceiling Board These are made of glass fibers held together by
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
binder. Thickness is 1-1/4”. Sizes are 23-3/4” x 23-
7.01 Transparent Fin 3/4” or 47-3/4”.
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or 7. PAINT FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 7.01 TRANSPARENT FINISHES
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
a. Wood Stains
1.06 Exposed Aggr
• Oil Wood Stains
1.08 Steel Trowelled Pigments are derived from various
Cement Finish
earth clays. After they are dissolved
in linseed oil, the coloring particles
2.01 Granolithic remain suspended between the oil
2.02 Terrazo
molecules. For spreading the color
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile particles over large surfaces, the
3.02 Ceramic Tile ground oil color is thinned with
turpentine .
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet • Water Stains
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN These are made from anilyne dyes
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
and mineral extracts which have
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor been dissolved in hot water ”.
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board • Spirit or Alcohol Stain
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES These are mixed with alcohol-
7.01 Transparent Fin solution anilyne powders and
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects warmed alcohol.
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
a. Wood Stains
1.06 Exposed Aggr
The method of applying wood stains:
1.08 Steel Trowelled 1. Clean wood surface by planing, scraping and
Cement Finish
sanding.
2. If water stain is to be used, sponge wood with damp
2.01 Granolithic rag and allow to dry.
2.02 Terrazo
3. Resand with finer grit paper.
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile 4. Fill holes, dents, cracks, etc. with crack filler colored
3.02 Ceramic Tile to match stains. When dry, sand smooth.
5. Dust and clean with benzene rags.
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet 6. Apply stain, using brush or sponge with grain.
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet 7. Apply shellac wash coat – 6 parts alcohol to 1 part
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN shellac.
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
8. Scuff surfaces lightly with fine sandpaper by hand.
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor 9. Apply paste filler and wash off in 10 minutes.
6. CEILING FINISHES 10. Sand, dust and clean.
6.01 Ceiling Board 11. Apply shellac wash coat.
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES 12. Sand, dust and clean.
7.01 Transparent Fin 13. Select any of the ff. finishes: a.) shellac and wax, b)
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects varnish, c.) lacquer
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
b. Wood Fillers
1.06 Exposed Aggr
• Paste Fillers.
1.08 Steel Trowelled Composed of silex (stone dust), japan-drier, linseed
Cement Finish
oil, turpentine, and sometimes colors ground in oil
Filler is applied with the grain and allowed to dry
2.01 Granolithic “flat” for about 10 minutes. It is then wiped off across
2.02 Terrazo
the grain with burlap or some other coarse material.
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile Paste fillers requires about 24 hours for drying
3.02 Ceramic Tile before it can be sanded.
• Crack Fillers.
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet Plastic wood putty, stick shellac, etc. They are used
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet for filling nails holes, cracks and dents.
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
b. Shellac
1.06 Exposed Aggr
Shellac is made by refining seed lac and its natural
1.08 Steel Trowelled color is orange; white shellac is obtained by bleaching.
Cement Finish
Lac is a resin exuded by certain insects in India in the
2.01 Granolithic twigs of trees. These twigs with the resin attached are
2.02 Terrazo
called sticklac and are crushed and washed to produce
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile seed lac.
3.02 Ceramic Tile Shellac is an under or a
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN preparatory coat for varnish
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet and wax finishes, but is not
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet satisfactory as an indepen-
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
dent finish because it is not
5.01 StripFlooring durable and turns white from
5.02 Plank Flooring
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor contact with water. It is also
6. CEILING FINISHES
used to cover wood knots
6.01 Ceiling Board before a priming lead and oil
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
coat is applied because it kills
7.01 Transparent Fin the resin in the knot and
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
prevents discoloration.
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
c. Varnish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
It is a resolution of resin in drying oil (oil varnish) or in a
1.08 Steel Trowelled voltatile solvent such as alcohol or turpentine (spirit
Cement Finish
varnish). It contains no pigment and hardens into a
smooth, hard and glossy coat by the oxidation of the oil
2.01 Granolithic or by the evaporation of the alcohol.
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile The chief resins used in varnishes are
3.02 Ceramic Tile - copal of African fossil gums;
- dammar or resins from Singapore and the East
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet Indies;
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet - the residue left under the extraction of turpentine
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN from pine resins, and rosin esters, obtained by treating
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
resin with glycerine to make it waterproof when dry.
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
c. Varnish
1.06 Exposed Aggr
In general, oil varnishes are more durable than spirit
1.08 Steel Trowelled varnishes. Spirit varnishes are either dammar varnish,
Cement Finish
mad by treating dammar resins with turpentine, or
shellac varnish, made by dissolving white or orange
2.01 Granolithic shellac in grain alcohol. They dry by the evaporation of
2.02 Terrazo
the solvent.
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile Drying time is from
4 to 24 hours.
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet Varnish should
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN never be applied
5.01 StripFlooring when the weather is
5.02 Plank Flooring
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor moist or humid.
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
d. Lacquer
1.06 Exposed Aggr
Lacquer is made synthetically, and is closely
1.08 Steel Trowelled related to rayon or nylon fabrics. It requires a
Cement Finish
special thinner sold by each manufacturer for his
own brand.
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
Average drying time is 1-1/2 hours. For fine lacquer
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile finishes, a special undercoat of lacquer sealer is
3.02 Ceramic Tile applied over a wash coat of shellac.
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet After the sealer has dried, it is sanded or steel-
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet wooled to give the lacquer a gripping surface
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 7.02 OPAQUE FINISHES
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
a. Paint
1.06 Exposed Aggr
Paint is a mixture containing a pigment and a
1.08 Steel Trowelled vehicle.
Cement Finish
The pigment is that solid, finely ground portion
2.01 Granolithic which gives to paint the power to obscure, hide or
2.02 Terrazo
color the surface.
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile The vehicle is the fluid portion of the paint. It
carries the particles of the pigment in suspension
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet and by the oxidation deposits and hardening binds
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet them to painted surface or by evaporation deposits
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN them thereon.
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
a. Paint
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish PIGMENTS:
Cement Finish may be divided into white and colored pigments.
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH The white pigments can, in turn, be divided further
2.01 Granolithic into hiding or active pigments and extender
2.02 Terrazo
pigments.
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile • Hiding or active pigments
4.05 Linoleum Sheet are those which when mixed with the drying oil,
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN produces an opaque finishing material.
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring The most widely used active pigment is white lead
which, when used alone withlinseed oil, will produce
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
an excellent durable paint.
6.02 Acoustic Tile Other active white pigments include:
7. PAINT FINISHES - zinc oxide
7.02 Opaque Fin - lithopone
7.03 Paint Defects - titanium dioxide.
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
a. Paint
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish • Extender pigments:
1.09 Integral Colored- are inert pigments which when mixed with the drying
Cement Finish
oils possess very little hiding power.
2.01 Granolithic They are often referred to as fillers, extenders or
2.02 Terrazo
suspenders. They serve to prevent the primary
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile pigment from settling in a hard mass at the bottom of
3.02 Ceramic Tile the paint can.
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet The extender pigments include:
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet - calcium carbonate
4.05 Linoleum Sheet - silica and
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring - mica.
5.02 Plank Flooring
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
a. Paint
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish • Extender pigments:
1.09 Integral Colored- All paints other than white paints also contain color
Cement Finish
pigments in addition to white pigments.
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo A good exterior paint should contain not less than
3. TILE FINISHES 65% pigment by weight.
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
High quality exterior paints contain not more than
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet 10% of extender pigments
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
a. Paint
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish VEHICLE:
1.09 Integral Colored- • The vehicle or liquid portion of the paint consists of:
Cement Finish
- a binder which forms the film
2.01 Granolithic - the drier to speed up formulation of the film and
2.02 Terrazo
- the thinner or the volatile solvent .
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile The volatile solvent facilitates application and
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN contributes, through its evaporation, to the drying of
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet the paint, but is not a permanent part of the film.
4.05 Linoleum Sheet The type of solvent used in a paint determines
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
whether it is a
5.02 Plank Flooring - water-base paint (where the solvent is water) or
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor - oil-base paint (where the solvent is an
6. CEILING FINISHES organic liquid).
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES The vehicle of a paint should not contain more than
7.02 Opaque Fin
35% of the paint’s volume by weight .
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
a. Paint
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish The principal paint for exterior wood surfaces is oil
paint, which contains white lead as the white paint
Cement Finish pigment, color pigments and extenders in a vehicle
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH consisting of a drying oil, usually linseed oil, dryers,
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
and turpentine as the solvent or thinner.
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile Other drying oils used are
3.02 Ceramic Tile - tung or china oil,
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN - soybean and
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet - fish oils.
4.05 Linoleum Sheet Driers are added to the vehicle of paints containing
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring drying oils to accelerate the hardening of paint by
5.02 Plank Flooring speeding the union of the oil with oxygen from the air.
6. CEILING FINISHES A good paint’s vehicle will contain 85 to 95% drying oil
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile and the rest thinners and driers.
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
a. Paint
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish Driers:
1.09 Integral Colored- may be classified into two types:
Cement Finish
- oil driers, used in powdered or crystalline form
2.01 Granolithic such as litharge (monoxide of lead),
2.02 Terrazo
manganese dioxide, borate; and
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile - liquid driers, inorganic compounds of lead,
3.02 Ceramic Tile manganese and cobalt, which are dissolved in
turpentine or benzene and which mix readily
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet with the oil at ordinary temperatures.
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
a. Paint
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish Thinners
1.09 Integral Colored- act as a solvent both for the materials of the paint and
Cement Finish
for the resin in the wood surface thereby providing
2.01 Granolithic greater penetration and anchorage in the wood pores.
2.02 Terrazo
It improves the brushing and spreading qualities of the
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile paint and also hastens its drying by absorbing oxygen
3.02 Ceramic Tile from the air and transferring it to the drying oil. The
best thinner is turpentine, a spirit obtained by steam
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet distillation of the resin or gum which exudes from pine
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet trees. (The residue of the distillation is known as rosin,
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN used in the making of varnish.) Other thinners include
5.01 StripFlooring mineral spirits (petroleum distillation products) benzol,
5.02 Plank Flooring
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor solvent naptha.
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
a. Paint
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish Thinners
Cement Finish Turpentine is also added to the first or priming coat to
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH assist the penetration of the paint and in much smaller
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
quantities to the outer coats especially for exterior
3. TILE FINISHES
work.
3.01 Cement Tile Because it dries without a gloss, it is mixed with the
3.02 Ceramic Tile
final coats for interior finishes when a flat or dull finish
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet is required.
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
a. Paint
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish Alkyd-resin or oil-resin emulsion paints
Cement Finish where oil and resin emulsified in water makes a
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH heterogeneous finishing material by an emulsifying
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
agent such as casein.
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile A great advantage of oil resin paint is that its
3.02 Ceramic Tile
viscosity can be easily reduced by the addition of
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet water. Water is added as a thinner for the same
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet reason that turpentine or mineral spirits is added to
4.05 Linoleum Sheet oil paints.
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring Other advantages of oil-resin emulsion paints are
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor that it dries quickly (two coats can be applied the
6. CEILING FINISHES same day); it is easy to apply; it is easy to recoat
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile with itself or other paint, and it has little tendency to
7. PAINT FINISHES fade.
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
a. Paint
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish Synthetic latex (rubber-base) paints
Cement Finish is made from synthetic latex which acts as the pigment
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH binder and the film-forming material for the paint.
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
A careful balance of synthetic latex and alkyds resins
3.01 Cement Tile gives a solution that can thinned with water for
3.02 Ceramic Tile
application as a continuous film with excellent adhesion
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet and wash ability.
4.05 Linoleum Sheet Synthetic latex paints have little tendency to turn yellow
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
because, unlike oil paints, they absorb very little
5.02 Plank Flooring oxygen from the air.
6. CEILING FINISHES Latex paint is the preferred paint for the plaster,
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile cement, concrete and masonry
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.02 Rubbed Finish 7.03 PAINT BEHAVIOR AND DEFECTS
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
a. Paint
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish Well-formulated paint, skillfully applied over a properly
prepared surface wears by gradual “chalking” and
Cement Finish maintains a smooth, tough and durable film that
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH constitutes a satisfactory surface for repainting. Such a
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
paint film will remain an effective protective coating for
3. TILE FINISHES
a period of three to five years depending upon the
3.01 Cement Tile locality and the characteristics of the original surface. It
3.02 Ceramic Tile
requires little treatment beyond surface dusting in
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet preparation for repainting
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
1.01 Stucco or
7. PAINT FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish a. Paint
1.06 Exposed Aggr LATEX (for concrete)
1.08 Steel Trowelled a water-base paint (where the solvent is water) used
1.09 Integral Colored- for painting concrete and masonry surfaces
Cement Finish
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH ACRYLIC LATEX (for timber &concrete)
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo a water-base paint (where the solvent is water) used
3. TILE FINISHES for painting concrete and masonry surfaces
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile ENAMEL (for timber)
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet paints which use varnish as a vehicle. They have the
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet ability of levelling brush marks, are more resistant to
4.05 Linoleum Sheet washing and rough usage, and have a harder and
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN tougher film. They can have either a glossy, semi
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring glossy or matt finish.
6. CEILING FINISHES RED OXIDE (for steel to prvent rust)
6.01 Ceiling Board protective paints for ferrous metal and are of two types:
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES - priming paint, e.g. red lead, litharge, lead chromate;
7.01 Transparent Fin - finish paints, e.g., lead sulfate and zinc dust.
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish Well-formulated paint, skillfully applied over a properly
1.06 Exposed Aggr
prepared surface wears by gradual “chalking” and
1.08 Steel Trowelled maintains a smooth, tough and durable film that
1.09 Integral Colored- constitutes a satisfactory surface for repainting.
Cement Finish
2.01 Granolithic Such a paint film will remain an effective protective
2.02 Terrazo
coating for a period of three to five years depending
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile upon the locality and the characteristics of the original
3.02 Ceramic Tile surface. It requires little treatment beyond surface
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN dusting in preparation for repainting.
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet Defective paint behavior and surface failures, on the
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN other hand, are traceable to three main causes:
5.01 StripFlooring 1. Improper paint formulation.
5.02 Plank Flooring
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor 2. Inadequate surface preparation and careless
6. CEILING FINISHES application.
6.01 Ceiling Board 3. Faulty construction or building materials
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.06 Exposed Aggr Film defects may result from one or any combination
1.07 Wood Float Finish of these. The following are the various paint defects,
1.09 Integral Colored- their causes, prevention
Cement Finish
a. Excessive or premature chalking
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
• evidenced by surface
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile dusting and rapid
3.02 Ceramic Tile thinning of the film,
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN sometimes to bare
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet wood.
4.05 Linoleum Sheet • caused by improper
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring formulation or paint
5.02 Plank Flooring
application.
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
• too high a percentage
6.02 Acoustic Tile of volatile thinner forms
7. PAINT FINISHES a porous film subject
7.02 Opaque Fin has completely worn
7.03 Paint Defects away.
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish a. Excessive or premature chalking
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish • too high a percentage of volatile thinner forms a
1.09 Integral Colored- porous film subject has completely worn away.
Cement Finish
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.01 Transparent Fin • May be prevented by strict adherence to high
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
standards of paint formulation and application.
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish b. Sagging and running
1.06 Exposed Aggr
Cement Finish
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet • marked by irregular wavy lines that texture an
4.05 Linoleum Sheet otherwise smooth finish film.
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring • cause is usually paint formulation with
too low a pigment volume, or too heavy
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
and careless an application of a thin-consistency
6.02 Acoustic Tile paint. It occurs sometimes when repainting an
7. PAINT FINISHES interior if an original gloss surface has not been
7.02 Opaque Fin cut by light sanding.
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish c. Storm spotting
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish • usually occurring after
1.09 Integral Colored- continuous rains and
Cement Finish electric storms, are
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH characterized by
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo unsightly and irregular
3. TILE FINISHES color changes.
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
• Rain sometimes absorbs
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet nitrates and peroxides
formed by electrical
4.05 Linoleum Sheet discharges and
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring penetrates the paint film,
5.02 Plank Flooring changing the refractive
index of the coating.
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile • Cure of condition can sometimes be
7. PAINT FINISHES accomplished by rubbing spots with alcohol.
7.02 Opaque Fin
Subsequent weathering usually restores the
7.03 Paint Defects original color within a month or two.
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish d. Washing
1.06 Exposed Aggr
Cement Finish
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet • is characterized by streaking on the surface, fading
color, the final exposure of the original surface and
4.05 Linoleum Sheet accumulation of pigment particles below the painted
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
area.
5.02 Plank Flooring
• caused by water-soluble compounds in
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board pigments of poor paints or soluble compounds
6.02 Acoustic Tile which develop by chemical reactions in the paint are
7. PAINT FINISHES
dissolved during rain storms and wash out of the film.
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish e. Stains
1.06 Exposed Aggr
Cement Finish
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
• are surface discolorations which often disappear
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet gradually as the paint film wears. Sometimes,
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet however, they go through the film necessitating
4.05 Linoleum Sheet its removal and subsequent repainting.
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring • Metal stains are sometimes caused by water
6. CEILING FINISHES
dripping from exposed metal.
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
• Prevention involves coating metal. Galvanized
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.01 Transparent Fin iron should be painted with metallic zinc dust in
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
spar varnish or paint containing zinc oxide.
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish e. Stains
1.06 Exposed Aggr
Cement Finish
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4.02 Vinyl Tile/Sheet • Mildew stains are caused by air-borne
4.05 Linoleum Sheet fungi that feed on oil and multiply rapidly. They
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring cannot be easily removed. Old growth should be
5.02 Plank Flooring removed before repainting by washing with 1 lb.
of tri-sodium phosphate or sodium carbonate in
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
1 gallon of water.
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES • For prevention, the paint can be treated with
7.02 Opaque Fin about 1/4 oz. of mercuric chloride per gallon.
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish f. Checking
1.06 Exposed Aggr
Cement Finish
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet • characterized by minute cracks on the surface of
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet elastic paint films. Usually it is not a serious film
4.05 Linoleum Sheet defect, for checks do not extend through the film.
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
• cause is improper application or improper
6. CEILING FINISHES
formulation of undercoats. The finish film is
6.01 Ceiling Board applied over a body coat not quite enough for a
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
proper foundation. Unequal tensions occur in drying
7.01 Transparent Fin and small surface checks result.
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish g. Alligatoring
1.06 Exposed Aggr
Cement Finish
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
• an advance state of checking, varying in degree to
4.05 Linoleum Sheet a coarse texturing of the finish film.
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring • cause involves application of a harder
drying finish over soft or slow-drying
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board under-coats. As in checking, poor formulation
6.02 Acoustic Tile
with too much linseed oil in the priming or body
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.01 Transparent Fin coat may result in alligatoring.
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish h. Cracking and scaling
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish • characterized by irregular cracks that subsequently
1.09 Integral Colored- curl at the edge, flake and finally scale off. Over
Cement Finish wood, scaling is usually most marked in direction
2. GRANOLITHIC FINISH of or across the grain.
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES • cracking is a wear characteristic of hard-drying
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
paints that contain large proportions of zinc oxide
pigment.
• scaling comes from the water pressure when
4.05 Linoleum Sheet moisture seeps through the crack to the original
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring surface. The condition is common to any surface
5.02 Plank Flooring coated with paint improperly formulated to
withstand local conditions.
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish h. Cracking and scaling
1.06 Exposed Aggr
Cement Finish
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet • cure of condition at an early stage requires
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
vigorous brushing and recoating with a less brittle
5.01 StripFlooring film.
5.02 Plank Flooring
• prevention involves formulation to produce a
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
6.02 Acoustic Tile
tougher, more elastic film. Usually this means an
7. PAINT FINISHES
increased percentage of white lead.
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish i. Blistering and Peeling
1.06 Exposed Aggr
1.07 Wood Float Finish • characterized by swelling of the entire film which is
1.09 Integral Colored- usually followed by a break in the film and
Cement Finish subsequent peeling.
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo • cause is water pressure from behind the
3. TILE FINISHES film due to faulty construction that allows moisture
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile seepage or abnormal condensation. This is a
4. RESILIENT FLOOR FIN mechanical damage that may occur whatever the
type or quality of paint used.
4.04 Rubber Tile/Sheet • sometimes also results
4.05 Linoleum Sheet
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN also when damp surfaces
5.01 StripFlooring
5.02 Plank Flooring
are covered by quick-
5.04 Parquet Tile Floor drying paints.
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board • This type of damage may
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES be evident on wood,
7.01 Transparent Fin stucco or masonry
7.02 Opaque Fin
7.03 Paint Defects surfaces .
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish j. Spot fading
1.06 Exposed Aggr
Cement Finish
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
characterized by color changes and flatting of gloss
4.01 Asphalt Tile/Sheet in irregular patches on the film.
4.05 Linoleum Sheet cause is from uneven oil absorption, usually a
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring result of insufficient coats or a priming coat
5.02 Plank Flooring
improperly formulated to penetrate and adequately
seal surface pores.
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board cure of condition is repainting.
6.02 Acoustic Tile
7. PAINT FINISHES
prevention requires merely the exercise of proper
7.02 Opaque Fin painting technique.
7.03 Paint Defects
1. CONCRETE
SURFACE FINISHES
Cement Plaster
1.03 Brushed Finish
1.04 Tooled Finish
1.05 Sand-blast Finish k. Wrinkling
1.06 Exposed Aggr
Cement Finish
2.01 Granolithic
2.02 Terrazo
3. TILE FINISHES
3.01 Cement Tile
3.02 Ceramic Tile
cause is usually when paint is put on too thickly
4.05 Linoleum Sheet and not well brushed out and may be contributed to
5. WOOD FLOOR FIN
5.01 StripFlooring by formulation if too high a proportion of oil is used in
5.02 Plank Flooring finish coats.
6. CEILING FINISHES
6.01 Ceiling Board
cure of condition requires only sanding and
6.02 Acoustic Tile repainting if texture is slight. Otherwise, film removal
7. PAINT FINISHES is indicated with subsequent painting as for new work
7.02 Opaque Fin .
7.03 Paint Defects
End

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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Construction Materials and Finishes

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