Wood - Plastics

08
WOOD, PLASTICS
AND GLASS
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several review centers and other sources of publication for the purpose of further studying
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1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 1. WOOD USED IN ARCHITECTURE
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects As a construction material, wood is
1.05 Sawing Methods
strong, durable, light in weight, and easy
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification to work. In addition, it offers natural
2.02 Measure beauty and warmth to sight and touch.
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration Although it has become necessary to
2.05 Preservation employ conservation measures to ensure
2.06 Treatment a continued supply, wood is still used in
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD construction in many and varied forms.
3.01 For Construction
3.02 Allowable Working
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood
3.04 Physical Properties There are two major classes of wood:
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood • Softwood
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard • Hardwood
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Board Grain direction is the major determining
4.05 Particle Board factor in the use of wood as a structural
5. MILLWORK material. Tensile and compressive forces
5.01 Mouldings are best handled by wood in a direction
6. PLASTICS IN parallel to its grain.
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics Wood's shear strength is greater across
6.03 Thermosetting its grain than parallel to the grain. It is
Plastics therefore more susceptible to horizontal
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
shear than to vertical shear.
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure Plains awn lumber:
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods • may have a variety of
2. LUMBER noticeable grain patterns
2.01 Classification Dimension lumber
2.02 Measure •Tends to twist and cup, and
2.03 Seasoning Timbers and beams wears unevenly
2.04 Deterioration •Tends to have raised grain
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment •Shrinks and swells less in
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD thickness, more in width
Stresses
Flat
3.03 Weights of Wood PLAIN SAWN LUMBER Grain lumber
3.04 Physical Properties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood Quarter sawn lumber:
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard • has more even grain patterns
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board Vertical •Wears more evenly with less
4.06 Fibercement Board
grain lumber raised grain and warping
4.05 Particle Board • shrinks and swells less in
5. MILLWORK width, more in thickness
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN QUARTER SA WN LUMBER
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN 1. WOOD USED IN ARCHITECTURE
ARCHITECTURE
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties Shrinkage tangential to
1.04 Defects the wood grain is
1.05 Sawing Methods usually
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification twice as much as radial
2.02 Measure shrinkage. Vertical grain
2.03 Seasoning lumber shrinks uniformly
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation while plain sawn cuts
2.06 Treatment near a log’s perimeter
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD will cup away from the
3.02 Allowable Working center.
Stresses
3.04 Physical Properties The thermal expansion of
4. WOOD COMPOSITES ¼” 3/8” ½” ¾”
4.01 Plywood wood is generally much
4.02 Hardboard less than volume changes
4.03 Chipboard due to changes in
4.04 Fiberboard
10”
4.05 Gypsum Board moisture content.
4.06 Fibercement Board Moisture content is
4.05 Particle Board
therefore the controlling
5. MILLWORK factor. 30% 19% 15% 8% 0%
5.01 Mouldings
Green Dry Moisture
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE content
Shrinkage begins at the
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics wood’s fiber saturation
6.03 Thermosetting point.
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods Natural wood has certain properties that make it an
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification attractive building material:
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration • Natural warmth - to the touch; wood insulates
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment • Workability, easily shaped with simple tools
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD • Infinite variety; no two trees, or even pieces from the
3.02 Allowable Working same tree, are alike
Stresses
• strength-to-weight ratio for bridges, boats, homes,
3.04 Physical Properties furniture
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood • Flexibility; watch how huge trees bend before the wind
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard • Fire protection; wood chars and therefore burns slowly,
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
doesn’t melt or crumble
4.06 Fibercement Board • Color: natural, through wood’s ability to receive many
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK types of stains and finishes
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 1.01 CLASSIFICATION OF WOOD
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods Woods are generally classified into:
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning
a. Softwoods come from the conifers (evergreens)
2.04 Deterioration which have needles instead of leaves, e.g. pine
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
b. Hardwoods come from the broad-leaved or
3.02 Allowable Working deciduous trees. Most Philippine timber are of this
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood latter kind
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood The terms “hardwood” and “softwood” are often
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard misleading because they have no direct relation to the
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board actual physical hardness or softness of the wood, so
4.05 Particle Board
that a hardwood may actually be softer than a
5. MILLWORK softwood.
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 1.02 STRUCTURE OF WOOD
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER
a. Sapwood
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure - is the softer, younger outer portion
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration of a tree that lies between the
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment
cambium (formative layer just under
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD the bark) and the heartwood.
Stresses - It is more permeable, less durable
3.04 Physical Properties and usually lighter in color than the
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood heartwood.
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER
a. Sapwood
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure - the portion of the log near
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration the periphery which is
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment
generally lighter in color
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD than the central portion.
Stresses - contains living cells and
3.04 Physical Properties takes an active part in the
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood life process of a tree.
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard - Because it contains more
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Board organic matter than the
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
central core of the log, it
5.01 Mouldings is more susceptible to
6. PLASTICS IN blueing fungi and wood-
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification boring insects, and is not
6.02 Thermoplastics durable.
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER
b. Heartwood
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure - the older, harder central
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration portion of a tree.
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD - usually contains deposits
3.02 Allowable Working of various materials that
Stresses
frequently give it a darker
3.04 Physical Properties color than sapwood.
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
- is denser, less permeable
4.04 Fiberboard and more durable than
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Board the surrounding sapwood.
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings - The central core of the
6. PLASTICS IN log, it is composed of
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification inactive cells and serves
6.02 Thermoplastics only as a mechanical
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics support
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 1.03 PROPERTIES OF WOOD
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER a. Hardness. This is measured by the compression
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure which a piece of timber undergoes when a weight
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
is applied to it.
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD b. Flexibility. The amount of piece will bend before
3.01 For Construction breaking . Softwoods are generally brittle while
Stresses most hardwoods are flexible.
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
c. Strength
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard d. Durability.
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 1.04 DEFECTS OF WOOD
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER a. Decay – Caused by the attack
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure of fungi.
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD b. Checks –Cracks or lengthwise
3.01 For Construction separation across the annual
Stresses rings of growth caused by
3.04 Physical Properties irregular shrinkage during DECAY
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
drying. Checks are formed
4.02 Hardboard when the circumference
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard shrinks more than the interior
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Board section of the log.
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN c. Shakes – These are cracks SHAKES
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
between and parallel to the
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
annual rings of the growth.
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER d. Knots – These are irregular
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure growths in the body of a tree
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
which interrupt the smooth
2.05 Preservation curve of the grain. The fibers of
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD the tree are turned from their
3.01 For Construction normal course and grow around
Stresses the knot at that point of the tree.
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard e. Pitchpockets – These are well- KNOTS
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard defined openings between
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Board annual rings containing solid or
4.05 Particle Board
liquid pitch.
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
f. Wane – This is the lack of wood
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
on the edge or corner of a
Plastics piece. PITCHPOCKETS
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods g. Warping - Any variation with
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification the plane surface of the piece
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning
caused by unequal shrinkage
2.04 Deterioration of the board. There are
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment several forms of warp:
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.02 Allowable Working Crook –a distortion of the board
Stresses in which the edge is convex or
3.04 Physical Properties concave longitudinal.
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood Bow –a distortion of the
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
board in which the face is
4.05 Gypsum Board convex or concave
4.05 Particle Board longitudinal.
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings Cup –a distortion of the board in
6. PLASTICS IN which the face is convex or
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification concave across the board.
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
Twist –a distortion of the board
7. PLASTIC SHEETS, in which one corner is raised.
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 1.05 METHODS OF SAWING WOOD
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods A log of wood can be cut in two different ways to make
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification lumber:
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration a. Plainsawing
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment
refers to lumber cut tangent to the annual rings or growth
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD or, in commercial practice, cut with annual rings at an angle
3.02 Allowable Working 0 to 45.
Stresses
3.04 Physical Properties Plainsawn lumber is preferable when a pleasing pattern is
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood required, as in wall paneling.
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 1.05 METHODS OF SAWING WOOD
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER
b. Quartersawing
2.01 Classification refers to wood cut radially to the annual rings of growth
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning parallel to the rays or, in commercial practice, cut with the
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation annual growth rings at an angle 45 to 90.
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction Quartersawn lumber is desirable because it has less
Stresses shrinkage than plainsawn lumber, and this is important
where joints must be kept tight.
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 2. LUMBER
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 2.01 CLASSIFICATION OF LUMBER
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods Wood that is used in construction is called LUMBER.
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning
Lumber is classified by its size or dimensions measured
2.04 Deterioration in inches, for example, a piece of lumber measuring 2
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment inches by 4 inches is called 2 x 4.
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.02 Allowable Working Generally, they are available in even-numbered widths:
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood 4, 6, 8, 10,12 inches.
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood There are four available classifications of lumber:
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard a. Strips. Lumber less than 2” thick and less than 8”
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Board wide.
4.05 Particle Board
b. Board Lumber. Pieces less than 2” thick and at
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings least 8” wide.
6. PLASTICS IN c. Dimension Lumber. Pieces more than 2” and less
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
than 5” in any dimension.
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
d. Timbers. Pieces 5” or more on the smallest
Plastics dimension
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER The two most common classifications are
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure - Dimension Lumber and
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration - Board Lumber.
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD It is important to realize that the stated size of lumber is
3.02 Allowable Working not its actual finished size.
Stresses
3.04 Physical Properties Nominal size is the size of lumber when it is cut from the
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood log. After cutting, the lumber is dried and then planed on
4.02 Hardboard all four sides to achieve smoothness. The finished size is
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
therefore smaller.
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM STRIP LUMBER DIMENSION LUMBER
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER NOMINAL SIZE ACTUAL SIZE
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure For Dimension Lumber:
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation 2 x 4 1½ x 3½
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD 2 x 6 1½ x 5½
3.02 Allowable Working 2 x 8 1½ x 7½
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood 2 x 10 1½ x 8½
4. WOOD COMPOSITES 2 x 12 1½ x 11½
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard For Board Lumber:
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board 1 x 4 ¾ x 3½
4.05 Particle Board 1 x 6 ¾ x 5½
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings 1 x 8 ¾ x 7½
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE 1 x 10 ¾ x 9½
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics 1 x 12 ¾ x 11½
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 2.02 MEASUREMENT OF LUMBER
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER
Lumber is sold in lengths from 6’ up to 20’ in increments
2.01 Classification of 2’. Special lengths greater than 20’ are also available
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning but cost more per board foot than the standard lengths.
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment Lumber measure is the board foot which may be
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD described as the measure of a piece of wood 1” thick,
3.02 Allowable Working 12” (or 1’) wide and 12” (or 1’) long.
Stresses
3.04 Physical Properties Board Feet = Thickness (in.) x Width (in.) x Length (ft.)
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
12
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 2.02 MEASUREMENT OF LUMBER
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
Examples:
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning Compute the number of board feet in (a) a piece of ¾” x
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation 8” x 10’; (b) 10 pcs. of 2” x 6” x 14’; (c) 5 pcs. of 1” x 4” x
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
10’
3.02 Allowable Working 1 x 1 x 8 x 10 = 6-2/3 or 7 bd. ft.
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood 12
3.04 Physical Properties 10 x 2 x 6 x 14 = 140 bd. ft.
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood 12
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard 5 x 1 x 4 x 10 = 16 – 2/3 or 17 bd. ft.
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board 12
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK All lumber is sized according to its rough dimensions as
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
it comes from the saw, its size, however, is reduced
ARCHITECTURE after being surfaced or dressed by a planer.
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Thus, for example, 2 x 4 surfaced on four sides
Plastics (S4S) will only be 1-3/4 x 3-3/4. Dressed lumber costs
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM slightly more than rough.
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 2.03 SEASONING OF LUMBER
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER
Moisture has a big influence on the behavior and
2.01 Classification properties of wood. While water has been in wood
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning since its formation, yet after a tree is cut, water
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation becomes detrimental to it. It makes wood liable to the
2.06 Treatment
attack of insects and fungi and unfit for use.
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
Stresses Water occurs in wood as free water found in cell
cavities and intercellular spaces of the wood, and as
4. WOOD COMPOSITES absorbed or hygroscopic water held in the cell walls.
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard When surface moisture of wood comes in contact with
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard the air, it evaporates. The water equilibrium in the log
4.05 Gypsum Board
is upset and moisture from the interior travels towards
4.05 Particle Board the surface.
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN This is the beginning of the drying of wood in the log.
ARCHITECTURE The free water passes out first before the absorbed
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics water in the cell wall vaporizes.
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER When all free water is removed but all absorbed water
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure remains, the so-called “fiber-saturation point”
2.03 Seasoning (approximately 30% moisture content (M.C.) for all
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment
species) is reached.
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.02 Allowable Working Shrinkage of the wood occurs at moisture content
Stresses percentages below the fiber saturation point.
4. WOOD COMPOSITES The drying of the wood continues until the vapor
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
pressure in the air just balances the vapor pressure
4.04 Fiberboard on the wood surface.
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.05 Particle Board
This condition of dryness of the wood is called
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings “equilibrium moisture content” (E.M.C.) and in the
6. PLASTICS IN Philippines this is equivalent to from 12 to 16 percent
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification moisture content.
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER
The process of removing moisture from green wood
2.01 Classification (wood from freshly-cut logs) is called seasoning.
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning Seasoning may done by:
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment a. AIR-DRYING in which the lumber is exposed to the air.
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
Stresses
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER
b. KILN-DRYING in which warm moist air or superheated
2.01 Classification steam is used to heat the wood and drive out moisture.
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation The ideal condition in seasoning is for the moisture
2.06 Treatment
from the interior of the wood to replace the surface
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction moisture which vaporizes. When the moisture from the
Stresses surface escapes faster than that which travels from the
interior to the surface, then there is equal drying in the
4. WOOD COMPOSITES board and if the difference in moisture content is big,
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard shrinkage and then stress in the wood develops,
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard causing seasoning checks.
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods Seasoned lumber has many advantages over green
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification lumber:
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning a. It lessens the liability of the wood to be attacked by the
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation fungi causing blueing and decay, and by some wood-
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
boring insects.
3.02 Allowable Working b. Reduction of weight.
Stresses
3.04 Physical Properties c. Increased strength.
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
d. Minimum shrinkage after the lumber is in place (thus
4.03 Chipboard avoids opening up of joints in doors, windows, siding,
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board etc.).
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
e. Reduced checking and warping.
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN f. Increased nail-holding power of the wood (nails do not
ARCHITECTURE hold well when driven into green or unseasoned lumber
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics because of its softness).
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS, g. Improvement of the wood for the application of paint
FILM AND FOAM
and to receive wood preservatives, fire retardants.
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER
The advantages of kiln-drying over air-drying are:
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning a. Greater reduction in weight.
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
b. Control of moisture content to any desired value.
Stresses c. Reduction in drying time.
4. WOOD COMPOSITES d. Killing of any fungi or insects.
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard e. Setting the resins in resinous wood.
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.05 Particle Board f. Less degrade (Degrade is the loss in quality during
5. MILLWORK seasoning of the lumber through unequal shrinkage
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN which causes checks and loosening of knots,
ARCHITECTURE warping).
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 2.04 DETERIORATION OF LUMBER
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods a. Decay
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure Molds, stains and decay in
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration wood are caused by fungi. Their
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment
growth depends on mild
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD temperatures and dampness.
Stresses
Most decay occurs in wood with
3.03 Weights of Wood a moisture content above the
4. WOOD COMPOSITES fiber saturation point. Usually
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard wood maintained at 20% M.C.
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
or less is safe from fungus
4.05 Gypsum Board damage.
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK Wood that is constantly under water or continuously
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
dry will not decay. Care should be taken not to use
ARCHITECTURE wood where moisture can collect and remain.
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods b. Insects
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure There are several types of insects that attack wood:
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation • Subterranean termites which live in the ground and
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
build earthen tubes to reach their food – cellulose
3.01 For Construction which includes wood primarily but also paper and
Stresses pulp products. The channels formed as they eat all
3.03 Weights of Wood the wood substance tends to follow the grain.
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.04 Defects
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure • Subterranean termites
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation In general, a complete barrier must be made
2.06 Treatment between the wood and possible earthen tubes of the
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction termites by:
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood  installing a shield made of metal or special
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
termite-proof materials.
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard  Termite proofing the wood used for construction
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board close to earth;
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK  Poisoning the soil adjacent to the building.
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN It is good practice to make a periodic check around
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification the building and under it for evidence of termites such
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting as earthen tubes. If signs of termites are noted,
Plastics immediate destruction of the tubes and poisoning of
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM the surrounding earth is necessary.
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.04 Defects
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure • Non-Subterranean termites
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation The only relatively permanent method of arresting
2.06 Treatment attack is to use lumber that has been given full-
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction length termite proofing with wood preservatives.
Stresses
Attention to structural features and sanitation are
3.03 Weights of Wood also important.
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard • Carpenter Ants and Powder-Pest Beetles
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
use wood for shelter rather than for food, but if they
4.06 Fibercement Board are not found and are left undisturbed they can do
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK extensive damage. They convert wood to powder,
5.01 Mouldings shredded fibers or pellets. Their channels are likely
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
to cut across the grain. The damage to wood by the
6.01 Classification various marine organisms, mollusks and
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting crustaceans in salt water or brackish water is best
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
arrested by heavy, thorough treatment with coal-tar
FILM AND FOAM creosote or creosote-coal tar solutions.
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 2.05 PRESERVATION OF LUMBER
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods Wood can be treated to prevent or at least delay
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification destruction by fungi, insects, bacteria, marine organisms,
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning
and fire.
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment Wood preservatives used to forestall attack by decay,
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD fungi, harmful insects and marine borers are divided into
3.02 Allowable Working two general groups
Stresses
3.04 Physical Properties a. Oil-Type Wood Preservatives
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard • Coal-tar creosotes.
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
Black or brownish oil made
4.06 Fibercement Board from distilling coal tar.
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK Advantages are: highly toxicity
5.01 Mouldings to wood-destroying
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
organisms; insolubility in
6.01 Classification water; ease of application.
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting Disadvantages are its strong,
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
unpleasant odor, cannot be
FILM AND FOAM painted, easily ignited when
8. LAMINATES first applied .
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods a. Oil-Type Wood Preservatives
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
• Creosotes derived from wood, oil, and water gas.
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration Has same advantages as coal-tar creosote but is
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment less effective .
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction • Creosotes solutions
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood a mixture of coal-tar or petroleum oils and 50 to 80%
3.04 Physical Properties by volume of coal-tar creosotes.
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard Has same advantages as coal-tar creosotes but is
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard less effective
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods a. Oil-Type Wood Preservatives
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
• Pentachlorophenol
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration a mixture of petroleum oils and 5%
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment pentachlorophenol.
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
Has high protection against decay fungi and
Stresses termites; can be painted; has no unpleasant odor;
3.04 Physical Properties is less easily ignited than coal-tar creosotes.
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
Provide less protection against marine borers.
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard Pentachlorophenol is also dissolved in oil, leaving a
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Board clean brown-colored surface. It was used
4.05 Particle Board
extensively for lumber and posts when introduced
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings in the 1930s, but now is specified almost
6. PLASTICS IN exclusively for the treatment of utility poles and
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification cross arms.
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods b. Water-borne Wood Preservatives
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
• Chromated Zinc Chloride (CZC)
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration Gives protection against decay, insects and fire;
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment can be painted on; has no objectionable odor.
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
Disadvantages are: wood cannot be used in
Stresses contact with the ground or water
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.04 Defects
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure • Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA)
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation • Ammoniacal Copper Arsenate (ACA)
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction CCA and ACA are dissolved in water for pressure
Stresses
treating, producing a product that is clean and
3.03 Weights of Wood odorless.
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood Both preservatives bond with the wood after
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
pressure treating in a chemical process known as
4.04 Fiberboard fixation, producing treated wood that is highly
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Board leach-resistant and safe to use in applications with
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
regular human contact.
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
Provides good protection against decay and
ARCHITECTURE insects; can painted on; has no objectionable odor.
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting Wood can be used in contact with the ground but
Plastics generally recommended for contact with water.
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.04 Defects
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning
Preservative Applications
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation Creosote Railway ties, mine timbers, poles,
2.06 Treatment
foundation piles, marine piles and
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction bulkheads
Stresses Pentachlorophenol Utility poles, cross arms, bridge timbers
3.04 Physical Properties and ties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood ACA Piles, utility poles, marine timbers,
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard construction lumber
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board CCA Guide rail posts, utility poles, bridge
4.05 Particle Board timbers, piles, structural glued-laminated
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings timbers, landscape timbers, posts,
6. PLASTICS IN boardwalks, permanent wood
ARCHITECTURE
foundations and residential construction,
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics decking and fencing
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods The methods of applying preservatives are:
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
a. Pressure treatment. Consists in placing the
2.03 Seasoning wood in cylinders into which the preservative is
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation pumped under pressure
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction b. Hot and Cold Bath Method. This consists first in
Stresses placing the wood in a bath of hot preservative for
3.04 Physical Properties an hour or more. It is then withdrawn and quickly
4. WOOD COMPOSITES placed in a bath of cold preservative. This is
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard generally used for creosote preservative
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Board c. Dipping or immersing the wood in a hot
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
preservative for a short time
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE d. Brushing
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 2.06 TREATMENT OF LUMBER
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods There are two methods of treating wood to increase its
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification fire-resistance:
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
a. Covering the wood with a compound or material.
2.05 Preservation Such superficial coatings or layers protective materials
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD retard the normal increases in temperature under fire
conditions and thereby decrease the rate of flame spread.
Stresses This in turn lessens the rate of flame penetration and
3.04 Physical Properties therefore the destruction of wood in contact with fire.
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
Coatings or layers of protective material over the surface
4.03 Chipboard are good only for interior purposes because they are not
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board durable when exposed to the weather. These are water-
4.05 Particle Board soluble, fire retardant chemicals generally are trade-
5. MILLWORK marked formulation of ammonium phosphate, borax or
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
sodium silicate combined with other materials to provide
ARCHITECTURE adherence to the wood, brush-ability, appearance and
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
color.
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics There are also chemicals with low water soluble such as
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM zinc borate, chlorinated paraffin and chlorinated rubber
8. LAMINATES which are used for fire retardant coatings.
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 2.06 TREATMENT OF LUMBER
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER b. Impregnating the wood with a chemical which the
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure wood itself not support combustion. The chemicals
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
commonly used for impregnation are:
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment - monobasic ammonium phosphate
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction - dibasic ammonium phosphate
Stresses
- ammonium sulfate
3.03 Weights of Wood - borax, boric acid and
4. WOOD COMPOSITES - zinc chloride
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard PRESSURE TREATED LUMBER AND PLYWOOD:
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.05 Particle Board
WOLMANIZED Lumber and Plywood
5. MILLWORK Preservative : Wolman salts.
5.01 Mouldings TANALIZED Lumber and Plywood
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE Preservative - Tanalith G Wood Preservative salts.
6.01 Classification PERMANIZED Lumber and Plywood
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting Preservative – B-S-25.
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
BOLIDEN Lumber and Plywood.
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 4. WOOD COMPOSITES
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties Wood Composites are those products made from a
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
mixture of wood and other materials. Most wood
2. LUMBER composites are produced in large sheets, usually
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure 1220mm (4’) x 2440mm (8’).
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment
4.01 PLYWOOD
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction Plywood is the most common
3.02 Allowable Working wood composite. It gets its
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood name from its construction: it is
4. WOOD COMPOSITES made of several thin plies, or
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
veneers, of wood that have
4.03 Chipboard been glued together. Each ply
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board or veneer is glued so that its
4.05 Particle Board grain is at right angles to the
5. MILLWORK grain of the previous ply.
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE The outside plies are called the face and the back, and
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
the center plies are called the core. The cross-layering
6.03 Thermosetting make plywood very stable and strong.
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 4.01 PLYWOOD
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
Coatings or layers of
2.02 Measure protective material over
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration the surface are good
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment only for interior purposes
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD because they are not
3.02 Allowable Working durable when exposed to
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood the weather.
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard These are water-soluble, fire retardant chemicals
4.03 Chipboard generally are trade-marked formulation of ammonium
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
phosphate, borax or sodium silicate combined with
4.05 Particle Board other materials to provide adherence to the wood,
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
brush-ability, appearance and color.
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE There are also chemicals with low water soluble such
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics as zinc borate, chlorinated paraffin and chlorinated
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
rubber which are used for fire retardant coatings.
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER
a. Standard Sizes of Plywood:
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning Plywood is commonly available in:
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation 3’ x 6’ (900mm x 1800mm) and
2.06 Treatment 4’ x 8’ (1220mm x 2440mm)
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
Stresses
Standard thicknesses are:
3.03 Weights of Wood 3/16” (4.5mm) for double wall partitions and ceilings
4. WOOD COMPOSITES ¼” (6.0mm) for double wall partitions
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
3/8” (10.0mm) for drawers and shelves
4.03 Chipboard ½” (12.0mm) for drawers and shelves
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board ¾” (19.0mm) for drawers, shelves, cabinet and
4.05 Particle Board closet doors
5. MILLWORK 1” (25.0mm) for cabinet and closet doors, and sub-
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
floors
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER
b. Advantages of Plywood:
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning • the approximate equalization of strength properties
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation along its length and width;
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction • greater resistance to checking and splitting; and
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood • less change in dimension due to moisture content
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard c. Types of Plywood:
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board • Ordinary Plywood
4.05 Particle Board • Form Plywood
5. MILLWORK • Marine Plywood – waterproofed
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
• Fancy Plywood:
ARCHITECTURE  Narra bookmatch  Dao bookmatch
6.01 Classification  Rosewood
6.02 Thermoplastics  Kalantas Rotary cut
6.03 Thermosetting  Tanguile Ribbon-grain Tanguile
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,  Lauan Rotary cut
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 4.02 HARDBOARD
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER
This is a paneling material
2.01 Classification made by reducing and
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning refining wood chips into
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation small, threadlike fibers, and
2.06 Treatment
then pressing them under
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction heat in hydraulic pressure
Stresses into dense, smooth, and
very rigid panels.
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood In the production process the pulp is exploded under
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard pressure. Heat and steam is applied to leave fine, fluffy
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board brown fibers. These fibers are transformed into mats,
4.05 Particle Board
which are held together with lignum and other glues. The
5. MILLWORK mats are than pressed between steam-heated metal
5.01 Mouldings plates to give grainless sheets with one smooth, glossy
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE surface and one textured surface. To prevent warping,
6.01 Classification moisture is added in a humidification chamber.
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER
Hardboards are a cheaper option than plywood
2.01 Classification where strength is not required.
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation Hardboard has a smooth surface on one side and a
2.06 Treatment
screened surface on the other. It is sometimes
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction known as Masonite, after the man who invented it.
Stresses
There are three types of hard board:
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood a. Standard hardboard
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard is light brown in color and has a fairly hard, smooth
4.05 Gypsum Board
surface on one side and a screened impression on
4.05 Particle Board the other. It is flexible and easy to bend. It is suitable
5. MILLWORK for interior use only and where it is not subject to
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN moisture.
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification b. Panel hardboard
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics is somewhat denser than the Standard but not as
7. PLASTIC SHEETS, dense as Tempered.
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods c. Tempered hard board
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure is the densest type, made by impregnating standard
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
board with tempering compound of oils and resins and
2.05 Preservation baking it to polymerize the tempering materials. It is
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD dark brown in color, brittle and stiff, with improved
machining qualities and greater resistance to moisture
Stresses and water penetration, making it ideal for exterior use
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood Hardboard is usually in panel size of 4’x8’ (1220mm x
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard 2440mm) with thicknesses of 1/8” (3mm), 3/16” (4.5mm)
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board or ¼” (6mm), and is obtainable either with a plain,
4.05 Particle Board
textured, or perforated surface.
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings Brand names of Hardboard:
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE LAWANIT standard and tempered boards
6.01 Classification LAWANEX panel boards
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting MASONITE standard, panel and tempered hard board
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 4.03 CHIPBOARD
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods Chipboard is made by bonding together wood particles
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification with an adhesive under heat and pressure to form a
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning
rigid board with a relatively smooth surface, often
2.04 Deterioration faced with veneer. It is made by binding phenolic resin
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment or urea formaldehyde glue.
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
Stresses
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.05 Particle Board Chipboard is available in a number of densities;
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
normal, medium and high-density.
6. PLASTICS IN - Normal density is fairly soft and 'flaky‘
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics - High-density is very solid and hard (often used for
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM worktops and fire doors)
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 4.04 FIBERBOARDS and MEDIUM DENSITY FIBERBOARDS
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER Fiberboards are finishing materials made from
2.01 Classification vegetable fibers such as corn or sugarcane stalks
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
pressed into sheets. It is not very strong, but has
2.05 Preservation good insulating properties therefore it is usually used
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD for ceiling only.
Stresses
It is generally 4’x8’ (1220mm x 2440mm) panel size, in
3.04 Physical Properties thicknesses of 3/16” (4.5mm) or ¼” (6mm), ½” (12mm)
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood and ¾ “ (19 mm).
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard Acoustic fiber board is manufactured from wood, straw,
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Board bagasse pulp pressed into boards with or without holes or
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
slots. Thicknesses of acoustic fiber board vary from ½ “ to
5.01 Mouldings 2” (12 to 50mm) in ½” (12mm) increments.
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification Brand names of Fiberboard:
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting CELOTEX, CANEX, HOMASOTE, PHILTEX, BONOTEX
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 4.04 FIBERBOARDS and MEDIUM DENSITY FIBERBOARDS
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods MDF is a type of fiberboard
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification which is made from wood
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning
fibers glued under heat and
2.04 Deterioration pressure. MDF has many
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment qualities that make it an ideal
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD alternative to plywood or
3.02 Allowable Working chipboard.
Stresses
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
It is dense, flat, stiff, has no
4.01 Plywood knots and is easily machined.
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard Its fine particles provide a
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board material without a recognizable
4.05 Particle Board "grain".
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN Unlike plywood, MDF contains no internal voids, and will
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification produce better edges providing that it is correctly
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting machined.
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 4.05 GYPSUM BOARDS
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods This is a non-combustible
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification building board with a gypsum
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning
core enclosed in tough, smooth
2.04 Deterioration paper. It is designed to be
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment used without addition of plaster
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD for walls, ceilings or partitions.
3.02 Allowable Working It is extensively used in “dry-
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood wall” construction, where
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
plaster is eliminated
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard Brand Names:
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard BORAL
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Board ELEPHANT
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE Square Edge (S.E.) Tapered Edge (T.E.)
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics for coverstrip jointing; for smooth seamless
6.03 Thermosetting visible butt - jointed
Plastics jointing; jointless wall
7. PLASTIC SHEETS, panelling with clamp fixing and ceiling panelling
FILM AND FOAM and free suspension.
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods The types of Gypsum Board are:
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure a. Wall Board
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation This type is used for surface layer on interior walls and
2.06 Treatment ceilings. The regular wallboard comes with grey liner
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction paper backing and special paper finish on the facing
Stresses
and edges suitable for decoration. The foil-backed
3.03 Weights of Wood gypsum board has aluminum foil bonded to the liner
4. WOOD COMPOSITES paper to serve as vapor barrier and thermal insulation.
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard Predecorated gypsum board comes with a decorative
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
vinyl or paper sheet on its face.
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.05 Particle Board b. Backing Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings This is used as base layer in multi-ply construction,
6. PLASTICS IN where several layers of gypsum boards are desired for
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification high fire resistance, sound control and strength in walls.
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods c. Core Board
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure To save space, this type is used as a base in a multi-ply
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
construction of self-supporting (studless) gypsum walls.
2.05 Preservation It comes in 1” (25mm) thickness or 2- factory-laminated,
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD ½ “ thick layers of backing board .
Stresses
d. Type X Gypsum Board
4. WOOD COMPOSITES For use in fire-rated assemblies, this may be wallboard,
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard backing board, or coreboard made more fire-resistant
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
by addition of glass-fiber or other reinforcing materials
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.05 Particle Board e. Water-Resistant Backing Gypsum Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings This type comes with water-resistant gypsum core and
6. PLASTICS IN water-repellant face paper. It maybe used as base for
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification walls of bathrooms, showers, and other areas exposed
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
to wetting.
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER f. Gypsum Sheathing
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning This type is used as fire protection and bracing of
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation
exterior frame walls. It must be protected from the
2.06 Treatment weather by an exterior facing.
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
Stresses
g. Gypsum Formboard
3.04 Physical Properties This type is used as a permanent form in the casting of
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood gypsum concrete roof decks.
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 4.06 FIBERCEMENT BOARDS
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER Fiber-reinforced cement board is comprised of 72%
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure Portland Cement, 20% mineralized cellulose fibers
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
derived from recycled materials, and 8% calcium
2.05 Preservation carbonate.
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
Stresses
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 4.07 PARTICLE BOARD
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER Particleboard is made of small wood chips and base
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure materials including cotton stalk, rice straw, bagasse,
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
conventional wood chips and sawdust that have been
2.05 Preservation pressed and glued together.
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
Stresses
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 5. MILLWORK
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties Millwork consists of finished lumber which is further cut
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
and processed at a lumber mill. Millwork includes doors,
2. LUMBER windows, mouldings, trim and other ornamental forms of
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure wood.
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment
5.01 TYPES OF WOOD MOULDINGS
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction Types of wood mouldings are:
Stresses a. crown
b. bed
4. WOOD COMPOSITES c. cove
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard d. quarter-round
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard e. half-round
4.05 Gypsum Board
f. nose and cove
4.05 Particle Board g. stop
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
h. astragal
6. PLASTICS IN i. Screen moulding
ARCHITECTURE j. panel strip
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics k. picture moulding
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
TYPE OF WOOD MOULDINGS
For use as trim, a variety of stock
wood moldings are available at
millwork shops. They vary in section,
length, and the species of wood.
Dowel Half-round Quarter-round
Use t to concealUse to finish inside The type of wood used for trim
vertical and corners; base shoe depends on the
horizontal finishes base trim type of finish to be applied to the
Square joints. at the floor line.
woodwork.
Caps Sill Stool

Crowns
Use at the meeting of wall Use over windows, The bottom trim of The interior trim
and ceiling surfaces, and doors, and at the window and door at the bottom of
at mantels. tops of wainscots. openings. windows.
TYPE OF WOOD MOULDINGS
Casings Chair rails Stops Panel strip

Use to trim head and side Use to protect a wall Use at jambs to guide Use to conceal
jambs of windows and doors. surface from chair windows and stop doors. joints in paneling
backs.
Bases Coves Corner Screen

Use where sidewalls meet the Use where surfaces Use at Use to finish the screening
floor, and as window and door meet at 90°. exterior on windows and doors.
casings. corners.
INTERIOR WOOD MOULDINGS
Interior trim is normally applied after the finish walls, ceiling,
and flooring are in place.
Cornice
CORNICES
Cornices are used to finish the joint
between ceilings and walls, especially Window casing
when they are of
different materials. Door Casing
DOOR AND WINDOW TRIM

Head and side jamb casings conceal and
finish the joint or gap between door and
window frames and the surrounding wall
surface. Stool
Apron
BASEBOARDS
Baseboards and base shoes conceal and
finish the joint between interior walls and Baseboard
the flooring.
Top edge may be cut back to
INTERIOR WOOD MOULDINGS conceal any unevenness in
Ceiling.
Crown
molding Picture moldings are
Cornice Casing continuous projecting
supports for picture hooks.
Picture
molding
CORNICE
Inside corners of
Chair rails and dado shaped moldings are Cove
caps are used to cap coped Blocking
the top of wood panel
wainscots. Crown
molding
Base molding
Base molding
BUILT-UP CORNICE
Baseboard
Cupped back gives a wide
Base shoe trim a degree of flex and
allows it to neatly
Baseboard BASEBOARD against a wall surface.
Joints in long runs Flexible base shoe can

of trim are face conform to irregularities
mitered. in floor surface.
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 6. PLASTICS USED IN ARCHITECTURE
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties The term PLASTICS is essentially a commercial
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods classification to which no strict scientific definition can be
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
applied. It is used to describe a product of synthetic origin
2.02 Measure which is capable of being shaped at some stage of its
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration manufacture, but is not rubber, wood, leather or metal.
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
It is made from a number of common substances such as
3.02 Allowable Working coal, salt, natural gas, cotton, wood and water, from
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood which relatively simple chemicals known as monomers
are built up into chainlike molecules of high molecular
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood weight called polymers.
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board These polymers have low extensibility, can be molded,
4.05 Particle Board
extruded, cut or worked into a variety of shapes and
5. MILLWORK objects, rigid or non-rigid, relatively light, which are
5.01 Mouldings formed by condensation polymerization and by vinyl
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE polymerization.
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting Plastics can be hard, soft, clear, opaque, light, heavy,
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS, heat resistant or easily softened by hot water.
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 6.01 CLASSIFICATION OF PLASTICS
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER
In a broad sense, there are three (3) types of Plastics:
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
- Cellulose plastics
2.03 Seasoning - Synthetic resin plastics
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation - Plastics derived from proteins and natural
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
resins
3.02 Allowable Working Synthetic resin plastics are subdivided into two (2) classes:
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood a. Thermoplastics
4. WOOD COMPOSITES soften when heated and harden when cooled regardless
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard of the number of times the process is repeated. They
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard have a molecular structure which is essentially linear or
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Board threadlike in form.
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK b. Thermosetting plastics
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN Thermosetting plastics, sometimes called thermocuring
ARCHITECTURE
plastics, set into shape permanently when heat and
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics pressure are applied during the forming stage. They
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics have a molecular structure in a 3-dimensional
7. PLASTIC SHEETS, arrangement
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 6.02 EXAMPLES OF THERMOPLASTICS
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER a. ACRYLIC
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning Popular brands are “LUCITE” and “PLEXIGLASS”, this
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation material combines the transparency of glass (but not
2.06 Treatment scratch-proof quality) with plastics’ shatterproof quality.
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction Used principally for skylights, skydomes, safety glass,
Stresses
paints, adhesives, finish hardware, & lighting fixtures
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
PLEXIGLASS
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER b. CELLULOSICS
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
primarily cellulose acetate or butyrate, used principally
2.05 Preservation for paints and lacquers, and transparent sheeting.
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
Stresses c. POLYETHYLINE (PE)
4. WOOD COMPOSITES - Ziegler PE is a hard, strong,
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard tough and rigid thermoplastic for
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard household and industrial
4.05 Gypsum Board
applications.
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings - ICI PE developed by Imperial Chemical Industries
6. PLASTICS IN of Britain is a high-pressure, low-density PE that is
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification flexible, tough and slightly resilient thermoplastic used
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
in construction as pond or lagoon lining, and water-
Plastics vapor barriers and dampproofing.
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER d. POLYSTYRENE
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning In spite of its sensitivity to solvent action, its is one of
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation most important thermoplastics because of its excellent
2.06 Treatment transparency and rigidity and its easy moldability. It is
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction non-water absorbent, it is found in colorful, but brittle
Stresses wall tiles. It is one of several plastics used in lighting
fixture diffusers. In foam form, it has become an
4. WOOD COMPOSITES important thermal insulator. Also found in paint for
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard concrete.
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER e. POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC)
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning is a largely amorphous, rigid, tough, solvent-resistant,
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation flame-resistant thermoplastic. Used for resilient floor
2.06 Treatment tile, films, pipes, and for paint lacquers, adhesives and
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction safety glass.
Stresses
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER f. POLYCARBONATES
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning a family of linear polyesters, is a white, substantially
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation amorphous, very tough and strong material with good
2.06 Treatment heat resistance up to 150 deg C and excellent
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction dimensional stability. It is injection-molded to produce
Stresses plates, rods, gears, and other shaped parts that
advantageously replace die-cast metal parts. Used for
4. WOOD COMPOSITES skylights.
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER g. POLYPROPYLENE
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning tough plastic with good resistance to heat and chemical
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation action.
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
Stresses
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER h. NYLONS
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning The term nylon refers to a family of polymers called
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation linear polyamides. It is desired for the following
2.06 Treatment properties: exceptionally strong, elastic, abrasion
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction resistant, easy to wash, resistant to damage from oil
Stresses and many chemicals, can be precolored or dyed in
wide range of colors, and resilient .
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER i. FLUOROPLASTICS
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning are a class of paraffinic polymers that have some or all
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation of the hydrogen replaced by fluorine. The fluoroplastic
2.06 Treatment group is characterized by excellent chemical
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction resistance, excellent heat resistance, good electrical
Stresses properties, and excellent wear resistance. However,
despite these attributes, perhaps the most desired
4. WOOD COMPOSITES characteristic of this group of plastics is their ability to
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard resist abrasion .
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER j. ACRYLONITRILE BUTADIENE STYRENE (ABS)
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning is a styrenic resin with improved toughness and heat
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation resistance. ABS exhibits high gloss, low shrinkage, and
2.06 Treatment good dimensional stability, is widely used in injection
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction molding of appliances, furniture, and automotive parts.
Stresses ABS also has high melt strength suitable for the
production of extruded sheet, some of considerable
4. WOOD COMPOSITES size and thickness. Applications include panels for
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard large appliances and thermoformed items such as hot
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
tubs and recreational vehicle parts .
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 6.03 EXAMPLES OF THERMOSETTING PLASTICS
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER a. MELAMINE and UREA
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning hard, durable and dimensionally stable, these similar
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation plastics are resistant to chemicals, electric potential,
2.06 Treatment and heat. Melamine is well known for its use in molded
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction dishes, while urea is useful for incandescent light
Stresses diffusion and for baked enamels .
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER b. EPOXY
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning used in buildings for its remarkable adhesive qualities.
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation It may also be used for special paints that are
2.06 Treatment chemically resistant and for special caulking
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction compounds.
Stresses
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER c. ALKYDS
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning appear chiefly as molded electrical parts, and as the
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation vehicle in paints, lacquers, and enamels .
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
Stresses
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
d. PHENOLICS
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN used for paints, baked enamels, adhesives,
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification impregnating resins for paper and wood, and finish
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting hardware.
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER e. POLYESTER
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
the plastic most commonly
2.05 Preservation used in large glass-fiber
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD reinforced translucent
3.01 For Construction panels that are strong,
Stresses rigid, and impact-resistant.
3.04 Physical Properties Also used for impregnating
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
paper and wood, as
4.02 Hardboard laminating material, and for
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard contact adhesive.
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
f. URETHANES
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
used in paint coatings, and as foams, are self-adhesive.
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
Stresses
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK g. SILICONES
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN used for clear, water-
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
repellant paints for
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
concrete and masonry
Plastics surfaces above grade .
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 7. PLASTICS SHEETS, FILM AND FOAM
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
a. SHEETS
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
Usually made of acrylate, polyester, or polystyrene
2.02 Measure plastics, either plain or reinforced with glass-fiber, are
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration available in flat or corrugated sheets and various
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment deformed shapes.
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.02 Allowable Working Thicknesses vary from 1.5mm to 2.38mm (1/16 to 3/32
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood inches).
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood Plastic sheets can be used to replace glass in any type
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard of windows or doors, skylights, shower enclosures, or in
4.04 Fiberboard any area where a translucent, transparent or opaque
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.05 Particle Board
material in a wide variety of colors are needed in the
5. MILLWORK interior.
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
As corrugated sheet, plastics make good roofing
6.01 Classification material and other similar uses as sheet plastic .
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties b. FILM SHEETS
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification As water barrier or dampproofing material, it is
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning generally made of polyethylene and polyvinyl and
2.04 Deterioration come in thicknesses ranging from 1 to 10 mils
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment (0.001 to 0.01 inch) and in rolls of 50’ length and 3’
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction to 40’ width.
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood For building construction, 2, 4 and 6 mils are most
4. WOOD COMPOSITES commonly used.
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
Over tamped earth or sand fill, use 4 mil.
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.05 Particle Board Over gravel and stone, use 6 mil.
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
Use the widest width possible and lap 6” (150mm)
ARCHITECTURE where necessary .
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties c. FOAM
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification Used as flotation material, thermal insulators, and
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning shock-resistant mountings. Offers possibilities for
2.04 Deterioration lightweight materials of high strength .
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
Stresses
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 8. LAMINATES
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties Lamination is the process applied to paper or fabric
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods impregnated with thermosetting resins.
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure Cotton cloth and paper are used as filler materials,
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration usually in sheet forms, that are bonded together by
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment
heat and pressure to form an integral body.
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction The thickness of the laminate is determined by the
Stresses
number of sheets placed between the two steel pans
or platens of the press used in the process.
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood Decorative laminates of various wood-grain, marble,
4.02 Hardboard and colored patterns are extensively used for
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
tabletops and wall facings .
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 9. GLASS
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
Stresses
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard SHEET GLASS- Inherent ware distortion is most
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
noticeable in the larger sizes and thicker sheets.
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
FLOAT GLASS- Flat, parallel surfaces minimize distortion
5.01 Mouldings and eliminate the need for grinding and
6. PLASTICS IN polishing.
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting PLATE GLASS- provides virtually clear, undistorted vision.
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
9. GLASS
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects VARIATIONS OF THE THREE BASIC TYPES OF GLASS
1.05 Sawing Methods INCLUDE:
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure PATTERN GLASS- Translucent glass with linear or geometric
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration patterns embossed on one or both sides.
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD WIRE GLASS- Wire mesh or parallel wires are inserted into rolled
3.01 For Construction glass during manufacture.
Stresses HEAT-ABSORBING OR TINTED GLASS- Tinted glass absorbs solar
3.03 Weights of Wood radiation.
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood REFLECTIVE COATED GLASS-transparent metal coating applied to
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard the glass surface reduces the solar energy
4.04 Fiberboard transmitted into the building.
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Board TEMPERED GLASS- glass is heat-strengthened for increase
4.05 Particle Board
resistance to impact and thermal stresses
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN LAMINATED GLASS- a thin sheet of tough, transparent plastic is
ARCHITECTURE laminated between two layers of glass.
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting INSULATING GLASS- two layers of glass are separated by a
Plastics hermetically sealed air space to provide thermal
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM insulation and restrict condensation.
8. LAMINATES
Exterior wall
GLASS BLOCKS panels
May not exceed 144 S.F.
Glass block may be used in non- in unsupported wall area
not 15’ in any
load bearing exterior and interior dimension.
walls, and in conventionally
framed window openings. Interior wall
panels
May not exceed 250 S.F.
in unsupported wall area
not 25’ in any
Various surface dimension.
textures are available Vertical stiffeners and
as well as inserts and horizontal shelves can
coatings to control break larger wall areas into
heat gain, glare, and the required panel sizes. 3/16” inside jt.
brightness.
5/8” outside jt.
Curved wall
Square units: panels
6” x 6” should have expansion
8” x 8” joints at each change
Square units: 12” x 12” of direction.
4” for hollow
Rectangular units: Minimum radii:
units 4” x 8” 6” glass block – 4’
3” for
NOMINAL DIMENSIONS:
Includes the thickness of
6” x 8”
8” glass block – 6’
12” glass block –
solid
¼” mortar joints
8’
units
GLASS BLOCK DETAILS
Steel beam Steel beam anchored Header
Exp.strip into concrete Wood trim
Steel angles Anchor in dovetail

1” min.lap 1” lap anchor slots @
1” min. Sealant 2’o.c.
ceiling
lap
Head Sections: All for deflection of lintel or beam Stiffener @ Slab Edge
1” min. lap
Sealant
Exp. strip
Expansion strip Metal panel Sealant Anchor welded

Extend metal anchor Steel beam slot anchors to steel column
into masonry cast into concrete screwed to
jambs
Jamb Sections: Expansion joints Stiffener @ Column
Caulk Prime Asphalt emulsion

wood w/ Angle
Masonry Asphalt asphalt
base emulsion emulsion Steel channel
Exp. strip
Sill sections: Mortared joints Shelf support

END

Wood - Plastics

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Wood - Plastics

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08

Caps Sill Stool

Casings Chair rails Stops Panel strip

Bases Coves Corner Screen

DOOR AND WINDOW TRIM

Joints in long runs Flexible base shoe can

Steel angles Anchor in dovetail

Expansion strip Metal panel Sealant Anchor welded

Caulk Prime Asphalt emulsion

Sill sections: Mortared joints Shelf support

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