Cdep-Airport Lecture 2009a

CENTER FOR THE DESIGNED ENVIRONMENT PROFESSIONS
CDEP
AIRPORT PLANNING AND DESIGN CENTER FOR THE DESIGNED ENVIRONMENT PROFESSIONS
CDEP
Planning & design is a study in:
• the complex, multidimensional spatial and temporal movement

and flow of aircraft, surface vehicles, travelers and their baggage,
service and operational personnel and cargo.
• the aesthetics and symbolism of urban and architectural form

CDEP
Passenger Terminal Facility:
• consists of the passenger loading apron, passenger building, access
road and vehicle parking facilities
• the principal facility with main functions such as passenger/baggage

handling, amenity services and airline support activities
• Major concerns:
- shortening of passenger walking distances
- intelligibility of baggage transfer circulation
- expansions to cope with future demands and new type of aircraft
CDEP
PLANNING PRINCIPLES
Size of passenger buildings
Building sizes for small to medium passenger buildings will be

roughly 5,000 square meters up to 10,000 square meters. These
building sizes correspond to approximately 500,000 to 1,000,000
passengers both ways annually.
CDEP
PLANNING PRINCIPLES
Building Level concepts in the Philippines
Simple one-level concept – for airports with less than the above level
of traffic
One-and-a-half concept – airport buildings that handle more than one
B-737 class aircraft at one time. This concept is defined as the
single-level road/double-level terminal in the ICAO guideline. This
means:
• Access road is one level and the public concourse is one level.
• Departure on the second level and the arrival level on the ground level
• Passengers will enplane/deplane the aircraft using the boarding bridges.
• Installation of an escalator, going up, at least, is advisable for the
passengers departing.
• Baggage belts on the ground level would be most advisable for the
economy and easy operation
CDEP
PLANNING PRINCIPLES
CDEP
PLANNING PRINCIPLES
CDEP
PLANNING PRINCIPLES
Building Level concept
For the out-going baggage, the level difference of 0.5m to 1.5 meters
would be advisable if possible. In this case, the landside (access
road level) should be 0.5m to 1.5m higher than the apron level. The
level difference accounts for the baggage belts to go under the
ground floor level not to cut main circulation at this floor.
ROAD
APRON
0.5m-1.5m
CDEP
PASSENGER, DEMAND AND BUILDING CAPACITY
Typical Passengers
Tourists
Business purpose travelers
Domestic or international citizen travelers
Other Kinds of Classification

Departing Passenger
Arriving Passengers
Transit Passengers
Transfer Passengers
General aviation and air taxies
In order to enhance the smooth passenger enplaning/deplaning and to

facilitate the various functions of the passenger terminal building, it is
necessary to separate the enplaning passengers from the deplaning
passengers as well as their baggage. Separation can be done
depending on the choice of the building concept. Separation is done on a
horizontal level on a one-level concept or the separation can be done by
different levels using the one-and-a-half level and two levels concepts.
CDEP
Building Floor Area and Peak Hour Passenger
Passenger building sizes are based on the peak hour passengers. In

the Philippines, a unit floor area of 10sqm. per peak hour
passenger is used for many domestic airport projects.
Airports Domestic Building International Building
(sqm/pax) (sqm/pax)
NAIA, Clark, Cebu 15 30
Other International 10 15
Airports
Principal Airports 10 -
The peak hour passenger figure can be calculated as follows:

• Loading factor: assumed at 70%
• Biggest capacity plane that can be accommodated in the airport, say B737 with 150
seats (all economy seats)
• Assuming only one B737 is expected to arrive and depart within the peak hour (no
other plane is expected)
• Peak hour passenger: 150 x 2 x 0.70 = 210
If another plane is expected to arrive and depart within the same peak hour, calculate the
figures for that plane and add up to the original figure.
To calculate for the floor area of the passenger building for the above example:
150 passengers x 2 (arriving and departing within the hour) x 0.70 (loading factor) x 10
(from table above) = 2,100 sqm.
CDEP
PASSENGER TERMINAL BUILDING FACILITIES
Curbside Area: (Departure Curb & Arrival Curb)
• functions as a sidewalk for pedestrians and baggage

loading / unloading area.
• Usually the length of the building is enough for the curbside
length, but in case where the length is short, provision of
island parking or some kind of traffic controls will be
• Public concourse length is usually
determined by the length of the curb
• Curb length is affected by the
number, average size and
characteristics of the vehicles.
curbside
CDEP
Curbside Area: (Departure Curb & Arrival Curb)

• Curb maneuvering lanes, used for loading and unloading
passengers with bags, should be provided with length and width
that could accommodate traffic volumes at peak periods without
delay. The width of the maneuvering lane should be 1.6 times the
regular traffic lane and a waiting period of 3 minutes for cars is
sufficient for loading/unloading will promote an efficient traffic
flow.
CDEP
Public Concourse
• Departure concourse: The area between the building entrance and
the check-in hall. It is where friends and family members await for
the passengers to complete the check-in procedure or the customs
clearance and come out to see them in the concourse.
• Arrival concourse: The area between the building entrances and

the baggage claim hall. This area provides a short term waiting
area for the greeters awaiting passengers together with a separate
circulating area. Information and ground transportation facilities
should be provided for the arriving passengers. Facilities for car
rental, hotel reservations and money exchange should also be
available.
Public concourse
curbside
CDEP
Departure Area
• Check-in Hall
The space between the check-in counters and the queuing spaces is the
check-in hall. This area is closed to non-passenger public for facilitation
of the check-in procedure and security.
the check-in hall should be designed so that the airline counters are clearly
visible immediately upon entering the passenger building. Provision for
seating in this area of the building should be minimum or none to avoid
congestions.
Check-in Hall
Security Check:
mandatory for
passengers with
check-in baggage for
both domestic and
international. The
location of the security
check-points should
also be clearly visible
from the public
concourse.
Inspection
Public concourse
curbside
Check-in Hall
Queuing Area: The space should be
sufficient to provide free access to
check-in and other facilities. Check-in
hall sizing is a function of total length of
airline counter frontage, queuing at
counter, and allowance for lateral
circulation. For small and medium size
airports, a depth of 10meters should be
adequate for the check-in queuing.
CDEP
Departure Area
• Check-in Hall
Check-in Counters: The number of check-in positions required is a

function of time required to process one passenger and the total
passenger figure of the peak hour – one way. Average processing
time per passenger is two (2) minutes. Processing time for
checking-in per flight usually is around one hour. So, if there is a
peak hour passenger of 210 passengers, it will take them around
420 minutes to process. Divide with 60 minutes, you will have to
provide 7 or more counters. Usually add a 10% allowance.
Linear counters – Most frequently used check-n counter configuration and

predominantly popular in small to medium airports.
With 12 check-in counters provided, 300 passengers may be processed within
one hour, provided no desk is idle at any time. In reality this is not possible,
so a 10% addition to the required number of cashier counters is considered.
Business or first-class check-in is separated from regular check-in and has
also to be accounted for.
CDEP
Departure Area
• Check-in Hall
Although check-in is the primary activity in this area, a number of

allied functional facilities may also have to be accommodated:
Aircraft operators’ ticket sales, stand-by registration and

Information: these facilities should be located clear of the
primary flow streams.
Airline Offices: Airline support offices are required in close
proximity of the check-in counters. Airline support offices
are also required in the airside concourses close to their
aircraft operational areas.
Currency Exchange
Cashier: Passengers who have excess baggage will have to
pay the charges in a cashier counter that is separate from
the check-in counters.
Airport tax or Passenger Service Charge
Terminal Fee
Check-in
Inspection
Public concourse
curbside
CDEP
Departure Area
• Government Frontier Controls
The location of governmental control for departure should be located in-

between the check-in area and the air-side waiting area.
Immigration and Police (for International passengers)
Security Inspection
Security inspection positions should be located right after the
governmental (passport control) control. Small search rooms may
be needed to be located nearby to be used by national security
police or immigration inspectors.
Inspection prior to the departure lounge is getting more severe and
thorough. Some passengers have to take off their shoes (aside from
the belts, watch and cellphones) to have them checked by the x-ray
machine.
Inspection
Terminal Fee
Check-in
Inspection
Public concourse
curbside
CDEP
Departure Area
• Departure Hall
Passenger Waiting Areas:

Passenger Lounge Area - comprises seating, processing and circulation
areas.
Common Departure Lounge - At most airports, a common departure
lounge should be provided to accommodate originating passengers,
who have checked-in early and have cleared governmental controls
but await their boarding gate details. Transit and transfer
passengers also wait in this lounge. In small to medium airports,
gate lounges designated to each individual flight would not be
provided. This common use departure lounge may be provided with
a few exits to the airside corridor, and these exits may be
designated for each individual flight. Passengers may gather close
to their flight exits where they select seats to rest.
Pre-departure
Lounge
Inspection
Terminal Fee
Check-in
Inspection
Public concourse
curbside
CDEP
Departure Area
• Departure Hall
CDEP
Departure Area
• Departure Hall

Airline CIP Lounges - one of the major attractions for the passengers of
the first class and business classes. In case of small to medium
airports, it would be reasonable to prepare one or two small rooms
with beverage services, cloak room, internet services and comfort
rooms.
CDEP
Departure Area
• Departure Hall
Other amenities at departure hall:

Adequate seating
Flight information displays
Airline Information desks
Restaurants and bars
Shops, including duty free shops
Currency exchange, post office and telephone
Toilet facilities
Public address system
Pre-Departure Lounge Shops and Services
CDEP
Departure Area
• Boarding Area
The connecting area between the passenger building and the aircraft
Boarding Gates (Passenger processing area)

CDEP
DEPARTURE: ENPLANING PASSENGER FLOW
DOMESTIC Aircraft
Pre-departure Lounge
AIRSIDE
Inspection
Terminal Fee
Airline Check-in Counters
Check-in (tickets and baggage)
Inspection
Curbside
Boarding
Pre-departure
Lounge
Inspection
Terminal Fee
Check-in
Inspection
Public concourse
curbside Airside
CDEP
Departure Area
• Boarding Area
Airside Corridor - The airside corridor is the walkway between the

departure lounges and aircraft gate positions. The width should
be 2.5m to 3.0m.
Corridor
CDEP
Departure Area
• Boarding Area
Passenger Loading Bridges

Apron
A number of different systems can connect the passenger building to the

aircraft. These include having passengers having to (1) walk up
boarding stairs; or (2) walk along a passenger boarding bridge, or
(3) riding in a transporter. The routes may be over the open apron,
through enclosed routes at or below apron level, or at passenger
building and aircraft floor levels.
CDEP
ARRIVAL Area
From the aircraft exits, passengers come through the boarding bridges,
the air side corridor and to the governmental control areas where
quarantine and passport controls are performed.
Government Frontier Controls (for international)

For small to medium size airports, the queuing length should be around
10 to 15 meters. The number of immigration inspection booths
should be calculated in relation to the peak hour passengers one
way. There are more immigration counters at arrival area than in the
departure area as the surge in passengers is faster, having all
arrived at the same time.
Baggage Claim
The baggage claim hall, as well as other functional areas, must
have enough circulation space. Where carts are used, cart storing
space must be added.
Customs Check (for international)
Corridor
Escalator to
baggage claim
Baggage Claim Area
Baggage Claim Area
Exit
Exit
CDEP
ARRIVAL: DEPLANING PASSENGER FLOW
DOMESTIC
Aircraft
Baggage Claim Section
Inspection
CDEP
ARRIVAL Area
Transit Passengers
Transit passengers stay at the airport only for the duration of aircraft
turnaround, and have no requirements beyond those of arrival and
departure passengers.
Transfer Passengers
The flow route for transfer passengers depends on whether the
transfer is between flights of the same or different categories, i.e.
domestic to domestic, international to international, or between
international and domestic.
CDEP
DOMESTIC
Aircraft
Transit Passengers Baggage Claim Section

Waiting Area
Inspection
CDEP
DOMESTIC
Aircraft
Transit Passengers Baggage Claim Section

Waiting Area
Inspection
Curbside
CDEP
PASSENGER FLOW: INTERNATIONAL
Immigration
Immigration Check
Security Check
Pre-departure
Lounge
Escalator to
Baggage Claim
Customs Check
CDEP
BAGGAGE PROCESSING
The term “baggage flow” refers to the baggage handling separated from
passengers. Flow routes should not conflict with passenger or
vehicular flows.
Departure baggage flow:

Baggage checked-in coincides with the usual ticket counter check-in. It
is customary to provide mechanization from an area directly in the
back of the ticket counter to the central baggage room. After being
checked-in, baggage must be sorted into flight groups, then further
sorted into sub-groups (such as destination airports, transfer
baggage, and/or the particular aircraft holds). Except for the
smallest airports, this is best achieved by handling on a separate
floor below the passenger departure floor.
Transporting baggage between passenger buildings and aircraft uses
apron vehicles which could either be conventional road vehicles or
special trolleys formed into trains and towed by prime movers.
CDEP
Transfer to
Aircraft
Short Term Long Term

Hold Hold
Baggage
Staging
Airline Check-in Counters

Check-in (tickets and baggage)
Security Check
Curbside
CDEP
Counter Check-in Baggage
CDEP
CDEP
CDEP
BAGGAGE PROCESSING
Arrival Baggage Flow

After arrival at the passenger building, baggage has to be unloaded
from vehicles and containers and delivered to the baggage claim
system or transferred to the departures area in the case of transit
and transfer passengers.
CDEP
Aircraft
Transfer from
Aircraft
Short Term Long Term

Hold Hold
Baggage
Staging
Carousels
A B C D E F G H
CUSTOMS INSPECTION
Curbside
CDEP
BAGGAGE PROCESSING
Baggage Claim
As passenger flow rates and aircraft sizes increase, baggage claim
systems should be arranged to eliminate milling; this can only be
achieved by having passengers remain in the principal flow streams
and their baggage presented to the, on equipment arranged in the
line of the flow. For high flow rates, reduction in milling can be
realized by presenting baggage on a moving display, such as
revolving turntable or belt, which passes in front of passengers.
The time to claim all the baggage from one , say, B737 aircraft
usually takes 15 minutes after 15 minutes of waiting. That means if
the succeeding aircraft arrives at the airport 30 minutes after the first
aircraft, the passengers of the next aircraft can claim the baggage
using the same device used by the first aircraft passengers.
CDEP
Baggage Claim
CDEP
Baggage Claim
CDEP
BAGGAGE PROCESSING
Customs Check
At various international airports, passengers flow from baggage
claim to customs baggage inspections.
Transfer baggage
Passengers transferring between international flights should not
claim their baggage until they reach final destination. Passengers
transferring from international to domestic flights are usually subject
to customs inspection and their baggage is, therefore, treated as
normal arrivals baggage and delivered to the baggage claim area of
the international arrival area. This also applies to transit passengers
on flights changing category.
CDEP
PARKING AREAS
Main access mode is in most cases automobiles. Vehicle parking may

be categorized into three categories of users – passengers,
commercial and employees. It can also be categorized based on the
kinds of vehicles, such as the private cars, taxis and buses.
Allocation of adequate spaces for their parking must be planned.
Number of Parking Slots per Peak Hour Passenger:
Based on the practice in previous projects in the Philippines, a value
of 0.5 slots per peak hour passenger is used. This includes
employees, greeters and visitors.
Parking Area per Vehicle:
Parking areas necessarily differ by the parking systems but basically
the area per one vehicle shall be 35 sqm per vehicle, including the
greenery areas and passageways within the vehicle parking.
CDEP
PARKING AREAS
CDEP
OTHER FACILITIES:
These facilities are common to airports, regardless of traffic volumes:

• Public toilets
• Airport management offices
• Airport police/security offices
• Medical aid facilities
• Travelers aid
• Building maintenance and storage
• Building mechanical systems (HVAC): initial approximations of HVAC space
requirements can be obtained by using 12 to 15 percent of the gross total space
approximated for all other terminal functions. The allowance will not cover
separate facilities for primary source heating and refrigeration (H and R) plants.
• Building structure: for building columns and walls, allow 5 % of the total gross
area approximated for all other functions.
• Circulation
• Information: public address, flight information, signs and graphics, courtesy
phones, and security alarm system are included under this heading.
• Government offices: (like the OWWA for overseas workers)
• Contract service facilities and others
• Letter post

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CENTER FOR THE DESIGNED ENVIRONMENT PROFESSIONS

Planning & design is a study in:

• the complex, multidimensional spatial and temporal movement

• the aesthetics and symbolism of urban and architectural form

• the principal facility with main functions such as passenger/baggage

Building sizes for small to medium passenger buildings will be

Other Kinds of Classification

In order to enhance the smooth passenger enplaning/deplaning and to

Passenger building sizes are based on the peak hour passengers. In

NAIA, Clark, Cebu 15 30

The peak hour passenger figure can be calculated as follows:

• functions as a sidewalk for pedestrians and baggage

Curbside Area: (Departure Curb & Arrival Curb)

• Arrival concourse: The area between the building entrances and

Check-in Counters: The number of check-in positions required is a

Linear counters – Most frequently used check-n counter configuration and

Although check-in is the primary activity in this area, a number of

Aircraft operators’ ticket sales, stand-by registration and

The location of governmental control for departure should be located in-

Passenger Waiting Areas:

Passenger Waiting Areas:

Passenger Waiting Areas:

Other amenities at departure hall:

Boarding Gates (Passenger processing area)

Airline Check-in Counters

Check-in (tickets and baggage)

Airside Corridor - The airside corridor is the walkway between the

Passenger Loading Bridges

A number of different systems can connect the passenger building to the

Government Frontier Controls (for international)

Baggage Claim Section

Transit Passengers Baggage Claim Section

Transit Passengers Baggage Claim Section

Departure baggage flow:

Short Term Long Term

Airline Check-in Counters

Arrival Baggage Flow

Short Term Long Term

Main access mode is in most cases automobiles. Vehicle parking may

These facilities are common to airports, regardless of traffic volumes:

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