PLEASE REFER TO WOODWARD'S PRODUCT AND SERVICE WARRANTY (25222), THE EXCLUSIVE WARRANTY FOR THIS PRODUCT. gObZto W woopwarD POWER MANAGEMENT William J. O'Halloran and Kenneth W. Ramsay WOODWARD GOVERNOR COMPANY MANUAL 01740BWILLIAM J. O'HALLORAN Bill" O'Halloran has spent 22 years at Woodward Governor Company, 18 years in electrical engineering before he established the Technical Assistance Group (TAG) four years ago to provide answers to questions Woodward users have about engine control and power generation. His work was {instrumental in the development of the 2301A control line, Genera- tor Loading Control, Automatic Generator Loading Control, and the Automatic Power Transfer and Loading Control. Before joining ‘Woodward he served 26 years with the U'S. Navy, retiring as a Lt. ‘Commander from the submarine service, He was a member of the crew of the first nuclear-powered submarine, KENNETH W. RAMSAY is presently training manager for international operations at Woodward Governor Company. A ‘Woosiward member for more than 25 years and a former supervisor of electrical test and repair, Ken was lead instructor in the customer- training department for seven years before accepting his present position, He has traveled extensively for Woodward, providing classes in power generation for customers located around the world. Woodward Govemor Company reserves the right io update any portion of this publication st any time. Information provided by Woodward Governor Company fe believed to be correct and reliable. However, no reeponsibity ie sesumed by Woodward Governor Company unless otherwise expressly undertaken. ‘© Woodward Governor Company, 1991 ‘All Rights ReservedWOODWARD ‘Manual 01740 OVERVIEW OF OPERATING CONTROL MODES AND POWER MANAGEMENT ‘This manual presents the reader with an analysis and understanding of analog isochronous load sharing between engine-generator sets and load sharing between engines driving mechanical or combinations of mechanical and electrical loads. ‘The methods and techniques used are then expanded to include soft loading and power management, closing the control loop around any parameter governed by the speed or power output of the engine or turbine. With the addition of automatic synchronization for electrical loads, also covered in this manual, automation of an entire control system is easily obtained.WOODWARD ‘Manual 01740 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION... ee 14 Power Management Defined 1M Objectives... see... 12 CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF COMMON CONTROL MODES Objectives ....... —— 24 Isolated Systems, Droop ....... 22 Isolated Systems, Isochronous . eee Isolated Systems, Droop/Isochronous ... Isolated Systems, Isochronous Load Sharing . Isolated Systems, Isochronous Base Load ... ‘Systems Tied to Utility Grids, Bus Frequency . . ‘Systems Tied to Utility Grids,Droop Base Load ..... 2-7 ‘Systems Tied to Utility Grids, lochronous Base Load 2-8 In-Plant Systems which May Tie to a Utility . ; Frequency May Swing on Separation from Utility .. 2-9 Soft Loading and Unloading ........... 27 (CHAPTER 3 REVIEW OF BASIC OPERATION OF SIMPLE SPEED CONTROL AND SUMMING POINT . 34 Simple Speed Control and Summing Point CHAPTER 4 LOAD SENSING, LOAD SHARING, BASE LOADING 4-1 Load Sensing Goesconecoced Load Gain Adjust Potentiometer Balanced Load Bridge . Isochronous ........ ‘Simple System Load Sensing Diagram ....... Droop Load Sharing Power Output Sensor ..... Ibochronous Base Load. CHAPTER 5 SYNCHRONIZATION . Synchronization of Engine-Turbine Generator Systems ‘What Is Synchronization? Number of Phases Rotation of Phases53 Sot ‘Why Is Synchronization Important? ..... How Is Synchronization Accomplished? ‘Manual Synchronization . 54 Automatic Synchronization . pore Ss) Prediction of the Worst Case Phase Angle Difference (9) At the Instant of Breaker Closure... Example .. 55 - 56 CHAPTER 6 LOAD MANAGEMENT TOOLS Load Management Controls . ell ‘A. 2301A Load Sharing and Speed Control . B. 2301A Speed Control C. 2B01A Speed Control with Remote Speed Set D_ Electric Powered Governor (EPG) ... 6-1 E, 701 Speed Control ..........++ F. Magnetic Pickup (MPU) . G. Generator Load Sensor ........ HL Power Output Sensor 624 LSynchronizers . eee ea J. Generator Loading Control (GLC) . . 631 K. Automatic Generator Loading Controls .... L, Process-Import/Export Controls .............. 643 M. Automatic Power Transfer and Load Control 648 N. Dual Fuel Control. feet eos ©. Fuel Limiter ........... Index of Product Specifications and Manuals for Controls and Devices Addressed in this Manual . CHAPTER 7 MANAGING POWER FOR THE DESIRED RESULT . 7-1 Peaking or Peak Load Control . . . Tl How is Peak Sharing, Peaking or Peak Load Control Accomplished - Tl Base Loading 5 we 73 Peak Shaving Geenoo 738 ImporvExport . Td ‘Zero Import/Export Control . 278 Cogeneration . 76 ‘What is Cogeneration? . a 76 How is Cogeneration Accomplished? 16 Single Engine AGLC-Base Load Control .. 277 Isolated Bus Isochronous Load Sharing System ‘Two or More Engine (2301A) ....... 0000000000008 TAD ‘Multiple Engine AGLC Base Load Control - TAS Automatic Paralleling System (2301A) to a Utility Using a Process-ImporyExport Control. - 78 Automatic Paralleling System Goa) 1 «Vat Using an APTL Control . ... - 724 WOODWARD Manual 01740 itiWOODWARD. ‘Manual 01740CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONWOODWARD ‘Manual 01740 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Power Management Defined Power Management is here defined as the control of the output - or the rate of change of outpat - of single or of multiple prime movers. ‘The term is applied to systems where the fuel or energy used to drive thas prime movers being comer telat mechani or thermal ‘energy, or to a combination of these energies. Power Management can be accomplished in a variety of ways. The methods and controls used will depend on the type of prime mover(s) used, their results.WOODWARD ‘Manual 01740 Objectives ‘To provide an understanding of Power Management concepts 1. Reviewing the common operating control modes of a, Isolated Systems (1) Droop (2) Isochronous @,) Droop/isochronous (4) Isochronous Load Sharing 5.) Isochronous Base Load ». Systems tied to utility grids (L) Droop Base Load (2) Isochronous Base Load ¢ In-plant systems which may tie to a utility 4. Soft loading and unloading 2. Reviewing the basic operation of a. Simple Speed Control . Summing Point 3. Adding in an understanding of a. Load Sensing . Load Sharing & Base Loading 4. Discuss synchronization a. Requirements b. Methods ‘5. Expanding on this knowledge to incorporate the functions of Load Management controls such as a. Synchronizers b. Generator Loading Controls & Automatic Generator Loading Controls 4. Process-Import/Export Controls €. Automatic Power Transfer and Loading Controls 6. Putting what we have learned together and applying this knowledge to develop better ways of managing power. 12(CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF COMMON CONTROL MODES Objective Isolated Systems~Dreop Isolated Systems—-Isochronous Isolated Systems--Drcop/Isochronous . Isolated Systems~-Isochronous Load Sharing Iolated Systems—-Isochronous Base Load ‘Systems Tied to Utility Grids~-Bus Frequency-Droop ‘Systems Tied to Utility Grids—Isochronous Base Load In-Plant Systems Which May Tie to a Utility . ‘Soft Loading and Unloading 210WOODWARD ‘Manual 01740 CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF COMMON CONTROL MODES Review of the common operating control modes of droop, isochronous, droop/isochronous, isochronous load sharing, droop base load and isochronous base oad. a. Toolated systems (1) Droop @) Isochronous (G) Droop/sochronous (4) Isochronous Load Sharing (S.) Isochronous Base Load . Systems tied to utility grids (1) Droop Base Load (@) Isochronous Base Load e In-plant systems which may tie to a utility 4. Soft loading and unloadingWOODWARD Manual 01740 ISOLATED SYSTEMS DROOP Droop is a decrease in speed or frequency, proportional to load. That is, as the load increases, the speed or frequency decreases (see Figure 2-1). This reduction in speed {s accomplished with negative feedback. As the system is loaded, the feedback signal increases in magnitude and in opposite polarity to the speed set voltage. The feedback signal is subtracted from the speed set voltage lowering the speed reference, {in direct ratio to the increase in load. Droop is expressed as the percent that the speed drops below no load speed when the system is fully loaded. With a given droop setting, an engine generator set will always produce the same power output at a particular speed or frequency. If all engine generator sets in a droop system have the same droop setting, they will each share load proportionally. The amount of load each carries will depend on their speed settings. If the system load changes, the system speed/frequency will also change. A oo change in the speed = setting will then be required to offset the effect of droop and return the system to its original speed/frequency. In order for each engine generator set in the 60 ses. sr FREQ/sPEED system to maintain its c nar = proportion of the shared to load, the operator will wirH on0o® THE seeeD ieee DECREASES WITH LOAD set point equally for each cengine-generator set. Figure 2-1. Droop Mode If all engine-generators in a droop system do not have the same droop setting, they ‘will not share loads proportionally with the same speed settings. If the system load changes, the system speed/frequency will also change but the percent of load on each engine-generator set will not be changed proportionately. ‘The operator will need to adjust speed set point differently for each engine-generator set to make them carry their proportional share of the load. ‘This could result in running out of speed set point adjustment on an engine- generator set before itis fully oaded and limiting the system load sharing capability. tis best to have the same percent of droop set on each engine-generator set. 22WOODWARD ‘Manual 01740 ISOLATED SYSTEMS ISOCHRONOUS 10 is Greek for single or constant. Chronous is Greek for time. Isochronous means repeating at a single rate or having a fixed frequency or period. In other words, an engine-generating set, operating in the isochronous mode will, operate at the same speedifrequency regardless of the load it is supplying, up to ‘the full load capabilities of the engine-generator set. (See Figure 2-2) This mode can be ‘used on one engine-generator set running by itself in an isolated system. FREG/ SPEED ‘The isochronous mode can also be used on one engine- generator set running in Parallel with other engine- generator sets. However, unless the governors have isochronous load sharing ‘capabilities, no more than one ‘of the engine-generator sets running in parallel can be in the isochronous mode. If two engine-generator sets, ‘operating in the isochronous mode without load sharing controls are supplying power 10 the same load, one of the units will try to carry the entire load and the other will shed all of its load. In order for the two units to share load, some additional means ust be used to keep each engine-generator set from either trying to take all the load, or from motorizing. ° 50% 700 toad AN ISOCHRONOUS GOVERNOR MAINTAINS CONSTANT SPEED ‘AT ALL LOADS 70 100%, Figure 2-2, Isochronous Mode 23WOODWARD Manual 01740 ISOLATED SYSTEMS DROOP/SOCHRONOUS Droop/isochronous combines the first two modes. All engine- generator sets in the system are ‘operated in the droop mode except for one which is operated in the ‘sochronous mode. It is known as the swing machine. In this mode, the Groop machines will run at the speedifrequency of the isochronous unit. The droop percentage and ‘peed settings of each droop unit are adjusted so that it generates a set amount of power. The output power Of the swing machine will change to {follow variations in the load demand while maintaining constant speedifrequency of the system. (See Figure 23. Swing Machine Figures 2-3 and 2-4.) Maximum load for this type of system is limited to the combined output of the swing machine and the total set power output of the droop ‘machines. A load above this maximum will result in a decrease in speed/frequency. ‘The minimum system load can not be allowed to decrease below the combined output set for the droop machines. If it does, the system frequency will increase and the swing machine can be motorized. The machine with the highest output capacity should normally be operated as the swing machine so ‘that the system will accept the largest load changes FREO/SPEED ° 0% 700 top Isochronous unit maintains frequency and takes load swings ° sox 709) Droop unit(s) maintains a set load. Figure 24, Droop Units within its capability. This is not a hard and fast rule. Selection of the swing machine ‘will depend on such things as efficiency of different engines and the amount the load is expected to change.WOODWARD ‘Manual 01740 ISOLATED SYSTEMS ISOCHRONOUS LOAD SHARING For Isochronous Load Sharing, the controls of all engine-generator sets in a system are operated in the isochronous mode. Load sharing is accomplished by adding a load sensor to each electronic ‘isochronous governor. The load sensors are interconnected by the Joad-sharing tines (sometimes called paralleling tines). Any imbalance in load between units will cause a change to the regulating circuit in each governor in the system, causing each unit to produce its proportional share of the load to rebalance the load signals. ‘While each unit continues to run at isochronous speed, load changes force each machine 10 supply its proportional share of power to mect the total load demand on the sysiem. If the engine-generators are of unequal output ratings, the output of each generator set will be proportional to its rated output. (See Figure 2- 5) Tn order to increase the load swing capabilities of a "Droop/Isochronous" load sharing system, several isochronous load sharing engine-generator sets can be connected in parallel to respond as a single swing machine. Other engine-generators can then be run in droop with these swing machines. SET. a RATED AT 180 KW ° ‘50% 780 9oKw SET #2 RATED AT 60 KW 0 60% 60 s0KW SET #3 RATED AT 120 KW ‘When properly setup, each engine- ‘Benerator set supplies its proportional share of the load. Figure 2-5. [sochronous Load Sharing 25WOODWARD ‘Manual 01740 ISOLATED SYSTEMS ISOCHRONOUS BASE LOAD Isochronous base load is a method of setting a base or fixed load on an engine- ‘generator operating in the isochronous governing mode. This is acoomplished by ‘using an isochronous Joad-sensing control and connecting external bias signal across its load-sharing lines (see Figure 2-6). FREQUENCY SET BY TSOCHRONOUS SWING MACHINE FREQ/SPEED SETTING 3 ous vourace Apne 19 Snir LokD Shania te ° 3 oureur SPEED SETTING STAYS CONSTANT & OUTPUT OF isocHRONOUS ‘BASE LOAD MACHINE VARIES. WITH APPLIED BIAS” VOLTAGE. TOAD SWINGS ARE TAKEN GY ISOCHRONCUS MACHINE. ‘The external bias signal impressed on these lines appears to the governor as a load imbalance. The Figure 26, Isolated Bus with Isochronous Base Load ‘governor will force the generator output to increase or decrease until the output of the load sensor is equal to the bias signal on the load-sharing lines. At this point, the system is balanced. This method can only be used where other ‘engine-generator sets are producing enough power to meet the change in load demand. This base loading method is ideal for either soft loading additional units into an isochronous system, for derating or unloading an engine-generator, or for setting a fixed amount of load on an engine-generator that is in parallel with other units. 26WOODWARD ‘Manual 01740 SYSTEMS TIED TO UTILITY GRIDS BUS FREQUENCY ‘When engine-generator sets are paralleled with a utility (or any large electrical grid), the utility will determine the frequency. The acceptable operating modes are limited to either droop base load or isochronous base load. DROOP BASE LOAD Droop base load is the same as droop, with the exception that the utility or grid will ‘control the frequency and act as does the swing machine, absorbing any change in load. The speed and droop settings are adjusted 50 that the engine-generator set supplies a fixed, or base amount, of power to the utility (See Figure 2-7). PARES 68 BOURSS £9 re STEELS 60 Peco serTiNa oureur When the engine- generator supplying power to the utility is Separated from the Figure 2-7. Base Load with 5% Droop utility, the speedifrequency of the now unloaded isolated unit will increase to the speed set point on the control where it was advanced to load the engine-generator while roped against the utility. FREQUENCY SPEED IS SET BY THE UTILITY GRID. TOAD VARIES wiH SPECD SET POINT. 27WOODWARD ‘Manual 01740 SYSTEMS TIED TO UTILITY GRIDS ISOCHRONOUS BASE LOAD Isochronous base load for an engine-generator feeding a utility is the same as ‘sochronous base load for an isolated system. (See Figure 2- 8) Any difference between the speedifrequency setting of the isochronous base loaded ‘machines, and that of the utility, will show up as a change in the base load. This is oureur — why it sso important to ave | scoueney, apetn 19 set ey THE UTWITY onto the speedifrequency setting of oko Varies with ois WounNee the oncoming unit as close as Figure 2-8. Isochronous Base Load Possible to that of the utility. BAS VOLTAGE ‘As many as 15 engine-generators can be isochronous base loaded by applying the isolated bias signal across their common system load-sharing lines. ‘The advantage of isochronous base loading over droop base loading is that when separating from a utility, there is no frequency change. Simply removing the bias signal from the load-sharing lines returns the engine- ‘generator to isochronous speed.WOODWARD Manual 01740 IN-PLANT SYSTEMS WHICH MAY TIE TO A UTILITY Engine-gencrator sets which supply in-plant loads, and additionally must be capable of operating either isolated from, or in parallel with a utility, wil use combinations of the previously described modes. Switching logic is used to change operating modes ‘when paralleling to, or separating from, the utility. Previously, most engine-generators in parallel with a utility have used the roopitroop base load combination. The engine-generator unit or system, supplying plant load in the droop mode, is brought up to the speed/frequency of the utility. ‘Then, at utility frequency, the system must be matched in phase and voltage with the utility. At this time, the paralleling breaker can be closed with no transfer of current between the two systems. The utility will control the system frequency. ‘The engine-generator unit or system is now in the droop base load mode. If the plant load increases, the utility will supply the increased demand. In the same manner, if the speed frequency seting of the generating unit or system is reduced, the generator output will decrease and the utility will supply the difference. The opposite would be true if the plant load decreased, or the speed frequency setting was increased. Under these conditions, the engine-generator unitfsystem would export power to the utility. FREQUENCY MAY SWING ON SEPARATION FROM UTILITY ‘The major drawback of the above combination occurs when separating from the utility. If the engine-generator set or system is not supplying the exact amount of power required by the in-plant load at the time of separation, there will be a change in speedsfrequency. ‘The resulting speed/frequency can be below or above utility frequency depending on ‘whether the load is greater than, or less than, the power level being generated when the tie with the utility is broken. ‘When the system then returns t0 the isolated droop mode, this speed/frequency change must be corrected by changing the speed/frequency reference setting. The isochronoussisochronous base load combination will eliminate this drawback. Removing the bias signal from the load sharing lines, as the utility circuit breaker is ‘opened, will return the system to isochronous/isochronous load share and the engine- generator unit or system will remain at the isochronous speed. Therefore, no speedifrequency correction is required. 29WOODWARD Manual 01740 SOFT LOADING AND UNLOADING Soft loading @ generator into or out of an isochronous load-sharing system is ‘accomplished by controlling the value and the rate of change of the bias signal on the generator’s load-sharing lines. At the instant the generator breaker closes tying the engine-generator to the load- sharing system, a bias signal is applied to the load sharing lines to hold the engine- generator Joad-sharing lines at zero volts, or very slightly above zero volts. The engine-generator will be in parallel with the other engine-generators in the ‘sochronous load sharing system, producing little or no power. The bias signal is then slowly increased, causing the generator output to increase. The rate the output increases is determined by the rate that the bias signal is increased (see Figure 2-6). ‘The engine-generator system will pick up load until the load sensor output equals ‘and balances the biasing signal applied to the load-sharing lines. At the same time, the engine-generator units already in the isochronous load sharing system will collectively shed an amount of load equal to the amount of load picked up by the new engine-generator. ‘When the oncoming engine-generator’s load-sharing lines are atthe same voltage 2s the load-sharing lines of the other engine- generators in the system, these load sharing lines are connected directly to the system load sharing lines connected to the other engine-gencrator’s controls. All units will now be producing their proportional share of the load, while maintaining isochronous frequency. Using a similar technique, an isolated, in-plant, isochronous load-sharing system can be paralleled with a utility. This can be done without disturbing either system (see Figure 28). Ifa bias signal, equal to that on the load-sharing lines at the moment just prior to paralleling with the utility, is impressed on the load-sharing lines, it will hold the ‘engine-generator output constant at that level. No current will flow in the transfer ‘bus between the utility and the in-plant system until either the load demand changes, ‘or until the isochronous-base-loading bias signal changes. Reducing the load.sharing bias signal to zero forces the in-plant generating system to shed all the load. The utility will pick up all the load, and the generator can be disconnected from the load us. ‘The engine-generator system can also be reconnected to the utility to reassume the in-plant load in a similarly bumpless manner. This time, bias the load-sharing lines at zero volts while paralleling to the utility and the breaker is closed. Then, slowly increase the bias signal until zero current flows through the transfer bus. Open the Circuit breaker to the utility, and at the same time, remove the bias signal. The now isolated engine-generator system is back to isochronous load-sharing control, carrying the in-plant load. 2410CHAPTER 3 REVIEW OF THE BASIC OPERATION OF A SIMPLE SPEED CONTROL AND SUMMING POINT Simple Speed Control and Summing Point ..WOODWARD ‘Manual 01740 CHAPTER 3 REVIEW OF THE BASIC OPERATION OF A SIMPLE SPEED CONTROL AND SUMMING POINT For a better understanding of how these five modes for controlling the loads of cengine-generators are accomplished, lets 1. Review the basic operation of a simple speed control and summing point. 2. Add in a load sensor and some of the auxiliary controls and learn their operations and functions. 3. Put what we have learned together and design a few systems that will meet the requirements of some specific applications. SIMPLE SPEED CONTROL AND SUMMING POINT. ‘The basic speed control senses the speed of the prime mover by means of a magnetic pickup or in some cases by sensing the generator frequency. These are both AC signals with frequencies that are directly related to the speed of the prime mover. The signal sensed is converted in the speed control to a DC voltage that is proportional to the speed of the prime mover. In other words, the faster the prime ‘mover goes the greater the magnitude of the DC voltage developed. This voltage is referred to as the actual-speed voltage of the prime mover. ‘The speed reference or rated speed pot is connected across a regulated DC voltage source developed inside the control. By adjusting the rated speed pot, the desired speed voltage can be set (at the speed you want the prime mover to run). The speed reference can also be supplied from an external source such as a digital reference unit or a computer. ‘The desired speed voltage and the actual speed voltage are added algebraically at the ‘summing point. The desired speed voltage is a positive voltage and the actual speed voltage is a negative voltage with respect 10 the contro’ signal common. When a positive voltage and negative voltage are summed together at the summing point, and they both ‘have equal values but opposite polarity, the net result will equal "0" volts and the summing ‘point is balanced. When these voltages sum up to 2er0 volts, the prime mover is running at a constant and steady speed. If the net result at the summing point is positive, the prime mover is not running as fast as the desired speed is set for. A signal is sent from the amplifier to the actuator 10 increase the fuel in order to speed up the prime mover and increase the negative actual speed voltage. When the speed increases enough to balance out the summing point "0" volts, the prime mover is again running at constant and steady speed. 34WOODWARD Manual 01740 Ifthe net result at the summing point is a negative voltage, the prime mover is running faster than the desired speed set. A signal is sent from the amplifier to the actuator to reduce fuel in order to slow down the prime mover and decrease the negative voltage to balance out the summing point t0 °0" volts. This process is a continuous action and causes the actuator to “fee! alive" to the touch as the control makes minor adjustments. Figure 3-1 shows a simple speed contol with only two signals applied to the summing point, the desired speed set voltage and the actual speed voltage. Any change in speed, ‘caused by a change in load or other disturbance, will cause a change in the summing point voltage. This change will reflect the increase or decrease in speed. Since the desired speed set voltage is fixed, the summing point amplifer output will be integrated up or down correcting the amount of fuel flow to bring the speed back to where the actual speed voltage again equals the desired speed set voltage and the summing point voltage returns 10 zer0. This i basic Kochronous- governor control. EXAMPLE: In Figure 3-1, if the desired voltage is set for (+)2 volts and the actual speed voltage is (-)2 volts, the prime mover is running at a constant speed. Ifa load were applied to the prime mover, it would slow down somewhat. When it slows down, the actual speed voltage becomes less than (-)2 volt; for example (-)18V, the desired speed voltage is still set for (+)2V. ‘When these voltages are summed together, the net result is a (+)0.2V and the amplifier sends a signal to the actuator to increase fuel. AS fuel is increased, the prime mover increases speed and the actual speed voltage is increased back to (.)2 volts. The voltages now sum up to 0" volts at the summing point. The opposite ‘effect happens when a load is removed from the prime mover. p= : JUMPER. OR ‘SPEED TRIM: POTENTIOMETER GENERATOR PRIME Sg DY wacnenichl PICKUP (MPU) FEEDBACK SPEED SENSOR SUMMING AID POINT 2MP SIMPLE SPEED CONTROL SYSTEM DIAGRAM wasc=2586 Figure 3-1. Simple Speed Control System Diagram 32WOODWARD Manual 01740 ‘The summing point is the key to understanding the operation of all Woodward Governor Company analog Joad sharing controls. This includes the 2301-A, 2301, EPG, EGA, EGM and 2500 control systems. Keep in mind; a positive voltage sent to the summing point will increase fuel and a negative voltage will decrease fuel. The increase or decrease of fuel will effect speed or load on the prime mover, depending on it’s application and use at the time. NOTE The voliages used in the example are for explanation purposes only. No attempt should be made to read the voltage at the suming point. If the above system were tied to an infinite bus or utility grid, the speed/frequency of the engine-generator would be fixed by the bus or grid. Thus both the speed set voltage and the actual speed voltage would be fixed. Under this condition, ifthe set speed is different from that of the infinite bus or utility grid, the summing point would be unbalanced and the summing point amplifier output would integrate up or down trying to correct the offset. This would ‘cause the engine-generator to either overload or motorize. Obviously, there must be another signal fed to the summing point if we are to regain ‘control of the engine-generator output. (See IV, Load Sensing, Load Sharing and Base Loading.) 33CHAPTER 4 LOAD SENSING, LOAD SHARING, BASE LOADING 4 44 41 Load Sensing Load Gain Adjust Potentiometer . Balanced Load Bridge . Tsochronous 44 ‘Simple System Load Sensing Diagram . 42 242, 243 44 45WOODWARD ‘Manual 01740 CHAPTER 4 LOAD SENSING, LOAD SHARING, BASE LOADING NN tt eet LOAD SENSING The generator lad senor gee is name‘Gom th cit seat the food om a geneity To sense "this toads current transformers (CTs) are placed around th power utp leads coming forthe encrator At toad sapped vo ae PUPS f generator, alternating current crs flows trough te fnertor tines and Induces cuter nts the CT's. The current in the 5 AMPS Cs increases proportionally 0 LOAD ON GENERATOR 100%] with the load on the generator —_ (See Figure 4-1. Woodward Governor Load $8505 exomp ‘The induced current from the | are designed to work with Lela CTs is added vectorially and | $ amps at full load (5 amp CTs) then is converted to a DC voltage in tbe oad. sealer, Figure 4-1 Generator Load Sensor However, since only real power is to be used in determining the load sensor output, potential transformers are also ‘connected to the power output leads of the engine-generator. Only CT current which is in phase with the potential transformer voltage is used and converted to a DC voltage in the load sensor. This DC voltage is proportional to the percent of load ‘on the generator. ‘The generator load sensor DC voltage is applied across a "Load Gain Adjust" potentiometer. See Figure 4-2. LOAD GAIN ADJUST POTENTIOMETER ‘This Load Gain Adjust potentiometer provides a means of setting a specific voltage, selected from the load sensor output, to represent the load on the engine-generator set. This load gain setting is normally at 6 Vdc for 100 percent of the set's rated oad. The output of the generator load sensor is linear so that voltages from zer0 to 6 Vac represent loads from zer0 t0 100 percent of the set’s rated load. This lozd gain voltage is impressed across a balanced load bridge. BALANCED LOAD BRIDGE ISOCHRONOUS ‘The balanced load bridge (see R1, R2, R3 and R4, Figure 4-2) is a device similar to ‘a Wheatstone bridge. In our bridge R1=R2 and R3=Ré, AS long as the voltage developed across R1 equals the voltage developed across R3, which also means that the voltage developed across R2 equals that across R4, there is no voltage differential across C. The output of the load bridge to the summing point is zero. This is true regardless of the load gain voltage. The control isin isochronous. The load does not affect the speed or frequency. 4.WOODWARD ‘Manual 01740 ‘SIMPLE SYSTEM LOAD SENSING DIAGRAM Figure 4-2 Balanced Load Bridge DROOP ‘The load bridge may be unbalanced by either changing the value of a resistor in one leg of the bridge or by applying an unbalancing voltage across one leg of the load bridge, If you unbalance the load bridge by paralleling RS with R3, the resulting resistance of (R3, RS) is less than Rs. The voltage developed across.(R3, RS) will be less than that developed across R4, The voltage developed across R1 and R2 are ‘each still at 1/2 the load gain voltage. A voltage is now present across C with a value that will be determined by the load gain voltage and the amount of imbalance caused by RS in parallel with R3. The voltage across C applied to the summing point will be negative with respect to circuit common. C is not required to make the bridge ‘work. The time to charge and discharge the capacitor does slow down the load bridge action. This is necessary to ensure that the load bridge is not faster than the speed loop. If itis, oscillation will result. At the summing point, the negative signal from the load bridge adds to the negative signal from the speed sensor. To obiain a summing point balance, the amplifier will act to reduce the speed until the sum of the two negative input signals equals the Positive input signal from the speed set adjust. The control is in droop. The speed or frequency will decrease proportionally with addition of load. To return the system to rated speed, it wil be necessary to either increase the speed set adjust voltage or to re-balance the bridge and return the system to isochronous control. 42WOODWARD ‘Manual 01740 LOAD SHARING LINES oe Figure 4-3, Basic Load Sensing Block Diagram LOAD SHARING ‘The action of the load bridge is also used to bring about isochronous load sharing. Instead of unbalancing the load bridge by changing the resistance of one leg of the bridge, parallel one leg of a bridge from the control on one engine-generator set with the corresponding bridge leg of the control of a second engine generator set. (Gee Figure 4-4.) As long as both sets are providing the same voltage across these ‘connected lines there will be no imbalance to the load bridge. The summing point is then returned to zero when the speed set and speed sensor signals are equal. Take two engine-generator sets and adjust each set's load gain for 6 Vdc at 100 percent of that set's raled output. The voltage developed across R3 of each balanced bridge will be 1/2 of that set's load gain voltage or 3 Vdc at 100 percent of rated load. Start one set and load it to 100 percent of rated load. Start the second set and bring it on line at zero load. Simultaneously, when paralleling the two sets, connect the R3 leg of the balanced bridges of the two sets together by means of the load sharing lines. (Sce Figure 4-4 on page 4-6.) 43WOODWARD Manual 01740 ‘The voltage across the two R3's are different at the time when set two is brought on line. The R3 of set one is at 3 Vdc indicating 100% load and that of set 2 is zero indicating no load. These differences will balance out through R6 and R3 to a voltage between zero and 3 volts. Both load bridges will be unbalanced, but in ‘opposite sense. The voltage developed across C of the first unit will call for reduced fuel and that of the second for increased fuel. This imbalance will disappear as the ‘two generator sets approach the same percentage of rated output. ‘Where both engine-generator sets are of the same output rating, the outputs of the ‘wo units will both come to 50 percent of their rated load. The load gains will both be at 3 Vde and the voltages across the R1's and R3's will all be 1.5 Vdc. The bridges of both sets are balanced. The bridge outputs are zero and the sets are in fsochronous load share at rated speed. Voltage across the load sharing lines would be 1.5 Vac. If the oncoming engine-generator set is rated at only one-half that of the fist sets rating, say the first was rated at 100KW and the second at SOKW, balanced load ‘would be achieved when each engine-generator set is carrying its proportional share based on its rated output. 100 KW Load Rated share X = < kW «50 KW or X = 218 or 66.67percent Load gain outputs would match at 2/3 of 6 Vdc or 4 Vdc. Voltages across the R1's and R3's would be 2 Vdc. The load bridges would return to balance when the first ‘machine was carrying 66.67 KW and the second would be carrying 33.33 KW. The sets are in isochronous load share rated speed. Voltage across the load sharing lines ‘would be 2 Vac. ‘This method of connecting the load bridge between controls of multiple ‘engine-generator sets, which are supplying the same load, can be used to obiain load sharing between a number of different sets. See Figure 45 and 4.6. The maximum ‘numberof sets which can be controlled inthis manner has not been determined. One ‘known installation has 21. POWER OUTPUT SENSOR The load sharing of mechanical loads or of mixed electrical and mechanical loads uses a different type of load sensing. The most desirable method of sensing load ‘would be to measure the torque on the engines, but this is difficult and requires very special measuring devices. The more common method, based on the assumption that ower output is relative to actuator position, is to use a signal developed from the control output (either current or voltage) to the actuator coil. Here, the current is the more desirable since force at the actuator is based on ampere turns. If the actuator coil resistance changes with temperature, the change does not affect the ‘current load signal. Another signal that can be used is one developed from the fuel valve position. This ‘method makes use of Hall effect devices or of either LVDTs or RVDTS (linear or rotary variable differential transformers). These devices require 44WOODWARD ‘Manual 01740 modulators/demodulators to supply an AC voltage to the position sensors and to ‘ectify the return signal. A DC signal is developed representing fuel valve position. For load sharing these DC voltages relative to output load do not have to be exactly linearly proportional to the load to be useful for load sharing. They do need to be equal from each engine in the load sharing system for any particular perceat of each ‘engine’s load capability. Again the sensor output is impressed on a load gain adjustment potentiometer. ‘The above load sharing analysis can also be applied to a system using power output sensors to accomplish load sharing. The summing point amplifier in the control of ‘each engine will integrate to a fuel position which brings the load bridges in each ‘control to balance. This will set the fuel system of each engine to the same power output whether the load on a particular engine is electric, mechanical or a combination of electric and mechanical. The actual load sharing will depend on how closely the fuel systems of the different engines track for the same percentage of rated load. ISOCHRONOUS BASE LOAD If an engine-generator set is under the control of a load sharing and speed control Or if itis in an isochronous load sharing system, connecting the system to a utility ‘will ix the speed sensor input to the summing point. Since the speed set is also at a fixed set point and the system is in isochronous, one of two things will happen. Either the system will be motorized or it will go to overload. The summing point, having all inputs fixed, cannot correct what it sees as an imbalance. Ifthe system was at a frequency slightly below that of the utility, the speed sensor will send a signal to the summing point in excess of the set point input. The amplifier will integrate in a decreased fuel direction, cutting fuel to the engine. The utility then ends up driving the system. If the system frequency was slightly higher than the utility, the speed signal to the summing point would be below the set point, resulting in increased fuel until the mechanical stops are reached. To prevent these two conditions and to set the desired load, an auxiliary bias signal can be applied to the system load sharing lines. This will set a demand on the generating system to generate a given portion of each engine-generator's rated ‘output. The action is the same as when load sharing units unbalance the balanced load bridges. The load bridge outputs to the individual set summing points will be either positive or negative based on whether the engines are to pick up load or to shed load. Again, when the output of the engine-generators balance the voltages on the load bridge, the system will be at the desired load, The summing point can now function to correct imbalances and the system is under isochronous base load control. If we now connect such an isochronous load sharing system to a utility, where the speedifrequency Is fixed by the utility, and we place a fixed bias signal on that system's load sharing lines, all units in that system will be forced by load bridge imbalance to carry the load demanded by the bias signal. This control method opens ‘many possibilities for load management through Isochronous base loading, 45‘WOODWARD Manual 01740Figure 4-5. Load Sharing Block Diagram 47Eg . Figure 4-6, Multiple Load Sharing Block DiagramCHAPTER 5 SYNCHRONIZATION ‘Synchronization of Engine-Turbine Generator Systems . Rotation of Phases Voltage Match . Frequency Match . Phase Angle Match ‘Why Is Synchronization Important? How Is Synchronization Accomplished? .... ‘Manual Synchronization . Automatic Synchronization . = Prediction of the Worst Case Phase Angle Difference (6) At the Instant of Breaker Closure ...... Example ....0e.ecceeeeWOODWARD ‘Manual 01740 CHAPTER 5 SYNCHRONIZATION SYNCHRONIZATION OF ENGINE-TURBINE GENERATOR SYSTEMS WHAT IS SYNCHRONIZATION? ‘We have talked about synchronizing one generator to another or to a utility, but ‘what are we actually describing when we use the word "synchronization"? ‘Synchronization, as normally applied to the generation of electricity, is the matching of the output voltage wave form of one alternating current electrical generator with the voltage wave form of another alternating current electrical system. For two systems to be synchronized, five conditions must be matched: ‘The number of phases in each system ‘The direction of rotation of these phases ‘The voltage amplitudes of the two systems ‘The frequencies of the two systems ‘The phase angle of the voltage of the two systems The first two of these conditions are determined when the equipment is specified, installed, and wired. The output voltage of a generator usually is controlled automatically by a voltage regulator. The two remaining conditions: frequency matching and phase matching, must be accounted for each time the tie-breaker is closed, paralleling the generator sets or systems. oO NUMBER OF PHASES a Each generator set of the N ‘oncoming system must have -—o 3 rue the same number of phases ay as those of the sjstem to Sas which it is to be paralleled Figure 5-1. Number of Phases Must Match (ee Figure 5-1). ROTATION OF PHASES Each generator set or sytem \ a being” paralleled must be | ) ‘connected so that all phases rotate in the same direction. i If the phase rotation is not Nhe de | the same, no more than one yr phase can be syncaronized Lu (ee Figure 5-2). Figure 5-2, Phase Rotation Must be the Same SaWOODWARD Manual 01740 VOLTAGE MATCH ‘The voltages generated by sets or systems being paralleled must be within a small percentage of the same value, usually 1 to 5 percent. ‘The output voltage of a synchronous generator can be controlled by changing its “Figure 5-3, Voltage Difference (Generator to ‘excitation voltage. (This is Generator) normally done by the voltage regulator.) If two synchronous generators of unequal voltage are paralleled, the combined voltage will have a value different from the voltage generated by either of the generators. The difference in voltages results in reactive currents and lowered system. efficiency (see Figure 5-3). I on the other hand, a synchronous generator is paralleled to a larger system voltages before paralleling will not change the voltage of the bus (see Figure 5-4). Figure 5-4, Voltage Difference (Generator to Bus) In this instance, the power factor of the generator will be changed. If the generator voltage is much lower than the bus voltage, the generator ‘could be motorized. ‘An induction generator needs no voltage regulator because its output voltage will ‘automatically match the voltage of the system supplying its field voltage. FREQUENCY MATCH ce ‘The frequency of the oncoming ‘generator must be very nearly ‘the same as that of the system it is being paralleled with, usually within 02 percent. Figure 5-5. Frequency Difference (See Figure 5-5.) = aed If the oncoming generator is a synchronous type, this match is normally accomplished by controlling the speed of the prime mover driving the oncoming generator. If the oncoming unit is an induction generator, frequency is determined automatically by the generator field voltage. Field voltage is supplied by the system to which the generator set is being paralleled. However, the field voltage is not applied to the 52WOODWARD Manual 01740 generator until the ticing breaker is closed. The generator must be kept close to synchronous speed prior to breaker closure. A speed below synchronous will cause the oncoming generator to act as a motor and a speed much over 1.5 percent above synchronous will cause the induction machine to generate at full capacity. PHASE ANGLE MATCH ‘The phase relationship between the voltages of the systems to be paralleled must be ‘very close prior to paralleling. This match usually is within plus or minus 10 degrees. If the oncoming generator is ‘8 synchronous type, phase ‘matching, like frequency matching, is accomplished by oa soenston ‘controlling the speed of the ‘oncoming generator’s prime mover. If the machine to be paralleled with the system is an induction generator, the Figure 5-6. Phase Difference phase match will be automatic, since the system is supplying the generator field voltage. For the synchronous generator, voltage, speedi/frequency, and phase, must be matched ‘each time before the paralleling breakers are closed. If the oncoming generator is an induction-type with the armature rotating at synchronous speed, no difficulties will ‘occur when the paralleling breakers are closed. Currently, most installations use synchronous generators. The advantage of synchronous generators over induction, ‘generators is that synchronous systems allow independent operation without a utility or other ac power source. Induction generators can not operate without an external ac source, ‘WHY IS SYNCHRONIZATION IMPORTANT? ‘When two or more electrical generating sets or systems are paralleled to the same power distribution system, the power sources must be synchronized properiy. Without proper synchronization of the oncoming unit or system, power surges and mechanical or electrical stress will result when the tie breaker is closed. Under the worst ‘conditions, the voltages between the two systems can be twice the peak operating voltage of one of the systems, or one system can place a dead short on the other. Extremely high currents can result from this which put stress on both systems. ‘These stresses can result in bent drive shafts, broken couplings, or broken turbine quill shafts. Under some conditions power surges can be started which will build on ‘each other until both generating systems are disabled. ‘These conditions are extreme. Stress and damage can occur in varying degrees. The degrading effects depend on the type of generator, the type of driver, the electrical load, and on how poorly the systems are synchronized when the breakers are closed. 53WOODWARD SS Manual 01740 Modern systems often supply power to sophisticated and sensitive electronic ‘equipment. Accurate synchronization is necessary to prevent expensive down time and replacement costs. HOW IS SYNCHRONIZATION ACCOMPLISHED? Normally, one generating system is used to establish the common bus and the ‘oncoming generator is then synchronized to that bus by changing the speed of the prime mover driving the oncoming generator. ‘Manual Synchronization ‘Manually synchronized systems rely on monitoring equipment ame wo | to indicate to the operator when the two systems are synchronized closely enough for safe paralleling, This equipment may include indicating lights, a synchroscope, a synch-check relay, or a paralleling phase Figure 5-7, Checking Phase Match switch, Figure 5-7 shows one method of using two 115 Vac lamps to check whether two voltages are in or out of phase, When the voltages are in phase the lamps will be extinguished, and when the voltages are out of phase, the lamps will illuminate. Figure 5-8 shows another method, using four 115 Vac lamps, that will check phase rotation as well as phase match. As before, when the ‘voltages are in phase, all Jamps will be off, and when the voltages are out of phase, all of the lamps will light. If pairs of lamps alternate ight and dark (with ‘two lamps. dark while the other two are light) the phase sequence is not the same. Figure 5-8. Checking Phase Rotation and Match ‘These manual systems, where the accuracy of synchronization depends on the hands and skill of the operator, are giving way to automatic synchronizing systems.WOODWARD ‘Manual 01740 ‘Automatic Synchronization ‘Automatic synchronizers monitor the voltage of either one or two phases of an off- line generator and the voltage of the same phases of the active bus. Small units normally monitor a single phase. Large generating systems normally monitor two phases. Early automatic synchronizers worked through the speed setting motor-operated potentiometer (MOP). They corrected for speedyfrequency only, and relied on a small frequency drift to match the phase of the oncoming generator to that of the active bus. ‘The time for this type of unit to synchronize varied from 1/2 second upward. ‘Synchronizing depended on how closely the governor controlled speed, and on how closely the synchronizer had matched the generator frequency to that of the bus. ‘A good governor and an accurate frequency match often resulted in a very slow frequency drift. When this was the case, the time required to drift into phase could result in an unacceptably long synchronizing time. ‘This method was later improved upon. The synchronizer would bring the oncoming ‘unit into frequency match with the bus. Once the frequency was matched, the speed setting MOP was pulsed, adjusting generator speed to about 0.5 percent above synchronous speed. The speed setting MOP) was then run back to about 0.2 percent below synchronous speed. This action was repeated until synchronization of phase angle occurred and the circuit breaker was then closed. A modern synchronizer compares the frequency and phase of the two voltages, and sends a correction signal to the summing point of the governor controlling the prime mover of the oncoming generator. When the outputs of the two systems are matched in frequency and phase, the synchronizer issues a breaker-closing signal to the tie- breaker, paralleling the two systems. ‘These synchronizers may include voltage-matching circuits which send raise and lower signals to the voltage regulator of the oncoming generator. If the voltage of the ‘oncoming generator does not match the bus within set limits, the synchronizer will not allow a circuit breaker closure. ‘This system is much faster than the earlier models and can even be used to force an isolated engine-generator to track a utility without actually being connected to it. PREDICTION OF THE WORST CASE PHASE ANGLE DIFFERENCE () AT THE INSTANT OF BREAKER CLOSURE ‘Worst case prediction of phase angle difference assumes there is no generator speed correction from the synchronizer after the breaker closure signal is issued (as in the permissive mode). In the run mode,the synchronizer continues to adjust generator speed toward exact phase match during the period the breaker is closing. This provides even better synchronization than the calculations indicate. 55WOODWARD ‘Manual 01740 ee ‘The following calculation can be performed to determine if the speed and phase ‘match synchronizer will provide adequate synchronization before the breaker contacts ‘engage in the permissive mode. Each generator system has a worst case or maximum-allowable relative phase angle Gee) that can be tolerated at the time of breaker closure. If, and the breaker time delay (T, are known, the synchronizer’s phase window (g,) and window dwell time may be chosen to ensure § is less than g,- when the generator breaker contacts engage. The synchronizer will not issue the breaker closure command unless ¢ is within the window (#9,) and has been there for at least the window dwell time. The 61 6WOODWARD Manual 01740 2301A LOAD SHARING AND SPEED CONTROL (LSSC) ‘The 2301 LSSC is a general purpose speed and load control for prime movers driving synchronous of induction generators. This U.L. listed and CSA approved control incorporates the latest protection against electromagnetic and radio frequency interference, ground loop problems, supply power transients, and miswiring. It is available in both low voltage supply (20-45 Vd) and high voltage supply 90-150 Vae or 88-132 Vac) models. ‘A wide dynamic adjustment range permits any 2301A to accommodate a variety of, rime movers including diesel or gas engines or steam or gas turbines. Features include: 62 Isochronous or load droop speed control Isochronous load sharing Idle and rated speed settings Linear idle to rated speed ramps; also rated to idle speed ramps in some models ‘Start fuel limiting Iolated switching power supply Buffered logic inputs ‘Compatible load sharing with any LSSCWOODWARD Manual 01740 1 2 10 eee Oey | neem iG: ([SODWARD | 2201 LOADSHARING & SPEED CCIYTROL La 1. DROOP — Adjusted for % droop required, CCW is 0%. 2. LOAD GAIN — Sets DC voltage level applied to Load Sensor bridge network. 3, RAMP TIME — Sets rate of prime mover acceleration from idle. 4. LOW IDLE SPEED — Sets idle speed of prime mover in decelerate mode. 5. ACTUATOR COMPENSATION — Set to match Actuator - Fuel System time constant. Usually 2 for diesel, 6 for gas or steam. 6. RESET — Adjusted for optimum system performance. 7. GAIN — Sets control loop gain. 8. RATED SPEED — Sets the rated speed of the prime mover. 9, START FUEL LIMIT — Sets maximum Actuator Voltage during start. 10. LOAD SIGNAL TEST TERMINALS — Terminals where Load Gain Voltage is measured. Figure 6-1. 2301A Load Sharing and Speed Control Adjustments 63WOODWARD ‘Manual 01740 ES BTN ED Be 7 een at mene THAR en WARNING: a Be ian cen “AY 4 CARR cee eesencn. Bagh Sie ceee a Sr tae Sve 4 ag os rer masse ono EER ents nemene 2: gn mone emer eencee ses omens on oo enon, er ee QS FOR OPTIMAL. CURRENT TRANSFORMER COMMECTIO, SEE OCTAR."A B grserrensoum comers wes enor 44 WARNING: onor use ror eweneeney sero0¥n BFE grr OMT Fon rem cowerTtON IF surt04 A sce conten comet. Bea menor wens mast Figure 6-2, 2301A Load Sharing and Speed Control Plant WiringWOODWARD ‘Manual 01740 2301A SPEED CONTROL ‘The 2301A Speed Control is a general purpose speed control for prime movers PD a sveturany 1NpuT 16 | cow Tt sestugigazee tseur a a A fo serine ur BS, } soe? Sis gun aco coven FoR mrnznun uct ZS, so stems nro HIGH VOLTAGE Use A. 2 PorENTIONETER FoR uP To 7.5% DRODe then" Sine’ 273 Acrunton ‘eaves Por’ '10"T8ax Lose. TARG_Ne,SOMAECrTON TO TERMINALS’ 13 ANOI4° TF BROS (ROUND AS REQUIRED BY LOCAL WIRING CoOE. Agr Sopa commcige wre gas aaa He TESA NE SEU. Tate hes PEE ORE ooh QUTLINE DEPICTS Low YOLTAGE VERSION. _MID_AND NIGH WoLTAGE SERSIORs Rave tee eta Cat Sines tons Figure 6-7. Plant Wiring Diagram for 2301 Speed Control with Remote Speed Setting 610WOODWARD ‘Manual 01740 ELECTRIC POWERED GOVERNOR (EPG) Electric powered governors are used where no drive exists for an electrohydraulic actuator. EPG models exist for maximum torque outputs of 0.5 ft. Ibs. 1.7 ft. Ibs., and 40 ft. Ibs. This range of torques covers applications for most diesel, gas and gasoline engines, and for some gas turbines. Maximum steady state current requirements for the electric actuators are 4.0 amperes for the 0.5 ft. Ib. and 1.7 ft. 1b, models and 9.0 amperes for the 4.0 ft. Ib. model. Installation of EPG actuators is simple because they require neither mechanical drive ‘nor hydraulic supply. Custom installation kits, including actuator mounting hardware and linkage, are available for most popular engines. ‘Speed contro! models are available for 12 Vde and 24 Vdc systems in the 0.5 ft. Ib. and 1.7 ft Ib. models, but only for 24 Vdc systems in the 4 ft. Ib, model. Isochronous, single phase droop, and dual dynamics options are available. The isochronous model hhas an auxiliary input to accommodate the output from a generator load sensor. With the addition of the load sensor, the system can be expanded to function as a load sharing and speed control. 611WOODWARD Manual 01740 EPG SPEED CONTROL ADJUSTMENTS 1. GAIN — Sets control loop gain. 2. STABILITY — Adjusted for op! jum system performance. 3, RATED SPEED — Sets the rated speed of the prime mover. Figure 6-8. EPG Speed Control Adjustments 612WOODWARD ‘Manual 01740 ACCEL/DECEL RAMP CAPACITOR (OPTIONAL) I ta ‘SPEED CONTROL 1wuE-OPEN. {__Pateo-ctoseo| — AUXILIARY INPUT (QUMPER WHEN NOT USED) Notes: AX siete wines To BE TWISTED PAIRS OR TWISTED S3CONDUCTOR. GROUNDED AT ONE END ONLY. AX No. 12. AwG of 14 AWG STRANDED WIRE. MUST BE AS ‘SHORT AS POSSIBLE (SEE MAX LENGTH IN CHART). AX see text Fon vouTAGE AX open For minimum FUEL. Q\ ron positive GROUND sysTEMs, SWITCH AND FUSE TO,RE LOCATED IN SERIES WITH BATTERY () AND ‘TERMINAL 2. P03. TERMINAL BECOMES CHAS GROUND. LEADS FROM BATTERY TO TERMINALS 1 £2 MUST GE DIRECT AND NOT PASS THROUGH DISTRI— BUTION POINTS. USE 108 FUSE AND SWITCH, Ay arpROXIMATE SPEED CHANGE WITH TRIM POTEN- ‘TIOMETER: +2251 USING A 1K OHM POTENTIOMETER, 25% USING A 2K OHM POTENTIOMETER, AX APPROXIMATELY ONE SECOND RAMP TIME PER 50 UF. CAPACITOR SPECIFICATION: 200 UF MAXIMUM, 18 WVDC MINIMUM. LESS THAN 30 UA DC LEAKAGE CURRENT OVER TEMPERATURE RANGE. AS rout nance appnoxmarecy 26% 10 10% oF nate Using Son poreNTiOMETER FOR PED fOLE SPCED, SRCULATE He VALUE OF THe NESTOR sv won {tadseed ie 1 Kon (-Ssaseeg) JuPen if IDLE SPEED Is NOT USED. USE 410 AMP FUSE (AG OR GAB TYPE}, POLARITY NOT IMPORTANT. Ad connect contro. wines ONLY Ay BATTERY ‘POST'S NOTAT OTHER CONNECTOR POINTS. Figure 6-9. EPG Speed Control Plant Wiring 613WOODWARD Manual 01740 701 DIGITAL SPEED CONTROL ‘The 701 Digital Speed Control is used as a speed control for primemovers where variable dynamics are required for proper control of the engine and for slow speed engines where the cylinder firing and rotational speed of the engine sets up torsionals that have frequencies below 17.5 Hz. SPECIAL CONTROL FEATURES ‘© Operates on low RPM engines 8 to 2100 RPM Proximity switch or magnetic pickup input External contact for selecting two sets of dynamics. Dynamics variable with engine speed Start limiter to prevent overfueling Remote speed setting input Self diagnostics. Utilizes 16-bit microprocessor for all control functions ‘Tachometer or actuator position output Load limiter and torque limiver ‘Aux input for load sensor or synchronizer ec cccee C_) 701 DIGITAL SPEED CONTROL arg Fewest A EU ye mnie © Figure 6-10. 701 Digital Speed Control 614WOODWARD ‘Manual 01740 ‘The 701 requires a programmer device to set the speed gain, reset, and other adjustments, An auxiliary input is provided to expand the 701 speed control into a load sharing ‘and speed control system. — 1249 sortase. sorcirteations: ae BISEtAY rest ennmeen RISEN Peary Cheer oumen och EV Sr eaters IANGTTIAGEGegagageggael ea] Figure 6-11, 701 Set Point Programmer 615WOODWARD ‘Manual 01740 revere wo te comer Saran roe Uae ' I we SPEED | ovcetae tT ae ee = Pee ae cd oes ho ar | oe ee om ots genase 4 sae nog ea ! | eo LO Figure 6-12. 701 Control Functional Diagram 616WOODWARD CONTROL OUTPUT (%) Manual 61740 100 ale ' 80 \ ' TORQUE LIMIT ! ' 60 1 1 See BP 40 -f<- BE TORQUE LIMIT _ (OUTPUT VS SPEED) ' ' 1 20 i 1 RAISE, | LIMIT \ 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 ENGINE SPEED (RPM) TORQUE LIMIT SETUP EXAMPLE es100-4—42 Figure 6-13. Torque Limit Set Up Example 617WOODWARD ‘Manual 01740 ne. J, A } ie i Soto 08. 1-500 stor Se Shine ROO? | PROGRAIER POWER 8 00? = z crown | tse nour 103 @ Looe our 1 songs AA afs oor our + Jena “ oor w+ ad and 3 20m SOURCE 2 2 Zima SOURCE. 1 1 our OPTION CHART SRR SPAY VO | Se RT | ASTOR froma sw | Toaen [0550 | p0s=21e GE=Tine_On =TEAIDE [wnnenc PRU | tvoew [asso {Sones SUGRETC PLP | TanbeN | 65901 a0s=2ie Pros sv. [svar es30 | woas=215 ETI OR SO=TEOVEE | wienenic Pru | Swecz| 0550 | 6505-217 wanene peur] sn [essa] s50s=217 AX wero, POWER SUPPLY PROWOES 0C SOLATION BETWEEN THE POWER SOURCE AND ALL OTHER INPUTS AND OUTPUTS. AY OScRETE INPUTS ARE OPTICALLY 2ieo orn. AS won onwacs 2 ss ssc, ‘onto PAORITERS. ‘WHEN eur & Hs yoLnce Bora On tre AN 00 Nor WAKE CONNECTIONS TO TERMS WARRED NLC. A Te comes cogs se er row ng rome, A. ae oe commer ne oe, rou rove &Y Rg 20 creo igor som rors set ur 70 amemTce wm WE wocoWI Hen Dees oh Poet B CONTE Nhe ae Ma Bs ROKNE JUNPER FOR 1—5V0C REMOTE SPEED SETTING PUT. AY POWER FOR A PROMNATY SWTCH MAY BE OBTANED FROM TERUNALS 5+) AMO 7(-). THE SWTCH MUST BC SUTABLE FOR 421V 618 Figure 6-14. 701 ‘SOLATED FROW OTHER CIRCUTS. INPUT CURRENT IS NOMIALY 10 MLUAUPS PER RUT TO JRE) oom 2. Reser 2 NO COMPENSATION 2. ME USED FoR Pans i Cee ORTH, SOE muon neuTs wo OUTPUTS At NOT BOLTED Fron TARTACTERENS. CONTACT WODOWH SOMO COREY FOR YEON co. ym 8290-107 conrROLY ‘CaO Dee" MSMR On UTM Control Plant WiringMAGNETIC PICKUPS (OUTPUT FREQUENCY OF MAGNETS PICKUP IM HERTZ exo 4O.OF GAR TEETH 5 GEAR prs ovo Figure 6-15. Magnetic Pickup WOODWARD Manual 01740 ‘A magnetic pickup (see Figure 6-15) is the device most often ‘used to sense the speed of @ prime mover. It is basically a single pole, alternating current, electric generator, consisting of a single magnet with a multiple layer coil of copper wire wrapped around one pole piece. The field or flux lines of ‘the magnet exit the north pole piece of the magnet, travel through the pole piece and air path to surround the coil, returning to the south pole of ‘the magnet. When a ferrous ‘material, such a8 a gear tooth, covers the pole piece (sce Figure 6-16) the reluctance path is decreased and the flux lines increase. When the ferrous metal no longer covers the pole piece (See Figure 6-17), the original air path is reestablished. The flux lines will decrease to the original ‘umber. This increase and decrease of ux induces an alternating voltage into the coil around the ‘magnet. MAGNETIC LINES. OF FORCE (FLUX) [e3: PERMINEN NI POLE PIECE] Ss MAGNET. POLE pee i) Figure 6-16. Low Reluctance Gear Position 619WOODWARD Manual 01740 MAGNETIC LINES OF FORCE (FLUX) s PERMANENT Ni FERROUS MAGNET GEAR, Figure 6-17. High Reluctance Gear Position ‘The output of this single pole generator, known as a magnetic pickup, depends on the surface speed of the gear being monitored, the gap or clearance between the pole piece and the gear teeth, the dimensions of the magnetic pickup and those of the gear (see Figure 6-18), and the impedance connected across the output coil of the magnetic pickup. The voltage wave form of the output will depend on the shape and size of the gear teeth relative to the shape and size of the end of the pole plece (see Figure 6-19). Any change in the reluctance of the flux path, external to the magnetic pickup, caused by the addition or removal of ferrous material will cause an output voltage to be developed. Gear teeth, projections or holes, can be used to change the reluctance. Spacing between the gear teeth, projections or holes, must be uniform. Differences in spacing will be seen as changes in frequency or speed. ‘A = DIMENSION OF MAGNETIC PICKUP TOP OF TOOTH HEIGHT OF TOOTH c SPACE BETWEEN TEETH ° DIAMETER OF POLE PIECE CLEARANCE (GAP) GEAR THICKNESS 8 7 THE OPTIMUM RELATIONSHIP FOR MAXIMUM OUTPUT IS AS FOLLOWS: (A) EQUAL TO OR GREATER THAN (D) (B) EQUAL TO OR GREATER THAN (Cc) (C) EQUAL TO OR GREATER THAN THREE TIMES (D) (F) EQUAL TO OR GREATER THAN (D) peoras Figure 6-18. Magnetic Pickup and Gear Dimensions 6-20WOODWARD Manual 01740 TT COARSE ‘MEDIUM FINE Toon C “eon C2 wor PICKUP GEAR PICKUP GEAR Pickup GEAR Figure 6-19 Generated Waveforms 62WOODWARD Manual 01740 GENERATOR LOAD SENSOR ‘The Generator Load Sensor is used to add load sensing and load sharing capabilities to expand 23014, EPG or 701 speed controls into load sharing and speed control systems. ‘The Generator Load Sensor has activation contacts which can be closed by auxiliary breaker contacts, supplying the same automation available using the 2301A load sharing and speed control Synchronizer input is also provided through the Generator Load Sensor having the same input impedence as for the 2301A load sharing and speed control system making the sensor system ‘compatible with the 23014 load sharing and speed control. 3 U “U =z 1 sas, =] =e — clolelotojool oof A 1. DROOP — Adjusted for desired droop percentage, CCW is 0% 2, LOAD GAIN — Sets DC voltage proportional to load which determines load share sensitivity. Turning clockwise will cause unit to shed load. 3. LOAD SIGNAL TEST POINT — Terminals where Load Gain Voltage is measured. Figure 6-20. Generator Load Sensor Adjustments 62WOODWARD ‘Manual 01740 | orttiyy L ba i ia L bs 3s comracrs ro chose wnenantanen cioets seme Tat B18 Rano seas 4: sown ro 1 men porary yaumass tans Figure 6-21. Generator Load Sensor Plant Wiring 62WOODWARD Manual 01740 OWAGLI SIOVINOO “xnv e = wie DO 2 yOlvy3N39 [4] g uamoTios aT JOVLION _ 6 sani G) | ons san [(-) —— il : avol oni {> —— 1 et ()} watsas avot uinn [(+) el Figure 6-29. Load Sharing with Generator Loading Control 632WOODWARD ‘Manual 01740 san SONINVHS avo7 LINN G) (+) SNOLLWONdd¥ SNA ALINIANI 919 AAddNS A+—|_YaM0d au tT 18} (mo) ub uy — 0) 4 vy —ai (i ee OVAOLS YO OVAGLE SLOWLNOOD “XNV “ae “LO YOLVYINID isnrav ONIGVOT YOLVYANAD LN39Y3d Figure 6.30. Connecting Generator Load Control with Infinite Bus 633WOODWARD ‘Manual 01740 182 3 1&2 LOAD SIGNAL TEST JACKS Terminals where Infinite Bus Calibrate Signal Is measured. 3 INFINITE BUS CALIBRATE ADJUST Set to obtain voltage at 1 & 2 equal to Loa Gain Set on Load Sharing and Speed Control. Figure 6-31. Adjustments and Test Jacks on Generator Loading Control 6-34WOODWARD ‘Manual 01740 PLANT WIRING DIAGRAM OF A GENERATOR LOADING CONTROL NOTES: A > P A A SHIELDED WRES TO BE TWSTED PAIRS ‘WITH SHIELD ‘GROUNDED AT ONE END ONLY. POTENTIONETER ASSY., P/N 5438-526, CAN BE SUPPLIED BY'W.6, CO. WUMPER_FOR BASE LOADING WHEN USED WH INFINITE BUS. ‘© CONNECT TO SYSTEM LOAD SHARING LINES FOR ISOCHRONOUS LOAD SHARING. '. CONNECT TO OUTPUT OF PRESSURE CONTROL, SIGNAL CONVERTER OR OTHER CONTROLLING DEVICE. © WHEN A CONTROLLING SIGNAL IS APPUED ‘TO TERMINALS 9 AND 11, THE QUMPER. FROM 11 TO 12 15 NOT USED. GENERATOR LOADING CONTROL IS ENABLED WHEN CONTACTS ARE CLOSED. (OPTIONAL MODELS. sca Figure 6-32, Generator Loading Control Plant Wiring 635WOODWARD ‘Manual 01740 AUTOMATIC GENERATOR LOADING CONTROL (AGLC) ‘The Automatic Generator Loading Control (AGLC) (see Figures 6-33, 6-34, and 6- 35) was designed for use with a load sharing and speed control to automatically control the loading of an engine generator set. ‘A bumpless load transfer is accomplished when paralleling an engine generator set imto a load-sharing system. ‘The AGLC is activated at the moment of paralleling by the closure of auxiliary ‘generator breaker contacts, It then compares the existing potential on the loadsharing lines of the oncoming generator with the potential on the system load- sharing lines. Starting at the existing load level, the load is ramped at a preset rate until a ‘matching potential exists, Then contacts close connecting the generator set load- sharing Lines to the system load-sharing lines. ‘The unload sequence is initiated by ‘momentarily opening an unload contact. The AGLC will open the load-sharing ‘contact, separating the generator load-sharing lines from the system load-sharing lines. The load is then ramped down at a preset unload rate to a preset unload trip level. The AGLC then automatically issues a signal which can be used to separate the engine generator set from the paralleled system. ‘This breaker open signal comes from a relay that is energized when the AGLC is powered and decnergizes when the load is at the preset unload trip level. The relay resets to energized with the opening of the circuit breaker auxiliary contact, ready for the next activating sequence, CAUTION ‘The AGLC activate circuit breaker auniliary contacts must be opened to reset this relay and the AGLC. Where an AGLC controlled unload is desired without separating the two systems, The base-load mode should be used. ‘A base load mode is included in the AGLC. It can be activated by contact closure ‘while the generator set is paralleled and load sharing. The engine generator set load- sharing lines will then be isolated from the system load-sharing lines and the load on the engine generator set ramped up or down to the base-load setting, The setting of the base load may be adjusted while in this mode. The load will change up or down at the preset rates. Opening the base load contacts will automatically ramp the engine generator set back into the load-share system. 6-36WOODWARD Manual 01740 ‘One AGLC can be used to base load from 1 to 15 engine generator sets against a utility as a system control (see Figure 7-14). In this mode, the system load-sharing lines are connected to the AGLC unit load-sharing line connections. The AGLC system load-sharing line connections are not used. ‘Operational uses of the base load reference, include: ‘2) isolating an individual engine generator set control from the load sharing system. 2.1) loading that unit separately in order to run it at its most efficient load 2.2) loading that unit to burn out carbon build up following extended operation at ow output levels. 23) using the AGLC to obtain a figure of merit for fuel efficiency by operating the engine generator set periodically at a given power output for one to two hours ‘while monitoring fuel consumption. This data is then used to determine when the engine injectors require replacement, basing the decision on the change in fuel consumption for a given output. 124) loading an engine generator set to a specific power level to facilitate setting load gain adjustment ofits load sharing and speed control (LS&SC). This is done by setting the AGLC base load reference for a given load demand say 1.5 Vde for 250 percent load. Set the load gain adjustment on the LS&SC fully clockwise. ‘Synchronize the engine generator set to the line and close the generator breaker. ‘Turn the load gain adjustment counterclockwise until the set is producing the correct output. ie. for 50 percent load with 1.5 Vdc load demand applied to the load sharing lines by the AGLC. >) controiting output of an engine-generator set or system. A control voltage of a 0.3 ‘Vae control impressed onto AGLC terminals 11(-) and 12 (+) from an isolated source will be transmitted via the load or unload ramps to the output terminal 10(+) and 11(-) Terminals 10 and 11 of the AGLC are then connected across the load sharing lines of an individual unit for single engine generator control or across the system load sharing lines for control of multiple units. The zero to 3Vde signal will set the load demand from 0 to 100% rated output of ‘generator or system. Al load changes controlled by the AGLC start at the existing load on the engine generator set or system being controlled. ‘This eliminates load bumps when separating from another system or connecting to another system following proper synchronization. ‘The load ramps, up or down, are at linear rates. These rates are set by the load and unload time adjustments. The ramps are adjustable independently from 5 seconds to 5 minutes for a load change equal to 100% of rated load. In the base-load mode, the setting of the base-load limit determines the maximum base-load demand, preventing overload. 637WOODWARD ‘Manual 01740 AUTOMATIC GENERATOR LOADING CONTROL (AGLC) JY - wv ol © prrezes a1 sac pores PRE AS OS so war toso Suan wo yer SeeSunrar mete Sep sea (6 Sas Soe oF or Aine cate @ copes wes org on wen a 0 wt STE @ veraze wer ov use es Figure 6-33, Automatic Generator Loading Control Functional Block Diagram 638WOODWARD ‘Manual 01740 AUTOMATIC GENERATOR LOADING CONTROL (AGLC) "BUMPLESS” LOAD TRANSFER IS0CH LOAD Pein er ‘SHARING LOAD meme’ UNLOAD 41 INITIATED unit BREAKER OPEN #2 Ce Cntr #1) "Sioees. TIME (nt a) exoyse, Figure 6-34. Bumpless Load Transfer with AGLC 639WOODWARD ‘Manual 01740 AUTOMATIC GENERATOR LOADING CONTROL (AGLC) "BASE LOAD MODE” DESIRED RF LOAD BREAKER ‘CLOSED TIME oa Figure 6-35. Base Load Mode with AGLCWOODWARD ‘Manual 01740 AUTOMATIC GENERATOR LOADING CONTROL AUTOMATIC GENERATOR LOADING CONTROL ee es, ls SS 282 PH | ee vigeeeeilaelaelelaetele Unioad Trip Level - Sets load when the unload ramp stops and the breaker open command is issued. This action is initiated by momentarily opening the unload switch. Unload Ramp Time - Sets slope of unload ramp. Adjustable between 5 seconds and 5 minutes for 100% load change. Load Ramp Time - Sets slope of load ramp. Adjustable between 5 seconds and 5 minutes for 0% to 100% load change. Base Load Limit - Sets maximum load demand available from setting ‘on base load reference. Base Load Reference - Sets base load demand. Will be overridden by setting of external base load reference if used. EIA Figure 6-36. Automatic Generator Loading Control Adjustments 641WOODWARD Manual 01740 AGLC CONTROL PLANT WIRING [3] NEUTRAL 115 OR 230 VAC S[D sPR FOR 115 vac mons “3, JPR FOR 230 VAC FROM BUS OR GENERATOR SIS spr FOR 115 vac (Use Generator Only i System is. a re Emergency Backup) OPTIONAL > f Stan 4 LOAD ct OPTIONAL — MOMENTARY OPEN walt. __OW S REFERENCE MENTARY OF [74] als 15 6 GENERATOR BREAKER AUXILIARY CONTACT liar cose onl ssan conc eae DE-ENERGIZES TO STATE SHOWN [fe} no. | tvrernac nevay WHEN UNLOAD TRIP LEVEL IS ENERGIZES CHANGING | REACHED ON UNLOAD TO ISSUE wate cL state WHEN GENERATOR BREAKER OPEN COMMAND. AGLC IS POWERED RESETS TO ENERGIZED WHEN. j20;— Nc. uP GENERATOR BREAKER AUXILIARY — CONTACT OPENS Figure 6-37. AGLC Plant Wiring Diagram 642WOODWARD Manual 01740 PROCESS/IMPORT-EXPORT CONTROL ‘The Process/Import-Export Control is used with speed controls or load sharing and ‘speed controls to control any process where that process is determined by either the speed or the power output of a prime mover or system of prime movers. Examples of these controllable processes include: © Pump inlet pressure © Pump output pressure © Electrical import power from a utility © Electrical export power to a utility (© Turbine inlet pressure (© Turbine exhaust pressure ‘© Low signal select operation where set point demanding lowest speed or output from ‘the prime mover has control such as pump inleVoutput pressure inlet pressure/export ower exhaust pressure/inlet power © Differential processes such as imporvexport power differential pump pressure ‘Figures 638 and 6-39 are functional block diagrams of the low signal select control and Of the differential control. ‘A process/import-export control is used with a load sharing and speed control and an ‘actuator. A system for a process controlled engine driven generator can also include an SPM-A synchronizer. The control system then provides automatic synchronizing, load control, import power or export power limiting, and inlet- or outlet-pressure control. ‘After paralleling a system using a process/import-export control, is operated in either of ‘wo modes: the isochronous Joad-sharing control mode or the process control mode, Jn the sochronous load-sharing mode, the generator is operated on an isolated bus, with ‘ther generators, all connected by load-sharing lines. Each generator is controlled so that it takes its proportional share of plant load. When a single generator is under ‘sochronous control, the turbine is controlled at a constant speed, and maintains the load within the generator’s output capacity. Inlet or exhaust pressure is allowed to vary when, ‘operating in the isochronous load-sharing mode. ‘When the engine is under process pressure control, however, constant inlet or outlet pressure is maintained by varying the load of the engine. Process. pressure-control ‘governing is accomplished by measuring either inlet or outlet pressure and comparing it to the desired pressure level. ‘When necessary, the process contol biases the load-sharing line voltage ofthe load sharing and speed control to correct any difference. ‘Through its output to the actuator, the load sharing and speed control adjusts the position of the engine's fuel valve so that inlet or outlet pressure is ‘maintained at the preset level. The frequency of the system is maintained by the bus itself (if itis an infinite bus) or by an isochronously controlled generator on the same bus (if tis an Isolated bus). ‘Limiting the output of the process control with the external high limit provides a method of Controlled loading or unloading a system. If the reference control points are set for max output the external high light can be used to set base load. 643wel Figure 6-37. Low Signal Select Control with Process/Import-Export Control 6.44WOODWARD Manual 01740 mevense Gener PROCESS ( peuove! a stoma, en SeLeG@ t-3 wagon ornoua Be ow ‘eer om SRoor t om _ fay A cow =o, 1 OPTIONAL ADJ iss ell st ed rows] — 107 > ew 1 phy erm oy —_ { rt a vas | _ oa xt: tat fmt fo ra fae ett ta °} 2 x os @ " te ul Eire of a fry} acrvare 88 av bez le ow a bucen atv. is}—f ve ae Figure 6-38. Differential Control with Process/Import-Export DeviceWOODWARD Meron 1 2 3 heii | G oO | To PROCESS /IMPORT ae rye % EXPORT CONTROL []) ae 1, DIRECT CONTROL POINT — Sets the direct acting contro! set point (decreases set point decreases controlled Parameter). 2. HIGH LIMIT — Sets maximum output from control. 3. GAIN — Sets response of control. 4. DROOP — Sets a droop term into the control set point (usually set CCW for zero droop). 5. LOW LIMIT — Sets minimum output from control. 6. INVERSE CONTROL POINT ~ Sets the inverse acting control set point (decrease in set point increases the controlled parameter). Two signals, add one positive and one negative, ond the set point then becomes the difference or differential between the set points. Low signal select units control on whichever signal direct or inverse demands the lowest power or speed from the prime mover. Differential units combine the direct and inverse signals to control on the differential between the two set points. Figure 6-39. Process/import-Export Control AdjustmentsWOODWARD Manual 01740 Sarma” A AN vrs a SPIE TERE Pars oe 3 conoucron & Noe ae AOWEMENT WAY BE uADe BY STOR Potbinoucton exten” Forotichcts or eatin, be > be i i i 647WOODWARD Manual 01740 AUTOMATIC POWER TRANSFER AND LOAD CONTROL ‘The Automatic Power Transfer and Load (APTL) Control is used when connecting or disconnecting two electrical generating systems, ic. local generator system and utility, to eliminate power bumps or surges at the moment of joining or of separating the two systems. After paralleling, the APTL Control also can be used to load or unload a generator system at controlled rates. These rates are adjustable over a very wide range. Other ‘operating modes allow the APTL Control to be used as an “import-export* control or as a "zero power transfer" control. ‘The APTL Control tracks the voltage on the load-sharing lines of the local generating system. When this generating system is paralleled to a utility, the APTL biases the system load-sharing lines with a voltage. This bias voltage holds the local generating system to the same power level as that being generated at the moment of paralleling. It the voltages of the two generating systems were matched prior to paralleling, the joining of the two systems will be bumpless for either a loaded or an unloaded local us. ‘The level of power being generated will be maintained until it is changed by one of five loading or unloading modes. ‘These modes are: © Loading or unloading contacts Internal load set © External load set, either potentiometer or from a computer or other set-point ‘controlling device controlling the set point © Utility unload ‘© ImporvExport Load and unload ramps can be set from five seconds to two hours. When using any ‘one of the first four modes, the load ramp can be set at any rate between 20 percent of full load per second and 0.014 percent of full load per second. ‘The desired load and unload rates are obtained by setting the internal load range dip switch to one of five overlapping ranges and then setting the load and unload ramp time potentio- ‘meters for the rates desired. In the imporvexport (I/E) mode, the load change response is controlled by the setting of the VE gain. This adjustment is normally set for the best transient load response. In the utility unload mode the load will be ramped up or down at the set rate until utility unload is obtained. Then the control automtatically shifts to the zero ower transfer mode using the import/export response time.WOODWARD ‘Manual 01740 Where the local generating system is to carry the load on the local bus upon separating from the wtility, the APTL Control can be used to force the power being transferred to or from the utility to zero prior to isolating the two systems. An ‘output from the watt transducer monitoring the power transfer between the local bus and the utility is used as an input to the APTL Control. Selecting the Utility Unload mode starts a sequence where the output of the APTL, causes the load sharing and speed comtrol(s) to increase or decrease the local ‘generating system output until the power transferred between the two systems is ‘zet0. At that point the local generating system is supplying all the load on the local bus and none in excess. The single-pole, double-throw Utility Unloaded contacts will ‘operate to indicate that no power is flowing through the interconnecting transfer bus. ‘These contacts can be used to initiate the separating from the utility. Opening the utility auxiliary contacts returns the APTL to the tracking mode and the local ‘generator to isochronous or isochronous Joad share. On a system where the utility is to carry the plant load upon separating the local generating system from the utility, the operating mode of the APTL is changed to Unload. ‘The local generating system will be unloaded at the set unload rate. When the APTL has ramped the load down to the Low Limit, the Low Limit relay will energize closing the indication contacts. These contacts can be used to initiate separation of the local generating system.ser-onsee uno [OF ‘ (29 Bo org aa exel me | ae oon Es onse — Bee | om owoorn 23 EL AE we thoy sa1<9 wes w@ 2S wef BF] ““L et Lo ack == (Fi Bet_F sae ry ; wa pent Fae oP it] @) a man woums. sonra ea vo ty nwo 37 WOODWARD ‘Manual 01740 Figure 6-41. Functional Block Diagram of APTL Control 6-50Lin ° idaiginalaiaiaizial Sis) Nn @ nN. " 1, IMPORT - EXPORT GAIN — Sets load response;, 2. IMPORT - EXPORT LOW LIMIT — Sets minimum output from control in 1/E mode. 3. EXTERNAL LOAD SET RANGE — Sets slope on external load set input (adjust for high set point). 4. EXTERNAL LOAD SET LEVEL — Sets low level bias on external load set input (adjust for low set point), 5. METER RANGE — Sets slope of output signal to meter (set for high end). 6. METER LEVEL — Sets low level bias to meter (adjust for low end of scale). 7, RAMP TIME LOAD — Sets load ramp time within range set on switch $1. 8. RAMP TIME UNLOAD — Sets unload ramp time within range set on switch $1. 9, LOAD LIMIT — Sets maximum output from the APTL control. 10. INTERNAL LOAD SET — Sets internal load set control point. 11. ZERO POWER TRANSFER — Sets power level control recognizes as point of zero power flow through the utility transfer bus, Figure 642. Automatic Power Transfer and Load Control (APTL) Adjustments 651WOODWARD Manual 01740 31 NO. SWITCH POWER [32| <— | umiuty unvoade 7 33, Me 34+——__¢ = ae tevae 2 Se1 ao tow mir sHSvAc oR we OTS {-——— zsovac | 20%85 36 i} umonons surety | nse OL4 i 5 Be fe IMPORT-EXPORT $ [io toaoiic UTLITY UNLOAD et =} jen xewae Y= HO even te 42] ~—i0} INTERNAL SET a 10) eee || 12) REVOVE PRS Pose FoR rorvornee 113 WATIMETER_ TRANSDUCER £ 14] ~SVDC TO +8vDC OR tow TH ~zoMADe To +20Mane =“ 115, 16 17 EXTERNAL _|1 10 Svc OR 18 LOAD SET [4-70.20 Ma]_) 719 REMOVE PR AT 17—18 WHEN 20] POTENTIOMETER IS USED lMPoRT 10K expoRT LOAD SIGNAL TEST: ovtput 70 METER ee a SaaS out yee bd SEP 5 eat same UaTER ova, mu soenue 2 neo? ef ANP Sore 2 a0 2 weve? nn | “TER eS 2 coy. men Le Sonat aureee RBnvator Figure 6-48. Typical Block Diagrm of Fuel LimiterSCHEDULE 1 12 oO VEL LIMITE! o SCHEDULE 2 Cw lo ee SLOPE-Acjusts slope of Schedule 1. LEVEL-Sots level whore signal input at terminals Gand 10 stat to afect the output ‘SLOPE-Adjusts slope of Schedule 2 4 LEVEL-Sets lovel where signal input at terminals 11 and 12 start to effect output. {ntomal jumper arrangements can be used to form two slope ‘curves, to make either or both schedules inverting or non- inverting, to make output sither high or lowesignal select and direct o reverse acting. Figure 6-49. Fuel Limiter Adjustments 657WOODWARD Manual 01740 DIGITAL REFERENCE UNIT (RU) ‘The Digital Reference Unit (DRU) isa device that generates an output voltage that can be varied at a controlled ramp rate. It is used in place of a motor operated potentiometer (MOP) to adjust control set points, such as speed reference, base load reference, importlexport reference, or other controlied parameters. DRUs are available for high or low supply voltage and with or without relay indicators of the three positions. The relay option may be used to provide indication of when the output is at low limit, set point, or high limit, or to cause automatic switching functions within the same system. 9272683 10-45 Ve Yes e272.684 90-150 Vdc or No 88-192 Vac 45-440 Hz 90-150 Vdc or 88-182 Vac 45-440 Hz The output of a DRU can be varied over a range of 8 Vdc: 0 to +8 Vdc by setting the low limit at zero, -4 Vdc to +4 Vdc by setting the low limit at -4 Vdc, or 8 Vdc to 0 Vdc by setting the low limit at -8 Vac. Alll changes in the output voltage are linear and made at one of two ramp rates. The amp rates are independently adjustable through selection of one of three time- ranges covering 5 seconds to 10 minutes, then adjusting to a set point within the time range selected. Ramp time is the time it takes for the output to ramp from he low limit to the high limit and is independent of the voltages at the limits. ‘The set-point adjustment can be set to any intermediate voltage level that falls between the low limit and the high limit set points. This provides a convenient reset can be selected with the second ramp rate for rapid return to a desired set. point. ‘Opening the contacts for raise, set point, or lower before reaching the limit will cause the output to hold at the voltage level attained at the moment the switch is opened. For this reason, it is recommended that where the DRU will be used to control a parameter, at other than the limit’settings, the ramp be set at or slightly slower than the system can respond. This will allow the controlled parameter to track the set point and prevent the set point from over shooting the desired speed ‘or other control points. 658WOODWARD Manual 01740 + ‘frome sere Ac, 3}--* CLOSE TO RAISE 4) = cose ror ser Pow : 5 108 70 Lowen [re] CLOSE FoR SED0NO RAMP TE 7 To SmEMUL RereReNCe ZA 8h sure omy mien op Bete ae [1 O}-—+ ico FO" [i'2} ——— worm ciosen fs| ——— conn ve } Be fi4| —— osu open {15} ——— norway cvoseo 16} ——— comer we fs faut |) 7} norwauuy open ee 15} ——— vsoruuy eioseo wore. 19] cenTeR TAP } te Terminals 10 tough 20 uted on ET i con modes with optional seaye METRIC a NORUALY OPE ores: 2 ome scone 6 an Ses 4 Saree aR BS ie act, Bs Gomme rence scour ore erent ‘Typical Plant Wiring Figure 6-50. Digital Reference Unit Plant Wiring and Outline Drawing. 659‘WOODWARD Manual 01740 ——— a INDEX OF WOODWARD GOVERNOR COMPANY PRODUCT SPECIFICA- TIONS AND MANUALS FOR CONTROLS AND DEVICES ADDRESSED IN ‘THIS MANUAL Product 2301A Load Sharing and Speed Control 201A —_Load Sharing and Speed Controt ‘with Temp Limit 301A Speed Control ‘201A Speed Control for Torque Converters 301A Speed Control with Remote Speed Set EPG ——_Electrical Power Governor System 701 Digital Speed Control GLS Generator Load Sensor SPM-A Synchronizer GLC Generator Load Control AGLC Automatic Generator Load Control P.LE. —_Process-Import/Export Control POS Power Output Sensor APTL Automatic Power Transfer and Load Control DRU _Digital Reference Unit MOP Motor Operated Potentiometer with 6 Cams MOP —_—Motor Operated Potentiometer without Cams MPU Magnetic Pickup DFC —_Dual Fuel Transfer/Ratio Driver FL Fuel Limiter EPG —_EPG with Position Feedback EG-3P_ Actuator UAIO20P Actuator EGB-2P Actuator/Governor EGB-10P Actuator/Governor Gen Set Catalog 25066 51090 02301 85105 85177 85185 82314 82433, 82363 82352 82516 32024 82575 85124 82313 82384 82434 92394 82010 82358 82381 82006 82435 ‘No Manual 82510 02005 82477 82354 82560 82029 82570 82340CHAPTER 7 MANAGING POWER TO ACHIEVE DESIRED RESULT el Peaking or Peak Load Control 7 How is Peak Sharing, Peaking or Peak Load Control Accomplished cal Base Loading 73 Peak Shaving 73 Import/Export 74 Zero Impory/Export Control 15 Cogeneration 16 What is Cogeneration? 76 How is Cogeneration Accomplished? 16 Single Engine AGLC-Base Load Control 1 Isolated Bus Isochronous Load Sharing System ‘Two or More Engine (2301A) 742 Multiple Engine AGLC Base Load Control 715 Automatic Paralleling System (2301A) to a Utility Using a Process-Import/Export Control 7.18 Automatic Paralleling System (2301A) to a Utility Using an APTL Control 721WOODWARD Manual 01740 CHAPTER 7 MANAGING POWER TO ACHIEVE DESIRED RESULT eee er Or oor" cr PEAKING OR PEAK LOAD CONTROL, Peak sharing, peaking or peak load control all refer to methods used to limit the Peak electrical demand purchased from a utility. Electrical rates usually are determined by the peak demand on the utility during a given time period. ‘Sometimes a peak demand lasting as brief as fifteen minutes out of a 30 day period ‘will determine the charge leveled for all power purchased during those 30 days. HOW IS PEAK SHARING, PEAKING OR PEAK LOAD CONTROL ACCOM- PLISHED? ‘Normally, peak load control is accomplished by one of four methods: (Gee Figure 7-1) a Plant load control or load shedding, which means the shutting off of optional loads to hold peak consumption below a maximum desired load level. b. ‘Separating off and isolating a portion of the plant load and then Powering that isolated portion with an in-plant generating system. Ensure that the plant generator load is a sufficient part of the total load to maintain the utility load below the maximum desired peak. « Base loading an in-plant generator system which is paralleled to the same plant load supplied by the utility. Set the output of the in-plant generator high enough to ensure that the utility load will not swing above the desired maximum. a. Peak shaving, using an in-plant generator system controlled to take all Joads or peaks above a certain level. The utility will take all loads below this level. "AWOODWARD Manual 01740 5 eee WAX DESIRED PEAK LOAD a Lt gs UTIUTY SUPPLIED 83 POWER SEPARATING OFF PART OF LOAD 5 Z2 PLANT GENERATOR ba ‘SUPPLIED POWER ge a“ “NM elo ™ a PLANT GENERATOR ‘SUPPUED POWER 5 LpReKe- SR Ne é BASE 10) gS LUMLITY SUPPLIED POWER e# _ [77 PALE wie ies LOCAL GENERATOR OUTPUT IS CONSTANT DURING PERIODS OF USE PLANT GENERATOR ‘SUPPLIED POWER a“ —~ gb eee g ge &3 umumy suppueD ee POWER: LOCAL GENERATOR OUTPUT EQUALS JUST SUFFICIENT POWER TO OFFSET EXCESS DEMAND ABOVE DESIRED IMPORT Figure 7-1 "Peaking* or Peak Load ControlWOODWARD Manual 01740 Base loading and peak shaving both use base loading techniques. Base loading by setting a block or constant load on the inplant engine generator system, peak shaving by varying the base load to maintain the level of power supplied from the utility at or below a certain level. Base-loading is the operation of an engine- generator at a constant output. When internal power demand exceeds generator ‘output capacity, deficit power will be im- ported from the utility. The user's equip- ment is tied to the utility and uses the Utility to control frequency. Base-loading usually is accomplished with the user's equipment in droop with the utility acoept- ing load swings. Equipment is available that will allow the wer to operate in iso- chronous mode with the utility and still POWER REGUREMENTS allow the utility to accept load swings. If the base-loading emceeds the plants inter- nal power demands, the excess power may be exported to the utility. PEAK SHAVING Peak shaving is used to set a limit on the ‘maximum amount of imported power. In the following example, a limit of 100 kW is set for imported power, and the user's ‘generating equipment provides for power demands exceeding the 100 kW limit. The inplant engine generator is normally operat- ed only during periods of peak power de- ‘mand. POWER REQUIREMENTS ‘THe Figure 7-3, Peak Shaving 73WOODWARD Manual 01740 IMPORT/EXPORT Import power and export power are terms used to describe power that is brought into a plant (import) of is sent to a utility (export). A plant may import power uring peak demands and export during low demands. Other situations may require only import power or only export power. WaKMUM USER le 2 ‘GENERATING ie g capac Hy a 5 i i oowo | fe & front ig g H . 2 THe L Figure 7-4. Import Power Figure 7-5. Import Power (Constant Level) DEMAND POWER REQUIREMENTS POWER REQUIREMENTS THE Figure 76. Export Power Figure 7-7. Export Power (Constant Level)WOODWARD ‘Manual 01740 ZERO IMPORT (EXPORT) CONTROL A generator - or series of generators - is able to supply all electrical power required for plant operations. ‘The generator is tied to the utility for frequency control and for emergency situations. Normally power is not exported to, or imported from, the ‘utility. This situation usually necessitates the start-up or shutdown of engines as Power demands fluctuate. Operating isochronous base load, any number of engine ‘generators can be connected isochronous load share with the complete system base loaded against the utility. POWER REGUIRENER 3K power oauno 190 CSIR SIPPUE Poh se econ POWER REQUIREMENTS THE Figure 7-8. ImporiExport Control Figure 7-9, Zero ImporvExport 1s16 WOODWARD Manual 01740 COGENERATION ‘WHAT IS COGENERATION? Cogeneration normally is defined as the combined production of electrical or ‘mechanical power and useful thermal energy through the sequential use of energy. Systems that bun some form of fuel (combustion energy) to generate electrical power often only produce power outputs of 40% or less of the total fuel energy. Unless Power Management in the form of cogeneration is used, the remaining energy is lost. ‘This loss is in the form of thermal energy such as exhaust heat and friction heat. With proper applications of cogeneration, much of this lost energy can be recovered and used in applications where a source of heat is required. Generated electrical power may be recycled into the manufacturing process, or qualified producers may sell it to a utility company. ‘The type of manufacturing Process, and its needs, will determine how generated power is distributed. HOW IS COGENERATION ACCOMPLISHED? ‘Two recognized cogeneration cycles are the "topping cycle" and the "bottoming cycle." ‘The topping cycle is a method by which fuel is consumed to drive a prime mover, engine or turbine, coupled to a generator or other device to produce electricity or shaft horsepower. ‘The heat generated in this process then is used for plant Processes. ‘The bottoming cycle is a method by which waste heat generated during a plant process is used to generate electricity. Cogeneration can increase the efficient use of energy or fuel by as much as 50 percent,WOODWARD Manual 01740 SINGLE ENGINE AGLC - BASE LOAD CONTROL (See Figures 7-8, 7-9, and 7-10) In this application a single engine can be automatically synchronized and base loaded {nto the utility. The governor must be wired for isochronous operation. This unit, if the utility tie is broken for any reason, will also operate isochronously, carrying the plant Joad up to the engine's capabilites. ‘The following isa typical series of events. ‘The engine is started under governor control and warmed-up at idle speed. After the ‘warm-up period, the engine is ramped up to synchronous speed. The generator field is excited and output voltage is developed. Once the SPM-A synchronizer senses ‘generator voltage, and assuming the utility-to-plant load tie is closed and SPM-A run mode has been selected, the SPM-A begins matching speed, phase, and voltage with ‘the utility. When the requirements of the SPM-A are matched it issues a one second generator breaker closure command signal to close the breaker. At the same time, auniliary breaker contacts close and activate the AGLC. ‘The AGLC unit load sharing lines output, which are connected to the 2301A load sharing lines, starts at zero Vdc and ramps up to the setting of the base load setpoint potentiometer. This AGLC output forces the engine, through the 2301A, to pick up the desired load. If utility power were now lost and the utility tie breaker opened, the AGLC would be automatically de-activated, removing the bias from the load sharing lines. The engine would then automatically carry the plant load, within its ‘capabilities at synchronous speed. ‘When the utility power returns, the SPM-A, sensing voltage, would automatically begin synchronizing the engine and once satisfied, close the utility tie breaker, re- activating the AGLC. The AGLC, tracking the load sharing lines, would start out at the plant load at that time, causing no load bump, and ramp the load up or down, back to its base load reference setpoint. To unload the engine the AGLC unload contacts are momentari AGLC will ramp the load off the engine and back onto the wu engine's load is down to the unload trip level setpoint, the AGLC issues a generator breaker open command. ‘The generator circuit breaker opens and the engine is ‘solated from the load. The utility now has the system load and the engine can be shut down. ‘These controls provide a means to totally automate an engine to start run, load, unload and shut down, using simple relays, timers, and circuit breaker auxiliary contacts.BE i (SnesuNGN) Ainun WOODWARD Manual 01740 a UaZINOMHONAS Y-WdS ALNULA OL SN@ LNVId ‘she anv er 1 “SE ' ‘asd te) bo HOLMs Poon aR mm nn ‘UBZINONHONAS cores L ,y {| —#— ¥—WdS ovorwn SN@ LNVId OL N30 o10v wos USEF J fae Figure 7-8. Synchronizing to Utility or Plant Bus 18WOODWARD Manual 01740 F GEN TO PLANT BUS os 9905-001 ere SPM—A SYNCHRONIZER PLANT BUS TO UTILITY 9905-001 SPM-A SYNCHRONIZER LUnuy (INANE BUS) wise-2es0 Figure 7-9. Synchronizing Gen Set to Plant Bus or to Utility 19ie] WOODWARD ‘Manual 01740 Figure 7-10. Single Engine AGLC Base Load 7-10WOODWARD ‘Manual 01740 we awe 960-5086 ooy 3 ALLOY ‘ov sorinas y-ns| Figure 7-11. Connections for Single Engine AGLC Base Load System ma712 WOODWARD Manual 01740 SSS ISOLATED BUS ISOCHRONOUS LOAD SHARING SYSTEM TWO OR MORE ENGINES (2301A) (Gee Figures 7-12 and 7-13) For this application, two or more engines share an isolated load isochronously. They ‘Will maintain rated speed regardless of load fluctuations within the engine-generator system's total capabilities. Each engine will carry an equal percentage of its full load rating, with load sharing accomplished through the system load sharing lines attached through the AGLCs. ‘The AGLC is utilized to ramp each generator in or out of the system automatically, (or they can be used to base load an individual engine. ‘SPM-A synchronizers are used to automatically parallel the incoming generator, ‘matching speed, phase and voltage.WOODWARD ‘Manual 01740 SYSTEM LOAD SHARING UNES Figure 7-12. Using AGLC for Soft Load, Soft Unload, and Base Load to an Isolated Bus for Ischronous Load Sharing 743WOODWARD 7d NS etc | Figure 7-13. Connections Used with AGLC for Soft Loading, Unloading, and Base Loading with Isochronous Load Sharing Against an Isolated BusWOODWARD ‘Manual 01740 MULTIPLE ENGINE AGLC BASE LOAD CONTROL (Gee Figures 7-14 and 7-15) This application adds to the previous one, the option of paralleling to the utility. ‘The local generation system can be automatically synchronized to the utility and soft loaded up to the intemal or external base load setpoint. Individual engines are also automatically synchronized and ramped into the system by each engine's AGLC as needed. Individual engines can also be automatically disconnected from the load sharing lines and controlled in base load utilizing only contact closures for switching logic. In the event of loss of utility, the master AGLC is automatically de-activated, removing the bias from the system load sharing lines. The generators shed or pickup Joad maintaining plant load at synchronous speed. When the utility returns, the ‘master synchronizer re-parallels the local bus to the utility, the master AGLC is re- activated and base loading is resumed, all with no operator intervention. 745WOODWARD Manual 01740 “s | q Te Figure 7-14. Using the AGLC to Base Load Multiple Engines to a Utility 7.16WOODWARD ‘Manual 01740 youre curwre ous Figure 7-15. Connecting an AGLC to Base Load Multiple Engines to a Utility 77WOODWARD ‘Manual 01740 748 AUTOMATIC PARALLELING SYSTEM (2301A) TO A UTILITY USING A PROCESS-IMPORT/EXPORT CONTROL (See Figures 7-16 and 7-17) ‘A Process-Import/Export Control can be used in systems which parallel to the utility and also control a process such as setting the amount of import or export power and also maintaining a minimum gas field pressure or inlet pressure on a turbine. A watt transducer is used as one of the inputs to the process-importiexport control to supply 4 signal representative of the power flowing to or from the utility. Another common use of such a system is to maintain steam pressure in a plant at €@ given set point using the otherwise waste heat from a generating system. ‘Synchronizers and Automatic Generator Loading Controls are used to complete the automation as previously described.WOODWARD Manual 01740 7614 i= Fhhe BSE: 2 ona ou SYSTEM LOND SHANG UNS ci . Figure 7-16. Using Process Impory/Exptort Control to Automatically Parallel 79WOODWARD Manual 01740 eh cksge OFS YNOIS MOD) TORINO Lu0dx3/LIOAMI-SS300N Figure 7-17. Connecting Process-Impor/Export Control to Paralleling System 7-20WOODWARD ‘Manual 01740 AUTOMATIC PARALLELING SYSTEM (2301A) TO A UTILITY USING AN AUTOMATIC POWER TRANSFER AND LOAD (APTL) CONTROL (Sce Figures 7-18 and 7-19) ‘An Automatic Power Transfer and Load (APTL) Control can be used in systems which parallel to the utility, and also serve as backup plant power generation. The APTL control is used to eliminate power bumps or surges at the moment of joining or of separating two electrical generating systems, ic, local generator system to a utility. ‘The level of power being generated will be maintained until it is changed by one of five loading or unloading modes. These modes are: 5 2 3. 4 5. Loading or unloading contacts, Internal load set. External load set, either potentiometer or from a computer or other setpoint controlling device controling the setpoint. Utility unload. Import/Export 7aWOODWARD Manual 01740 BORSA ree 1O10 Seo UNE 5 Figure 7-18 Using APTL in Automatic Paralleling System TEWOODWARD ‘Manual 01740 Figure 7-19, Connecting APTL in Automatic Paralleling System 1BWe appreciate your comments about the content of our publications. Please send comments to: Woodward Governor Company Attention: Technical Publications PO Box 1519 Fort Collins CO 80522-1519, USA Please include the manual number from the front cover of this publication. WG woopwarp Industrial Controls ‘Woodward Gevernor Company, PO Box 1519 (1000 East Drake Road), Fort Colins CO 80522-1518, USA Phone (1970) 482.5811 # Fax (1)(970) 498-2058 Global Services Woodward Governor Company, PO Box 3800 (3800 North Wilson Avenue), Loveland CO 80539-3800, USA Phone (1870) 663-3800 # Fax (1)(970) 862-7050 E-mail and World Wide Web Home Page—http:/iwww.woodward.com — . 6 189 9001:199409001-1994 *. arene Certiicate GSR-36 eet” somcemncaTion PLANTS & SUBSIDIARIES | BRANCHREGIONAL OFFICES. | DISTRIBUTORS REPRESENTATIVES. ‘Australla (New South Wales) ‘China (Beiing) ‘Canada (Alberta & Ontario) Brazil (Campinas) Czech Republic Pizen) France (Le Havre) China (Tianjin) Germany (Tetinang) Germany (Bremerhaven) Germany (AkervElbe) Korea (Pusan) Italy (Genoa) India (Haryana) ‘Mexico (Mexico Cty) Mexico (Mexico Ciy) ‘Japan (Tomisato & Kobe) Now Zealand (Christchurch) Notherlands Antilles (Curacao) Netherlands (Hoofddorp & Rotterdam) | Poland (Warsaw) ‘Spain (Cadiz) ‘Singapore United Arab Emirates (Abu Dhabi) | United Kingdom (Dyce, Scotland) United Kingdom (Reading, England, & | United Kingdom (Oundee, Scotland) | United States (California, Delaware, Prestwick, Scotland) United States (Alabama, Califor, Florida, Lousiana, Minnesota, Puerto United States (Colorado nos, linois, Pennsylvania, Texas, Rico, Texas, Washington) Michigan, New York, South Caroina, | Washington) Venezuela (Caracas) Tennessee) plus Authorized Facilities throughout the world, Complete address/phonelfax/e-mail Information forall locations is available on the Internet at: hitp://www.woodward.comlindustrlaVaddress.htm 99/8/F