LIQUIDS

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Liquids are one of the three commonly recognized states in which
matter occurs, i.e., a state that is distinguished from solid and gas, in
which a substance has a definite volume but no definite shape.
Properties of Liquids
In general, liquids show:
• expansion on heating,
• contraction on cooling;
water, however, does not follow the rules exactly.
A liquid changes at its boiling point to a gas and at its freezing point, or melting
point, to a solid.

https://image.shutterstock.com/image-vector/water-boiling-
freezing-melting-degrees-260nw-1419045743.jpg

The boiling point is especially important because, since liquids change their
states at different temperatures, those in a mixture can be separated from one
another by raising the temperature of the mixture gradually so that each
component in turn undergoes vaporization at its boiling point. This process is
known as fractional distillation.
https://youtu.be/Vz2la3947I0
Liquids, like gases, differ from solids in that they are fluids, that is, they flow into
the shape of a containing vessel.
Liquids exert pressure on the sides of a containing vessel and on any body
immersed in them, and pressure is transmitted throughout the liquid
undiminished and in all directions.
The Behavior of Real Gases
Liquids exert a buoyant force on an immersed body equal to the weight of the 2012books.lardbucket.org

liquid displaced by the body (see Archimedes' principle and specific gravity).
The buoyancy force is caused by the pressure exerted by the fluid in which
an object is immersed. The buoyancy force always points upwards because
the pressure of a fluid increases with depth.
buoyant force: An upward force exerted by a fluid that opposes the weight
of an immersed object.
Archimedes principle: The buoyant force exerted on a body immersed in
a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid the body displaces.

https://sciencing.com/archimedes-principle-buoyancy-what-is-
it-why-is-it-important-13723385.html
Unlike gases, liquids are very nearly incompressible, and for that reason are
useful in such devices as the hydraulic press. Liquids are useful as solvents. No
one liquid can dissolve all substances; each takes into solution only certain
specific substances.

Picture on the left indicates that low molecular

mass alcohol is soluble in water and forms a
solution. Picture on the right indicates that oil is
insoluble in water and forms two layers.

http://rsmith995.weebly.com/chapter-13--section-3-solubility-
and-the-dissolving-process.html
Viscosity

Viscosity is a measure of the resistance to flow. The viscosity of a substance is

related to the strength of the forces acting between its molecular units. It
describes the internal friction of a moving fluid. A fluid with large viscosity resists
motion because its molecular makeup gives it a lot of internal friction. A fluid with
low viscosity flows easily because its molecular makeup results in very little
friction when it is in motion.

This liquid is more viscous

and flows slowly.
This liquid is Higher viscosity
less viscous
and flows
freely. Smaller Basics of viscometry :: Anton Paar Wiki
viscosity wiki.anton-paar.com
Surface tension
Surface tension is the amount of work that must be done in order to
increase the surface by a unit area.

https://image.shutterstock.com/image-vector/surface-tension-
cross-section-diagram-600w-293660210.jpg
Capillary Rise
Capillarity rise is an example of surface tension and adhesion acting at
the same time.

Mozaffari, Kosar & Yang, Shengyou & Sharma, Pradeep.

(2018). Surface Energy and Nanoscale Mechanics.
10.1007/978-3-319-50257-1_48-1.
 Surface tension causes objects that usually sink due to their higher density to swim or
that paints achieves good wetting on surfaces. Responsible for phenomenon of surface
tension is the process of cohesion. Cohesion can be described as attractive (cohesive)
forces or ‘stickiness’ between molecules of liquids. On the interior of the liquid (here
water) a molecule experiences attractive forces equally in every direction by
neighboring molecules. The resulting force value is zero.

As shown in the picture, a molecule located on the surface of a liquid lacks some neighboring
molecules and thus, experiences an imbalance of forces. Attractive forces of a molecule to its
remaining neighbors are stronger on the surface of the liquid. As a result, a force (F) develops
that is directed at the interior of the medium.
Force (F) work has to be performed to move something through this layer or to expand its
surface.
Surface tension is defined as ‘the amount of force (Nm) necessary to expand the surface
(m2) of a liquid by one unit’. Therefore, the surface tension is measured in N/m
(Nm/m2 = N/m).
https://www.sita-process.com/information-service/process-
parameter-surface-tension/overview/
 Wettable and Nonwettable Surfaces
A liquid is said to “wet” a solid substance when the attractive force between the
molecules of the liquid and those of the solid is great enough to hold the liquid's
molecules at the solid surface.

Intermolecular
forces

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For example, water “wets” glass since its molecules cling to glass
surfaces, whereas mercury does not since the adhesive
force between its molecules and those of glass is not strong
enough to hold them together. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillary_action
Wettable and Nonwettable Surfaces
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Intermolecular forces
.
Water Repellency