Nadia Ayuning Putri IE3 Theresia Renata Datu

1. Bulk deformation processes are generally characterized by significant deformations

and massive shape changes, and the surface area-to-volume of the work is relatively
small. Sheet metalworking processes are forming and cutting operations performed
on metal sheets, strips, and coils. The difference between both of them are in bulk
deformation, the shape changes are significant, and the work parts have a low area-
to-volume ratio. In sheet metal processes, the area-to-volume ratio is high.

2. When the external forces are applied to objects made of elastic material, it produce
changes in shape and size of the object.
- Strain is the relative change in shape or size of an object due to externally
applied forces
- Stress  is the force per unit area applied to the material.
- Yield strength refers to an indication of maximum stress that can be developed in
a material without causing plastic deformation. It is the stress at which a material
exhibits a specified permanent deformation and is a practical approximation of
the elastic limit. 
- Tensile stress is the resistance of an object to a force tending to tear it apart. It is
calculated as the highest tension the object can endure without tearing
- Flow stress metal is as the instantaneous value of stress required to continue
deforming the material to keep themetal ‘‘flowing.’
- Average flow stress is the average value of stress over the stress–strain curve
fromthe beginning of strain to the final (maximum) value that occurs during
deformation.

3. Stress – Strain graph

7. The making of coil spring uses the Extrusion process. This is a compression
process in which the work metal is forced to flow through a die opening, thereby
taking the shape of the opening as its own cross section.
Nadia Ayuning Putri IE3 Theresia Renata Datu

Steps :
 Apply pressure to the billet within a container
 The billet is crushed against the die, became shorter and wider until
expansion is restricted.
  As the pressure increases, the soft material has no place else to go and
begins to squeeze out through the shaped die to emerge on the other side as
a fully formed profile.
 The formed profile is cut off . After it leaves the die, the still-hot extrusion is
mechanically treated, and aged to impart desired metallurgical properties and
physical performance.
 After sufficient aging, the profiles are moved to other areas of the plant and
may be  painted or anodized, cut, machined, bent, welded, assembled, or
packed for shipment.

springs - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=omLKbKakDoY

The making of leaf spring uses the Rolling process. Rolling process is a
compressive deformation process in which the thickness of a slab
or plate is reduced by two opposing cylindrical tools called rolls. The rolls rotate so
as to draw the work into the gap between them and squeeze it.

leaf spring - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k7MayvvgYLA

Nadia Ayuning Putri IE3 Theresia Renata Datu

The making of valves uses the forging process.

Forging is when a workpiece is compressed between two opposing dies, so that the
die shapes are imparted to the work
valves - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rfhZOKuv3hg

8. A. Cold working is metal forming performed at room temperature or slightly above.

Hot working involves deformation at temperatures above the recrystallization
temperature. Warm working, is a metal forming process carried out above the
temperature range of cold working, but below the recrystallization temperature of the
metal

B. Cold forming is suitable for producing a strong part with excellent surface finish.
To produce parts with high ductility hot forming might be the best process, hot
working operations may first be performed on a work piece to achieve large amounts
of shape change that would not be possible with cold forming due to strain hardening
and limited ductility. Cold working completes the last process of manufacturing
because it does not require a significant shape change, since most of the
deformation was accomplished by the hot forming process.