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Statistics
Descriptive

Download and install JASP to your computer.

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Statistics
- is the branch of mathematics that deals with the collection, organization,
summarization, presentation, and interpretation of data

Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics

describes the set of data draws conclusion from the data

Types of Quantitative Research

• Descriptive – to describe
• Relationship – correlation
• Causal – cause and effect (experimental)

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Example 1
The average grade of two sections in Mathematics are:
Section A – 89.56 Section B – 90.03

Descriptive:
Section B has higher average grade in Mathematics than Section A.

Inferential:
Section B is better than Section A in Mathematics.

Note: The difference between the average grades of the two sections does not guarantee
that one section is better than the other. An appropriate inferential test must be done to
arrive to a conclusion.

Related Terminologies
Population – involves every member of the group
Sample – a small portion of a population

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Related Terminologies
Ungrouped data – raw data, that is, not sorted into categories
Grouped data – data that has been bundled together in categories

Ungrouped Grouped

Levels of Measurement
1. Nominal – classifies data into mutually exclusive (nonoverlapping)
categories in which no order or ranking can be imposed on the data. (Ex.
gender, ethnicity)
2. Ordinal – classifies data into categories that can be ranked; however,
precise differences between the ranks do not exist. (Ex. academic
awards, ranking of best selling books)
3. Interval - ranks data, and precise differences between units of measure
do exist; however, there is no meaningful zero. (Ex. IQ, temperature)
4. Ratio – possess all the characteristics of interval measurement, and there
exist a true zero. (Ex. height, weight)

Categorical Data = nominal and ordinal

Continuous Data = interval and ratio

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P-value (Hypothesis Testing)

P-value (Hypothesis Testing)

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Descriptive: Frequency and Percentage

Frequency - the rate of occurrence of a repetitive event

Percentage - a fraction expressed as a number out of 100

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Example 2
Using the data on Personality sheet (Excel: JASP Data), determine the frequency
and percentage of respondents according to their personalities. (What is the
profile of the respondents in terms of their personalities?)

Data is categorical, hence frequency and percentage are most appropriate.

Note: Before using JASP, prepare your data in CSV format.

While showing Personality Sheet,
1. Click ”Save As”; Preferred saving destination: Desktop
2. File Name: Personality
3. File Format: CSV (Macintosh) for Windows; CSV UTF-8 for MacOs
4. Click “Save”. If an addition prompt shows, just click ”OK”.

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Open JASP and Open Personality CSV file

Allow access to desktop (or where you have saved the file).
Click the File and then click Open.

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To find the frequency and

percentage:
1. Click Descriptives
2. Click Personality and
transfer it to the Variables
box by clicking the arrow

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To find the frequency and percentage:

3. Check Frequency table; results will be
shown afterwards

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Example 2
Using the data on Personality sheet (Excel: JASP Data), determine the frequency
and percentage of respondents according to their personalities. (What is the
profile of the respondents in terms of their personalities?)

The table shows that 52% (n =65) of the respondents are Phlegmatic. While
40% or 50 respondents are Choleric. Eight respondents (6.4%) are Melancholic. For
Sanguine, it is only 1.6% (n = 2) of the respondents.

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Descriptive: Measures of Central Tendency

It is used to find numerical values that locate, in some sense, the center of a set of
data.

Mean - most commonly used measure of central tendency

- also known as average
- middle number in terms of value

Median - middle number in terms of position

- divides the data set into the upper and lower 50%

Mode - number that occurs most frequently

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Descriptive: Measures of Dispersion

Also known as Measures of Variability, it describes the degree of spread or
dispersion of a set of data

Range - difference between the highest value and the lowest value

Variance - square of the standard deviation of the data set

Standard - average difference of each value from the mean

Deviation

Interquartile - (IQR), difference between quartile 3 (Q3) and quartile 1 (Q1)

range

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Mean and Standard Deviation

The standard deviation is used in conjunction with the mean to summarize
continuous data, not categorical data. In addition, the standard deviation, like
the mean, is normally only appropriate when the continuous data is not
significantly skewed or has outliers (normal distribution). (Laerd Statistics)

Median and IQR

When a data set has outliers or extreme values, we summarize a typical value
using the median as opposed to the mean. When a data set has outliers,
variability is often summarized by a statistic called the interquartile range. (Boston
University School of Public Health)

One of the ways to know if a continuous data is

normally distributed is through Shapiro Wilk Test
(will not be discussed).

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Normality & Shapiro-Wilk Test

Many statistical tests require normality of data (Laerd Statistics). Data is
assumed to be normal when the data roughly fits the bell curve shape (Statistics
How To)
One of the ways to know is a continuous data is assumed to be normally
distributed is through Shapiro-Wilk Test which gives a W value. This test is more
appropriate for small sample sizes (< 50 samples) up to 2000.
A small W implies at the same is not normally distributed. Moreover, in
terms of Shapiro-Wilk p-value, if p-value is greater than 0.05, then the data is
normal. Otherwise, the data deviates from normal distribution (Laerd Statistics).

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Example 3
Using the data on Academic Performance sheet (Excel: JASP Data),
a. find mean and standard deviation;
b. find median and IQR; and
c. determine if the sample is normality distributed

Data is continuous.

Note: Before using JASP, prepare your data in CSV format.

Academic Performance; Desktop

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To find the required descriptives:

1. Open JASP and then open the file
2. Click Descriptives

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To find the required descriptives:

3. Transfer ”Academic Performance” to Variables

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To find the required descriptives:

4. Click Staticstics
5. Check Median, IQR and Shapiro-Wilk Test
6. Uncheck Maximum and Minimum

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Example 3
Using the data on Academic Performance sheet (Excel: JASP Data),
a. find mean and standard deviation;
b. find median and IQR; and
c. determine if the sample is normality distributed

The respondents have an academic

performance mean of 82.536 with a
standard deviation of 10.074, as shown in
the table. On the other hand, the table
also presents academic performance
median of 85.000 and IQR of 13.000.

Additionally, the data has a W value of 0.868. Its p-value (< 0.001) is less
than 0.05. This implies that the academic performance of the respondents is not
normally distributed.

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