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SETS
- A Review -

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What is a set?
A set is a collection of distinct objects called elements or
members of the set. No two elements of a set are the
same. Set braces, { }, are used to enclose the elements.

Example:
What is the set of all letters in the word MISSISSIPPI?

Answer: {I, M, P, S}

Note: Arranging the elements in a certain order helps in identifying possible

patterns. As variables, sets are written in capital letters while elements in
small letters.

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Finite and Infinite Sets

Finite set – either void set or the process of counting of
elements surely comes to an end
Infinite set – all elements cannot be listed

Example:
Given A = {2, 4, 6} and B = {1, 3, 5, …}

A is a finite set while B is an infinite set.

The three dots (ellipsis) show that the list continues in the
same pattern indefinitely.

Empty Set
The set containing no elements is called an empty set, or
null set. It is usually written ∅ or { }.

Example:
What is the set of all even prime numbers between 10
and 20?

Answer: ∅
The only even prime number is 2.

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Cardinality of Sets
The cardinality of a set, denoted by 𝐴 , refers to the
number of elements in a set.

Example:
Given A = {a, b, c, d}, what is 𝐴 ?

Answer: 4

How many elements are in the set {∅}?

Answer: 1

Some Set Symbols

Symbol Meaning Example
∈ element of 2 ∈ {2, 4, 6, 8}
∉ not element of 1 ∉ {2, 4, 6, 8}
subset
⊆ {2, 3, 4} ⊆ {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
A has some (or all) elements of B
proper subset
⊂ {2, 3, 4} ⊂ {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
A has some elements of B
⊄ not a subset {2, 3, 7} ⊄ {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

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Number of Subsets
If a set contains n elements, then the number of subsets
of the set is 2n.

Example:
How many subsets does A = {a, b, c} have?

Answer:
n=3 2n = 23 = 8 subsets

{a}, {b}, {c}, {a, b}, {a, c}, {b, c}, {a, b, c}, { }

Ways of Writing a Set

Set-builder notation or rule method describes a set. With this
method, sets may be expressed in various and specific ways.
Ex. {x l x is a natural number less than 4}
read as “the set of all x’s such that x is a natural
number less than 4”

Roster or listing method enumerates the elements of a set

Ex. Y = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}

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Sets of Numbers
Complex (ℂ)
a + bi, 3 + 4i

Real (ℝ) Imaginary (𝕀)

1, 𝜋, 3/7, 0.5625 4i, 2i

Rational:
Rational (ℚ) Irrational (ℚ') !
{" l p and q are integers, q ≠ 0}
1, 3/7, 0.5625 𝜋, 3

Some Subsets of Rational Numbers

Integers ℤ = {…, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …}
Whole W = {0, 1, 2, 3, …}
Natural ℕ = {1, 2, 3, 4, …}
Prime {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, …}
Composite {4, 6, 8, 9, 10, …}

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Drill 1:

Write each set by listing its elements.

1. {x l x is a natural number less than 6}
2. {z l z is an integer greater than 4}
3. {a l a is an even integer between 2 & 15}
4. {p l p is an inner planet in the solar system}
Answers:
1. X = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
2. Z = {5, 6, 7, …}
3. A = {4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14}
4. P = {Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars}
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Drill 2:
Write each set by set-builder notation.
1. X = {2, 4, 6, 8}
2. Y = {11, 12, 13, 14}
3. A = {…, -6, -3, 0, 3, 6, …}
4. G = {0.01, 0.05, 0.10, 0.25, 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000}
5. H = {Joy, Sadness, Fear, Anger, Disgust}
Answers:
1. X = {x l x is an even integer between 1 & 9}
2. Y = {y l y is one of the first four integers after 10}
3. A = {a l a is an integer that is a multiple of 3} = {a l a ∈ 3ℤ}
4. G = {g l g is one of the Philippine monetary denomination}
5. H = {h l h is one of the emotion characters of the movie Inside Out}
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Set Operations

Intersection
𝐴 ∩𝐵
= 𝑥 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐵

Union
𝐴 ∪𝐵
= 𝑥 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐵

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Set Operations

Complement
𝐴! or 𝐴"
= 𝑥 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐴

Difference
𝐴 − 𝐵
= 𝑥 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐵

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Example:
1. 𝐴′ ∪ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶)′
𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 = {9, 12, 13}

(𝐵 ∩ 𝐶)′ = {14, 8, 3, 16, 17, 15, 5, 10, 7, 18}

𝐴′ = {5, 13, 10, 7, 18}

𝐴′ ∪ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶)′
= {14, 8, 3, 16, 17, 15, 5, 10, 7, 18, 13}

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Try these!
2. 𝐶 − (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)
3. 𝐶′ ∩ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′

Answers:
2. {10}
3. {7, 18}

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Venn Diagram Application

1. In the 35 barangays of Macatabang City, 8 barangays do not have any pollution,
18 have water pollution and 11 have air pollution.

U Begin with the most obvious information:

8 barangays do not have any pollution
W A
No. of barangays to be placed = 35 – 8 = 27

16 2 9 Water Pol. + Air Pol. = 18 + 11 = 29

29 – 27 = 2 (no. of barangays counted twice)

Water Pol. = 18 – 2 = 16
8 Air Pol. = 11 – 2 = 9
8 + 16 + 2 + 9 = 35 barangays
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Venn Diagram Application

2. There were 50 respondents from a survey conducted by Thirdy and Diady. The
following information were gathered: 34 likes Spaghetti, 31 likes Lasagna, 20
likes Carbonara, 13 likes both Spaghetti and Carbonara, 12 likes both Lasagna
and Carbonara and 6 likes all three pasta dishes.
U S L

11 10 9
6
7 6

1
C

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Begin with 6 likes all 3 pasta dishes

Likes L and C = 12 – 6 = 6
Likes S and C = 13 – 6 = 7
First circle to be completed is C = 20 – 7 – 6 – 6 = 1 respondent likes Carbonara only
Number of people to place in 50 – 20 = 30
S: 34 – 13 = 21
L: 31 – 12 = 19
21 + 19 = 40, meaning 10 respondents were excess or counted twice
S: 21 - 10 = 11
L: 19 – 10 = 9

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Try these!
Solve the following problems using Venn Diagrams.

1. In a survey conducted to 40 households revealed the following information.

25 uses yellow lights, 23 uses white lights, 8 uses both yellow and white lights

2. 38 people were asked on which is more important, Intelligence Quotient (IQ) or

Emotional Quotient (EQ). The results are as follows:
19 said EQ, 23 said IQ, 7 said both EQ and IQ

3. Here is the result to a survey conducted to 47 respondents:

29 uses Sun sim, 28 uses Globe sim, 20 uses Smart sim, 9 uses both Sun and
Smart sims, 16 uses both Sun and Globe sims, 3 uses all three sims.

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