Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Signs and Symptoms : polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, fatigue, weight loss

Medications : administer;

- Rapid acting ( aspart, lispro, glulisine, human insulin, and inhaled insulin)

- Short acting ( regular insulin)

- Immediate ( human insulin NPH, human insulin zinc, lente)

- Long acting ( human insulin zinc ultralente, insulin detemir, insulin glargine)

Health Teaching

- Teach the patient to inspect the skin daily and promptly treat even small breaks in the skin

- Educate the patient that blood glucose levels must be monitored to maintain it within normal limit

-Educate the mother that the child with diabetes needs a sound nutritional program that provides
adequate nutrition for normal growth while it maintains the blood glucose at near normal levels

- Exercise lowers blood glucose levels by increasing the uptake of glucose by body muscles and by
improving insulin utilization.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Signs and Symptoms : frequently none, fatigue, recurrent infections, may also experience polyuria,
polydipsia, and polyphagia

Medications :

- Administer oral sulfonylureas to stimulate secretion of insulin from pancreas

- Administer oral biguanides to reduce blood glucose production by the liver ( metformin)

- Administer thiazolidinediones to sensitive peripheral tissues to insulin ( rosiglitazone, pioglitazone)

- Administer meglitinide analogs to stimulate section insulin from the pancreas ( repaglinide )

- Administer D- phenylalanine derivative to stimulate insulin production ( nateglinide )

- Administer alpha glucosidase inhibitors to delay absorption of carbohydrates in the intestine

( acarbose, miglitol )

- Administer DPP4 inhibitors to slow inactivation of incretin hormones, GLP I to assist insulin production
in the pancreas ( sitagliptin )

- Administer incretin mimetics to assist insulin production in the pancreas and help regulate liver
production of glucose

- Administer amylin analog that causes glucose to enter the bloodstream slowly ( pramlintide)
Health Teaching

- Educate the patient that taking care of diabetes will help to reduce blood glucose, blood pressure, and
cholesterol levels in target ranges

- Teach the patient to inspect the skin daily and promptly treat even small breaks in the skin

- Patient must be aware of the potential adverse of alcohol specific to diabetes

- Exercise lowers blood glucose levels by increasing the uptake of glucose by body muscles and by
improving insulin utilization.