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Wholesale Supplier Short List Indian Turtles, Its status and Conservation
Fish Fact Sheets Kiran Rasal; Avinash Rasal,Prabhakar Nikumbe, Sachin Khairnar*, Amod Salgaokar,Trivesh
Equipment & Services Suppliers Mayekar, Pankaj patil**, Roshan Akhade**
Search Companies Directory Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai 400 061
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The small-scale research, conservation and management of sea turtles in India, which dates back
to the mid 1970's, culminated in the mid 1980's with the active participation of the Indian Coast Guard
and Navy in sea turtle protection. However, sea turtles, which spend almost six months each year
along the Indian coastline, face a multitude of problems in need of address. The major problems that
sea turtles face in Indian coastline include:
1. Non-human predation: A significant proportion of nests are subjected to heavy predation.
Studies on the population dynamics of the Olive ridley at Gahirmatha rookery, along northern
Orissa coast, have indicated that a large percentage of eggs laid during each nesting season are
destroyed (Dash & Kar 1990). This results from destruction of nests by other females during an
arribada, nest destruction by wild pigs, jackals, and feral dogs, and by beach erosion (Pandav et al.
1994). Feral dogs and wild pigs cause considerable damage to the nests of Leatherback, Green
and Hawksbill turtles in Andaman (Bhaskar 1993).
2 .Incidental capture in fishing nets: Near-shore mechanized fishing within 5 km from the
shoreline results in the mortality of large numbers of sea turtles along the Indian coast every year.
More than 5,000 dead Olive ridley sea turtles were counted along 480 km of the Orissa coast
during a six month survey in 1994 (Pandav et al. 1994). The ongoing research programme of the
Wildlife Institute of India (WII) documents a three-fold increase in this number during 1997-98 along
the same stretch. These deaths were due to accidental capture in trawl nets, although details of the
incidental capture of marine turtles in fishing nets along rest part of Indian coast are yet to be
documented.
3 Loss of nesting habitats: Development activities close to the coast such as construction of
roads, tourist resorts and aquaculture projects result in the loss of nesting habitats. Besides this,
plantations of Casuarina close to some of the major sea turtle nesting beaches has resulted in a
drastic decline of the nesting population. The plantations reduce the space available for sea turtles
to nest, and once the Casuarina grows it changes the beach topography with its lifter deposition
and root growth, rendering the beach unsuitable for turtles nesting (Pandav et al. 1994). Further,
legislation which is supposed to protect nesting sites of turtles and other marine life does not
include sites presently and historically known as breeding grounds. There are no legal guidelines
for discussion among concerned authorities and local villagers to develop a more suitable non-
forested coastal area protection program.
4 Artificial illumination: Many of the major sea turtle nesting beaches are now subjected to
bright illumination. Artificial illumination from development activities near nesting beaches has
resulted in disorienting adult nesting sea turtles as well as hatchlings, leading to heavy hatchling
mortality (Pandav et al 1998).
Olive ridley turtle
The olive ridley sea turtle nests at several sites in the western Indian Ocean, Indian
subcontinent and Southeast Asia. The single most important breeding area for olive ridleys in the
Indian Ocean along the Bay of Bengal is Orissa. The Olive ridley is the most numerous among the sea
turtles found in India and is well known for its arribadas, or annual mass nestings when thousands of
turtles migrate to the breeding ground to nest simultaneously. Of the few such mass nesting beaches
left in the world today where arribadas occur, India has three. A significant proportion of world's Olive
ridley population migrate every winter to the Indian coastal waters to nest on these beaches in Orissa,
as well as along other parts of Indian coast
In 1993, biologists from the Orissa Forest Department and the Wildlife Institute of India learned
that large scale nesting of olive ridley turtles was taking place near the mouth of the Rushikulya river.
This area is the location of one of the largest mass nesting (arribada) sites of olive ridley sea turtles in
India.
1. Prepare an inventory map of breeding sites, both verified and others to be surveyed along the
Indian coasts. These areas would be placed under CRZ-I categories, accordingly in State and
UT Government's CRZ plans and maps.
2. Identify areas along the coast, both on landward side and seaward side, to be protected and
managed as the nesting and breeding habitats along the shore line.
3. To establish guidelines for developing infrastructure facilities, so as to safeguard and minimize
the large scale mortality of breeding sea turtles both on- and off-shore.
4. Identify the migratory routes taken by sea turtles in Indian territorial waters and beyond (if
necessary with other organizations active in this field). Annual migration charts are to be
developed and sent each year to all coastal management authorities and other agencies involved
in coastal resource use.
5. Network and develop national and international inter-agency co-operative and collaborative
action for sea turtle conservation.
6. Develop infrastructure and human resources for sea turtle conservation that will also take care of
other coastal biodiversity.
7. Priorities areas, agencies and action (both short-term and long-term) for a sustained sea turtle
conservation program.
8. Carry out extensive and exhaustive 5-year surveys of the coastal area at the appropriate nesting
times to verify potential sites of turtle breeding.
Develop guidelines for tourism in sea turtle areas, indicating the permissible and prohibited activities
(most of these can be given legal protection from existing laws and regulations).
Reference:-
1. Bhaskar, S., 1993. The Status and ecology of sea turtles in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Centre for
Herpetology Publication No.ST1193: 1-37.
2. Dash, MC. & CS. Kar, 1990. The turtle paradise - Gahirmatha. Interprint, New Delhi: 295pp.
Kar, CS. & S. Bhaskar, 1982. The status of Sea turtles in the eastern Indian Ocean. In The Biology and
Conservation of Sea Turtles (K. Bjorndal, ed.) Smithsonian Press, Washington DC: 365-372.
4. Rieppel, O., and DeBraga, M. (1996). "Turtles as diapsid reptiles." Nature, 384: 453-455
5. David Alderton (1986). An Interpret Guide to Reptiles & Amphibians, Salamander Books Ltd., London
& New York.
6. The Sea Turtle Conservation Agenda of India by B.C. Choudhury, S.C. Sharma, S.K. Mukherjee.
7. Pandav, B., B.C. Choudhury & CS. Kar, 1994. Olive ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea) and its nesting
habitats along the Orissa coast, India - A status Survey. Wildlife Institute of India, Dehra Dun, July 1994.
8. Pandav, B., B.C. Choudhury & CS. Kar, 1997. Mortality of Olive ridley turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea) due to
incidental capture in fishing nets along the Orissa coast, India. Oryx 3 1(1): 32-36.
9. Pandav, B., B.C. Choudhury & CS. Kar, 1997. Mortality of Olive ridley turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea) due to
incidental capture in fishing nets along the Orissa coast, India. Oryx 3 1(1): 32-36.
10. Pandav, B., & B.C. Choudhury, 1999. An update on the mortality of Olive ridley sea turtles in Orissa,
India. Marine Turtle Newsletter, 83: 10-12.
11. Pandav, B., B.C. Choudhury & K. Shankar, 1995. The Olive ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea) in
Orissa : An urgent call to be on an intensive and integrated conservation program. Current Science, 75(12): 1323-
1328.
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