Computer Networks: Data link

layer

BITS Pilani Chittaranjan Hota

Hyderabad Campus
Multiple Access

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Multiple Access

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Channel partitioning

TDMA: time division multiple access

• example: 6-station LAN, 1,3,4 have pkt, slots 2,5,6 idle

time
frequency bands

FDMA: frequency division multiple access

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Random access: Pure
ALOHA

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Procedure for Pure ALOHA

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Example

The stations on a wireless ALOHA

network are a maximum of 600 km apart.
If we assume that signals propagate at
3 × 108 m/s, what is Tp , and TB , for K=2?

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Vulnerable time for Pure
ALOHA

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Frames in a slotted ALOHA

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Vulnerable time for slotted
ALOHA

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Collision in CSMA

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Vulnerable time in CSMA

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Persistence methods

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CSMA/CD

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Controlled access:
Reservation

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Select and poll in Polling
access

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Token passing

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Ethernet Technologies

10Base2

10BaseT

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Wireless Links

200 802.11n

54 802.11a,g 802.11a,g point-to-point data

Data rate (Mbps)

5-11 802.11b 802.16 (WiMAX)

4 UMTS/WCDMA-HSPDA, CDMA2000-1xEVDO 3G cellular

enhanced
1 802.15

.384 UMTS/WCDMA, CDMA2000 3G

.056 IS-95, CDMA, GSM 2G

Indoor Outdoor Mid-range Long-range

10-30m 50-200m outdoor outdoor
200m – 4 Km 5Km – 20 Km

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IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN

Internet

hub, switch
or router
AP

BSS 1
AP

BSS 2
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Passive/Active Scanning

BBS 1 BBS 2 BBS 1 BBS 2

AP 1 AP 1 1 AP 2
1 1 AP 2 2 2
2 3
3 4

H1 H1

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IEEE 802.11 MAC Protocol: CSMA/CA
802.11 CSMA: sender
- if sense channel idle for DIFS sec.
sender receiver
then transmit entire frame (no
collision detection) DIFS

-if sense channel busy

then binary backoff data

802.11 CSMA receiver: SIFS

if received OK ACK
return ACK after SIFS
Hidden Terminal effect
• hidden terminals: A, C cannot hear each other
– obstacles, signal attenuation
– collisions at B
• goal: avoid collisions at B
• CSMA/CA: CSMA with Collision Avoidance
 Collision Avoidance: RTS-CTS
exchange
A B
AP

RTS(A) RTS(B)

reservation collision
RTS(A)

CTS(A)

DATA (A)
defer

time
ACK(A) ACK(A)