Heme Group of Hemoglobin and Myoglobin

M y o g lo b in H e m o g lo b in a rc u s « i to sto re a * 4 C*f ry o * 9 q m in o a r body, Jn b e u td s f a lc

(b o th o f Hwfc p r o t e in s c o n t a in fc e K (n \< g r o u p , wImcW f t f p o o f i V U f o r Ip ia d i'n ^

t u
•The hemt qroup constVlj o f an organic
Component caVWct prol o porpViyri o OJ uc li or
arv taorqamc cocnp©nfnl iWal connV-ls of —*
o
an fron atom . *V
.The iron a4om lirs a4 4hr <cn4cr o f fh< p r*4 o p o r-
pkum'n a n d is \oeun4. 4o f o u r rv»lr© ^fn a 4 o r * j.
H 4 th is s 4a 9 c , i r o n i> f a r t s f e r r o u r s 4a 4c a n d •The b><iA\<\g of |t|# otygcn «i*rv\ lo 4ke iron pull* a o « y «U c4r#n* fro<n

arvA haj an OYidali'oiv *4ai< o f ■* 2. * Thij ^ < a nj tVe iron, m u t in y sn^allrr . this a llo o * »f 4o f i l »n4© 4l\e cen4*r ©f

<4 can form 4u© more b o n d s. tt\c pfrle p o rp h yrin p lan e.

« 5<<pef ©nd* ion

*Or\ or\e fid e o f 4he pfo^oporpl^tfa pla*« flic
o '
proWporpV>|< iron ( s t o u n d to Jhe hi‘»4idi*a< ren’d uu of t t a
p r o la n . IVus is tno«-*n o.» \\ric proxim al h**tiAinc. ft.rouj Ft * --- ► ftrri'c io n
io n

^In Aeoi^brrnoglobio or d ro iy m y tfg lo ti'q , »f o r >

a \o m rcrna\#N5 unbound 4© e x ^ c n . In th is / 4 c*ky
•The aclu.a\ }W u t 4u*c of tlrtc i r o n - c o r n p U v •> frfon an< c
rtic Ft a to m »> too la r « jc to f i i fa te c e r \ 4cf
sW tiln e A , W sWou»w above. Uolfec th a 4 tkc t u p <roKt'dc for**
•f tbe p fo U p o rp U ^ n n nag a*A t© 4(ie ir o n (rm a i'n *
Kai a ne^ativ/c tW argc. Ihi* region »* /4ab,/rt ,cl by anotVie^
H*sAidliKt A \p e lo u 4V\c p la n e o f 4b e | K o 4© p o r p l* jr r o .
hitWAiftC rcjiA ue c a U fd tWt hi» 4foLne of 4Wc prolctn-
RencWt
o f p ro le in r
 O xyg e n Binding Curve for Myoglobin and Hemoglobin
1.0
Memo^lobin lcc*rr<ec^
•fb f o i y y n •binding curve
01 •UnltVf myoglobin, heroo^jWl in sh$ws a sigm oidol c a w (S - s h o p e d ) This
con b f us<d to d e s c rib e th e
Fractional Cur\K sV\0u>s thed htmoglobin b«nds ov*jgrn u*th l#rr aff*>»^y f h o n myoglobin
0k OT\fgrn bindi/iQ p io p r r lc r r o f
^olu«at*'on In fOlH , O C©n<*M(d\%(\ o f 2 b r««* Wg if nerdrd fur h a lf o f the her*\oglolo»A
9S 1 _ / hfrtynloWft ond rv\yog*°bm.
o( Pcolcin 0n fo be s a lu r a U d o»Hn o i ^ c n
•The y*0iMS derrribcf tne
•Hence; hemogtaW i
ox
/ ' M otive fraelion o{ p/ot/inr
Hlal pie satu ralcd o ifU O7 1) b»*d> o^ggcn lesj strongly tk^n »*yoglt>b«n
o J✓ —r— War a low er affiViiUf for o tg ^ c n fcon myojjlob»n
•The V^QYIS d f f f r i b n the
2.5 50 75 100
C bw evvtralion o f O i in Hu 3 ) rclcarrx Oq m u ck m of? re a d ily Hion rv^yogloti'o
p artial prccrwrr o f Oj. (m r r t H g )
env*/»nrvif h-l.
This ^•'grrsoidal Curve I; p ro d u r rd a j a rrsU If V\fff\o^lob»n s a b il it y tt> ti'a d
oiygc^) CoapfTativelxy. Th•'/ m fanf th a f th» bt'NdiA^ o f Ox a t or\r »*tc
— “ 0 Z b id in g cur<ic. - — her* 031 okin O i W ading CUfve
OTN hemoglobin rr\a\ier Hxe o h n anoarupi«d J Acs more l«V«(y fo b/od Ot .
Hvjo<jlobtn (s to ra g e ) Converfdy, ^he relioct <»{ 0»^ from one y » li h ^ o g lo ^ 'a m o irr the oUvr
orcupivd sitcj m ott liVely to unload the
• for myoc^obia t oi sample chemical curvc rs observed It 5bo\*>* that o* the conrmtratio/i
ouf^cfl i«rroBirs, thf curve rises shorply and <^u(cV|y ln>dj ofO- In «t 0 p O * ’ FV\(nologiealw f this meonr t h a t hem*jVob»A \s « prrferl o x q ^ cn ccun'et b^rou«
0^ 2 mm Mq( half of the rnyogldbin rrvAeruln arc so4o»roted u f lh 0 *. rt can earily V>ind Ox in the lu n ^ f ondL rel-eoj/- o L 4o 4^^ tii/ u e j.

• Rtfs means th a t:
Condus^on
a M fO ^ U in bind* to £>2 m oUcdf* ^ u V clty .
2) m yoglobin h a t 0 j4 ro n g o f f ir t f ly fo r O j . •fly 0<jlob»n doo not b»’nd otv|jfn cooprrotivdy ; uhvtb rvvaVrs it J< w t a 4
3) m^oj\oVi'n doe, not rcleore u n til tta p O } drop* to c» lo u ^ u o rrM 'f, j W i ’n^ •»ygen in Vhe rviasel^ fells
*0 n Wot otbfr b o n d , Virmog^obi'ns coope(4\ic te h a u io r ,t 0 gr«x*t 0 1
•This happensber««**e myoglobin coftnsJf o f a sVagle p ohfp ep tide ja b u rn l-
CVftfirf H ear> re a d ily pi'dc up Ov IA th<. ( u i u j j and drop 1+ o f f a^
•Vlhat is the physiological c o n fe r e n c e o f ff\i* ? these properties o f rnyoglobib 4Vt tissu* cellj.

makes ft o perfect nidecule fo r s to rm q oiyjqcn In fA ct,m \joA loloin i j usee#

t* sloic 0* .0 rniitdr f*ll> tHyoglobi'n only eel«a/tr the Oj to 4t>? r tu s c U r t l lj

*hc* |he Cftnmntraliot of 0 * d ro p , to a ve*y (ou> |?ue|.
 Hemoglobin vs Myoglobin as O xyg e n Carrier
• U Our Iuin^s, ttu p*r l«*l pr<m*rr o f Oiy^en I* arou«d IC/C ***> .
•In restlVg K tfU r, H»C porW»l prrfsurt of o i j y n n O Jo un i rrvrr

Ffaftaflftl o>1
*1r ^iicrnVt’ag f w u f , Hu poMicJ p/r*<c*rt o f cny^<* J* o /o u n j
oX
of o«
Hfrnoqlo^o Of f>2 Ca/fi>f
NyojU bin o *

lu n cjf — ► RmImcj T i s r u f ; 9 8 / * 7 ?/. r 2 I /l u n lo o d x d

Luvi^f -------> E lf 'n 'f iV t q Tl'yyue : 9 8 / - Zl'/. :

NyOfllolpio gy Q 2 CoffiVr

% lun<j* — ► Turn* ! 9 J 7. - 9 ?^ - 1 1 / .| 0 < y y n ur\lood*ol

. Lun«j> — , E v v ,f ;tf T m w : W/. ' ‘Jly. « (*7 ] o tyg r* u n lo a d ^

#V>lt * f f VV*t V tcn xogU bio s coop era tive b ra w n y* a lk u s «♦ Jo ur\[eoA

flr\ofr o * \J < y n \v 4hc hum ef 4han nr\y O c jlo W a . TKiS l> u*U y o u r ^oody uses
tvemtg\ota 4o ^ o n fp o rl Oty<)en iViHcaJ o f <v\yog\oUv>. H ^jjW nVi o o u l i ntft
b f a cjoodi o iv jq t n t r a n s | ) # r lf f te ra u fe r| w o u ld t« n d ,1 loo J»ghH y.

p a r tia l pr«-s*ucc o f Oa
 T-State and R-State of Hemoglobin
* A* c>*ycyn bif\d* oevlo H^f heffie, il c & w y the iron a lo r* 4o sV»'f*♦
P, £>cW " • Hfmoglotin COWltU o f fo u f p o l^ p rp M < in U l^e plofte of rtu p ro io p o rp ^ n n S'^re the won crlorry t> attc«H*ra

^ub un tta - to © of Ih fy suV um Jj ar< to Ihf pr%*»">al V m l'itA e # ^ eau/M tht h»iJid«Ac to aa Ov *, u^»ch
a>lW d oi cWa«OJ a<nol \[\( o ^ b f f lu>o In k>»A ^Vi'Vb tV\t entire peAvjprpl«cle cha»o.
O ff c a lU c l cl\a «'nj # Thif s h i f j c a u se * a c o n fix /v io t »©*\ a l change 1a the s u r {-cue - lo * ju (» < c

in te r a c t io n betw een 4V>e a d j O r e n i SuVun^W T h\s i'a tu r n l A i 'u e f

♦TV\c h(rnog\o\>tn M r o n n ff i> br*{ d rfrn b rc l
b y lu>o id m W c ^ l o l$ d im m - ih e C o© pffo|iv< bi

o ^ ,P , A \V n rr orxdL d t p L d to n e r .
r o n la in s 4 u o hro><* g r o u p s . • W h r o Jh f hem oglobin

IS , 0 r\< # f th e
«< fc> dirtier* To^alff | S ° u>itl>
•Thf S '^ro o i^a l o t y ^ f ^ • biVxJl.'ng f u r i * foe hfroogloWn <AescriUrj »J* co o p tro h v t fuduir
icsprc^ U Vhf j f ^ o o J
Tha4 (S, btnJL'ng <*( o *y< jrn a t one Vwnir 9 rou|> tk * b«a<^'*g o f
0 f\ ©\vj<jrn *1 onolVtrr u n o rru p ir4 b r r n f S ilr o f t K c ^ JGAOC VtfC^ojl&lMA. THiS implVrs di'm rr. ^ k 'f l l« a i* fD

hfwe groups jiO lfk o u iA lfre d W ith ortf arvo^nff* Coopfro^ivc lo cn a vio r o f ^er»iocjlot>!^

*B a t Q»vcA A t \ a r 0 f 5 «por«<ioo betw een Jh< h e ta t how * Ik i* p o s sib le ?

I* Urns OuV th a t alVkoajVi the h * * | t g ^ M p s do r^o! d w e rtly i* \tt+ A , *h«- w f a e * Thf c^vAok^^ry s lr u c W f o f dfo>yVv»*ogUk*'/\ is <ju»W coA^lro»Aeci
an.4 {<k AK%'s rr o s o n A fo iv j^ f ^ o ^ le t r A •* ^a , d. »a 4h e
o\ IIke p o l t p f p t ii f 5u\o un t'ls do
T ^ W c O cu ff s f e l c ) . On t\|C o4bfr h a n d , O t ^ ^ o « , lc f c ^ coo+a«4c

O rAu.cK rv'Of* rcla.v<<l fonfnmalio/v o p sxaVu a i I s arvd. {k^rrfarr

prdoforpk(f»0
Said. Vo f l i t ! »rv b ( ( rclaxvi s U U y

fem a\ot* ConcUsibo :

# V ik c n Wf f» ff^ 0 j t'^ d s l o dieotv(KemojUbi>»/ i n ju ^ r r a

C0^ f( y rv \a \i0A a l c^an^c fro c n \\r \c T s t o l e 4o 4 l»<
1h>5 »0 l-Uin U ^ d s to I h f ^ o o p ff a 4 (‘^ t p r o p e r K ’ f o f hfH A o^loU ih.
 Concerted and Sequential Model for Hemoglobin
. Iy ic .( v \4 ( ls a "- ^ c n r r o llf u fc d +0 d « t < 'V x ( o o p a a lw t b c tla v u * o f Aftord» A^ Id 4Kis model , tt\e o f f m»t^ d\ U r oHvff lrr**e onU
tvurcafe u>V»en h e m o g lo b in Qm*f*\r< Wic ^ * t a le TVis «s m
C o n c c fU d M o d e l CoM/oit lo 'oU^I wf otsrfvt fip rn r v v n la ^ .

S f ^ t n lt a l M odel
T ’ *ta te
1 •$ u u ft- H a i

f t * s t a le

In I‘He S e q u e n tia l m o d e l, l ^ f b to d n j * f ^ e o iy y n s lt/v iu la lo o

c o o form a t o n a l change, in Ike p o l^ p e p iid t to o ln u h if b in d s io Thu
in tu rn tru tu / tf a c or\ f o m a-li'oA al ckonge in ll»e nearby p o tj p* p-fcd, cJ,a i <\r
According to this m o d e l , th< hem oglobin a i ' ^ e»4h«r »n fk< T* s la le ( lense »4a(c)
or the K s t a W . Ih e b ind in g o f the 0 *9 yn si>mpl\| s k f f s e ^ u ilib / 'u w loctoefn f t 5 th e subum 'U cK onqe ifl c o n fo r/n o lio n , IhciV c ffiA » 4 y fo» 0 * I'n c rra **

rttry h *o s \ a le y N olice W \al a fto rc iin c j to Jh»i M o d e l, Ihrre arc I’n W m n e d io u s lo 4 n W#4u>^n
Ike T s t a t r and ft* s ta .te . IKe f t q u r w ti'a l m o d e ls MU ui fK a t fh r R-
if Of\\\\ achieved ul\c*t a l l foiM- * i [ e s o r r o r r u f f e c t . This »$ »n
1 The S ig m o id a l Curve Contrast Jo u>Wa4 we observe e * pfnr**n4a(ly -
for hfnr\ojlokif\ 15 porrw^
ffOta th < CO<v\kiV\ailio»")
C ondusiofi ■
° { In f V s ta le c u ru c •Nti'Wie* ro & d c l c a n d e srn b e H ie c o o p e ra t iv e n a t u r e o f h c / n o j l o b i o a lo n e

a n d tK t R - * M e c u r*t I n s lr a d w e haxic t o u re WoJh m o d e l ; \ o properly (k escrX * i t . Th W 1^

H\e v ^ u r n lia l m odel ju a e e d I s u > h e re fh e c o n e # r J cd m o d e I ( « i | j o»vJ

Vice v t r j a .

pO^ (rr\rn M g ^
 Effect of 2,3-BPG on Hemoglobin
Z , 2>- 6>P(r ond Hef>nogloWn
The Oiyqrn of hffflO^Ubin ir\ ftbC> d»*f(m c©n*.d<raWy f«om pure hrr*o-

$t>\>\t\

Pu r <
U frfto^U tpi'n

Dt*Vfkemft^»k*A ( . T ' S ^
in PvfcCj

•The T - s l a lc o f )r\t mo g I©Wr\ pure ffcrrrt i'* Wi'gMy u n s fa le le te tfu v ifc

\\ cOAlai<u a pocket o f p o s itiv e c k a rg e a 4 4k c c e n ^ r o f H u 4c1ran*<r

p G * ( n*rv» M<))

T-sM e —^ fi\'s\<x\jt ( ftbftnrf of 2 ,3 - b P o )

In r<4 blood fell?, htmoglotin i* aUr -lo unload 9 8 / - 3 2 /. = of <Kr ox\;9f n
»1 k(S iM W ^ iiik j fu d v s Ike r ^ u ilik n ’ui* G uards Hie R»*4a.4e. P ^ s itlo ^ /c a lly
in g.103 ftom lun^l to Jfw u f. coi*p«<i'»of\, pvxc brrnoyloUft
Vkis means lW a4 pu»c k r w o ^ o W n u o u ld W>«'*d o v | ) e n to o s V o A g ly
uivloo^f only <*?'/. * RO/. - 8 / onyjen wV\r*i *t>v»<\9 ouff IKf ranne partial
p (fs ^u rf dtffefrnre- a n d uoould rAcasr i\ U Ik e 4tssur.

»A\\s to flirt for corv\t rearoA, p * " VtfMo^WL'A w r m kave a muck k i 'g W > 2 ,V 6 P 6 , a a n io n ic PnoWcuU, can fi‘4 perfectly \\jd Hie poj//iV*ly
afpKily to fkan ttir hffrlo^W kfa fouA<i ,*n K fcC s. WHa4 ar<ouc\Aj f o r 4V\ts ? e W j d p o c k e t o\ tke T* s t a l e &y W'uAi'ntj, i\ sUbtlijej- Hie T*s4orlc
and p u tk ft IV t e q u ilib riu m to B it le f 11 toua/r^s T - s W e ). TKis i\ lu r n
© o
CK / / 0 © 2.3-BPG is a A a W a U y o c c u r iny moleruta iVxaVcj \\ \ tn a M r a c lc Jl 4o o t y « jc n .
c4- *w vv ✓
/*u
O
fo**d. »n c e lls . I \ is formed as a n «'nUn*ed.i*K
»WV\fn o \\jyv\ t c ^ ir t f 1% ti'ad lo Ike fen^ct poclrrt
6< V « O v y ®
/ \ ° CoUapscS Qn.4 U if 2 , 3 '& P 6 it kicked owl. Tkis d + (*tt fkc kr^io^loU'q
0 0 0 CaK Wt re la te d s ^ a tc .
2.3-6P6 acts or an allosUric fftVHoc jo
2 , 3 * 6ifk©spkoolucn#lc h fm o jlo tii\
( 2 ,V 6 P < j)
 Fetal Hemoglobin and 2,3 BPG
•1 ,3 BPG 15 an » llo s lc n 't effector of hemoglobin / ^ t if, t\ b .a c h Vo the

^ockef at W\e center o f heroogtaW n, in crea se (he s t a b ility o f T -iW c

and louet* H\( offiruty for e*y)cn.

• 2,3* 0PO »5 rxf^aliwl^ charged. and W n d s

0, t. O
ttf\« OOfiKvtl'j e W o rld pocket* 00 *i|»\m ch*r^< J W H V;
come ffof* Hit liX atvii'no a c id * *Haa.-) ort found d ^ / © v X cr u ©
at the corner) of the P>» <>*<J £ t S u t u m Js .

Fetal HemogloVin

'A s the f e U i is dievclop100 , •! «*prr$frr a flightly cAt'ff ereni hemogloth. Die f e M

hcf*»gl»WA sh'U contain* fk * , anolc^j lu U u n .ls kut 4he P. a n d (*t u n N i a^t
replaced u>»th *y« yx ? uUuh i\y
Io
•0 nc major deference b e t^ te n th< £ a n d -y subunit ts t h a t tkc p tfflfeily chacjrd
F ra c tio n a l 9 I
His IM3 amino an*L if fcplaccd ky a neulfal stone rrsidu.*.
5a.Vu«aVvor\
.y h a t e the p h o n o lo g ic a l c o n s u m e ! o f t i n * c h a n g e ?

•&e<-au.* of this )ub filia tio n , ftve cenlcr pocket o f f e W bemoplotiQ ui‘ll h a v t a
a smaller po<itj>»c cVangc- Af a r r f u H , 3.,^*&PG- u^lV\ n o l b in d to the pocket
aj u>el\ at to the re v ie w tvervioglobiey TkiS rntans th a t fi'nec (erf* 2 ,3 -OPO-
w ill bi>d lo tbe pockets, fe t a l h*r*oglole>i\ u ill have o ta'gVur offmi'tif for —i--------1------- 1-------- 1—
?o 90 90 too
(Piygtn thor\ the rvioihe'f ffljular Inrmojlbbih.
P a rt;« i p rc fra rt o f o iy g e n ( r v in r iM ^ )
Concluiitn:

» F tU l hemoglobin, u it h %‘l-s higher off.Vnfly fee 0 \ / w*ll be a W t 4o > u a e f« f j l , C>z B i'n d i'n j Cune foe fe 4a I h r/n o y lo t in
A tliw r o>yy#i \% the develop* a$ feliM .

= $ L BrndiV\g c a rte for re ^ u l * f he m o ^lo L V t

 The Bohr Effect and Hemoglobin
•For cells io furscb'on e ffrd iW ty , ft\ey m ad hem a n arvipta supply 0f ouygerv For fhis
L o u x f pH
reason , h e m o ^ i n w ad W *\o\c +o u n lo a d eno ug h onv/^n lo ik t .

. Z .y f t P t >5 not *H< en\y o Hot Writ tffcetor I U .'mp^rs effrefmc^ of V\«mogloV,iV, ♦ t H4]

uJaroacn K<m> o i d co^W.n d > W f a r < <*Ue a lV ,‘ W ' ‘ *]» •* ' n " corc j r e
IMfc
o m i^ 0( Oi M .o tc d \o tW Th** ™ e>oVir ' I F 1

•A s Hie h y d ro y n ion ronr^nUoJion iftn e a r s , w W ilid t'o r rid e d \ o tn b^ornec

Mo C O x p ro J t> r\a lrd . Ih'S a llo w s Jo fo r m o foH W d y ( in -lrra rJ io n )
pH = ? q
\a>»‘W\ n e a r ly o '; y o A o le CesidiMt. This ra il b ' i d ^ r c4cW«!»jrf T -c 4 a J f
of tV d ro tijh e rv v o g lo b tn , u > W U Io u * m iti off»n»ly fo r o i y y c n .
Mo COa
pH - ? . l c>r> l/» o ii d r B { f r c i
yVoocI c e ll
► (Vompolof CO-j m o v r i in^o fKf
- COzprrsrM *1 *5W*
?«BC , uV>ere i4 i5 conxrrlrdi
pH * 1 .1
COrlppnK onV^dfp^g i* )o
HxCO^ - MCO-
p 0 2 ( fin nn Hg ^ fO^S orvd t> K O ftftralr ions

• &a$rd on n)is Reapin'.

• ° i i I ■ 32-/. r 6 6 X »s released ta 4hr lisrurs i/» oW nee of o ^ d p n s?.H * Vx^Vei eonrfnUo<«OA o f COi mranj naorc Uy(Afoyn (ons arr p/-odu/ed ih ij u.||
• 98/ * 21 /. ‘ 22 /• 15 ,r» Hie absence of C£>t, and a louwf pM of T X . Aerrcoif hrrwo^loWns afjpnUy as a rrru\\ of solt bridge fo r^ ^ ia o
• ^ J/ - 1 0 / r / »S fdeojcJ. in the pf^rnfe of COi o^d a l*>ocr pH of ? I .
• CarVon dioni'de cov\ a liD ti/> d \o afft^r>o Ifrm i’na^ ^ fo u f r * f ? u tu n » }5.

•A hfghrr coorenWalion of C oK a n d a lo urr p H th ig h rr orvioanl o f H **) s lu fb fhe

curve 4o Hy tWrrloy d c r ( c a < \ n y 4h* o ffin rJy oj hrmocjloW/t | V ovy^no owef
allouu^ •< unload rv\orc o r f j e o 4» Jh< h ' s r u t * . 0 = C= O ♦ H
C - o
pH E f M
o' ©
•The am.no group of the teirrWoal rtsiiat 0f ot-sutavuJs and 4Kr Wsltdtnr arvuno
• ThK ufl! form Oi neg*J»vc\\j ch ar^ rJ cortarvxa^e y o u p #u»W<U can por/inpalc
aa'db £iHfe an4 o4122- rr jpor>n'\>l< for Jht’s eflVcf. tV>«y ha\»f Q p « a o f oround
(n foiming <&\\ U ,d [(y s V V ijl# V > i1 n e 4 h f deoxyVemogloifii 7^s4o4f. TK,S u l l
? arJi uj»0 bfron\e prolonaUd Q louKr p H -
^Ui<\ lo u K f Kfrv\o^|ol>»V » ° f f ' W l f f«>r o iy jr ^ T .
 The Bohr Effect and Hemoglobin Part 2
•Fof Cells io fuf\cb'on e f f r e W y , ft\ey m ad hem a n arviplc ^upfly of o*yg<r\ for fhis
reason , W mo^loW n We * b lc to u n lo o d enough o iyq ^n to tkt t is s u e * .
Lov»xf
£ V
•Z.3-6P& <> no! Mu on\y allecW ric eff«4or I U
H U n an i Am a id «rW n d . W t
im pr*w* tKc e fffe .m ^ o f W > 3lo W ).
arc *W» alW .W fc c ffrc W r \ \ a i fo*«corc JWe
t Zo -' V4 •>•
♦
•
♦ E H «]

O i eeUofcd ta tV>< K s s u r * . *l c a lW d tnc fc e ^ r e ffect. i t IMb

As rt»f h^dlfo^rA ion ronr^ntration itin cQ r* ;, ™e h i'i|« 4 i'n f n d r <4iotn [xrorr\r<

rv/o CO 2. p(cAt>r\a\,c& . mt$ ollow i «t -to form O foM W ^ y ( s4f»<\^ irv|rro>rtion)
pH = ? q
Va>»^V\ U>f n e a rb y o t, p a r t a t f rr n d a c . IVus ra il fc x iJ a r f t c b t l i j r f 4ln^ T - c ta le
of tW dfot^V>rrv\oglot»n, u>V\ct> Iou^/i »*t* o{f?/i»ty for o \ y y m
Mo COa
pH -- 7 1 C&j[>ori Pi’o iV d lr l i M
^ y>Vood eg II
►p/onpo\oi CO^ movfi into 4ke
- C O ifff ir n i -ti ss u *
pH* 1.1
RfcC , uW re it i5 CoAvrrl^d io^
Carbonic o*\Vy jfQ ^g »*4o h ^iio y n
HxCO^^ H **M C 0>
pO * £ cons on/i \>Ka/l»orvair ton?
50 60 «o loo

• (idsrdi on tm's q rap h .

•°\i I " 3 ^ / . r .£ 6 / is fflfoyti to the Ifsrufs in tV>r oW nre o f CO 2 a n d pH =9.4 • Vw'^Wv ronrenWoltOA o f C O i W eanj rv>0f( U y (A ro y n ton? orr p o u r e d iK ij u .||

• ^ 8 / * 21 / r 2 2 ^ ** rr^r05f^ ,n a^5<nte ° f a ^OuMf pW ”? .Z derccoje hfryvo^\oWAS afjpn«ly as a rr^ult of salV b r i^ c for^olicyi.

%q j / . £0 7 r J J / is rcleajccl in Ih r pfestfire of Co 1 end a Ito c r pH o f 9 -1 *
*-Car Von d ic rtid e cov\ a lio fcind \o the a i*fn © Ur/v\tAa\ ^ r o o p r o f \S\e 5u tu n » tj.

• A h<qV)ff c o o ffn tra lio n of COK a n d a lo u rr pH (tugV\rr om ount o f H * ) slit'fIs the

curve 4o Hy n 'g M , tW rrb y d frrfo c i'n g 4\\* o ffin iJ y ©1 hfnaogloW /i for o iy a ^ o
a llo u u g *\ \% uv>\oo4 rvNorr o > yg cn 4t h s ru t* . R -N
ft-N ♦ N ‘r
C .-r.o
pH effec4
O' ©
•The am.no group af the teiffWnal rtfM< of and liislid«V\f amino
*Th(? u fU fo rm 01 ne9<^»vtlv| cV>aryd c o r t a r w a lc y * ^ f # ^ V u c l» c a n pc?r/iir«paK
aail? an4 d *22- 0^ ffypoori\>U for Jhis rffrc t. Q pKa o f orou^d
^ fdWi'flg ip\\ U i d ^ Hi#^ st#b»1n c 4hc deoxyVerviogloifii T s 4a 4<. TKi s x^\\
? oni iJ»ll berome prolonalrdl o4 a locxr pH-
i*\ ^Uifv \ou>er K f^ »g|ol»V ) ° f f ,Vvlf f o r O iyjr^.
 Transport of Carbon Dioxide and Chloride Shift
<fd bVood cel!

Mf rvxogtoVi/)

H -t- HCO — H ,^ o ^ H a 0 * C O x
*
Utnr»oJt>klA
UO 7-S
AUeolor
($ ?l\
C o t ( * 5 'l - )
t t f l C 1*’ * ^ id o tl« \ iu m
K ttu e

•The rv\aj0nty of oorbo* diot'df ptodu/ed by e*rrr»Vn* t»s*ue tfon jp orIrd

• In the lu ngs, the situ a tio n is revrrrrd. The h ig h e njrarella lor
ir\ tbf blood in thr ^ornrs Ucoitonole ion*. Wh\| ;
Concentration o f W coibonal* c a u s fj rt -to move »hlo fh* R B C j^
• Oaibor> d»oi»(!e n non-pot©/ ond »s Aicrrforr not Vay soluble »n Ihe polc*t M o o d . IhetfVy cauhA<) ch lo rid e 1 0n j |o I^^vjc the frd Uo*^ <^/!s.
To pdbMif carbon d io n d e , oofkoruc onhyjdrpse tjanrfo<m f C O t in t a COrlom 'c
act'd, which then d i s j o n ’a W »n to bicarbonate io n s a r \d h y d ro g e n io n s . •The V>worV#i\al/ »ons )he conoWnffl o i |l> Wf to fo//*
c t r ln iu o c ij t uW cU is W e ird Jou/v fo b w ra/bo^ d.cnude
- 1W W©rh*voie ions *u K r\ transported oul o f red Wood <*h via mrrwhfanc
prolrfAS At thr farv\t Knnc f chUnde ions (*< tcoujM inrJo trd Wood, etUj •CO* mtAecules then rv>%w doU (\ W r i t 0fad»c*t into tht o lv r o lI, u)hich
to rv\aintain a Constant eWctrv charge TVs tuchangr »n >ons ft CalfrcJ fVf chlondf ftp e! Vhrnr\ \o the Outside *»a eiha\®f<o<V

m l
Conclusion *.

’ Co'bon dio tidr is tio m p o r If d i<i the blood

* Note tKat although 4hc rr\a jo rtly of CO* transform s into H C 0 3 , Sofwe o f the
( 1^ b ^ d isso lvin g dUrcetlvj »n H e p l a t r n * 5 /.J
wibon d«>\idf hmds cAwectl>j to h e m o g lo b in is then carried- io 4hc lu n j r
in Ibal money r . (i^ 10 *h< V>i(^rboAot/ ion {ofnA ( ~ « 5 7 ).
(3 ) V>f Ending onto Vrmo^lob»A (^ 1 0 - 14 */. ^
 Haldane Effect
Hcxldane
•The frohr effect dtcvnhec h o w
a f f ,ft,^1 f ° r o i ^ y o
*x can See H\at © tvjyn
oarbcn d to itd e a n d
♦The M aldone ^ f fr r t
* /I d ro p '0 Cj i in th e
Canton d io v d e o n d hydrogen ions a f f e c t herrtOglotvns
C O x C on!m l ff<) Wood c c fts n e a r
W e corv abo lo o t a l tWs from IVie r^veire pecspccUvc •Ih a * is ,
tf\ Vht b lo o d ^hc tis s u e s c a u s e s
molecule; can af{<*^ fa t off»nit>j o f hem oglobin for k\(\A.\t\y
a \c ftv ^ a /d s h ift
hydrogen tons • Th\s is r a ile d the M a^onf e ffe c t. ift Ine c u r v e #u>h*ch
M fU J J nnorr c a r to n
p/<*volrs Ihe re(rosr o f C O x f * 0^ ^he t is s u e s to tt\e U o o d o t\ J
/v
d io x id e cat' he rto re d
>*v t m U o c d pl&SMO .
p a r t ia l pressure o f C O x

‘ The Maldane fffr e t can a lio he used \o e* p la in h o o oxygen coneent/o4i^

affects COj u n lo a d in g *a the lu n g ;.

• 1he R & C j ncor the lun.<^ r

f i l l v»itk o x y g m . The rise
fH tld o M lH T ^ P in © i«jyn causes * h e m to
HpwoqI obi'n biftd to hemojloUio,uk»ch
. / ^ in \wt\ dfrreott’r WmojUUlu
H4 C 02 a f f i> ily { i f c o a ond h*t
C 0 L ♦ H tO H 4 HCOi
•1K \S sLVnujAalct uoloodb/x^
♦ As CarWon d io it d e is c o n v a lf d in to C arb o n ic a c id , ohtck »n |urn o lu -fa c io lc j into C,l 0^ COi and ionj.ukick
h ylio^e n ions a n d fc 'c a rto n o le ion*# the h en u g l& h in fclcftfrc o x y g e n to the Itrsat. oirr u.U»m*ltlij fip c H r d ^\j

The den\jgen#led Wrr\o<jlok»0 nOt> b e g in ; to b in d h\fic©gen i o n s . &\j Le C h o t e J i'f S

Vhc U n as.

prinrf'ple# tk's u>»1\ jW f t the e ^ v illV n u m W W « fM’g h t S id e a n d cause tw i

more bifar\p*Aale ion* to V>f p ro d u /e d - TKc» m e a n ; th a t Ihere u til he o n i h ^ f C •'We n ’sc 10 Oa e a u ^
COx e o * ^ a is<jWu>crd s h i' f j .
in U>e amount 0f Ct>x f ^ o l f t u l n t h a t can be (AtSfolvrJ i/\ tlie M o o d . in W**<l
TK%> means fh a l less
C02 cor\ Ttofrd in
=> H aJ< U m f f f t a in ff f o jt s arn o u ^ o f C0X W»u\ to n b t d i s c e d
the hloodi and rv>oj^
In ft t blood p \o i/na w a r < k y .a j K < j u w .
o f it u>i|l We rtpfllecf
by the
 High Altitude and 2,3 BGP
High A U tlu de a n d i . V k P G

Hou uil| ifwrfap'ncj Ih r owoun'l t f 2.3-&P6* offrc+ Ihe o*\|gcn

•AJ hiqlnet all.ludfj. W aUv<*plr\cn'i pcrftuct lr lou*t H\an a\ )f<* lewl 7hi< mean* tiadi'ng came 7
\w o^<yn u it t tfnJcc out W o o d p la s m a t W o u ^ V i H ie lu n < js a U i i m U l ^ oui 4» ir u c .

\<\ o^dLer h> \nr<c0Jc ttu o { O i cMrvicrrd 0lA/ issues our todv/ 01II rrxptnol • H u til s lli^ curve to th e r i g h t , u>kic\n

»n a va rifly o f uioxf*. An CmmediaVe r**pon*c fauoUff a Wither rale o f brrattiiXo W itt d to ca it \Vit affi'ai^ of hffoO^UU'n
lfc^r«vr*tiWUon) a*^ a quicker Iftrant rottc. 1h«s« fc*ponfcj hooew^ are ccUflwcuj Tor oxvjyn TKis N\rons Hi©\J Vu rv\o^UWn
inefftXcM , -loitiaq and Can b< vt»j d a n jrm u r U )ill V>c aWe unload an4 drlivc/ rv\or£
Oi^<jrn Vo AV\c li* 5 U * S .
• A mu.(lr> m*c ff^icicnl a n d safer v*>ay ta fncrrarc arvvou*J o f oxifCjrn delv*froj
<0 oar W is 4. cW qc 4W a tv io u n * o f 2 ,3 - » f r in t h t U o e d , .Vicicow » l f n u * W
of k e m o ^ ^ U m olccJU ) o*<* u l W l c l y ^cieorc t o r (\fcC c o u n i in 11k M o o d . t/i/>
rvlkodL is *«>* oalvj Safrr Wu4 a b t W/tg- lofJiTig.
 Alpha Hemoglobin Stabilizing Protein
•Ar\ o \ Hie Kumor\ gervoox VV»a4 vtt Wove (out
•As a<* St»kur\J of hfrr\t>gloti/) 15- produced), tiflds ^0
fWoV codf for \\\( ol 5 u\xmiW o\ herv\oglo\>m Vxi< oolvj 4uo 9 c iv * Wiat cod' for
leTv*p©rof'»^J • Th\s stabilise* i l , Veep? co lu W f oryj prrv*Jj
\h( beta sukumVs.roi’qhl r*\<or\ )kal the oJ-f\Aur\ilf a/c prctflufrti a l
a y>t<}V><r {ir^aency rtvan tV\< P -s u tu m l* . {(Otr\ fe/m.Vg w vroU)» o g<jrf g o lr s 0 1 ^ ° ^ ' r rf-J<Au*ul;.

• 1 \\r pioU em h rft is Ik a t eues5 *< -ru b u n ils «a |he Uooel rv n 'g M c a irn Jhrrvx to •As thr ^ fu V u n ^ i< for^fd , i l r ^ ' h d ifflo fff^ t AMSP awl
a^v^oU )o y k « <o f ixm I'm o U U e c o ^ p \c n c s S ^ o \ con p o te n tia l^ f r r r f p t 'U lr o u t
f* « {U * m o, sW W r < W " . l i e f up h tm o jc ln 'n
of (W VAood 5o p r r \,m ls ^ fro m h a fp rn .ftg ?

</. UemogloWo S lat>iK\*A g P ro ln n ( AH 5 P)

m <£> o 'M 'W r AH5P
•M MooJ celts p r « W a prtleiV i c a W WrmogloWn ri« W ilh'V ij pt*l««o.
o^'AM sp
protein t«*dU ofllo o^’ S u k u n il rv\oflonnerf 4o fo r t\ 1 5oluWr d»/v\err.
C ooaplfx

m AHSp ^ « u W n ,t

KoAc M AKSP bin ds H Ike 4 -s u lu m 't OA foe same fid e os tot

0^ A H s P c o m p k x

fcnccjy
A£
I

°**pAjyepfcicir o f WerBogloti'o
0/ kfmo^lotio s U V i W n j
pfolcttX
 Sickle-Cell Anemia
6> i( M t 'C tU A n e m ia . • what (a u v s *V\e abnormal shape o f h e m o g lo b in ^ II lu tn s o u j JV\o-l ,c
is a (jcac I i'c frtor -(hot leads to a s»ag\c awuAt a n d subtt< lul'orv in the
•IndhVtdtfflU with Sick If* cell anemia o^notmal V\rTY\oglo\pin moleruks beta. chai’nj of the hemogloWn
Tta hemoglobin molecules ia Jhcif deovj^cnotrd s la te be^A to a0<^rrgale
*\W\ one another to flxm W<} Sickle f\ W s , u>V\»cVi COAvrrjs tine q lu t a m a t e (0 — ^ v a lin e t
hcal^y bi£o*«m shape of red blocd* folo the S»ckle sh^pe
• In norrwal hrrno jlo k in , glulawa^c ^ »* lo ca^d or\ Ihe S u rfa re of lh« £>-c h a n *
flu> T* not <* pr*Uem b era u jc thr p*\ar g U la m » lr con easily interact u i Hi
fWf polar env«r»nnnf n t .

o ^ H,•
o o
st*oke • The j2> su b un h of Uu nor/v^a) her**jloh»^ ha*( a polor
'
poor blood fU v o residue the p o rt io n thort can m lr/a c l oetl
^ ^ 8 infectim UoiUt 4he p016«r u>al*r m oleculef fo und »n M e blooci
p lo s / n a .
‘J C I 03
NocmaJ p-ruku^/J
•These s«cklt'$W p ed rrd L>\txxt ceU< con ag<)r«j>U an d dog tiny cap»ll<wfc5;
rrvuUirvj »n • In thf abnormal he?**^UbtA#
Vhe nonpolar valiAe in tht
(?) p a n f u l s w e llin g .
position uaOald r*u<h rather
® irv^p^irrd blood f l^ O . {nlfraot v-»l4V other r\onp4ar
Q) m rrre>rd «»-sU o f stroke ( p®,r b lio d f U o \ t tV\c b ra T /i) M oleiulo fatV«r then w/ Ht o.

($) ,n<rrarr<l ris k of paH i*j«nit i\f*chon { poor cirtHla^ion). • i f another deo\yhfr»o}\oWin is 10
akntrm al -unit CltKe pio\»fl*ily f valine* fe can
,U a d d itio n , these abnormal red blood e^lls a sloH er I * ft *pan. IrV* m eans £>-subunit o f
interact uitV either valine ■ u
thty w«fl d»f at a Cjuiclrff rate a n d 4hts Con 1-eoJL fo a dterreoxc in red Ufcxl Ctll adjormt d fo t^ W i
or pken\|la\an\nc * 65 of tha^
count (anem io^ . 9^©b»n-
deoi^hem o^obi'ns (3' Ju b u n r f j.

•TK15 in Jurn leo^s \o the o g g rry ^ io n

o f kn^oloW ns-