KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SICENCES

DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ADMINISTRATION

COURSE UNIT : ADVANCED SOCIAL POLICY

COURSE CODE : SA 321

TASK : GROUP COURSE WORK

YEAR : THREE

SEMISTER : TWO

LECTURER’S NAME : VENESIO B. BHANGYI.

NAME REG NO: SIGNATURE

MWANDHA PETER 17/U/13073 /SSD/PD

MUKISA PHILIP 17/U/13053/SSD/PD

TENYWA STEPHEN 17/U/18389/SSD/PD

NAKIRANDASHARON 17/U/13125/SSD/PD

NAMULONDO JURIANA 17/U/13169/SSD/PD

MUSIIMENTA MIIRIAM J 16/U/14516/SSD/PD

LUGANDA EVELYN 17/U/13016/SSD/PD

KALEMBE VIOLA 17/U/13452/SSE/PE

AKELLO PHIONA OYENA 17/U/12774/SSD/PD

APIO DANIELLA GLORIA 17/U/12815/SSD/PD

QUESTION ONE

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Distributive Policy: This type of policy is formulated by government to allocate resources to the
general public. It promotes equal access to resources because benefits are distributed not at the
expense of some other people. It is a win-win approach since every individual, irrespective of
status, is a beneficiary. The policy aims at achieving egalitarianism for example equality in status
among members of a political community. Examples of distributive policies in Uganda include
the National Programme on Immunization (NPI), National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS),
National Directorate of Employment (NDE) Act 1989, and Universal Basic Education (UBE)
Policy.

Re-Distributive Policy: According to Olaniyi (1998), the policy is usually referred to as “social
inter-transfer of material resources”. The policy involves the allocation of resources by
transferring such resources from one section of the society to another. The policy aims at
achieving equilibrium, that is, a balance share of state resources or access to them. The policy is
premised upon the assumption that some people enjoy public amenities in excess while some do
not have at all. It is therefore a zero-sum game because the gain of one is the loss of another.
Examples of this policy in Uganda include the different revenue allocation formulas which re-
distribute the share of national revenue among the three tiers of government, Petroleum Trust
Fund Decree No. 25 of 1994 which proposed the redistribution of excess funds generated from
crude oil sales to every sector of the economy such as health, education and road maintenance,
the Subsidy Reinvestment Programme (SURE-P) of 2013.

Regulatory Policy: This type of policy is formulated as a control measures in the conduct of
human and societal affairs. It involves setting of standards and rules to limit or restrict certain
behaviour or activities with undesirable consequences in the society. It entails the making of
rules based on accepted terms, enforcement and adjudication in cases of any breach. Regulatory
policies mostly suffer from “low clientele supports” (co-operative behaviour), to borrow
Olaniyi’s words, because of certain restrictions it places on human conduct. Regulatory policies
could be competitive or protective. It is competitive when it restricts the number of people who
can provide certain public goods or utilities. It is protective when it sets conditions for private or
group activities. Generally, they protect the public against harmful activities. Regulatory policies
include the National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA) which regulates the movement
and use of hard drugs in and out of Nigeria; the National Agency for Food and Drug

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Administration and Control (NAFDAC) which regulates the quality of foods and drugs
processed and consumed by Nigerians, the Standards Organisation of Nigeria (SON) which
brings quality control into manufactured products consumed or utilised in Nigerian industries
and households.

Constituent Policy: This type of policy has a national orientation as it goes beyond serving
individuals, organizations or sections of the society. The policy serves the nation as a whole by
protecting and promoting certain activities that are vital to national security and survival.
Examples include the 1976 Decree which sited the Federal Capital Territory in Abuja for the
purpose of promoting national unity, Decree No. 24 of 1973 which established the National
Youth Service Corps (NYSC) scheme as part of the 3Rs (reconciliation, reconstruction and
rehabilitation) of the Gowon administration to deal with the aftermath of the civil war.

Education policy.

Uganda’s education system has undergone a series of reforms since independence. These
reforms encompass numerous attempts and interventions to ensure that the system is robust and
meets the challenges of a rapidly changing labor market and a continually globalizing world. In
recent years, the introduction of Universal Primary Education (UPE) creating opportunity for
millions of children to enroll in school epitomizes the positive outcomes of these reforms.
However, the promise of equity and equality in education remains elusive. The main objective of
this policy brief is to bring to the attention of Ugandan policy makers, the executive and
parliament, the requisite changes needed to transform our country’s education system into a more
equitable and high quality education system. The briefing paper is based on a more
comprehensive study on the political economy of Uganda’s education policy reforms and
background papers presented at the High Level Policy Dialogue on Education Policy Reforms in
Uganda.

Industrial policy.
The industrial sector in Uganda consists of the construction, mining and quarrying, formal
manufacturing, informal manufacturing, electricity, and water supply. The composition of the
subsectors in the industrial sector as computed using annual GDP numbers in constant 2002
prices gives a strong indication of the dominant sub-sectors (Republic of Uganda 2010a; 2010b;

3
2011). In the financial year (FY) 2010/2011, for example, the construction sub-sector was the
largest (61 per cent) followed by formal manufacturing (20.2 per cent), water supply (6.9 per
cent), informal manufacturing (6.6 per cent), electricity supply (3.9 per cent), and mining and
quarrying (1.4 per cent). Although the proportions slightly vary for the previous three financial
years, the differences are negligible suggesting that the construction sub-sector largely dominates
the industrial sector. In what follows we describe in more detail each of these sub-sectors.
The Anti-Corruption Act, 2009  
An Act to provide for the effectual prevention of corruption in both the public and the private
sector, to repeal and replace the Prevention of Corruption Act, to consequentially amend the
Penal Code Act, the Leadership Code Act and to provide for other related matters.

Uganda National Irrigation Policy

Irrigated land produces 40% of global food (IFAD, 2015). Currently, Uganda’s ratio of
cultivated area under irrigation to the irrigation potential is only 0.5%. This compares lowly to
3.6% for Tanzania, 2.0% for Kenya and 1.6% for Burundi.

The Water Act, Cap. 152

THE WATER ACT.
Commencement: 7 April, 1997

An Act to provide for the use, protection and management of water resources and supply; to
provide for the constitution of water and sewerage authorities; and to facilitate the devolution of
water supply and sewerage undertakings.

National Climate Change Policy

Climate change is a global challenge that requires a concerted effort by all nations. This National
Climate Change Policy (NCCP) is Uganda’s integrated response to climate change. It has been
prepared and designed within the context of the country’s vision and national development
priorities; it provides a clearly defined pathway for dealing with the challenges of climate change
within the socio-economic context of Uganda, and looks ahead to the opportunities and benefits
of a green economy.

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Whistle Blowers Act
An Act to provide for the procedures by which individuals in both the private and public sector
may in the public interest disclose information that relates to irregular, illegal or corrupt
practices; to provide for the protection against victimization of persons who make disclosures;
and to provide for related matters. 

Environment and Social Safeguards (ESS) Policy

Currently, the Environmental and Social issues are being addressed basing on the National
Environment Management Policy and other guiding documents including the Environment
Impact Assessment (EIA) guidelines and other Tools developed by National Environment
Management Authority (NEMA) while some projects have been using the World Bank
Environment and Social Safeguards Policies and other donor -specific ES policies. These are
normally actualized through development of Environment and Social Management Frameworks
(ESMF) for specific projects and programmers

THE UGANDA NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE COMMUNICATION STRATEGY

As part of continuing efforts to enhance sustainable development and improve community
knowledge, attitudes and practices towards climate change, the Government of Uganda identified
the need for more effective dissemination of climate change adaptation and mitigation
information across the country. In partnership with USAID and its Feed the Future Uganda
Enabling Environment for Agriculture Activity, the Ministry of Water and Environment, Climate
Change Department has developed the Uganda National Climate Change Communication
Strategy (UNCCCS) 2017-2021.

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QUESTION TWO

The guiding principles in policy making include the following;

Social equity

Equity, equality and parity all have shortcomings in both procedural and substantive values. The
primary readjustment required is to re‐stress political analysis, even though it may deal with fluid
concepts such as power and values. Secondly, there is a need to reverse the apparent tendency
among policy analysts to reduce real political and social conflicts to the level of technological
problems which only need more resources or technological innovations in order to be “solved”.
The fluidity of values such as equity, equality and parity means that they are malleable and can
be changed over time via education; social policies can thus be re‐shaped.

Social justice

For developing countries, and for a number of developed countries (particularly those with a
socialist or social democratic tradition), human rights are all-inclusive and indivisible and
encompass social and economic rights as well as civil and political rights. The references to
human rights in the Copenhagen Declaration and in other documents of that nature represent a
commitment by the international community to act positively to fulfil the most fundamental
requirements for survival and well-being, including the right to adequate nutrition, the right to
education, and the right to social security. This is in addition to the commitments made with
regard to international development cooperation. Developing countries are aware of the
controversy still swirling around the notion of the indivisibility of rights and therefore take the
precaution of insisting on the mention of the right to development; often, as in of the
Copenhagen Declaration, there will be a reference to human rights and fundamental freedoms,
followed by the coda “including the right to development”.

Social Self-Government

Social self-government means “I make my own decisions on issues pertaining to local

matters/needs. I handle the administrative arrangements for anything that concerns me without

6
depending on the central authority” [20, p.215] whenever possible. This, together with the
classical principles of taking personal responsibility and collectivity on issues of collective action
and joint decision making, make up the requirements for the operation of social life. In the
context of social reality “social self-government means that in the framework of the legally
instituted obligations of the society and the state, for covering material needs, and at the same
time the practice of personal responsibility, those obligations should be fulfilled by adhering to
subsidiarity and solidarity behaviour” [31, p.424]. The hierarchy of actions from the lower to the
higher administrative levels should be followed, while at the same time utilizing collectivity and
assistance. In this way, all parties involved at the various levels operate, not only within the
boundaries of competence they have or is awarded to them but also their relationships are bound
by cooperation and togetherness. Therefore, in accordance with social self-government, the
objectives and obligations of social policy should not remain centralized solely at the state level,
but smaller decentralized social structures of local government may just as well undertake part of
them. Thus, they ensure the efficient execution of implementation measures of social policy at
the local level and at the same time act as participants and social partners contributing to the
decongestion of central structures and services

The Principle of Personal Responsibility

The concept of responsibility means “the obligation of a person to complete a task and to be held
liable for it, bearing the consequences for the poor management of the task or for breaching a
moral obligation” Personal responsibility belongs to the main principles of Christian social
teachings and in accordance to its meaning is closely related to the principle of subsidiary and
the solidarity behavior. Each person has indeed the right to freely develop his personal skills, but
at the same time he is responsible and liable for each of his actions within the context of social
normality. This is so because social coexistence becomes possible through both personal but also
collective responsibility. No system can function on its own, just as no society can rely on
individual actions alone. People participate in actions collectively to produce results, have
ambitions and desire for progress and development; they are people who bear personal
responsibility for their actions, their manner of participation, but also for their results. The role of
social policy is to create the conditions under which each person can develop his potential to
grow, but also be able to help himself when needed. Therefore state interventions should not

7
inhibit personal liberty, but should allow people to take initiatives and be responsible for their
outcome. Taking personal responsibility presupposes that each person at his own initiative
should be able a) to want to take action, i.e. act in an objective or subjective manner or be able to
do so:

EQUALITY

Fair access to goods and services is a fundamental principle of social justice. Based on the belief
that all human beings are equal before God and the law, the notion of “fairness” as related to
access is often linked with the notion of “equality” to imply that all people, regardless of their
gender, race, age, class, language, religion and occupation, are entitled to benefit from public
goods and resources. These include access to livelihood, capacities, education, information,
health services, employment and job opportunities. In democratic societies, the concept of
equality also extends to include the political sphere, with effective decision-making processes in
place to ensure an equal voice for all citizens.

EQUITY

The principle of equity derives from the recognition that the concept of fairness as equal or
uniform distribution is not always possible or implementable, particularly in view of existing
injustices that have prevented or reduced the ability of certain individuals or groups to gain equal
access to public goods, resources and opportunities in the first place. With this in mind, equitable
treatment implies that people would get a “deserved” treatment, meaning what is right for them.
Hence, a just society that works towards fairness and opportunities for all its members would
also strive to remove or overcome the barriers that hinder certain individuals and groups (for
instance, people with disabilities and the poor) from fulfilling their potential by way of
maximizing their opportunities.

RIGHTS

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Rights as a key principle of social justice can be divided into the following two sub-groups: (a)
legal rights, which include inherited rights, and other lawful rights such as the right to receive
payment for one’s jobs according to agreed terms; and (b) moral rights, which include people’s
basic human rights, liberties and such entitlements as the right of “giving people a say in affairs
that concern them”24 and the right of certain groups to particular geographic territories.25 In
socially just societies, moral rights, even in the absence of legal guarantees, are protected by
adequate procedures, norms and rules, some of which are universally accepted, as is the case
with human rights, for instance.

PARTICIPATION

Participation in the context of social justice means involving people in decisions that govern their
lives. This includes not only engaging them in deciding on the kind of public services needed in
their areas but also ensuring their full participation in political and cultural life. More
specifically, the rationale for public participation is twofold and includes: (a) achieving better
distributive outcomes; and (b) strengthening democracy. As to the second point, the notion of
participation is linked to power, and participation is believed to shift existing power relationships
as it strengthens the position of traditionally weak and marginalized groups and individuals vis-
à-vis other such actors as public and social institutions.

QUESTION THREE

The relevance of public policy in the administration of state

can be summed up in the following terms:
(1) It is a mirror that guides government in its actions. This
is because a government without a definite plan of actions
is like a traveller without a destination (Chijioke, 1987:

9
5). He may cover many kilometres and yet not be able to
say where he is going or how far he has gone. Public policy
thus helps government to reconcile the numerous public
demands and scarce resources based on priority.
(2) It arouses in citizens public consciousness and critical
minds to take up the challenge of assessing government-
planned activities and performance over time.
(3) It provides the platforms to question the why of
government, i.e. why do governments do what they do?
It seeks an understanding of the causes or determinants
of political/policy actions.
(4) It provides the opportunity for various interest groups
and the general public to know government's responses
and reactions to their demands. Such reactions show the
pattern of action government adopts or intends to adopt.
(5) It promotes professionalism in the art and science of
policy-making. Applying the knowledge of social science
The relevance of public policy in the administration of state
can be summed up in the following terms:
(1) It is a mirror that guides government in its actions. This
is because a government without a definite plan of actions
is like a traveller without a destination (Chijioke, 1987:
5). He may cover many kilometres and yet not be able to
say where he is going or how far he has gone. Public policy
thus helps government to reconcile the numerous public
demands and scarce resources based on priority.
(2) It arouses in citizens public consciousness and critical
minds to take up the challenge of assessing government-
planned activities and performance over time.
(3) It provides the platforms to question the why of
government, i.e. why do governments do what they do?

10
It seeks an understanding of the causes or determinants
of political/policy actions.
(4) It provides the opportunity for various interest groups
and the general public to know government's responses
and reactions to their demands. Such reactions show the
pattern of action government adopts or intends to adopt.
(5) It promotes professionalism in the art and science of
policy-making. Applying the knowledge of social science
The relevance of public policy in the administration of state
can be summed up in the following terms:
(1) It is a mirror that guides government in its actions. This
is because a government without a definite plan of actions
is like a traveller without a destination (Chijioke, 1987:
5). He may cover many kilometres and yet not be able to
say where he is going or how far he has gone. Public policy
thus helps government to reconcile the numerous public
demands and scarce resources based on priority.
(2) It arouses in citizens public consciousness and critical
minds to take up the challenge of assessing government-
planned activities and performance over time.
(3) It provides the platforms to question the why of
government, i.e. why do governments do what they do?
It seeks an understanding of the causes or determinants
of political/policy actions.
(4) It provides the opportunity for various interest groups
and the general public to know government's responses
and reactions to their demands. Such reactions show the
pattern of action government adopts or intends to adopt.
(5) It promotes professionalism in the art and science of
policy-making. Applying the knowledge of social science
The relevance of public policy in the administration of state

11
can be summed up in the following terms:
(1) It is a mirror that guides government in its actions. This
is because a government without a definite plan of actions
is like a traveller without a destination (Chijioke, 1987:
5). He may cover many kilometres and yet not be able to
say where he is going or how far he has gone. Public policy
thus helps government to reconcile the numerous public
demands and scarce resources based on priority.
(2) It arouses in citizens public consciousness and critical
minds to take up the challenge of assessing government-
planned activities and performance over time.
(3) It provides the platforms to question the why of
government, i.e. why do governments do what they do?
It seeks an understanding of the causes or determinants
of political/policy actions.
(4) It provides the opportunity for various interest groups
and the general public to know government's responses
and reactions to their demands. Such reactions show the
pattern of action government adopts or intends to adopt.
(5) It promotes professionalism in the art and science of
policy-making. Applying the knowledge of social science

Importance of Public Policy The relevance of public policy in the administration of state can be
summed up in the following terms:

It is a mirror that guides government in its actions. This is because a government without a
definite plan of actions is like a traveler without a destination (Chijioke, 1987: 5). He may cover
many kilometres and yet not be able to say where he is going or how far he has gone. Public
policy thus helps government to reconcile the numerous public demands and scarce resources
based on priority.

12
It arouses in citizens public consciousness and critical minds to take up the challenge of
assessing government planned activities and performance over time.

It provides the platforms to question the why of government, i.e. why do governments do what
they do? It seeks an understanding of the causes or determinants of political/policy actions.

It provides the opportunity for various interest groups and the general public to know
government's responses and reactions to their demands. Such reactions show the pattern of action
government adopts or intends to adopt.

It promotes professionalism in the art and science of policy-making. Applying the knowledge of
social science to solve practical societal problems makes it compelling that expertise
contributions of political scientists or public/development administrators, economists,
sociologists, lawyers, industrial relations experts, among others, are sought in analysing the
viability and feasibility of proposed policies that have direct consequences on the general
populace, the economy and government itself

3b)

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QUESTION FOUR.

.      Cognitive skills include literacy and numeracy. They refer to the ability to understand
complex ideas, adapt effectively to the environment, learn from experience, and reason.

2.      Socio-emotional skills refer to the ability to navigate interpersonal and social situations

effectively and include leadership, teamwork, self-control, and grit.

3.      Technical skills refer to the acquired knowledge, expertise and interactions needed to

perform a specific job, including the mastery of the materials, tools, or technologies.  

Public policy analysts advise governments, at all levels, on which new policies are needed and
what's involved in launching those policies.

In this post, we break down the core skills required to do this job well, and truly thrive in the
challenging, ever-complex sphere of policy leadership.

1. RESEARCH

Every policy recommendation begins with in-depth research. Some of this research takes place
on a regular basis, and includes staying abreast of relevant current events, public opinions, and
political developments.

Other aspects require deep dives into data, research studies, reports, surveys, and other
informational resources. Policy analysts must be comfortable using a range of research tools and
methodologies, in order to develop a thorough, evidence-based understanding of the problem at
hand, from every possible angle.

2. DATA ANALYSIS

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Research and analysis go hand-in-hand for policy analysts. They must be able to cut through
masses of information and diverging views, and actually make sense of the information they
gather. This generally involves analyzing and integrating large volumes of qualitative and
quantitative data.

The goal? To get a clear and objective sense of the facts; to lay the groundwork for what must
come next—proposing solutions.

3. CRITICAL THINKING & CREATIVITY

In order to develop feasible solutions, and fully understand their pros and cons, policy analysts
must synthesize all of the research they've gathered and analyzed, and then add something to it:
creative insight.

Creativity is necessary to envision innovative new solutions—but it must be balanced with a

talent for critical thinking.  Only then can policy analysts anticipate the issues and needs that will
arise from each approach they envision, and identify the most fair and effective option.

4. PERSUASIVE COMMUNICATION

Communication is key for policy makers, who must be able to present their ideas to government
authorities in persuasive ways. This includes both writing and verbal skills, and the ability to
respond to feedback, criticism, and questions in productive ways.

Great policy-advising doesn't happen from behind a desk. Analysts must go through the right
channels, and be ready to make a compelling case for their views. They must be good at breaking
down the key messages and most salient points of their analysis, and delivering those main ideas
with precision and clarity.

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5. COLLABORATION

Policy making doesn't take place in a vacuum. Analysts must collaborate with colleagues, elected
officials, specialists, and the public when developing policy proposals.

Strong interpersonal skills are an absolute must for this role, along with open-mindedness and
patience.

QUESTION FIVE

Developmentalism is an economic theory which states that the best way for less developed
economies to develop is through fostering a strong and varied internal market and imposing high
tariffs on imported goods.

Developmentalism is a cross-disciplinary school of thought that gave way to an ideology of

development as the key strategy towards economic prosperity. The school of thought was, in
part, a reaction to the United States’ efforts to oppose national independence movements
throughout Asia and Africa, which it framed as communist. Developmentalism in the
international economic context can be understood as consisting of a set of ideas which converge
to place economic development at the center of political endeavors and institutions and also as a
means through which to establish legitimacy in the political sphere. Adherents to the theory of
developmentalism hold that the sustained economic progress grants legitimate leadership to
political figures, especially in developing nations (in Latin America and East Asia) who would
otherwise not have the benefit of a unanimous social consensus for their leadership or their
international policy with regards to industrialized countries. Developmentalists believe that
national autonomy for 'Third World' countries can be achieved and maintained through the
utilization of external resources by those countries in a capitalist system. To those professed
ends, developmentalism was the paradigm used in an attempt to reverse the negative impact that
the international economy was having on developing countries in the 1950s–60s, at the time
during which Latin American countries had begun to implement import substitution strategies.
Using this theory, economic development was framed by modern-day Western criteria: economic

16
success is gauged in terms of capitalistic notions of what it means for a country to become
developed, autonomous, and legitimate

Socialism is a political, social and economic philosophy encompassing a range

of economic and social systemscharacterised by social ownership of the means of
production and workers' self-management of enterprises. It includes the political theories and
movements associated with such systems. Social ownership can
be public, collective, cooperative or of equity. While no single definition encapsulates
many types of socialism, social ownership is the one common element. Socialists disagree about
the degree to which social control or regulation of the economy is necessary; how far society
should intervene and whether government, particularly existing government, is the correct
vehicle for change are issues of disagreemen

Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy based on liberty, consent of the

governed and equality before the law Liberals espouse a wide array of views depending on their
understanding of these principles, but they generally support free markets, free trade, limited
government, individual rights (including civil rights and human
rights),capitalism, democracy, secularism, gender equality, racial
equality, internationalism, freedom of speech, freedom of the press and freedom of religion
Yellow is the political colour most commonly associated with liberalism Liberalism became a
distinct movement in the Age of Enlightenment, when it became popular
among Westernphilosophers and economists. Liberalism sought to replace
the norms of hereditary privilege, state religion, absolute monarchy, the divine right of
kings and traditional conservatism with representative democracy and the rule of law. Liberals
also ended mercantilist policies, royal monopolies and other barriers to trade, instead promoting
free trade and free markets. [14] Philosopher John Locke is often credited with founding liberalism
as a distinct tradition, based on the social, arguing that each man has a natural right to life, liberty
and property and governments must not violate these rights.[15] While the British liberal
tradition has emphasized expanding democracy, French liberalism has emphasized
rejecting authoritarianism and is linked to nation-building

17
The Marxist critique of capitalism developed with Friedrich Engels was, alongside liberalism
and fascism, one of the defining ideological movements of the twentieth century. The industrial
revolution produced a parallel revolution in political thought.
Urbanization and capitalism greatly reshaped society. During this same period, the socialist
movement began to form. In the mid-19th century, Marxism was developed, and socialism in
general gained increasing popular support, mostly from the urban working class. Without
breaking entirely from the past, Marx established principles that would be used by future
revolutionaries of the 20th century namely Vladimir Lenin, Mao Zedong, Ho Chi Minh,
and Fidel Castro. Though Hegel's philosophy of history is similar to Immanuel Kant's, and Karl
Marx's theory of revolution towards the common good is partly based on Kant's view of history
Marx declared that he was turning Hegel's dialectic, which was "standing on its head", "the right
side up again".[29] Unlike Marx who believed in historical materialism, Hegel believed in
the Phenomenology of Spirit.[30] By the late 19th century, socialism and trade unions were
established members of the political landscape. In addition, the various branches of anarchism,
with thinkers such as Mikhail Bakunin, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon or Peter Kropotkin,
and syndicalism also gained some prominence. In the Anglo-American world, anti-
imperialism and pluralism began gaining currency at the turn of the 20th century.[citation needed]

World War I was a watershed event in human history, changing views of governments and
politics. The Russian Revolution of 1917 (and similar, albeit less successful, revolutions in many
other European countries) brought communism and in particular the political theory of Leninism,
but also on a smaller level Luxemburgish (gradually)on the world stage. At the same time, social
democratic parties won elections and formed governments for the first time, often as a result of
the introduction of universal suffrage.[31]

Political philosophy, also known as political theory, is the study of topics such
as politics, liberty, justice, property, rights, law, and the enforcement of laws by authority: what
they are, if they are needed, what makes a government legitimate, what rights and freedoms it
should protect, what form it should take, what the law is, and what duties citizens owe to a
legitimate government, if any, and when it may be legitimately overthrown, if ever.

18
Political science is generally used in the singular, but in French and Spanish the plural (sciences
politiques and ciencias políticas, respectively) is used, perhaps a reflection of the discipline's
eclectic nature.

Political theory also engages questions of a broader scope, tackling the political nature of
phenomena and categories such as identity, culture, sexuality, race, wealth, human-nonhuman
relations, ecology, religion, and more.

Political philosophy is a branch of philosophy,[2] but it has also been a major part of political
science, within which a strong focus has historically been placed on both the history of political
thought and contemporary political theory (from normative political theory to various critical
approaches).

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QUESTION SIX

The practical guide for policy analysis process according to Eugene Bardach eight fold path
include the following;

1. Define the problem

This step frames your purpose. What do you want to investigate? What is going on, and what
conditions cause the problems you want to alleviate?

For example, if we went back to the end of 2015 when the Syrian refugee crisis flew into the
world’s political discussion, how might you define the problem?

One example could be: Syrian refugees are fleeing to western nations at a rate faster than these
countries’ immigration system can handle, the US included.

Of course, the problem can be framed in many different ways, based on your values. Someone
else may have framed the problem by looking at ISIS. If you forgot, many Americans feared that
ISIS would use the refugee crisis to enter the United States in large numbers.

2. Assemble some evidence

This step is pretty straightforward. Find data and information that can help you analyze the
problem. You will find articles and documents the easiest to acquire, but data sets and interviews
will greatly help if you can access them.

In the Syrian refugee scenario, I may start with statements the White House issued on this topic
along with immigration figures from organizations like the World Bank, the International Rescue
Committee, and the International Office of Migration.

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3. Construct the alternatives

Here, you construct the possible courses of action available to solve the problem. Be broad in
your alternatives, and you can whittle this list down as time goes on.

With the Syrian Refugees, I could generate alternatives like the ones below:

1. Accept 10,000 refugees based on the White House’s statement.

2. Accept 50,000 refugees and place within the United States proportional to population.

3. Accept the number of refugees based on the proportion of United States population
compared to all countries facing an influx of Syrian refugees.

4. Accept no refugees.

4. Select the criteria

You infuse your values at this point. On what basis will you make your decision? What indicators
and factors matter? No matter what kind of decision we make, we always have a set of criteria
that we use to determine a course of action.

In respect to the Syrian Refugee scenario, I could generate these four criteria to assess the
outcomes from those four alternatives

1. Fairness to states

2. Political feasibility

3. Cost

4. Fairness to international community

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5. Project the outcomes

Here you determine the future outcomes of different alternatives. If you choose alternative A,
what may happen? Same with B or C? This step can be difficult and requires some data or
evidence to determine both the direction of an outcome, but the magnitude and size as well.

In regards to the Syrian Refugees, I would need to project or understand the potential costs of
bringing in these refugees, understand the response and willingness of different groups within the
US (political parties, states, the public) along with expectations of other countries.

6. Confront the trade-offs

Here you apply the outcomes of different alternatives against the criteria. How did each
alternative perform? Some alternatives’ outcomes may perform well on certain criteria and poorly
on others. When that occurs, which criteria holds the most importance. These trade-offs are
important to understand.

Here, I would score how the outcomes determined in the previous step performs regarding the
criteria set out. How does increasing Syrian refugees entering the US impact different political
opinions and costs? How does all this impact political feasibility?

Moreover, which of these criteria matters the most? Am I willing to sacrifice performance on
political opinions in the US if it improves standing in the international community?

7. Decide!

This step serves as a check on your work or analysis. If you don’t feel comfortable making a
decision or identifying the best outcome, you may not have clarified your trade-offs as thoroughly
as you wish, or you may be nervous about implementation. If that is the case, reassess and make
sure your analysis convinces yourself of the correct outcome. Here is where I would decide which
alternative for accepting Syrian Refugees I think would work best for the US, based on those
criteria.

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8. Tell your story

If you need to convince someone besides yourself of your decision and analysis, this part is very
important especially in regards to a political belief or decision. You need to become confident
enough with your decision and its background information so you can articulate it well.

While always important, the ability to articulate our decisions and the background informing that
decision has become lost in today’s discourse. We speak with people who agree with us in
increasing frequency. We hide or block people whose opinions we disagree with from our
newsfeeds.

When we do this, we begin to forget the underlying values behind out decision-making and
beliefs.

This process can help you reclaim that understanding.

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