ATOMS, MOLECULES and

IONS
PREPARED BY:
ARIZA D. CAPUCAO, RPH., MAED
Learning Competencies:

 Explain the how the basic laws of matter (Law of

conservation of mass, law of constant composition, law
of multiple proportion) led to the formulation of Dalton’s
Atomic Theory)
 describe Dalton’s Atomic Theory
 differentiate among atomic number, mass number, and
isotopes, and which of these distinguishes one element
from another
 differentiate among atoms, molecules, ions and give
examples
 represent compounds using chemical formulas,
structural formulas and models
 give the similarities and differences between the
empirical formula and molecular formula of a
compound
 name compounds given their formula and write formula
given the name of the compound
ATOM

 indivisible piece, which was called by

the Greek philosopher Democritus.
 Question:
What are these particles that make up
the atom?
LAWS OF CHEMICAL CHANGES

 a. Law of Conservation of Mass

 b. Law of Definite Proportion
 c. Law of Multiple Proportion
Law of Conservation of Mass

 In a chemical reaction, no change in

mass takes place. The total mass of the
products is equal to the total mass of the
reactant.
 Antoine Lavoisier, a brilliant French
chemist, formulated this law by describing
one of his experiments involving mercuric
oxide.
 Law of Definite Proportion

A compound always contains the same constituent

elements in a fixed or definite proportion by mass.
WEIGHTS OF WEIGHT OF WEIGHT OF OXYGEN RATIO OF MASS OF
MAGNESIUM PRODUCT COMBINED WITH OXYGEN TO MASS
MAGNESIUM OF MAGNESIUM

3.00 7.56

5.00 12.60
7.00 17.64
 Law of Multiple Proportions

 If two elements can combine to form more than one

compound, the masses of one element that will
combine with a fixed mass of the other element are in
a ratio of small whole numbers.
a. In carbon monoxide, 1.00 g carbon combines with
1.33 g oxygen; whereas, in carbon dioxide, 1.00 g
carbon combines with 2.66 g oxygen.
b. It can be seen that the ratio is 1:2.
 Dalton’s Atomic Theory

 proposed by John Dalton

 This theory is based on the following set of postulates:
1. Elements are made up of very small particles known
as atoms.
2. All the atoms of an element are identical in mass
and size, and are different from the atoms of another
element. Dalton used the different shapes or figures
to represent different elements, as follows:
3. Compounds are composed of atoms of more than one
element, combined in definite ratios with whole number values.

4. During a chemical reaction, atoms combine, separate, or

rearrange. No atoms are created and no atoms disappear.
 Question:
Which postulate could provide an explanation for the:
a. Law of Conservation of Mass
b. Law of Definite Proportion
Sub-atomic Particles

PARTICLE LOCATION CHARGE RELATIVE MASS

Proton Nucleus +1 1
Electron Outside -1 0.0006
nucleus

Neutron Nucleus 0 1
 Atomic number = number of protons = number of
electrons in a neutral atom

 Massnumber = number of protons + number of

neutrons
Atomic Mass number Number of Number of Number of
number Protons electrons neutrons

4 9
14 28
8 9
11 12
52 24
19 20
 Isotopes

 atoms of an element having the same atomic number but

different mass number.
 The existence of isotopes was shown by mass spectroscopy
experiments, wherein elements were found to be composed
of several types of atoms, each with different masses.
a. The atomic number identifies an element. The atoms of
isotopes of an element have the same number of protons
and electrons.
b. The atoms of isotopes of an element differ in the number of
neutrons.
 Ions can be made up of only one atom (monoatomic) or
more than one type of atom (polyatomic).
 Monoatomic ions are named based on the element.
a. For cations, the name of the element is unchanged. If an
element can form two ions of different charges, the name,
which is usually derived from its Latin name, is modified by the
suffix –ic for the ion with the higher charge, and –ous for that
with the lower charge.
b. For anions, the name of the element is modified by the suffix
–ide.
Activity:

 Name the following  Name the following

cations: anions:
a. Zn +2 a. Br -
b. Mg +2 b. S -2
c. K+ c. O -2
d. Fe +2 d. I-
e. Fe +3
 Several anions are polyatomic and are named based on the
atomic constituents and the suffix – ide.
 The most common examples are:
a. OH - – hydroxide ion
b. CN - – cyanide ion
 A number of polyatomic anions containing oxygen atoms are named
based on the root word of the central (or non-oxygen) atom and the suffix –
ate for the one with more oxygen atoms and –ite for the one with less
oxygen atom.
a. NO3 -
b. NO2 -
c. SO3-2
d. SO4 -2
e. PO4 -3
f. PO3-3
 Some anions have common names ending with the suffix –
ate.
a. C2H3O2 - – acetate ion
b. C2O4 -2 – oxalate ion
 The composition of a molecule or an ion can be represented
by a chemical formula.
 The formula consists of the symbols of the atoms making up
the molecule. If there is more than one atom present, a
numerical subscript is used.

 Examples:
a. O2 – oxygen gas
b. H2O – water
c. NaOH – sodium hydroxide (liquid Sosa)
d. HCl – hydrochloric acid (muriatic acid)
 Two types of chemical formulas:

 a. Molecular formula – gives the composition of the molecule,

in terms of the actual number of atoms present.
Examples are the following:
a. C6H12O6
b. K3PO4
c. Na2C2O4
 b. Empirical formula – gives the composition of the molecule,
in terms of the smallest ratio of the number of atoms present.
Examples are the following:
a. CH2O
b. NaCO2
 Naming of Compounds:
 Rules:
Binary compounds – made up of two elements.
a. Ionic compounds – made up of a cation and an anion. They
are named by giving the name of the cation first, followed by
the name of the anion.
Ex. a. NaI
b. MgCl2
c. FeS
d. K2O
b. Molecular compounds – made up of two non-metals. They
are named by giving the name of the first nonmetal and then
that of the second nonmetal modified by the ending ide.
Molecular compounds are usually gases.
Ex. a. HCl
b. CO2
c. SO3
 Ternary compounds – made up of three elements.
 The naming of ternary compounds follows the same rule as that
of the binary ionic compound: the name of the cation is given
first, followed by the name of the anion.
Ex. a. NaNO3
b. BaCrO4
c. K2SO4
 Acids – yield hydrogen ions in aqueous solutions.
 a. Binary acids – composed of hydrogen and another
element, usually a nonmetal. The first part of the name starts
with the prefix hydro- followed by the name of the element,
modified by the ending –ic. The second part consists of the
word ‘acid’. Name = hydro- (root name of element) -ic +
acid
Ex. HCl
HI
 b. Ternary acids – made up of hydrogen and an anion, usually
containing oxygen. The first part of the name consists of the
root word of the name of the element, modified by the ending –
ic. The second part consists of the word ‘acid’. If there is
another acid with the same atoms, the suffix –ous is used to
denote the one with less number of atoms. Name = (root name
of element) -ic (or –ous) + acid
Ex. a. HNO3 b. HNO2 c. H2SO4 d. H2SO3 e. H3PO4 f. H3PO3
 Formula Writing

 In writing the formula, the total positive charges of the cations

should be equal to the total of the negative charges of the
anion. The net charge should be zero.
Write the formula of the following compounds:
1. Silver nitrate
2. Potassium iodide
3. Nitrogen dioxide
4. Barium chloride
5. Hydrobromic acid