Task 2 - Electromagnetic waves in bounded open media

Individual work format

Harry Antonio Ojeda Berrio

Group 45
I.D. 72’344.632

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
October - 2020
 Exercises development

Activity
Questions: (write with your own words)
1. What are the modes of propagation of electromagnetic waves?

- propagation by atmospheric reflection

- propagation by satellite broadcasting
- propagation through microwave links
- propagation by multiple reflection
- line of sight propagation
- propagation by reflection on the earth plane

2. What is the phenomenon of total reflection of an electromagnetic wave?

It is when the angle of the incident and reflected wave are equal, while its
speed and frequency do not vary.

3. What is the phenomenon of total refraction of an electromagnetic wave?

It is the one in which the electromagnetic wave does not vary its frequency
but its speed with respect to that of the initial wave.

4. What is the purpose of Snell's Law in the study of the propagation of

waves?

It is used to calculate the angle of refraction of an electromagnetic wave

as it passes through the separation surface between two propagating
media of any wave with a different refractive index.
 Application exercises:
1. An electromagnetic wave of 𝑓 = 𝐺𝐺 = 45𝑀𝐻𝑧 and 𝑃1+ = 120𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 , incident
from the air (𝜂1 = 120𝜋 𝛺), perpendicular to an infinite wall with an intrinsic
impedance 𝜂2 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐(632 + 10) 𝛺. Calculate the reflected power 𝑃1− and the
transmitted power 𝑃2+ to the wall.

Figure 1: Propagation of “normal wave” in infinite medium.

Interpretation: according to the concept of power, explain the meaning of
the value obtained for 𝑃1− and 𝑃2+.
𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 = 𝐺𝐺 = 45
𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 632
𝑓 = 45 𝑀𝐻𝑧
120𝑚𝑊
𝑃1+ =
𝑚2
𝜂1 = 120𝜋 𝛺 (𝐴𝐼𝑅 )
𝜂2 = 642 𝛺 ( 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑐 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒)
𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑃1−𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃2+

Development
𝜂2 − 𝜂1 642Ω − 120πΩ
reflection coefficient = Γ = = = 0.26
𝜂2 + 𝜂1 642Ω + 120πΩ

𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑅 = |Γ|2 = |0.26|2 = 0.0676 ∗ 100 = 6.76%

 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑇 = 1 − 𝑅 = 1 − 0.0676 = 0,9324 ∗ 100 = 93,24%

𝑚𝑊 𝑚𝑊
reflected power = 𝑃1 − = 𝑅 ∗ 𝑃1+ = 0.0676 ∗ 120 = 8.112
𝑚2 𝑚2

𝑚𝑊 𝑚𝑊
𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑃2+ = 𝑇 ∗ 𝑃1+ = 0,9324 ∗ 120 = 111.888
𝑚2 𝑚2

In conclusion I can affirm that the transmitted signal has a high degree of
efficiency due to the few losses or dissipation of the original electromagnetic
wave through the obstacle, being effective for the use and sending of
information.
2. An electromagnetic wave of 𝑓 = 45 𝑀𝐻𝑧 and 𝑃1+ = 120𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 , coming from a
wave generator located 12𝑐𝑚 from the wall, which impinges from the air
(𝜂1 = 120𝜋 𝛺 ) perpendicularly on a wall with an intrinsic impedance 𝜂2 = (632 +
10) 𝛺 and 20𝑐𝑚 thick. The wall is made of a non-magnetic and non-dissipative
material. On the other side of the wall is a receiver located 20cm away.

Figure 2: Propagation of “normal wave” in finite medium.

a. Calculate the coefficient of reflection Ґ and transmission 𝜏 seen by the
generator.
b. Determine in [%] and [𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 ] the power 𝑃𝑡 that is transmitted to the
receiver.
Interpretation: According to the concepts explored, explain the meaning of
the value obtained for Ґ, 𝜏 and 𝑃𝑡 .
𝑓 = 45 𝑀𝐻𝑧
𝑚𝑊
𝑃1+ = 120
𝑚2
𝑥 = 12𝑐𝑚
𝜂1 , 𝑛3 = 120𝜋 𝛺 ≈ 377𝛺
𝑛2 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 642𝛺
Development
𝜔𝑛0 2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 45 ∗ 106 𝐻𝑧 ∗ 120𝜋 𝛺
𝛽= = 𝑚 = 0.5534
𝐶0 𝑛 3 ∗ 108 𝑠 ∗ 642𝛺

𝜂2 + 𝑗𝜂1 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛽𝑥)
𝜂𝑖𝑛 = 𝜂1
𝜂1 + 𝑗𝜂2 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛽𝑥)

377Ω + 𝑗642Ω𝑇𝑎𝑛(0.55 ∗ (0.2))

𝜂𝑖𝑛 = 642Ω = (380.038 + 46.549𝑗) Ω
642Ω + 𝑗377Ω𝑇𝑎𝑛(0.55 ∗ (0.2))
 𝜂𝑖𝑛 − 𝜂𝑎𝑖𝑟 (380.038 + 46.549𝑗) Ω − 377Ω
Γ1 = = = (0.00776 + 0.06101𝑗) Ω
𝜂𝑖𝑛 + 𝜂𝑎𝑖𝑟 (380.038 + 46.549𝑗) Ω + 377Ω

𝑇1 = 1 − |𝑇 2 | = 1 − |0.061012 | = 0.9962 = 99.62 %

𝑅1 = 1 − 𝑇1 = 1 − 0.9962 = 0.0038 = 0,38%
𝑚𝑊 𝑚𝑊
𝑃1− = 𝑃1+ ∗ 𝑅1 = 120 ∗ 0.0038 = 0.46
𝑚2 𝑚2
𝑚𝑊 𝑚𝑊
𝑃2+ = 𝑃1+ ∗ 𝑇1 = 120 ∗ 0.9962 = 119.54
𝑚2 𝑚2
 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 2
𝜂𝑎𝑖𝑟 − 𝜂𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 377Ω − 642Ω
Γ2 = = = −0.26
𝜂𝑎𝑖𝑟 + 𝜂𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 377Ω + 642Ω

𝑇2 = 1 − |Γ2 2 | = 1 − |0.26 2 | ≈ 0.9324 ≈ 93.24 %

𝑅2 = 1 − 𝑇2 = 1 − 0.9324 = 0,0676 = 6,76%

𝑚𝑊 𝑚𝑊
𝑃2− = 𝑃2+ ∗ 𝑅2 = 119.54 ∗ 0,0676 ≈ 8.09
𝑚2 𝑚2
𝑚𝑊 𝑚𝑊
𝑃3+ = 𝑃2+ ∗ 𝑇2 = 119.54 ∗ 0.9324 ≈ 111.45
𝑚2 𝑚2
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝑇𝑇 = 𝑇1 ∗ 𝑇2 = 0.9962 ∗ 0.9324 = 0.9288 = 92.88%
3. An electromagnetic wave propagates through several media as shown in the
graph.

Figure 3: Propagation of “oblique wave” in finite media.

Initially the ray travels through the ice layer striking the air layer at point B,
forming an angle of 𝜃𝑎 = 44,9°. Using Snell's Law, calculate step by step the
total path of the wave to determine the value of "d". Note that each layer is
(632 + 10) 𝑚𝑚 thick and that at point C there is a total refractive effect, so it is
necessary to identify which material is in layer 3 by calculating its refractive
index.
𝜃𝑎 = 44,9°
𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 642 𝑚𝑚
𝑛1 = 1.31
𝑛2 = 1.00029
𝑛4 = 1.5
𝑛3 =?
𝑑 =?
𝜃1 = 90° − 𝜃𝑎 = 90° − 44,9° = 45.1°
𝑛1 sin 𝜃𝑎 = 𝑛2 sin 𝜃𝑏
𝑛1 sin 𝜃1 1.31 ∗ sin 45.1
𝜃2 = = sin−1 = 68.07°
𝑛2 1.00029
𝑖𝑓 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 𝑐 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡, 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐵𝑟𝑒𝑤𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝜃3 = 90 − 𝜃2 = 90° − 68.07° = 21.93°

𝑛3
tan 𝜃3 = = 𝑛3 = 𝑛2 ∗ tan 68.07° = 1.00029 ∗ tan 68.07°
𝑛2
𝑛3 = 2.484
 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑙 ′ 𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑤 𝑤𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑑
𝑛3 sin 𝜃3 2.484 ∗ sin 21.93°
𝜃4 = = sin−1 = 38.2°
𝑛4 1.5

𝑇𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑒 𝑑𝑜 𝑖𝑡 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠.

𝑑𝐴𝐵 = 642 𝑚𝑚 ∗ tan 𝜃2 = 642 𝑚𝑚 ∗ tan 68.07° = 1594.61 𝑚𝑚
𝑑𝐵𝐶 = 642 𝑚𝑚 ∗ tan 𝜃3 = 642 𝑚𝑚 ∗ tan 21.93° = 258.47 𝑚𝑚
𝑑𝐶𝐷 = 642 𝑚𝑚 ∗ tan 𝜃4 = 642 𝑚𝑚 ∗ tan 38.2° = 502.20 𝑚𝑚
𝑑 = 𝑑𝐴𝐵 + 𝑑𝐵𝐶 + 𝑑𝐶𝐷 = 1594.61 𝑚𝑚 + 258.47 𝑚𝑚 + 502.20 𝑚𝑚 = 2355.28 𝑚𝑚
 Application example

Short wave

It is a radio frequency band in which international radio stations transmit to

transmit their programming to the world and amateur radio stations.
They travel in a straight line, bouncing at different heights in the ionosphere
with variations depending on the season of the year and the time of day, allowing
the signals to reach distant points and even go around the planet.
Between 14 MHz and 30 MHz the high bands or daytime bands whose
propagation increases in summer days, and between 3 MHz and 10 MHz the low
or night bands whose propagation is better in winter.

Video link

URL:

References

Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston: Academic Press,

(pp. 519-524). Recovered from
http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.co
m/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=ehost-
live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_519
Wiley, J. & Sons Ltd. (2003). Electromagnetic Wave Propagation. Fixed
Broadband Wireless. (pp. 25-70). Recovered from
http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.co
m/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aci&AN=14505422&lang=es&site=ehost-live