Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ASCE7 10 Components Cladding Wind Load PDF
ASCE7 10 Components Cladding Wind Load PDF
Components & Cladding
Wind Load Provisions
John Hutton, P.E., S.E.
Michael Stenstrom, P.E., S.E.
ASCE 7‐10 Wind
Webinar Series
1. Basics of Wind Load Provisions & MWFRS’s
2. Components & Cladding Wind Load Provisions –
Roofs & Walls
3. Wind Loads for Signs, Other Structures, Roof –Top
Structures, Equipment & Other Special Conditions
4. Wind Tunnel Applications for Buildings
5. Wind Loads on Non‐Standard Buildings
Changes in ASCE7‐10
• Complete reorganization of wind provisions
• Basic Wind Speed Based on Strength Design
– 1.0W for LRFD load combinations
– 0.6W for ASD load combinations
• Separate Maps for Risk Categories – No
Importance Factors
• Surface Roughness D again applies along
hurricane coastline
• New simplified methods for h<160 ft
Outline – C&C Loads
• A. Important Limitations & Definitions
• B. Building Types and the Organization of
Chapter 30
• C. Example Problems
Part 1 ‐ Low‐Rise Buildings
Part 2 ‐ Low‐Rise Buildings (Simplified)
Part 3 – Buildings with h > 60 ft
Part 4 – Buildings with h <= 160 ft (Simplified) ‐ New
ASCE 7 ‐ 10
Components & Cladding
Wind Loads
Important Limitations and
Definitions
Important Limitations
• To use the C&C design procedures of ASCE
7‐10, the building must meet the following
conditions
• The building must be a regular‐shaped
building, a building having no unusual
geometrical irregularity in spatial form
• The building must not be subject to
across wind loading, vortex shedding,
galloping, or flutter
Important Limitations
• The site must not be subject to
channeling effects or buffeting in the
wake of upwind obstructions
• The wind loads for buildings failing to
meet these limitations must be
determined using wind tunnel
procedures or using recognized literature
documenting such wind load effects.
Important Definitions
What are Components and Cladding?
Section 26.2 Definitions:
C&C: Elements of the building envelope that
do not qualify as part of the MWFRS.
MWFRS: An assemblage of structural
elements assigned to provide support and
stability to the overall structure, generally
receives wind loading from more than one
surface.
Important Definitions
Commentary: Components and Cladding:
Cladding receives wind loads directly.
Components receive wind loads directly or
from cladding and transfer the load to the
MWFRS. Examples of components include
fasteners, purlins, girts, studs, roof decking,
and roof trusses. Components can be part of
the MWFRS when they act as shear walls or
roof diaphragms, but they may also be loaded
as individual components.
Important Definitions
Certain components may receive more than
one type of wind loading, for example, long‐
span roof trusses should be designed for loads
associated with MWFRSs (or C&C based on
overall tributary area), and individual
members of trusses should also be designed
for C&C loads (based on member effective
areas). Examples of cladding include wall
coverings, curtain walls, roof coverings,
exterior windows (fixed and operable) and
doors, and overhead doors.
Important Definitions
• Effective Wind Area – the area used to
determine GCp
• C&C Elements – the effective wind area is
the span length of the element times the
spacing to the next element. If the
spacing is less than span length/3 one
can use the span length/3 which will
generate a larger effective area.
Important Definitions
• Tributary Area
• For C&C elements with tributary area of
700 square feet or less, use the
provisions of Chapter 30
• For C&C elements with tributary area
greater than 700 square feet, the
provisions for MWFRS may be used
Important Definitions
Cladding Fasteners – For cladding
fasteners, the effective wind area shall not
be greater than the area that is tributary to
an individual fastener.
Important Definitions
• There are two primary procedures used for
determining wind loads on buildings ‐
Directional Procedure and Envelope
Procedure
• Directional Procedure – The pressure
coefficients use in this procedure are
based on past wind tunnel testing of
prototypical building models for the
corresponding direction of wind
Important Definitions
• Envelope Procedure – The pressure
coefficients used in this procedure are
based on past wind tunnel testing of
prototypical building models successively
rotated through 360 degrees under the
wind loading. The key structural actions
(uplift, shear, overturning) are monitored
and the maximum effects of all wind
directions are used to create an envelope
of pseudo‐pressure cases.
General Requirements
• Minimum Design Wind Pressures – the
design wind pressure for C&C shall not be
less than a net pressure (including internal
pressures) of 16 psf acting in either
direction normal to the surface
• (i.e. 10 psf ASD)
Wind Load Parameters
• Wind Load Parameters – specified in
Chapter 26, General Requirements
• V = basic wind speed from one of the three Risk
Category wind speed maps, Fig 26.5‐1A, B or C,
three second gust speed at 33 feet Exposure
Category C
• Kd = wind directionality factor from Table 26.6
Wind Load Parameters
• Exposure Category ‐ Category B, C, or D
selected from 26.7.3 based on surface
roughness for the exposure resulting in the
highest wind loads for any direction on the site
(Exposure D now applicable to hurricane‐prone
coastal areas)
• Kzt = topographic factor defined in section 26.8
to account for wind speed‐up effect over hills,
ridges, and escarpments
• G = Gust effect factor as determined by section
26.9. For the typical rigid building can be taken
as 0.85
Wind Load Parameters
• Enclosure Classification ‐ used in determining
internal pressure coefficient – either enclosed,
partially enclosed, or open
• GCpi = internal pressure coefficient including
gust factor as determined using Table 26.11‐1
Velocity Pressure
• qz = 0.00256 Kz Kzt Kd V2
• qz = velocity pressure evaluated at any height z
• qh = velocity pressure evaluated at the mean roof height,
h
• Kz = velocity pressure exposure coefficient defined in
Section 30.3.1 and given in Table 30.3‐1 evaluated at any
height z (only used for Part 3, h> 60’ windward pressures
and positive internal pressures for partially enclosed
buildings)
• Kh = velocity pressure exposure coefficient evaluated at
the mean roof height, h (used for low‐rise, roof, leeward
and simplified pressures, and can be used for all cases)
Building Types
Building Types
Low Rise Buildings, h < 60’
Part 1 – Analytical
• ASEC 7‐05: Method 2 Low‐Rise
• Calculated
• Envelope Procedure
• Enclosed or Partially Enclosed
• Lowest Pressures
Part 2 – Simplified
• ASEC 7‐05: Method 1 Low‐Rise
• Tabulated
• Based on Part 1
• Enclosed Buildings Only
• Flat, Single Gable or Hip Roofs Only
Building Types
Buildings > 60’
Part 3 – Analytical
• ASCE 7‐05: Method 2 All‐Heights
• > 60’
• Calculated
• Directional Procedure
• Enclosed or Partially Enclosed
Part 4 – Simplified
• NEW: Based on Part 3
• < 160’
• Tabulated
• Enclosed Buildings Only
• Flat, Monoslope, Gable, Mansard or
Hip Roofs & Parapets Only
Building Types
Special Types
Part 5 – Open Buildings
• All Heights
• Calculated
• Directional Procedure
• Monoslope, Pitched or Troughed
Roofs
Part 6 – Appurtenances, etc
• Calculated
• Directional Procedure
• Parapets & Roof Overhangs (All
Heights)
• Rooftop Structures & Equipment (h
< 60’)
Building Types
Format
• Building Type
Description
• Conditions
• Design Wind Pressure
• Notes
• Step‐by‐step Outline
Part 1: Low‐Rise
Buildings
Component and
Cladding
Part 1: Low‐Rise
Buildings
• Part 1: Low Rise Buildings Component and Cladding
• Per Table 30.4‐1
• Steps to determine C & C Wind Loads
• For this exercise we will assume the following:
• 2 Story Office Building
• Wood Framed, Hip Roof
• 30 Feet Mean Roof Height
• Suburban Location, Flat Ground
Part 1: Low‐Rise
Buildings
30 ft
100 ft
34 ft
Mean roof height 30 ft
26 ft
15 ft
Part 1: Low‐Rise
Buildings
• Wall studs are 15 feet tall and 16 inches on center (20 square feet tributary)
• ‐‐ use 5 feet wide x 15 feet tall = 75 sq ft for Effective Area for GCp
• Refer to page 243 Definition of Effective Area – Tributary width need not be
less than 1/3 span length
• Roof trusses span 30 feet, 2 feet on center (60 square feet tributary area)
• – use 10 feet wide x 30 feet = 300 sq feet for Effective Area for GCp
Part 1: Low‐Rise
Buildings
• Step 1: Determine Risk Category
• Office Building …… Category II
• (Table 1.5‐1 Chapter 1, page 2)
• Step 2: Determine Basic Wind Speed
• ( Figure 26.5‐1A page 247a )
• Wind Speed = 115 mph
Part 1: Low‐Rise
Buildings
• Step 3: Determine Wind Load Parameters
• Kd = 0.85 (Table 26.6 page 250)
• Exposure Category = B (suburban page 251)
Kzt Topo Category = 1 (flat per 26.8.2 last paragraph)
Enclosure Class = Enclosed (office building)
• GCpi = + 0.18 (Table 26.11‐1 page 258)
Part 1: Low‐Rise
Buildings
• Step 4: Determine Velocity Pressure Exposure
• Kh
• Kh = 0.70 per table 30.3‐1 page 317
• Step 5: Determine Velocity Pressure qh
• qh = 0.00256 Kz Kzt Kd (V)2 per equation 30.3‐1 page 316
• qh=0.00256 (0.70)(1)(.85)(115)2
• qh=20.1 psf
•
Part 1: Low‐Rise
Buildings
• Step 6: Determine External Pressure
Coefficient GCp
• Walls Per figure 30.4‐1 page 335
+ 0.85 + 0.85
• ‐ 0.95 ‐ 1.1
Part 1: Low‐Rise
Buildings
• Step 7: Calculate Wind pressures per EQ 30.4‐1
• p=qh((GCp)± (GCpi))
• Walls
100 ft
30 ft a = 10% of least dimension
30x 0.10 = 3 ft Or .4h 0.4 x 30 = 12 ft
Or 4% of largest horizontal dimension
0.04 x 100 = 4 ft controls for ‘a’ dimension
Part 1: Low‐Rise
Buildings
• Hip Roof Per figure 30.4‐2B page 337
• Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3
• +0.3 +0.3 +0.3
• ‐0.8 ‐1.2 ‐1.2 *
• * Note: per footnote 7, Zone 3 = Zone 2
for roof slopes less than 25o
Part 1: Low‐Rise
Buildings
• Overhangs Per figure 30.4‐2B (Assume 10 s f )
• Zone 2 Zone 3
• Roof Truss “Tail” ‐2.2 ‐2.5
Use tributary area of affected piece
• Hip Roof ‐ Roof Trusses
• Zone 1, 2 & 3
• Zone 1
• Zone 2 need to apply at discontinuities only
• p=20.1((‐1.2) ‐ (±0.18)) = ‐20.5 psf, ‐27.7 psf
• Zone 3
• p=20.1((‐2.0) ‐ (±0.18)) = ‐36.4 psf, ‐43.8 psf
Part 1: Low‐Rise
Buildings
• Step 7: Calculate Wind pressures per EQ 30.4‐1 (Continued)
• Overhangs Roof Truss “Tails”
• Roof Deck at Overhangs
Zone 2 occurs when
wind blows from
right
WIND
Higher wind uplift ( zone 2 and 3 ) occurs
when wind crosses roof edge
Part 1: Low‐Rise
Buildings
Roof truss at 2’‐0” on
center
Code Zone Diagram
WIND
Load Application Diagram
Part 1: Low‐Rise
Buildings
30 ft
100 ft
Positive Pressure (Downward)
Negative Pressure (upward)
Zone 2 can be applied
on both sides for
simplifying of load
cases
Truss Loading Diagrams
Part 1: Low‐Rise
Buildings
Shallow Sloped Roofs (Monosloped or Gable)
Gable Roofs 0 < 70 (~ 1-3/4:12 )
And Monoslope Roofs 0 < 30 (~ 3/4:12 )
Refer to figure 30.4-5A Footnote #5
Zone 3 Zone 2
WIND
Positive Pressure (Downward)
Negative Pressure (upward)
Zone 2 can be applied
on both sides for
simplifying load cases
Truss Loading Diagrams
Part 1: Low‐Rise
Buildings
Stepped Roofs
Figure 30.4‐3 page 339
Zone 2
Zone 2 (treat as zone 1 for ‐ GCp)
Zone 1 (treat as zone 1 for –GCp )
When h1 ≥ 10 ft b = 1.5 h1 & b < 100 ft
(Note b is way out of scale on figure 30.4‐3, it looks like .5 h1
instead of 1.5h1)
For area within b distance on low roof, refer to Figure
30.4‐3) use wall values in figure 30.4‐1 for positive values of
GCp
Part 1: Low‐Rise
Buildings
• Keys to Remember for Part 1:
• Roof Zones 2 & 3 can be applied immediately adjacent to roof
discontinuities based on the direction of the wind force
• Refer to Figure 30.4‐5A for “flat” roofs. Footnote #5 directs user
back to Figure 30.4‐2A for monoslopes less than 30
• Do not mix positive and negative wind forces on component loading
• Recommend using wall pressures for roof slopes greater than 450
• Part 1 method may be used for h<90 ft. if the height/width ratio < 1
• This method generally yields the lowest wind pressures
Part 2: Low‐Rise
Buildings, h<60 ft
(Simplified)
Components and
Cladding
Part 2: Low‐Rise
Buildings (Simplified)
• Part 2: Low Rise Buildings ( Simplified)
• Component and Cladding
• Per Table 30.5‐1
• For this exercise we will assume the following:
• 2 Story Office Building
• Wood Framed, Hip Roof
• 30 Feet Mean Roof Height
• Suburban Location, Flat Ground
• Roof Slope is 250
Part 2: Low‐Rise
Buildings (Simplified)
• Wall studs are 15 feet tall and 16 inches on center (20 square feet tributary)
• ‐‐ use 5 feet wide x 15 feet tall = 75 sq ft for Effective Area for GCp
• Refer to page 243 Definition of Effective Area – Tributary width need not be
less than 1/3 span length
• Roof trusses span 30 feet, 2 feet on center (60 square feet tributary area)
• – use 10 feet wide x 30 feet = 300 sq feet for Effective Area for GCp
Part 2: Low‐Rise
Buildings (Simplified)
• Part 2: Buildings with h ≤ 60 ft Components and Cladding
• Per Table 30.5‐1 Steps to determine C & C Wind Loads
• The first two steps are exactly the same as in Part 1:
• Step 1: Determine Risk Category
– Office Building …… Category II
• Step 2: Determine Basic Wind Speed
– Wind Speed = 115 mph
• Step 3: Determine Wind Load Parameters (Exp. Cat only)
– Exposure Category = B
– (GCPi = +/‐0.18 & Kd = 0.85 already incorporated into tables)
• Step 4: Determine Topographic Factors
– Kzt Topo Category = 1 (flat per 26.8.2 last paragraph)
Part 2: Low‐Rise
Buildings (Simplified)
• Use same building as used in Part 1
30 ft
100 ft
34 ft
Mean roof height 30 ft
26 ft
15 ft
Part 2: Low‐Rise
Buildings (Simplified)
• Step 5 & 6 : Enter figure 30.5‐1 to determine pressure on walls and roof, p.
346
λ = 1.0, adjustment factor for bldg height and exposure from fig.30.5‐1
Kzt = 1.0, topographic factor as defined in Section 26.8 evaluated at
0.33 mean roof height, 0.33h
Note: Figure 30.5‐1 is on page 345, 346 and 347 All figures for this method
are called 30.5‐1
Part 2: Low‐Rise
Bldgs (Simplified)
Step 5 & 6 : Enter figure 30.5‐1
to determine pressure on walls
and roof, p. 346
•
Part 2: Low‐Rise
Buildings (Simplified)
• Step 5: Enter Figure 30.5‐1 to determine pressure on walls and roof, p
• p = pnet30 for h = 30 ft, Hip Roof Exposure B
Zone
• 1 2 3 4 5
Zone
1 2 3 4 5
‐19.7 ‐27.7 ‐43.8 ‐22.7 ‐25.7
+16 +16 +16 +20.7 +20.7
Part 3: Buildings with
h>60 ft
Component and
Cladding
Part 3: Buildings
with h> 60 ft
• Part 3: Buildings with h>60 ft Component and Cladding
• Determine C & C Wind Loads per Table 30.6‐1 Steps
• For this exercise we will assume the following:
• 6 Story Office Building with 13 ft floor to floor
• Glass Curtain Wall system with vertical mullions at 4 ft on center
• Flat Roof framed with bar joists spanning 50 ft at 6’‐8” on center.
• 78 Feet Mean Roof Height
• Suburban Location, Flat Ground
Part 3: Buildings
with h> 60 ft
This image cannot currently be display ed.
Part 3: Buildings
with h> 60 ft
• Curtain Wall mullions are 13 feet tall and 48 inches on center (52 square feet
tributary)
• Refer to page 243 Definition of Effective Area – Tributary width need not be
less than 1/3 span length
• ‐‐ use 4’‐4” wide x 13 feet tall = 56 sq ft for Effective Area for GCp
• Roof joists span 50 feet at 6’‐8” on center (333 square feet tributary area)
• – use 16’‐8” wide x 50 feet = 833 sq feet for Effective Area for GCp
Part 3: Buildings
with h> 60 ft
• Step 1: Determine Risk Category
• Office Building …… Category II
• (Table 1.5‐1 Chapter 1, page 2)
• Step 2: Determine Basic Wind Speed
• ( Figure 26.5‐1A page 247b )
• Wind Speed = 115 mph
Part 3: Buildings
with h> 60 ft
• Step 3: Determine Wind Load Parameters
• Kd = 0.85 (Table 26.6 page 250)
• Exposure Category = B (suburban page 251)
Kzt Topo Category = 1 (flat per 26.8.2 last paragraph)
Enclosure Class = Enclosed (office building)
• GCpi = +/‐ 0.18 (Table 26.11‐1 page 258)
Part 3: Buildings
with h> 60 ft
• Step 4: Determine Velocity Pressure Exposure
• Kz or Kh
• Kh = 0.92 per table 30.3‐1 page 317
• Kz = varies with height from 0.70 to 0.92
per table 30.3‐1 page 317
•
Part 3: Buildings
with h> 60 ft
• Step 5: Determine Velocity Pressure qh and qz
• qh is determined at the mean roof height
• qh = 0.00256 Kh Kzt Kd (V)2 per equation 30.3‐1 page 316
• qh=0.00256 (0.92)(1)(.85)(115)2
• qh=26.5 psf
• qz is determined at the height of the element being considered
• qz = 0.00256 Kz Kzt Kd (V)2 per equation 30.3‐1 page 316
• qz=0.00256 (Kz)(1)(.85)(115)2 = (Kz)28.8 psf
• qh=varies from 20.1 psf in the lower 15 ft to 26.5 psf at the top
•
Part 3: Buildings
with h> 60 ft
• Step 6: Determine External Pressure
Coefficient GCp
• Per figure 30.6‐1 page 348
• Roof Walls
Joists Mullions
• 833 sq ft 56 sq ft
Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5
+ 0.8 + 0.8
• p=q(GCp)‐qi (GCpi)
• Windward Walls q=qz which varies from bottom to top
for the following selected heights (40’, 60’, 78’)
• p=q(GCp)‐qi (GCpi)
• Leeward Walls q=qh which is constant from bottom to top
• p=q(GCp)‐qi (GCpi)
• Roof q=qh evaluated at mean roof height
p=16 psf minimum positive pressure all zones
Part 3: Buildings
with h> 60 ft
Part 3: Buildings
with h> 60 ft
• Keys to Remember for Part 3:
• Use Figure 30.6‐1 for walls & flat roofs, <10 degrees
• For Roof slopes >10 degrees, use Part 1 Figures for GCp
• Use Fig 30.4‐7 for dome roofs
• See Fig 27.4‐3, footnote 4, for arched roofs
– At roof perimeter, use the external pressure coefficients in
Fig. 30.42 A, B and C with θ based on spring‐line slope
– for remaining roof areas, use MWFRS external pressure
coefficients multiplied by 0.87.
Part 4: Buildings with
h<160 ft
Components and
Cladding
Part 4: Buildings
with h<160 ft
• Assume the same building used in Part 3: Buildings >60ft
• 78 Feet Mean Roof Height, flat roof
Part 4: Buildings
with h<160 ft
• Part 4: Buildings with h>160 ft Components and Cladding
• Per Table 30.7‐1 Steps to determine C & C Wind Loads
• The first two steps are exactly the same as in Part 3:
• Step 1: Determine Risk Category
– Office Building …… Category II
• Step 2: Determine Basic Wind Speed
– Wind Speed = 115 mph
• Step 3: Determine Wind Load Parameters (Exp. Cat only)
– Exposure Category = B
– (GCPi = +/‐0.18 & Kd = 0.85 already incorporated into tables)
• Step 5: Determine Topographic Factors
– Kzt Topo Category = 1 (flat per 26.8.2 last paragraph)
Part 4: Buildings
with h<160 ft
• Step 4: Enter Table 30.7‐2 to determine pressure on walls and roof, p
•
Part 4: Buildings
with h<160 ft
• Step 4: Enter Table 30.7‐2 to determine pressure on walls and roof, p
• p = ptable for h = 78 ft, Flat Roof
•
Part 4: Buildings
with h<160 ft
• Step 4: Enter Table 30.7‐2 to determine pressure on walls and roof, p
• p = ptable for h = 78 ft, Flat Roof
• Zone
1 2 3 4 5
‐54.6 ‐85.7 ‐116.8 ‐37.3 ‐68.4
NA NA NA 37.5 37.5
Part 4: Buildings
with h<160 ft
• Step 4: Enter Table 30.7‐2 to determine pressure on walls and roof, p
• EAF = 0.766 (Exposure B, Mean Roof Ht. = 78’)
– Use linear interpolation as permitted for Kz
– Part 4 uses Kh for all pressures. EAF values could be calculated
for alternate heights for windward pressures, but since leeward
pressures are larger anyway, this is not typically needed.
•
Part 4: Buildings
with h<160 ft
• Step 4: Enter Table 30.7‐2 to determine pressure on walls and roof, p
Roof Joists Curtain
Wall
Effective Area Effective
= 833 ft^2 Area =
56 ft^2
Part 4: Buildings
with h<160 ft
• Step 4: Enter Table 30.7‐2 to determine pressure on walls and roof, p
RF, Reduction Factors
For Effective Wind Areas
Roof Joists Curtain Wall
Effective Area = 833 ft^2 Effective Area = 56
ft^2
Sign Zone
Pressure 1 2 3 4 5
Minus D D D C E
Plus NA NA NA D D
Minus .7 .7 .7 .91 .82
Plus .87 .87
Part 4: Buildings
with h<160 ft
• Step 4: Enter Table 30.7‐2 to determine pressure on walls and roof, p
•Note that the simplified method
is not always the most
conservative.
Part 4: Buildings
with h<160 ft
a is not defined in Part 4,
however, use zone
dimensions as in Part 3:
Part 4: Buildings
with h<160 ft
Part 4: Buildings
with h<160 ft
Part 4: Buildings
with h<160 ft
• Keys to Remember for Part 4:
• Quick solution for Exposure C , 10 sf effective wind area
• Must be modified for Exposure B or D
• Must be modified for effective wind areas > 10sf
• May be used for all heights < 160ft
• Not always the most conservative method – look for errata
• General Keys to Remember for Components &
Cladding:
• ASCE 7‐10 wind loads are strength method (0.6 W for ASD)
• Use effective areas to establish GCp
• Recommend using wall pressures for roof slopes > 450
• May use 0.42W (=.6*.7) for IBC deflection limits (10 year winds)
Questions