IEEE Std 80-2013

IEEE Gulde for Safety In AC Substatlon Grounding

Schwarz used the following equation introduced by Sunde [B134] and Rüdenberg [B131] to combine the
resistance ofthe grid, rods, and mutual ground resistance to calculate the total system resistance, Rg.

(58)

where

R1 ground resistance ofgrid conductors inQ

R2 ground resistance ofall ground rods inQ
Rm mutual ground resistance between the group ofgrid conductors, R1, and group ofground rods, R2
inQ

Ground resistance ofthe grid

(59)

where

p is the soil resistivity in íl-m

Le is the total length ofall connected grid conductors in m
a' is .../a x 2h for conductors buried at depth h in m, or
a' is a for conductor on earth surface in m
2a is the diameter ofconductor in m
A is the area covered by conductors in m2
k1, k2 are the coefficients (see Figure 24(a) and (b))

Ground resistance ofthe rod bed

(60)

where
L, is the length ofeach rod in m
2b is the diameter ofrod in m
nR
number ofrods placed in area A
Mutual ground resistance between the grid and the rod bed

(61)

The combined ground resistance of the grid and the rod bed will be lower than the ground resistance of
either component alone, but still higher than that ofa parallel combination.

68
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IEEE Std 80-2013

IEEE Guida for Safety in AC Substation Grounding

Schwarz compared the results of his equations to previously published theoretical work and to model tests
to verify the accuracy of his equations. Since they were published in 1954, Schwarz's equations have been
modified by Kercel [B95] to provide equations for constants k1 and k2 and further expanded to include the
use of equations in two-layer soil (Nahman and Salamon [Bl 16][Bl 17]).

1.40
1.35
1.30 �,""'�
§ 1.25
'
"-... .....
"E
1
a, 1.20

',,"
1.15
ü
o
1.10
.........
·e
1.05
1.00
0.95
"'�
0.90
0.85
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
LENGTH-TO-WIDTH RATIO

CURVE A - FOR DEPTH h = O

YA = -0.04x+1.41
CURVE B- FOR DEPTH h = 1/10 JAREA
Ye = -0.05x + 1.20
CURVE C- FOR DEPTH h = 1/6 JAREA
= -0.05x+ .13
Ye 1

7.0
6.5
�
-
-
-�
6.0
i..---
5.5
�
·¡:; 5.0
e-
4.5
c
4.0
3.5

2 3 4 5 6 7 8
LENGTH-TO-WIDTH RATIO

CURVE A - FOR DEPTH h = O

YA = 0.15x + 5.50
CURVE B- FOR DEPTH h = 1/10 JAREA
Ye = 0.10x + 4.68
CURVE C - FOR DEPTH h = 1/6 AREA J
= -0.05x + 4.40
Ye

Figure 24-Coefficients k1 and k2 of Schwarz's formula:

(a) coefficient k1, (b) coefficient k2

69
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IEEE Std 80-2013

IEEE Guide for Safety in AC Substation Grounding

i
r-

------+------
- r; c
----- 1 1 =0
◄

Figure 27 -Fault within local substation; local neutral grounded

Figure 28-Fault within local substation; neutral grounded at remote location

-1F -1F
2 2
GROUNOEO OlHER
STA1100 SYSTEII
STRUCTURE GROUNOS

Figure 29-Fault In substation; system grounded at local substation

and also at other polnts

' 77 ' " "'

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