Jordan university of science and technology

Faculty of engineering: Industrial engineering department

Engineering Materials Laboratory IE367

Experiments Name: Creep test

Instructor name: Amena maen

Technician name: Mohammed al ghananeem

Teaching assistant name: Orayb shraideh

Student name: Tariq almistarehi (126724)

Section (3)

Submission date: 25/11/2020

 Table of contents

i-objectives……………………………………..……3
ii-introduction……………………………………...3
iii-experimental setup………………………....3
iv-experimental procedure………………..…6
v-experimental results...………………………6
vi-discussion……………………………………..…11
vii-conclusion…………………………………..….11
viii-reference…………………………………..….12
Objectives:

To demonstrate the use of the

fatigue testing machine for
testing specimens subjected
to cyclic (fatigue) loadings.
To demonstrate the use of the
fatigue testing machine for
testing specimens subjected
to cyclic (fatigue) loadings.
*To perform the creep test on a Lead specimen and to observe the creep
phenomenon.

*To experimentally obtain the creep curve.

Introduction:
Fatigue of metals is a well-
known situation where
yielding (and then rupture)
can be caused
by a large number of stress
variations (magnitude and
direction) at a point even
though the
max stress is less than the
yield stress and respectively
the ultimate stres
what is creep: When a material like steel is plastically deformed at ambient
temperatures its strength is increased due to work hardening. This work
hardening effectively prevents any further deformation from taking place if
the stress remains approximately constant. Annealing the deformed Lead
at an elevated temperature removes the work hardening and restores the
Lead to its original condition. However, if the Lead is plastically deformed at
an elevated temperature, then both work hardening and annealing take
place simultaneously. A consequence of this is that Lead under a constant
stress at an elevated temperature will continuously deform with time, that
is, it is said to "creep".

Experimental setup:
We will use Lead in this experiment which dimensions are Thickness 2.2
(mm) width 5.18 (mm) figure (1).

Figure (1): lead specimen

Fatigue failure:
 Figure (2): Typical Strain against Time

Three regions can be readily identified on the curve:

*1 to 2 Primary Creep -creep proceeds at a diminishing rate due to work hardening
of the metal.

*2 to 3 Secondary Creep - creep proceeds at a constant rate because a balance is

achieved between the work hardening and annealing (thermal softening) processes.

*3 to 4 Tertiary Creep - the creep rate increases due to necking of the specimen and
the associated increase in local stress. Failure occurs at point 4.
A fatigue failure begins
with a small crack
resulting from a tensile
stress at a macro or
microscopic flaw. Once
started, the crack will
develop at a point of
discontinuity in the
material, such as change in
cross section, a keyway or a
hole. Less obvious points at
which
fatigue failure is likely to
begin are internal cracks or
even irregularities caused by
machining
processes. In other words,
when a load below yield
strength of a material is
applied
repeatedly to a metallic
specimen, localized
hardening occurs. Then a
small crack appears,
this crack is a line of stress
concentration which causes it
to grow. As the crack grows,
the
cross sectional area of the
material gets smaller until it
can no longer support the
load. This
loading on which the fracture
takes place is called fatigue
loading and the fracture is
called
fatigue failure
Figure 3: creep test machine
Cracks generally start at the
surface of the material. As
the crack grows, the two
surfaces rub
against each other,
polishing both surfaces to a
dull metallic finish. The
fractured surface
shows the sign of plastic
deformation as well as
crystalline finish.
Creep test machine: A bench-mounted machine that demonstrates the phenomenon of
creep under different conditions and in different materials.

Figure 4 Appearance of typical fatigue

fracture surface
Fatigue testing:
Experimental Procedure
1. Take the lead specimen and put it in the creep machine.

2. subject the specimen to a constant tensile load and temperature.

3. we will have extension and decrease of cross sectional area into the
specimen because of the tensile load.

4. calculate the change in the length at various time increment.

5.draw the creep curve (strain vs time) .

Experimental Results
Equations we will use:
extension
Strain=
Gagelength

WHERE

Gage length=22.2 mm
 Strain vs time
0.45

0.4

0.35

0.3

0.25 Lead
Strain

Lead 2
0.2 Lead 3

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

Time

Discussion
*the creep depends on temperature and stress so if we increase the stress
or temperature we can notice some changes which are:

1)increase on instantaneous deformation.

2)in secondary region the strain rate will increase.

3)rupture life time will decrease.

*to occur creep the temperature must be large than 0.4*T m

Which T m :te mperature at melting point ∈¿).

*although we us the same tensile load the rupture is happen because we

increase the time load.

Conclusion
*From this experiment it is concluded that fatigue is a material property
which varies from material to material. Initially the material starts
breaking slowly and then breaks faster with increasing cycling load

*The disadvantages of fatigue test:

1) that is need a long time because every specimen need a time for number
of cycles to break the specimen.

2)its expensive test because we need to break large number of specimens

to be able to draw the S-N diagram
References
http://www.mutiaranata.com/product/detail/wp-140-fatigue-testing-
machine

http://www.materials.unsw.edu.au/tutorials/online-tutorials/1-fatigue-
testing

https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/steel-endurance-limit-d_1781.html