You are on page 1of 18

Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

ScienceDirect
Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 83 – 100

,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFH±*UHHQ8UEDQLVP*8

0HDVXULQJWKH8UEDQ%LRGLYHUVLW\RI*UHHQ6SDFHVLQD+LJKO\
8UEDQL]LQJ(QYLURQPHQWDQGLWV,PSOLFDWLRQVIRU+XPDQ6HWWOHPHQW
5HVLOLHQF\3ODQQLQJ7KH&DVHRI0DQLOD&LW\3KLOLSSLQHV
/HRQRUD3HFKDUGR*RQ]DOHVD'LQD&DUWDJHQD0DJQD\HE 
a
Technical Adviser and Consultant, Department of Environment and Natural Resources,Visayas Avenue, Quezon City, Philippines
b
Assistant Professor, School of Urban and Regional Planning, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines and
Affiliate Assistant Professor, University of the Philippines Open University, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines

$EVWUDFW

7KHVWXG\SURYLGHVDQDQDO\WLFDODSSURDFKRIDVVHVVLQJXUEDQELRGLYHUVLW\LQ0DQLOD&LW\3KLOLSSLQHVWKURXJKVSDWLDOPDSSLQJ
LQYHQWRU\DQGSURILOLQJXWLOL]LQJWRROVVXFKDVL7UHH&DQRS\8UEDQ*UHHQ6SDFH,QYHQWRU\DQG6LPSVRQ¶V,QGH[RI'LYHUVLW\
7KHVHWRROVHVWDEOLVKWKHUHODWLRQVKLSRIXUEDQELRGLYHUVLW\ZLWKKXPDQVHWWOHPHQWVUHVLOLHQF\DVEDVLVRIGHWHUPLQLQJWKHOHYHORI
H[SRVXUH RI KXPDQ VHWWOHPHQWV WR QDWXUDO KD]DUGV VXFK DV IORRGLQJ DQG LQ SURSRVLQJ XUEDQ SODQQLQJ DQG GHYHORSPHQW
LQWHUYHQWLRQV

© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
‹7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU%9
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]LQJFRPPLWWHHRI*8
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of GU 2016

Keywords:XUEDQELRGLYHUVLW\XUEDQJUHHQVSDFHKXPDQVHWWOHPHQWVUHVLOLHQF\XUEDQL]LQJHQYLURQPHQWXUEDQSODQQLQJXUEDQGHYHORSPHQW


,QWURGXFWLRQ

7KH $VLDQ 'HYHORSPHQW %DQN $'%  FRQVLGHUV WKH 3KLOLSSLQHV DV D KLJKO\ XUEDQL]HG QDWLRQ ZLWK DQ XUEDQ
JURZWKUDWHKLJKHUWKDQWKHQDWLRQDOJURZWKUDWHDVH[SODLQHGE\KLJKELUWKUDWHLQPLJUDWLRQDQGWRVRPHH[WHQWWKH
UHFODVVLILFDWLRQRIWKHORFDOJRYHUQPHQWXQLWV>@7KH3KLOLSSLQH6WDWLVWLFV$XWKRULW\ 36$ UHSRUWHGWKDWLQ
WKH 3KLOLSSLQHV KDV  KLJKO\ XUEDQL]HG FLWLHV +8&V  IRXU RI ZKLFK UHFRUGHG PRUH WKDQ D PLOOLRQ SRSXODWLRQ WR



&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HO  ID[  
E-mail address:GFPDJQD\H#XSHGXSKDQGGFPDJQD\H#\DKRRFRP

1878-0296 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of GU 2016
doi:10.1016/j.proenv.2017.03.024
84 Leonora Pechardo Gonzales and Dina Cartagena Magnaye / Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 83 – 100

LQFOXGH4XH]RQ &LW\ PLOOLRQ  &LW\ RI 0DQLOD  PLOOLRQ 'DYDR &LW\  PLOOLRQ  DQG&DORRFDQ &LW\
PLOOLRQ >@
$VDKLJKO\XUEDQL]LQJVHWWOHPHQWWKH&LW\RI0DQLODLVFRQIURQWHGZLWKSUHVVLQJHQYLURQPHQWDOVWUHVVRUVVXFK
DV SHUYDVLYH DQG FKURQLF IORRGLQJ UDLVLQJ ZDWHU DLU DQG VROLG ZDVWH SROOXWLRQ OHYHOV LQFUHDVLQJ DPELHQW DLU
WHPSHUDWXUH WKDW FRQWULEXWHV WR XUEDQ KHDW LVODQG HIIHFW DQG UDSLG SRSXODWLRQ JURZWK WKDW SXWV SUHVVXUH RQ
HFRV\VWHPVJRRGVDQGVHUYLFHV7KH0DQLOD&LW\&RPSUHKHQVLYH/DQG8VH3ODQDQG=RQLQJ2UGLQDQFHUHYHDOV
WKDWPDQ\DUHDVDUHVLWXDWHGLQVZDPSVDQGPDUVKHVPDNLQJWKHPH[WUHPHO\YXOQHUDEOHWRIORRGLQJ)ORRGLQJLQWKH
&LW\RI0DQLODDOVRUHVXOWVIURPLQDGHTXDWHGUDLQDJHV\VWHPFORJJLQJRIZDWHUZD\VGXHWRGXPSLQJRIXQFROOHFWHG
ZDVWHVHZDJH LQWR WKH ULYHU V\VWHPV SDUWLFXODUO\ LQ WKH LQIRUPDO VHWWOHPHQWV DUHDV DQG WKH G\QDPLF UHODWLRQVKLS
DPRQJ0DQLOD%D\/DJXQD/DNHDQG3DVLJ5LYHU>@
7KH&LW\RI0DQLODLVEOHVVHGZLWKQDWXUDODVVHWV,WERDVWVDQHWZRUNRISDUNVDQGJUHHQVSDFHV7KHH[LVWLQJ
QHWZRUNRIPRUHWKDQSDUNVSOD]DVDQGPRQXPHQWVDURXQGWKHFLW\DIIRUGVDQRSSRUWXQLW\IRUSURPRWLQJXUEDQ
ELRGLYHUVLW\ ZLWK SURSHU SODQQLQJ GHYHORSPHQW DQG PDQDJHPHQW RI XUEDQ JUHHQ VSDFH IURP D YDQWDJH SRLQW RI
FRQVHUYDWLRQPDQDJHPHQW7KXVWKLVQHFHVVLWDWHVWKHH[DPLQDWLRQRIWKHOHYHORIXUEDQELRGLYHUVLW\RI0DQLOD&LW\
DQG WKH HVWDEOLVKPHQW RI UHODWLRQVKLS RI XUEDQ ELRGLYHUVLW\ VWRFN ZLWK KXPDQ VHWWOHPHQWV UHVLOLHQF\ LQ WHUPV RI
H[SRVXUH WR QDWXUDO KD]DUGV VXFK DV IORRGLQJ ,W LV LQ WKLV FRQWH[W WKDW WKH SDSHU ZDV GHYHORSHG WR SURYLGH DQ
DQDO\WLFDODSSURDFKRIDQDO\]LQJXUEDQELRGLYHUVLW\LQDKLJKO\XUEDQL]LQJHQYLURQPHQWDVEDVLVIRUXUEDQSODQQLQJ
DQGGHYHORSPHQW

 )UDPHZRUNRIWKHVWXG\

+XPDQ VHWWOHPHQW LV D SODFH ZKHUH SHRSOH OLYH UHJDUGOHVV RI VL]H W\SH DQG FKDUDFWHULVWLFV ,W FRQVLVWV RI PDQ
VRFLHW\LQIUDVWUXFWXUHDQGIXQFWLRQDOVXSSRUWQDWXUDOFRPSRQHQWVDQGRWKHUQDWXUDODQGPDQPDGHVWUXFWXUHV7KH
ODQGVFDSHRIDKXPDQVHWWOHPHQWLVFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\HTXDOO\LPSRUWDQWDQGLQWHUUHODWHGGLPHQVLRQVVXFKDVHFRQRPLF
JURZWK DQG HIILFLHQF\ HFRQRPLF  SK\VLFRHFRORJLFDO DWWULEXWHV HQYLURQPHQWDO  VRFLRFXOWXUDO FRQVLGHUDWLRQV
VRFLDO  LQVWLWXWLRQDO DQG XUEDQ JRYHUQDQFH LQVWLWXWLRQDO  DQG LQIUDVWUXFWXUH DQG XWLOLWLHV LQIUDVWUXFWXUH  7KH
TXDOLW\RIWKHSK\VLFDOHQYLURQPHQWGHWHUPLQHVWRDFHUWDLQH[WHQWWKHOHYHORIHFRV\VWHPVVHUYLFHVDQGEHQHILWVWKDW
ZLOODFFUXHIURPVXFKSK\VLFDOVWDWH7KXVWKHSK\VLFRHFRORJLFDODVSHFWQHHGVWREHFRQVLGHUHGJLYHQWKHH[LVWHQFH
RIHQYLURQPHQWDOKD]DUGVODQGXVHFRQIOLFWVDQGELRGLYHUVLW\FRQGLWLRQVLQFLWLHVWKDWFUHDWHXUEDQFKDOOHQJHV
0XOOHUHWDO>@GHILQHVXUEDQELRGLYHUVLW\DVWKH³YDULHW\DQGULFKQHVVRIOLYLQJRUJDQLVPV LQFOXGLQJJHQHWLF
YDULDWLRQ DQGKDELWDWGLYHUVLW\IRXQGLQDQGRQWKHHGJHRIKXPDQVHWWOHPHQWV,WUDQJHVIURPWKHUXUDOIULQJHWRWKH
XUEDQFRUH´7KXVWKHFRQFHSWRIXUEDQELRGLYHUVLW\LVFHQWUDOWRWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIDUHVLOLHQWKXPDQVHWWOHPHQW
7KHDVVHVVPHQWRIXUEDQELRGLYHUVLW\HQWDLOVDV\VWHPDWLFLQYHQWRU\DQGDVVHVVPHQWRIWKHH[LVWLQJDQGSRWHQWLDO
ELRGLYHUVLW\FRQGLWLRQVXWLOL]LQJFHUWDLQWRROVDQGWHFKQLTXHVZLWKVSDWLDODQGPDWKHPDWLFDOLPSOLFDWLRQV,WSURYLGHV
DFOHDUDQGDFFXUDWHXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHFXUUHQW³ELRGLYHUVLW\VWRFN´LQDJLYHQDUHDWKHNLQGRISODQWVSHFLHVIRXQG
LQ DQ H[LVWLQJ DQG SRWHQWLDO ELRGLYHUVLW\ VWDWLRQ DQG WKH OHYHO RI ELRGLYHUVLW\ LQ WHUPV RI VSHFLHV ULFKQHVV DQG
GLYHUVLW\ 6HYHUDO WRROV DUH DYDLODEOH WR XQGHUWDNH XUEDQ ELRGLYHUVLW\ LQYHQWRU\ DQG DVVHVVPHQW WR LQFOXGH DPRQJ
RWKHUVL7UHH&DQRS\8UEDQ*UHHQ6SDFH,QYHQWRU\ 8*6, DQG6LPSVRQ¶V,QGH[RI'LYHUVLW\ 6,' 
7KH L7UHH &DQRS\ HVWLPDWHV WUHH DQG RWKHU ODQG FRYHU ZLWKLQ WKH FLW\ :LWK WKH DLG RI SKRWR
LQWHUSUHWDWLRQDQDO\VLV RI WKH DYDLODEOH VDWHOOLWH LPDJHU\ *,6 LV XVHG WR LGHQWLI\ WKH H[WHQW RI H[LVWLQJ YHJHWDWLYH
FRYHUDVZHOODVRWKHUODQGOD\HUVLQDJLYHQDUHDWREHFODVVLILHGDVWUHHYHJHWDWLRQVKUXEODQGVJUDVVODQGVSRWWHG
YHJHWDWLRQ EDUH DUHDV ULYHU EDQNV DQG HDVHPHQWV LPSHUYLRXV DUHDV DQG RWKHU ODQG XVHV L7UHH FDQRS\ RIIHUV D
TXLFNDQGHDV\ZD\WRSURGXFHVWDWLVWLFDOO\YDOLGHVWLPDWHVRIWKHODQGFRYHUW\SHVVXFKDVWUHHFDQRS\FRYHUXVLQJ
DHULDOLPDJHV>@DYDLODEOHIURPJRRJOHPDS
8*6, SURYLGHV WKH EDVHOLQH GDWD JHQHUDWHG IURP WKH L7UHH FDQRS\ WKDW DUH QHFHVVDU\ WR GHWHUPLQH H[WHQW RI
YHJHWDWLYH FRYHU RI XUEDQ JUHHQ VSDFHV LPSHUYLRXV DUHDV ODQG XVH FRPSDWLELOLW\ DQG RWKHU ELRSK\VLFDO DQG
HFRORJLFDOFRQGLWLRQVWKDWZRXOGVXVWDLQXUEDQELRGLYHUVLW\7KHLQYHQWRU\HVWDEOLVKHVWKHDUHD¶VFXUUHQWDVZHOODV
SRWHQWLDOFRQWULEXWLRQWRWKHELRGLYHUVLW\FRQGLWLRQRIWKHFLW\
7KH 6,' LV D VWDWLVWLFDO WHVW WR PHDVXUH VSHFLHV ULFKQHVV DQG GLYHUVLW\ DV ZHOO DV HYHQQHVV >@ 'LYHUVLW\
VSHFLILFDOO\ORRNVDWWKHQXPEHURIVSHFLHVSUHVHQWDQGWKHLUDEXQGDQFHZKLOHULFKQHVVLVGHWHUPLQHGE\WKHQXPEHU
RIVSHFLHVSHUVDPSOHWRJHQHUDWHWKHFRPPRQRUGRPLQDQWVSHFLHV
8UEDQUHVLOLHQFHLVDWWKHFRUHRIGHYHORSPHQWSODQQLQJDQGPDQDJHPHQW5HVLOLHQFHLVWKHFDSDFLW\RIDV\VWHP
WR DEVRUE GLVWXUEDQFH VXFK DV KD]DUG RU QDWXUDO GLVDVWHU DQG UHRUJDQL]H LWVHOI ZKLOH XQGHUJRLQJ FKDQJH WKHUHE\
Leonora Pechardo Gonzales and Dina Cartagena Magnaye / Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 83 – 100 85

HVVHQWLDOO\ UHWDLQLQJ WKH VDPH IXQFWLRQ VWUXFWXUH IHHGEDFN DQG LGHQWLW\ >@ 7KH 81 +DELWDW >@ GHVFULEHV XUEDQ
UHVLOLHQFHDVWKHDELOLW\RIDQ\XUEDQV\VWHPWRZLWKVWDQGDQGUHFRYHUTXLFNO\IURPDFDWDVWURSKLFHYHQW7KHIRFDO
DUHDVRIDGGUHVVLQJXUEDQUHVLOLHQF\IRUXUEDQSODQQLQJDQGGHYHORSPHQWLQFOXGHWKHSURYLVLRQDQGRULPSURYHPHQW
RI V\VWHPV VXFK DV LQIUDVWUXFWXUH XWLOLWLHV DQG DWWULEXWHV IRU KD]DUG ULVN YXOQHUDELOLW\ DQG SUHSDUHGQHVV
VWUHQJWKHQLQJ QHWZRUNV FRPSULVLQJ RI DJHQWV RUJDQL]DWLRQV LQGLYLGXDOV DQG RWKHU VWDNHKROGHUV DV ZHOO DV
LPSURYLQJ DFFHVV WR NQRZOHGJH LQIUDVWUXFWXUH VSHFLILFDOO\ GDWD DQG LQIRUPDWLRQ 7KHVH DUH DOO JHDUHG WRZDUG
LPSURYHGTXDOLW\RIOLIHDQGVXVWDLQDEOHJURZWKDQGGHYHORSPHQW
)LJSUHVHQWVWKHFRQFHSWXDOIUDPHZRUNRIWKHVWXG\


+XPDQ6HWWOHPHQWV/DQGVFDSH

8UEDQ%LRGLYHUVLW\ 8UEDQ+XPDQ6HWWOHPHQWV5HVLOLHQF\

7UHHDQG/DQG&RYHU&KDUDFWHULVWLFV 8UEDQ3ODQQLQJDQG0DQDJHPHQW
 
8UEDQ%LRGLYHUVLW\6WRFN  6\VWHPV
  1HWZRUNV
6SHFLHV5LFKQHVVDQG'LYHUVLW\  .QRZOHGJH,QIUDVWUXFWXUH
 

,PSURYHPHQWRIWKH4XDOLW\RI/LIH
6XVWDLQDEOH*URZWKDQG'HYHORSPHQW

 
)LJ&RQFHSWXDOIUDPHZRUN
6RXUFH$XWKRUV¶FRQVWUXFW

 6FRSHRIWKHVWXG\

3.1 Characterization of the study area

7KH&LW\RI0DQLODVHUYHGDVWKHH[SHULPHQWDOVWDJHDQGYHQXHRIWKHUHVHDUFKEHLQJWKH3KLOLSSLQHVFDSLWDO,WLV
VWUDWHJLFDOO\LGHQWLILHGDVWKHJDWHZD\WRWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDODQGJOREDOPDUNHWGXHWRWKHSUHVHQFHRIEXVLQHVVPDUNHW
DQG HFRQRPLF FHQWHUV D QXPEHU RI KLVWRULFDO VLWHV QDWLRQDO FXOWXUDO ODQGPDUNV PDMRU LQIUDVWUXFWXUHV DQG
HQYLURQPHQWDODVVHWV,WKRVWVDQXPEHURIIDPRXVWRXULVPGHVWLQDWLRQVDVZHOODVQDWXUDOZHDOWK7KHVHLQFOXGHWKH
NQRZQJUHHQVSDFHVLQWKHPHWURSROLVVXFKDVWKH,QWUDPXURVDQGLWVDGMRLQLQJJDUGHQVDOVRUHIHUUHGWRDVWKH:DOOHG
&LW\WKH5L]DO3DUNRU/XQHWD$UURFHURV3DUN2UFKLGDULXP0DQLOD=RRDQGVRPHSULYDWHDQGOXVKJDUGHQVLQWKH
JDWHG UHVLGHQWLDO HQFODYH LQ WKH FLW\ DQG WKH 0DQLOD %D\ ZKLFK ERUGHUV WKH FLW\¶V FRDVWOLQH 8QGHU 3UHVLGHQWLDO
'HFUHH  0DQLOD &LW\ VHUYHV DV WKH VHDW RI WKH 3KLOLSSLQH *RYHUQPHQW ZLWK WKH SUHVHQFH RI WKH 3UHVLGHQWLDO
3DODFH0DODFDxDQJLQWKHFLW\
7ZRGLVWULFWVRIWKHFLW\'LVWULFWVDQGFRQVWLWXWHGWKHIRFXVRIWKHVWXG\ )LJ 'LVWULFWZKLFKFRYHUV
7RQGR  ZLWK  KHFWDUHV UHSUHVHQWLQJ WKH FRDVWDO FRPPXQLWLHV RI WKH FLW\ DQG FRQVLGHUHG WKH PRVW GHQVHO\
SRSXODWHGDUHDLQWKHFLW\7KLVZDVRQFHWKHVXEMHFWRIDVOXPXSJUDGLQJSURMHFWLQWKHVILQDQFHGE\WKH:RUOG
%DQN'LVWULFWRQWKHRWKHUKDQGZKLFKKDVDWRWDODUHDRIKHFWDUHVLVFRQVLGHUHGWKHELJJHVWGLVWULFWLQ
WKHFLW\FRQVLVWLQJRIWKHDGPLQLVWUDWLYHGLVWULFWVRI(UPLWD,QWUDPXURV0DODWH3DFR3RUW$UHDDQG6DQ$QGUHV
86 Leonora Pechardo Gonzales and Dina Cartagena Magnaye / Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 83 – 100

)LJ$GPLQLVWUDWLYHGLVWULFWVRIWKH&LW\RI0DQLOD

3.2 Focal areas of analysis

7KH UHVHDUFK IRFXVHG RQ WKH WHUUHVWULDO DQG IORUD FRPSRQHQW RI DQ XUEDQ HFRV\VWHP DV SDUW RI WKH HFRV\VWHP
EDVHGDGDSWDWLRQDSSURDFK7KHSURMHFWHGJOREDOXUEDQL]DWLRQVFHQDULRVGHSLFWDJULPSLFWXUHRIWKHHFRV\VWHPVDQG
ELRGLYHUVLW\ VWDWXV LQ FLWLHV DQG RWKHU XUEDQ HFRV\VWHPV DFURVV WKH ZRUOG 7KLV QHFHVVLWDWHV D GUDPDWLF DQG XUJHQW
PHDVXUH WR FRXQWHU WKH WKUHDWV RI FOLPDWH FKDQJH DQG DGGUHVV UHVLOLHQFH LVVXHV LQ DGGLWLRQ WR REWDLQLQJ D FRQFUHWH
PHDVXUHWRZDUGVELRGLYHUVLW\FRQVHUYDWLRQDQGPDQDJHPHQWLQYROYLQJWHUUHVWULDODQGQDWXUDOYHJHWDWLYHFRYHU
7ZHQW\RQH   XUEDQ JUHHQ VSDFHV ZHUH LQYHQWRULHG 7KHVH ZHUH FODVVLILHG DV SXEOLF SDUNV SOD]DV DQG
KLVWRULFDOPRQXPHQWV7KHELRGLYHUVLW\LQYHQWRU\DQGDVVHVVPHQWVWDUWHGE\GLYLGLQJWKHODQGFRYHUEHWZHHQEXLOW
DQGQRQEXLOWXSDUHDV7KHODWWHUFRQVLVWVRIWUHHVVKUXEVDQGRWKHUYHJHWDWLRQ

3.3 Choice of environmental hazard

)ORRGSURQHDUHDVLQWKH&LW\RI0DQLODZHUHVHOHFWHGVLQFHIORRGLQJLVPRUHFRVWO\DQGGLIILFXOWWRPDQDJHLQ
XUEDQKXPDQVHWWOHPHQWVJLYHQWKHKLJKHUFRQFHQWUDWLRQRISRSXODWLRQ )LJD DQGDVVHWVLQPDQ\XUEDQFHQWHUV
,QWUDPXURVWKH3RUWDUHDQHDUWKH'HO3DQEULGJHDQGVHOHFWHGbarangaysLQ'LVWULFWDUHWKHIUHTXHQWO\IORRGHG
DUHDV)LJESUHVHQWVWKHIORRGKD]DUGPDSRIWKH&LW\RI0DQLOD

*LYHQ WKH SULPDF\ RI WKH FLW\ RI 0DQLOD DQG LWV UROH LQ QDWLRQDO GHYHORSPHQW DQG WKH LQFUHDVLQJ LQFLGHQFH RI
XUEDQIORRGLQJHVSHFLDOO\LQWKHHQYLURQPHQWDOPDUJLQVWKHUHLVDQHHGIRUDQLQGHSWKLQYHVWLJDWLRQRQDOWHUQDWLYH
DQG PRUH DIIRUGDEOH ZD\V WR DGGUHVV WKH WKUHDWV RI FOLPDWH FKDQJH 7KLV FDQ EH GRQH WKURXJK XUEDQ ELRGLYHUVLW\
ZKLFKLVFRQVLGHUHGDQRQVWUXFWXUDO³VRIW´HQJLQHHULQJDQGLQH[SHQVLYHLQIUDVWUXFWXUHVXSSRUWPHDVXUH,WLVLQWKLV
FRQWH[WWKDWXUEDQIORRGLQJZDVFKRVHQDVWKHHQYLURQPHQWDOKD]DUGIRUWKLVVWXG\8UEDQIORRGLQJZDVDQDO\]HGLQ
WHUPVRILWVXQGHUO\LQJHIIHFWVRQWKHUHVLOLHQFHRIDQXUEDQKXPDQVHWWOHPHQW
Leonora Pechardo Gonzales and Dina Cartagena Magnaye / Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 83 – 100 87


)LJ D SRSXODWLRQDQGGHQVLW\PDSRIWKH&LW\RI0DQLOD



)LJ E 3UHOLPLQDU\KD]DUGPDSRI0DQLOD&LW\
88 Leonora Pechardo Gonzales and Dina Cartagena Magnaye / Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 83 – 100

 5HVXOWV

4.1 Urban biodiversity inventory and assessment

4.1.1 i-Tree Canopy

'LVWULFWV  DQG  RI WKH &LW\ RI 0DQLOD UHSUHVHQWHG WKH JHQHUDO ODQGVFDSH RI WKH FLW\ EDVHG RQ SXUSRVLYH
VDPSOLQJ 7KH GLVWULEXWLRQ RI VXUYH\ SRLQWV DV GHWHUPLQHG E\ WKH L7UHH &DQRS\ LV VXPPDUL]HG LQ 7DEOH  2QH
VXUYH\ SRLQW UHSUHVHQWV D XQLW RI WKH WRWDO ODQG DUHD LQ VTXDUH PHWHU  )LJ  DQG )LJ  SUHVHQW WKH ORFDWLRQ RI
UDQGRPO\VHOHFWHGSRLQWVXWLOL]LQJWKHL7UHHFDQRS\LQ'LVWULFWVDQGUHVSHFWLYHO\

7DEOH(VWLPDWHGODQGFRYHUFODVVLILFDWLRQRI'LVWULFWDQG'LVWULFWXVLQJWKHL7UHH&DQRS\

&RYHU&ODVV 'LVWULFW 'LVWULFW
1RRI6XUYH\ &RYHU 1RRI6XUYH\ &RYHU
3RLQWV 3RLQWV
%XLOWXS    
5HVLGHQWLDO$UHD    
&RPPHUFLDO$UHD    
,QGXVWULDO$UHD    
,QVWLWXWLRQDO$UHD    
,QIUDVWUXFWXUH8WLOLW\    
5RDG    
&HQWUH,VODQGV    
6LGHZDON    
&DUSDUN    
&RQFUHWH,PSHUYLRXV    
6XEWRWDO    
1RQ%XLOWXS    
7UHH9HJHWDWLRQ    
6KUXE9HJHWDWLRQ    
*UDVV9HJHWDWLRQ    
9DFDQW,GOH%DUH$UHDV    
5LYHUVDQG7ULEXWDULHV    
6XEWRWDO    
7RWDO    










Leonora Pechardo Gonzales and Dina Cartagena Magnaye / Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 83 – 100 89

























 )LJ/RFDWLRQRIL7UHHFDQRS\VXUYH\SRLQWVLQ'LVWULFW


























)LJ/RFDWLRQRIL7UHHFDQRS\VXUYH\SRLQWVLQ'LVWULFW
90 Leonora Pechardo Gonzales and Dina Cartagena Magnaye / Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 83 – 100

2XW RI WKH  VXUYH\ SRLQWV LQ ERWK 'LVWULFWV  DQG   VXUYH\ SRLQWV IDOO XQGHU EXLOW XS DUHDV
UHSUHVHQWLQJ  ZKLOH QRQEXLOW XS LQFOXGLQJ WKRVH ZLWK YHJHWDWLYH FRYHU FRQVLVWV RQO\ RI  RU  VXUYH\
SRLQWV7KHVHUDQGRPO\VHOHFWHGVXUYH\SRLQWVZHUHYDOLGDWHGWKURXJKDZLQGVKLHOGVXUYH\DQGXVHGDVEDVLVIRUWKH
XUEDQJUHHQVSDFHLQYHQWRU\
7KH EXLOWXS DUHDV DUH UHSUHVHQWHG E\ WKH UHVLGHQWLDO FRPPHUFLDO LQGXVWULDO DQG LQVWLWXWLRQDO ODQG XVHV ,Q
'LVWULFWUHVLGHQWLDODUHDVFRPSULVHWKHODUJHVWODQGXVHFRYHUZLWKIROORZHGE\LQIUDVWUXFWXUHXWLOLW\ZLWK
DQGLQGXVWULDODUHDZLWK )LJD 



















 )LJ D (VWLPDWHGODQGFRYHUFODVVLILFDWLRQRI'LVWULFW

,QWHUPVRIYHJHWDWLYHFRYHUWUHHVFRPSULVHGRQO\RIWKHWRWDODUHD8SRQYDOLGDWLRQWKHUHZHUHRQO\
WUHHVLQHDFKRIWKHKRXVHVFKXUFKHVVFKRROVDQGKRVSLWDOVLQFOXGHGLQWKHL7UHHVXUYH\SRLQWV
%DVHG RQ WKH L7UHH &DQRS\ 'LVWULFW  VKRZV FRPPHUFLDO DUHD ZLWK WKH KLJKHVW SHUFHQWDJH FRYHU  
IROORZHGE\UHVLGHQWLDODUHDZLWK )LJE 7UHHYHJHWDWLRQLVWKLUGLQWKHOLVWRILQFOXGLQJWKHVKUXE
ODQGVWKHWRWDOYHJHWDWLRQFRYHURI'LVWULFWLV7KLVFRXOGEHDWWULEXWHGWRWKHSUHVHQFHRIQDWLRQDODVZHOO
DVFLW\SXEOLFSDUNVLQWKHGLVWULFW7KHVHSDUNVLQFOXGH/XQHWD)RUW6DQWLDJRLiwasang Bonifacio IRUPHUO\3OD]D
/DZWRQ  0HKDQ *DUGHQ QRZ GLYLGHG LQWR Kartilya ng Katipunan 0RQXPHQW $OH[DQGHU 3XVNLQ 0RQXPHQW DQG
$UURFHURV3DUNDPRQJRWKHUV/XQHWD3DFR&HPHWHU\)RUW6DQWLDJRDQG3OD]D5RPDDUHPDQDJHGDQGGHYHORSHG
E\WKHQDWLRQDOJRYHUQPHQWWKURXJKWKH'HSDUWPHQWRI7RXULVPWKH1DWLRQDO3DUNV'HYHORSPHQW&RPPLWWHHDQG
WKH,QWUDPXURV$GPLQLVWUDWLRQUHVSHFWLYHO\















)LJ E (VWLPDWHGODQGFRYHUFODVVLILFDWLRQRI'LVWULFW
Leonora Pechardo Gonzales and Dina Cartagena Magnaye / Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 83 – 100 91

7DEOH,QYHQWRULHG*UHHQ6SDFHV3XEOLF3DUNV3OD]DVDQG0RQXPHQWVLQ'LVWULFWDQG'LVWULFW


3DUNVZLWKL7UHH6XUYH\3RLQWV 3DUNVZLWKLQP5DGLXVL7UHH6XUYH\3RLQWV
)RUW6DQWLDJR $OH[DQGHU3XVNLQ 0RULRQHV3DUN 3OD]D5XHGD 3OD]D)HUJX]RQ
Liwasang%RQLIDFLR 0RQXPHQW 3OD]D0RUJD 3OD]D 3OD]D'LODR
Kartilya ng Katipunan $UURFHURV3DUN 3OD]D/HRQ+HUQDQGH] 6DODPDQFD 5DMDK6XOD\PDQ3DUN
0RQXPHQW /XQHWD3DUN 3OD]D/D/LJD)LOLSLQD 3OD]D5RPD 3OD]D0DODWH
Tahanang Masa *20%85=$ 5HPHGLRV&LUFOH
&HQWHU,VODQG 6KULQH 3DFR3DUN


















 )LJ/RFDWLRQRIJUHHQVSDFHVZLWKLQWKHPUDGLXVGLVWDQFHIURPWKHL7UHHVXUYH\SRLQWV'LVWULFW



















)LJ/RFDWLRQRIJUHHQVSDFHVZLWKLQWKHPUDGLXVGLVWDQFHIURPWKHL7UHHVXUYH\SRLQWV'LVWULFW
92 Leonora Pechardo Gonzales and Dina Cartagena Magnaye / Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 83 – 100

4.1.2 Urban Green Space Inventory

7KHLQYHQWRULHGJUHHQVSDFHVLQ'LVWULFWDQG'LVWULFWRIWKH&LW\RI0DQLOD )LJDQG)LJ DUHEDVHGRQ


WKHUHVXOWVJHQHUDWHGIURPWKHL7UHHFDQRS\7KHUHVXOWVRIWKHLQYHQWRU\SURYLGHGWKHEDVHOLQHGDWDQHFHVVDU\WR
GHWHUPLQH WKH H[WHQW RI YHJHWDWLYH FRYHU LPSHUYLRXV DUHDV ODQG XVH FRPSDWLELOLW\ DQG RWKHU ELRSK\VLFDO DQG
HFRORJLFDOFRQGLWLRQVWKDWZRXOGFRQWULEXWHWRWKHVXVWDLQDELOLW\RIXUEDQELRGLYHUVLW\LQDQDUHD
*LYHWKHLQYHQWRULHGXUEDQJUHHQVSDFHVLQWKHVHOHFWHGVWXG\VLWHVDOOWKHUHPDLQLQJXUEDQJUHHQVSDFHV
KDYHKLVWRULFDOPRQXPHQWVH[FHSWIRUWKH$UURFHURV3DUN7KHVHDUHGHILQHGXQGHUWKH1DWLRQDO&XOWXUDO+HULWDJH
$FW 5$   DV KRQRULQJ ³LOOXVWULRXV SHUVRQV RU FRPPHPRUDWLYH HYHQWV RI KLVWRULFDO YDOXH DV GHFODUHG E\ WKH
1DWLRQDO +LVWRULFDO ,QVWLWXWH´ 6RPH RI WKHVH SDUNV DUH KHDYLO\ SODQWHG WR LQFOXGH /LZDVDQJ %RQLIDFLR $OH[DQGHU
3XVNLQ3DUN3OD]D0RULRQHV/XQHWD3DFR&HPHWHU\)RUW6DQWLDJR
Condition of inventoried urban green spaces $OPRVW DOO RI WKH XUEDQ JUHHQ VSDFHV LQYHQWRULHG UHTXLUH WUHH
LPSURYHPHQWPHDVXUHVDVWKH\KDYHEHHQVXEMHFWHGWRH[WUHPHFDVHVRIYDQGDOLVPDQGQHJOHFW6RPHSDUWVRIWKH
³ZRXQGHG´ WUHHV ZHUH WUDQVIRUPHG LQWR WUDVK ELQV DQGRU DVKWUD\V IRU FLJDUHWWH EXWWV 'LVFDUGHG FORWKHV ZHUH DOVR
LQVHUWHGLQWUHH³FDYLWLHV´WKDWDUHVXSSRVHGWREHWUHDWHGWRSURWHFWIURPIXUWKHUGDPDJH$QXPEHURIPDWXUHWUHHV
ZHUHDOUHDG\LQDVWDWHRIGHFD\DQGQHHGLPPHGLDWHDWWHQWLRQ6HYHUDOWUHHVHVSHFLDOO\LQ3OD]D%RQLIDFLR.DUWLO\D
QJ.DWLSXQDQ$OH[DQGHU3XVKNLQ3DUNZHUHLGHQWLILHGDVGHDGVWDQGLQJWUHHVDQGSRVHGDQJHUWRWKHSXEOLF
$OOWKHSDUNVZLWKWKHH[FHSWLRQRI$UURFHURV3DUNLQ'LVWULFWVDQGKDYHKLVWRULFDOPRQXPHQWV/DPSSRVWV
DERXQG LQ DOO WKH SDUNV PRVW RI WKHP DUH SRZHUHG XVLQJ QRQUHQHZDEOH VRXUFHV 7KHVH XUEDQ JUHHQ VSDFHV KDYH
RWKHUIXQFWLRQVWKDWLQFOXGHUHFUHDWLRQERWKSDVVLYHDQGDFWLYHSODFHVIRUFRPPXQLW\DVVHPEOLHVORFDOFRPPXQLW\
SXEOLF HYHQW DPRQJ RWKHUV7KH WUHHV WKDWZHUH LQYHQWRULHG DUH VXPPDUL]HG DQG SUHVHQWHG LQ*,6 PDSV 'DWDRQ
H[WHQWRILPSHUYLRXVDUHDVZHUHHVWLPDWHGLQWKHDEVHQFHRIERWKGHYHORSPHQWRU³DVEXLOW´SODQV




























 )LJ,QYHQWRULHGXUEDQJUHHQVSDFHVSXEOLFSDUNVSOD]DVDQGPRQXPHQWVLQ'LVWULFW&LW\RI0DQLOD
Leonora Pechardo Gonzales and Dina Cartagena Magnaye / Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 83 – 100 93


























 )LJ,QYHQWRULHGXUEDQJUHHQVSDFHVSXEOLFSDUNVSOD]DVDQGPRQXPHQWVLQ'LVWULFW&LW\RI0DQLOD

Size of urban green spaces 5HFRUGV IURP WKH 3DUNV 'HYHORSPHQW 2IILFH 3'2  RI 0DQLOD &LW\ ZKLFK ZHUH
YDOLGDWHGWKURXJKWKHDYDLODEOHVDWHOOLWHLPDJHU\UHYHDOHGWKDWWKHODUJHVWJUHHQVSDFHDUHDLV/XQHWDRU5L]DO3DUN
ZLWK  P IROORZHG E\ )RUW 6DQWLDJR DQG $UURFHURV 3DUN DOO LQ 'LVWULFW  ZLWK  P DQG  P
UHVSHFWLYHO\7KHVPDOOHVWDUHDZDVUHFRUGHGLQ3OD]D/D/LJD)LOLSLQDLQ7RQGR'LVWULFWZLWKP
Number of trees in inventoried urban green spaces+DYLQJWKHODUJHVWJUHHQVSDFHDUHD/XQHWDUHFRUGHGWKH
PRVW QXPEHU RI PDWXUH WUHHV ZLWK  RU  IROORZHG E\ WKH $UURFHURV 3DUN ZLWK    )RUW
6DQWLDJR    Liwasang %RQLIDFLR    $OH[DQGHU 3XVNLQ 0RQXPHQW    Kartilya ng
Katipunan0RQXPHQWWUHHV  DQG3DFR3DUNZLWKWUHHV   )LJ 7KHUHPDLQLQJJUHHQ
VSDFHVUHFRUGHGWUHHVOHVVWKDQ*20%85=$6KULQH  5DMDK6XOD\PDQ3DUN  3OD]D5RPD  3OD]D
'LODR  0RULRQHV3DUN  3OD]D)HUJX]RQ  3OD]D6DODPDQFD  3OD]D0DODWH  3OD]D0RUJD  
DQG5HPHGLRV&LUFOH  7KHORZHVWWUHHFRXQWZDVUHFRUGHGDWTahanang Masa&HQWHUDQG3OD]D5XHGDZLWK
HDFKIROORZHGE\3OD]D/HRQ+HUQDQGH]  DQG3OD]D/D/LJD)LOLSLQDZLWKRQH
Mature trees and species recorded in inventoried urban green spaces. 'LVWULFW  UHJLVWHUHG D WRWDO RI 
PDWXUHWUHHVZKLOH'LVWULFWRQO\UHFRUGHGDWRWDORIWUHHV
2XWRIWKHWUHHVUHFRUGHGWKHPRVWQXPEHURIVSHFLHVIRXQGDUH1DUUD Pterocarpus indicus 0DKRJDQ\
Swietenia macrophyla 0DQLOD3DOP Adonidia merrillii DQG0RODYH Vitexparviflora ZLWKDWRWDOFRXQWRI
 DQG WUHHV UHVSHFWLYHO\ )LJ  7KH H[RWLF VSHFLHVUHSUHVHQW D WRWDORI RU RI WKH WRWDO
QXPEHU RI WUHHV EHORQJLQJ WR  VSHFLHV 7KHVH DUH WUHHV WKDW KDYH DGDSWHG WR WKHLU VXUURXQGLQJV DQG VSUHDG
XQFRQWUROODEO\ SXVKLQJ RXW LQGLJHQRXV SODQWV DQG FRPSHWLQJ ZLWK WKH QXWULHQWV WKDW DUH VXSSRVHG WR EHQHILW RXU
LQGLJHQRXVDQGQDWLYHVSHFLHV
0F.LQQH\ >@ SRLQWV RXW WKDW XUEDQL]DWLRQ WHQGV WR HUDGLFDWH QDWLYH DQG LQGLJHQRXV VSHFLHV FDXVLQJ IXUWKHU
JURZWK RI H[RWLF VSHFLHV +HLJKWHQHG GHYHORSPHQW LQ XUEDQ KXPDQ VHWWOHPHQWV EULQJV DERXW DQ LPEDODQFH LQ WKH
QDWXUDOHFRV\VWHPSXWWLQJDJUHDWDPRXQWRISUHVVXUHRQQDWLYHVSHFLHV1DWXUDOKDELWDWVRILQGLJHQRXVVSHFLHVDUH
ORVW LQ WKHSURFHVVRIXUEDQGHYHORSPHQW OHDGLQJ WR RFFXSDWLRQRI H[RWLF VSHFLHV WKXV H[SDQGLQJ WKHLUSRSXODWLRQ
94 Leonora Pechardo Gonzales and Dina Cartagena Magnaye / Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 83 – 100

>@7KLVSURFHVVLVFDOOHGELRWLFKRPRJHQL]DWLRQ




 )LJ7RWDOQXPEHURIWUHHVUHFRUGHGLQWKHLQYHQWRULHGJUHHQVSDFHV





)LJ7RSPRVWQXPEHURIWUHHVSHFLHVUHFRUGHG

Height of trees.  7KH DYHUDJH KHLJKW RI WUHHV UHFRUGHG LQ 'LVWULFW  UDQJHG IURP  WR  PHWHUV 'LVWULFW 
UHFRUGHG D UDQJH ZLWK  PHWHUV WR  PHWHUV LQ KHLJKW /XQHWD 3DUN UHJLVWHUHG DQ DYHUDJH KHLJKW RI 
PHWHUVZKLOH3OD]D/HRQ+HUQDQGH]KDVWKHVPDOOHVWDYHUDJHKHLJKWZLWKRQO\PHWHUV7KLVFDQEHDWWULEXWHGWR
Leonora Pechardo Gonzales and Dina Cartagena Magnaye / Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 83 – 100 95

WKHLVVXHRIPDQDJHPHQWRIXUEDQJUHHQVSDFHVLQWKH&LW\RI0DQLOD

7KH 1DWLRQDO 3DUNV 'HYHORSPHQW &RPPLWWHH RI WKH 'HSDUWPHQW RI 7RXULVP LV FRPPLWWHG WR PDLQWDLQLQJ WKH
KHDOWKRIWKHSDUNLQWHUPVRIWKHWUHHVDQGRWKHUYHJHWDWLRQZLWKLQDQGKDVDEXGJHWDU\DOORFDWLRQIRUVXFK2QWKH
RWKHUKDQGWKHRWKHUFLW\SDUNVDQGXUEDQJUHHQVSDFHVOLNH3OD]D+HUQDQGH]VXUYLYHVRQLWVRZQZLWKOLWWOHILQDQFLDO
VXSSRUW ,Q DGGLWLRQ 3OD]D +HUQDQGH] DV LQ DOPRVW DOO XUEDQ JUHHQ VSDFHV LQ 0DQLOD &LW\ LV VXUURXQGHG E\
LPSHUYLRXVSDYHPHQW7KLVDIIHFWVWKHFRQGLWLRQRIWKHXUEDQJUHHQVSDFHDVZHOODVWKHIHZWUHHVLQWKHVDLGXUEDQ
JUHHQVSDFH
Total basal area.:LWKUHJDUGWRWRWDOEDVDODUHDKHFWDUH5DMDK6XOD\PDQ3DUNVKRZHGWKHKLJKHVWZLWK 
P IROORZHGE\/XQHWD3DUN P 3OD]D)HUJX]RQ P )RUW6DQWLDJR P $UURFHURV3DUN
 P  3DFR 3DUN  P  $OH[DQGHU 3XVNLQ 0RQXPHQW  P  DQG 3OD]D 0DODWH  PKD  7KH
ORZHVW WRWDO EDVDO DUHD ZDV UHFRUGHG DW 3OD]D /D /LJD )LOLSLQD  PKD  3OD]D +HUQDQGH]  PKD  DQG
3OD]D0RUJDDQGTahanang Masa&HQWHU,VODQGERWKKDYLQJDEDVDODUHDRI PKD DOOORFDWHGLQ'LVWULFW
7KH ORZ EDVDO DUHDKHFWDUH ZLWK OHVV WKDQ  PKD  RI PDWXUH VWDQG ZLWKLQ WKH VLWHV ZDV DWWULEXWHG WR WKH VPDOO
GLDPHWHURIWKHUHPDLQLQJWUHHVGXULQJWKHDVVHVVPHQW 
Crown canopy7KHKLJKHVWFURZQFDQRS\H[SUHVVHGLQSHUFHQWDJHZDVREVHUYHGLQ$UURFHURV3DUNZLWK
IROORZHGE\Tahanan ng Masa&HQWHU,VODQG  $OH[DQGHU3XVNLQ0RQXPHQW  DQG/XQHWD3DUN
ZLWK )LJ 7KHORZHVWUHFRUGHGSHUFHQWFURZQFDQRS\ZDVREVHUYHGLQ5HPHGLRV&LUFOH  DQG
3OD]D +HUQDQGH]   7UHHV SURYLGH HFRV\VWHP EHQHILWV ZKLFK DUH GLUHFWO\ DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK WKH DPRXQW RI
KHDOWK\FURZQFDQRS\LQXUEDQHFRV\VWHPV>@



 )LJ3HUFHQWDJHFURZQFDQRS\RIWKHLQYHQWRULHGJUHHQVSDFHV

8UEDQIRUHVWFDQRS\FRYHUUHSUHVHQWVWKHSURSRUWLRQRIODQGVXUIDFHDUHDVXQGHUWKHFURZQVRIDOOWUHHVDQGWDOO
VKUXEVLQXUEDQKXPDQVHWWOHPHQWV>@/DQGXVHFOLPDWHDVZHOODVSHRSOH¶VSUHIHUHQFHVLQIOXHQFHWKHDPRXQWRI
FURZQFDQRS\LQXUEDQKXPDQVHWWOHPHQWVDVWKHFURZQJURZWKPD\LPSLQJHRQDGMDFHQWSURSHUWLHVDVWKHFDQRS\
H[WHQGVRXWZDUGVDQGEH\RQGWKHWHUULWRU\RIWKHJUHHQVSDFH7KHFURZQFDQRS\RIXUEDQJUHHQVSDFHVUHSUHVHQW
WKRVHVWDQGLQJWUHHVFRXQWHGLQVLGHWKHDUHD
Vegetated area. 7KH FURZQ FDQRS\ ZDV XVHG WR HVWLPDWH WKH YHJHWDWHG DUHD RI WKH JUHHQ VSDFH 7KH KLJKHVW
UHFRUGHGYHJHWDWHGDUHDZDVHVWLPDWHGDW/XQHWD3DUNZLWKP$UURFHURV3DUNZLWKP)RUW6DQWLDJR
ZLWK  P IROORZHG E\ $OH[DQGHU 3XVNLQ ZLWK  P Liwasang %RQLIDFLR ZLWK  P 3DFR 3DUN ZLWK
PDQGKartilya ng Katipunan0RQXPHQWZLWKP7KHORZHVWYHJHWDWLRQFRYHUZDVUHFRUGHGLQ3OD]D
5XHGD  P  5HPHGLRV &LUFOH  P  3OD]D 0RUJD  P  DQG 3OD]D +HUQDQGH] DQG 3OD]D /D /LJD )LOLSLQD
KDYLQJDQHVWLPDWHGDUHDRIRQO\PHDFK )LJ 
96 Leonora Pechardo Gonzales and Dina Cartagena Magnaye / Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 83 – 100

)LJ(VWLPDWHGYHJHWDWHGDUHD P RIWKHLQYHQWRULHGJUHHQVSDFHV

4.1.3 Simpson’s Index of Diversity (SID)

,QWHUPVRIWKH6,'/XQHWD3DUNUDQNHGWKHKLJKHVWLQWHUPVRIVSHFLHVULFKQHVVZLWKDYDOXHFORVHVWWR
DPRQJ WKH  XUEDQ JUHHQ VSDFHV 7KLV ZDV IROORZHG E\ )RUW 6DQWLDJR ZLWK  $UURFHURV ZLWK  3OD]D
0DODWHZLWKKartilya ng Katipunan0RQXPHQWZLWK3OD]D'LODR$OH[DQGHU3XVNLQ0RQXPHQW
ZLWK3OD]D0RUJDZLWK3OD]D)HUJX]RQZLWK*20%85=$6KULQHZLWK3DFR3DUNZLWK
DQG5DMDK6XOD\PDQ3DUNZLWK2IWKHVHWRSUDQNLQJXUEDQJUHHQVSDFHVLQWHUPVRIVSHFLHVULFKQHVV
RQO\3OD]D0RUJDLVLQ'LVWULFW
7KLVSDWWHUQLQ'LVWULFWVWHPVIURPWKHIDFWWKDWWKHLUXUEDQJUHHQVSDFHVDUHIDUELJJHUDQGWKHVSHFLHVDUHPRUH
GLYHUVHWKDQWKRVHLQ'LVWULFW7KLVVXSSRUWVOLWHUDWXUHDQGVLPLODUVWXGLHVWKDWVL]HFRQWULEXWHVWRGLYHUVLW\VWDWXV
+RZHYHUHYHQVPDOOSRFNHWVRIFHQWHULVODQGVVXFKDVWKDWRITahanang MasaZLWKD6,'RILQ'LVWULFW
\LHOGHGDKLJKHU6,'GXHWRWKHGLYHUVLW\RIVSHFLHVREWDLQLQJWKHUHLQFRPSDUHGWRRWKHUELJJHUXUEDQJUHHQVSDFHV
ZLWKOHVVGLYHUVHVSHFLHV
,WFDQEHQRWHGWKDWWKHDUHDFRYHUHGE\WKHVHXUEDQJUHHQVSDFHVYDU\IURPP /XQHWD3DUN WRP
3OD]D0DODWH 7KLVPHDQVWKDWWKHVL]HRIWKHDUHDPD\QRWQHFHVVDULO\OHDGWRULFKQHVVRIGLYHUVLW\ZKLFKLVPRUH
WKDQWKHJHQHUDOUXOH
Leonora Pechardo Gonzales and Dina Cartagena Magnaye / Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 83 – 100 97

4.2 Urban biodiversity and human settlements resiliency

%DVHGRQWKHUHVXOWVRIWKHXUEDQJUHHQVSDFHLQYHQWRU\DQGWKH6,'WZRUHVLOLHQF\LQGLFDWRUVZHUHLGHQWLILHGWR
LQFOXGHYHJHWDWLYHFRYHUDQGH[WHQWRILPSHUYLRXVDUHDV5HVLOLHQF\WRIORRGLQJLVVDLGWREHDQFKRUHGRQWKHH[WHQW
RU FRYHUDJH RI YHJHWDWLYH DUHDV LQ WKH XUEDQ JUHHQ VSDFHV RI 0DQLOD &LW\ DV ZHOO DV WKH OHYHO RU SHUPHDELOLW\ RU
H[WHQWDQGXVHRILPSHUYLRXVPDWHULDOV7KHWDEOHEHORZVKRZVWKHHVWLPDWHGYHJHWDWLYHDUHDDQGLPSHUYLRXVDUHDV
E\XUEDQJUHHQVSDFHLQWKHVHOHFWHGVWXG\DUHDV

7DEOH9HJHWDWLYHFRYHUDQGH[WHQWRILPSHUYLRXVDUHDVE\XUEDQJUHHQVSDFH

(VWLPDWHG
,PSHUYLRXV$UHD
1DPHRI8UEDQ*UHHQ6SDFH 9HJHWDWHG$UHD
P 
P 
'LVWULFW  
0RULRQHV3DUN  
3OD]D0RUJD  
3OD]D/HRQ+HUQDQGH]  
3OD]D/D/LJD)LOLSLQD  
. Tahanang Masa&HQWHU,VODQG  
'LVWULFW  
3OD]D5XHGD  
3OD]D6DODPDQFD  
3OD]D5RPD  
*20%85=$6KULQH  
)RUW6DQWLDJR  
3OD]D)HUJX]RQ  
3OD]D'LODR  
Liwasang%RQLIDFLR  
Kartilya ng Katipunan0RQXPHQW  
$OH[DQGHU3XVNLQ0RQXPHQW  
5DMDK6XOD\PDQ3DUN  
3OD]D0DODWH  
5HPHGLRV&LUFOH  
$UURFHURV3DUN  
/XQHWD3DUN  
3DFR3DUN  
7RWDO  
1RWH7KHHVWLPDWHGDUHD P EDVHGRQWKHFURZQFRYHURIWKHLQYHQWRULHGSDUNV
 FURZQFRYHU[VDWHOOLWHLPDJHDUHDLQP 

9HJHWDWLRQZKLFKLVRQHRIWKHSDUDPHWHUVRIUHVLOLHQF\LPSURYHVLQILOWUDWLRQUHGXFHVVXUIDFHUXQRIISUHYHQWV
VLOWDWLRQ DQG XOWLPDWHO\ UHGXFH H[SRVXUH WR IORRGLQJ ,Q DGGLWLRQ GLYHUVH YHJHWDWLYH FRYHU SURPRWHV UHVLOLHQF\ RI
HFRV\VWHP7KLVLVDWWULEXWDEOHWRWKHFDSDFLW\RIVSHFLHVZLWKLQWKHVDPHIXQFWLRQDOJURXSWRSHUIRUPWKHIXQFWLRQRI
DGLVSODFHGRUORVWH[WLQFWVSHFLHVWKXVLPSURYLQJUHVLOLHQFHWRH[WUHPHZHDWKHUHYHQWVVXFKDVIORRGLQJ
98 Leonora Pechardo Gonzales and Dina Cartagena Magnaye / Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 83 – 100


2IWKHHVWLPDWHGWRWDODUHDRIWKHXUEDQJUHHQVSDFHVRIP P UHSUHVHQWWKHHVWLPDWHG
DUHDV ZLWK LPSHUYLRXV DUHDV LH DUHDV FRYHUHG ZLWK FRQFUHWH SDYHPHQWV ZLWK SODQW ER[HV EHQFKHV DQG RWKHU
VWUXFWXUHVPDGHIURPLPSHUPHDEOHPDWHULDOV 9HJHWDWLYHFRYHURQWKHRWKHUKDQGVKDUHGD P RI
WKH HVWLPDWHG WRWDO DUHD UHSUHVHQWLQJ WKH  XUEDQ JUHHQ VSDFHV &OHDUO\ WKH XUEDQ JUHHQ VSDFHV KDYH PRUH
LPSHUYLRXVPDWHULDOVWKDQYHJHWDWLRQ7KLVFRQGLWLRQH[SRVHVWKHXUEDQKXPDQVHWWOHPHQWWRXUEDQIORRGGXHWRWKH
FRQWULEXWLRQRILPSHUYLRXVPDWHULDOVWRXUEDQKHDWLVODQGHIIHFW
,QFUHDVHGGLYHUVLW\RIWKHYHJHWDWLYHFRYHUDOVRDOORZVSURWHFWLRQIURPH[WUHPHZHDWKHUHYHQWVGXHLQSDUWWRWKH
DELOLW\ RI FHUWDLQ VSHFLHV WR UHSOLFDWH WKH IXQFWLRQV RI VSHFLHV WKDW DUH ORVW GXH WR XUEDQL]DWLRQ DQG RWKHU KXPDQ ±
LQGXFHG VWUHVVRUV DV ZHOO DV FOLPDWH FKDQJH 6SHFLHV GLYHUVLW\ LQ DQ XUEDQ JUHHQ VSDFH LQIOXHQFHV FDSDFLW\ RI DQ
XUEDQKXPDQVHWWOHPHQWWRZLWKVWDQGH[WUHPHZHDWKHUHYHQWVVXFKDVIORRGLQJ
:KHQVHYHUHLQIHVWDWLRQVVHWLQDQGGXULQJGURXJKWDQGKHDY\UDLQIDOOVSHFLHVDUHORVWDQGPD\FDXVHH[WLQFWLRQ
RUFKDQJHVLQHFRV\VWHPVVWUXFWXUH6SHFLHVRIWKHVDPHIXQFWLRQDOJURXSWHQGVWRWDNHRYHUWKHIXQFWLRQRIVXFKORVW
VSHFLHVWKXVPDNLQJWKHHFRV\VWHPPRUHUHVLOLHQW'RZQLQJHWDO>@SRLQWVRXWWKDWGLYHUVLW\WHQGVWRLQFUHDVHWKH
UHVLOLHQFHRI HFRV\VWHPV LQ D ZD\ WKDW KHOSV FXVKLRQ WKH ORVV RI VSHFLHVE\ DVVXPLQJ WKHIXQFWLRQ RI WKDW VSHFLHV
WKXVLQFUHDVHLWVUHVLOLHQFH
*LOO HW DO >@ DV FLWHG E\ /HQDUW >@ VWDWHV WKDW D  LQFUHDVH LQ WKH YHJHWDWLYH FRYHU LQ XUEDQ KXPDQ
VHWWOHPHQWVFRXOGUHJXODWHWHPSHUDWXUHSURMHFWHGDVFOLPDWHFKDQJHVHWVLQ7UHHVVHUYHDVDPLWLJDWLRQVWUDWHJ\ZKHQ
SODQWHG LQ VWUDWHJLF ORFDWLRQ LQ XUEDQ KXPDQ VHWWOHPHQWV 7KH VKDGH SURYLGHG E\ WKH FURZQ FDQRS\ FRROV WKH
WHPSHUDWXUHE\SURWHFWLQJLWIURPGLUHFWVXQOLJKW/HQDUW>@SRVLWVWKDWWKHWHPSHUDWXUHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQVKDGHG
DQGQRQVKDGHGJURXQGFDQEHDVPXFKDVR)7KLVSURSHUW\RIWKHWHUUHVWULDOHFRV\VWHPFRQWULEXWHVWRUHVLOLHQF\
RIWKHXUEDQKXPDQVHWWOHPHQWVWRXUEDQIORRGLQJWKURXJKUHGXFWLRQRIWKHXUEDQKHDWLVODQGHIIHFW

4.3 Implications for human settlement resiliency planning

'HWHUPLQLQJWKHELRGLYHUVLW\VWRFNH[WHQWRIYHJHWDWLYHFRYHUDVZHOODVGLYHUVLW\DQGULFKQHVVRIXUEDQJUHHQ
VSDFHVHVWDEOLVKHVWKHDSSURDFKRQKRZXUEDQSODQQLQJDQGGHYHORSPHQWFDQHQKDQFHKXPDQVHWWOHPHQWVUHVLOLHQF\
SDUWLFXODUO\LQDUHDVZKHUHIORRGLQJLVDQHQYLURQPHQWDOKD]DUG
Urban design consideration7KHQHHGIRUXUEDQGHVLJQHVSHFLDOO\RQHWKDWDGRSWVDFRPSDFWGHYHORSPHQWPRGHO
VKRXOGFRQVLGHUYHUWLFDODQGURRIJUHHQHULHVSRFNHWJDUGHQVDQGSDWFKHVWRDGGUHVVFRQQHFWLYLW\DQGXUEDQKXPDQ
VHWWOHPHQWVUHVLOLHQF\
Non-structural engineering intervention $V VRIW QRQVWUXFWXUDO HQJLQHHULQJ LQWHUYHQWLRQ XUEDQ ELRGLYHUVLW\
VWDWLRQVHQKDQFHZDWHUDEVRUSWLRQRIUDLQIDOODQGUHGXFHVXUIDFHUXQRIIWKDWZRXOGRWKHUZLVHFRQWULEXWHWRIORRGLQJ
WKURXJKLQFUHDVHGYHJHWDWLRQ8UEDQELRGLYHUVLW\VWDWLRQ 8%6  UHIHUVWRDQDUHDZLWKVLJQLILFDQWYHJHWDWLYHFRYHU
FKDUDFWHUL]HGZLWKKLJKOHYHORUSUHVHQFHRIQDWLYHDQGLQGLJHQRXVVSHFLHVDQGZLWKUHODWLYHO\ELJJHUVSDFHPDGHRI
LPSHUYLRXV PDWHULDOV DQG HQRXJK WR VXVWDLQ FRQQHFWLYLW\ RI VSHFLHV DQG DGGUHVV VHULRXV FRQFHUQV RI KDELWDW
IUDJPHQWDWLRQ
Zoning in large urban green spaces8UEDQJUHHQVSDFHVLQSXEOLFDUHDVZLWKDVL]HRIPRUHWKDQPPXVW
DGRSWDzoning planLQGLFDWLQJVSHFLILFDUHDVIRUVWULFWFRQVHUYDWLRQDQGSURWHFWLRQ7KLVUXQVSDUDOOHOWRWKH]RQDWLRQ
RI VSDFHV XQGHU WKH 1DWLRQDO ,QWHJUDWHG 3URWHFWHG $UHDV 6\VWHP 1,3$6  /DZ 5$   /LNHZLVH WKH YDULRXV
IXQFWLRQV LQ WKH XUEDQ ELRGLYHUVLW\ VWDWLRQ PXVW EH SURSHUO\ GHOLQHDWHG WR DOORZ DSSURSULDWH PDQDJHPHQW
UHTXLUHPHQWLQFOXGLQJVLOYLFXOWXUDOSUDFWLFHVDQGPHDVXUHV7KHVHLQFOXGHVWULFWQDWXUHUHVHUYHVSHFLDODUHDZKHWKHU
IRUSDVVLYHDQGDFWLYHUHFUHDWLRQDPRQJRWKHUV
System dynamics in urban environment 5HVLOLHQF\ WRXUEDQIORRGV LV VHHQ DV D IXQFWLRQRI V\VWHPV QHWZRUNV
DQG NQRZOHGJH LQIUDVWUXFWXUH 8UEDQ ELRGLYHUVLW\ WKURXJK H[WHQVLYH YHJHWDWLRQ SURYLGHV D V\VWHP G\QDPLFV WKDW
LPSURYHVWKHGUDLQDJHV\VWHPLQILOWUDWLRQUDWHVDQGVXUIDFHUXQRII7KLVPXVWJRKDQGLQKDQGZLWKHIIRUWVWRFOHDU
ZDWHUZD\VHVSHFLDOO\GRPHVWLFZDVWHV'UDLQDJHSUREOHPFDPHRXWLQWKHKRXVHKROGVXUYH\LQ0DQLOD&LW\DVWKH
WRSUHDVRQIRUXUEDQIORRGLQJ
Mainstream urban biodiversity in urban planning and development. 8UEDQELRGLYHUVLW\VKRXOGEHPDLQVWUHDPHG
DV D IUDPHZRUN DQG D PHWKRGRORJ\ IRU XUEDQ KXPDQ VHWWOHPHQWV SODQQLQJ DQG GHYHORSPHQW VSHFLILFDOO\ IRU
FRPSUHKHQVLYHODQGXVHSODQQLQJ7KLVGHPDQGVDVFLHQWLILFDQGV\VWHPVDSSURDFKWRHFRORJLFDOSURILOLQJ


Leonora Pechardo Gonzales and Dina Cartagena Magnaye / Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 83 – 100 99


 &RQFOXVLRQVDQGUHFRPPHQGDWLRQV

,QYHQWRU\RIXUEDQJUHHQVSDFHVUHYHDOHGWKDWDOOWKHSDUNVKDYHPRQXPHQWVLQKRQRURISURPLQHQWLQGLYLGXDOV
ZKR KDYH PDGH KLVWRULFDO FRQWULEXWLRQV DV ZHOO DV FRPPHPRUDWH KLVWRULFDO HYHQWV DV LGHQWLILHG E\ WKH 1DWLRQDO
+LVWRULFDO,QVWLWXWHLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWKWKH3KLOLSSLQH1DWLRQDO+HULWDJH/DZ 5$ 
%DVHG RQ WKH L7UHH &DQRS\ 'LVWULFW  KDV UHVLGHQWLDO DUHDV ZKLFK FRPSULVH WKH ODUJHVW ODQG XVH FRYHU ZLWK
 IROORZHG E\ LQIUDVWUXFWXUHXWLOLW\ ZLWK  DQG LQGXVWULDO DUHD ZLWK  'LVWULFW  VKRZV WKH
FRPPHUFLDODUHDZLWKWKHKLJKHVWSHUFHQWDJHFRYHU  IROORZHGE\WKHUHVLGHQWLDODUHDZLWK
7KH6LPSVRQ¶V,QGH[RI'LYHUVLW\ 6,' UDQNHG/XQHWD3DUNDVWKHKLJKHVWLQWHUPVRIVSHFLHVULFKQHVVDPRQJ
WKH  XUEDQ JUHHQ VSDFHV 7KLV LV VXSSRUWHG E\ WKH OLWHUDWXUH WKDW ELJJHU DUHD KRVWV D ODUJHU QXPEHU RI VSHFLHV
)ROORZLQJ DUH )RUW 6DQWLDJR $UURFHURV 3DUN 3OD]D 0DODWH Kartilya ng Katipunan 0RQXPHQW 3OD]D 'LODR
$OH[DQGHU3XVNLQ0RQXPHQWDPRQJRWKHUV2IWKHWRSUDQNLQJXUEDQJUHHQVSDFHVLQWHUPVRIVSHFLHVULFKQHVV
RQO\3OD]D0RUJDLVLQ'LVWULFW
7KH IROORZLQJ DUH UHFRPPHQGHG XUEDQ SODQQLQJ DQG GHYHORSPHQW DFWLRQV WR DGGUHVV KXPDQ VHWWOHPHQWV
UHVLOLHQF\LQDQHQYLURQPHQWZKHUHQDWXUDOKD]DUGVOLNHIORRGLQJRFFXUV

 Promote increased vegetation 3ODQWLQJ WKH ULJKW VSHFLHV RI WUHHV DW WKH ULJKW SODFHV KHOSV LPSURYH WKH
PLFURFOLPDWLFFRQGLWLRQVRIXUEDQKXPDQVHWWOHPHQWV9HUWLFDODVZHOODVURRIJDUGHQLQJPXVWEHHQFRXUDJHG
DFURVVWKHOHYHOVRIORFDOJRYHUQPHQWV&RPPXQLW\RUQHLJKERXUKRRGJUHHQVSDFHVDQGSRFNHWJDUGHQVHQKDQFH
ELRGLYHUVLW\ DQG SURPRWH FRQQHFWLYLW\ 7KLV FDQ EH GRQH WKURXJK UHSODQWLQJ DQG UHVWRFNLQJ RI QDWLYH RU
LQGLJHQRXV VSHFLHV 7KH ODWWHU DUH PRUH WROHUDQW DQG VWDEOH DQG FDQ EHWWHU ZLWKVWDQG KDUVK HOHPHQWV RI XUEDQ
KXPDQVHWWOHPHQWVOLNHWKH&LW\RI0DQLOD

 Ecological waste management  7KHUH LV QHHG IRU ZDVWH VHJUHJDWLRQ WR GHPRQVWUDWH LQ SXEOLF XUEDQ JUHHQ
VSDFHV:KHUHSUDFWLFDEOHFRPSRVWLQJIDFLOLWLHVKDYHWREHGHVLJQHGWRDOORZXVHRIRUJDQLFIHUWLOL]HUVDQGVRLO
FRQGLWLRQLQJ DJHQWV QHHG WR EH XVHG LQVWHDG RI FKHPLFDOEDVHG SODQW HQKDQFLQJ DGGLWLYHV 7KLV LV DOVR D
UHFRPPHQGDWLRQJHQHUDWHGIURPWKHKRXVHKROGVXUYH\DVRQHRIWKHVROXWLRQVWRPLQLPL]HXUEDQIORRGLQJ

 Establish a hierarchy of urban biodiversity stations. *UHHQLQJRIXUEDQVSDFHVPD\QRWRQO\DFKLHYHDHVWKHWLF


REMHFWLYHVEXWFRQWULEXWHWRZDUGVDGGUHVVLQJFDUERQVHTXHVWUDWLRQUHTXLUHPHQWVUHHVWDEOLVKLQJFRQQHFWLYLW\RI
GHJUDGHG KDELWDWV DQG SURPRWLQJ UHVLOLHQF\ 6HWWLQJ XS XUEDQ ELRGLYHUVLW\ VWDWLRQV LV QHFHVVDU\ LQ LQWHJUDWLQJ
ELRGLYHUVLW\FRQFHUQVLQVXVWDLQDEOHXUEDQSODQQLQJDQGGHYHORSPHQW*LYHQWKDWWKH&LW\RI0DQLODLVDKLJKO\
XUEDQL]HGKXPDQVHWWOHPHQWLWLVLPSRUWDQWWRLPSURYHDFFHVVE\HVWDEOLVKLQJVWHSSLQJVWRQHVIRXQGQRWRQO\LQ
SXEOLFSDUNVEXWDOVRLQFHQWHULVODQGVFRPPXQLW\DQGVWUHHWSRFNHWJDUGHQVDQGDORQJVLGHZDON7KHVHVKRXOG
EHVSUHDGDQGGLVWULEXWHGWRDOOSDUWVRIWKHFLW\WRSURYLGHXUEDQGZHOOHUVWKHSOHDVDQWH[SHULHQFHRIDJUHHQ
VSDFH 8UEDQ ELRGLYHUVLW\ VWDWLRQV DUH QRW RQO\ IRU FRQQHFWLQJ IORUD DQG IDXQD WKH\ DUH DOVR IRU FRQQHFWLQJ
SHRSOHIURPGLIIHUHQWSODFHV

 Establishment of metropolitan parks. ,QVXSSRUWRIWKH0HWUR0DQLOD'HYHORSPHQW$XWKRULW\ 00'$ *UHHQ


3ULQWWKHORFDOJRYHUQPHQWXQLWVDUHHQFRXUDJHGWRHVWDEOLVKPHWURSROLWDQSDUNVDVEDVLVWRLQFUHDVHDFFHVV
RIXUEDQKXPDQVHWWOHPHQWVWRJUHHQVSDFHVUHJDUGOHVVRIWKHLUSROLWLFDOERXQGDULHV7KLVFDQEHPDGHSRVVLEOH
WKURXJKLQQRYDWLYHZD\VRIUHVRXUFHXVHVKDULQJDJUHHPHQWV

 Resettle informal settlers 5HFRUGV VKRZ WKDW  RI ULYHU SROOXWLRQ LQ 0DQLOD FRPHV IURP GRPHVWLF VRXUFHV
>@7KLVLPSOLHVWKDWJRYHUQPHQWQHHGVDV\VWHPVDSSURDFKRQUHVWUXFWXULQJVHWWOHPHQWVSODQVWKDWZLOOEHQHILW
WKHLQIRUPDOVHWWOHUVDQGHQYLURQPHQWDOO\GLVSODFHGSHUVRQV$FDUHIXOO\GHVLJQHGQHHGVDVVHVVPHQWWRROPXVW
EHSODQQHGZLWKWUDLQHGFRPPXQLW\RUJDQL]HUVLQVHWWOHPHQWVSODQQLQJWKDWVXSSRUWVLQWHUDFWLYHVKDUHGOHDUQLQJ
GLDORJXHV DQG DGYRFDWHV ³7$3´ WUDQVSDUHQW DFFRXQWDEOH DQG SDUWLFLSDWRU\  DSSURDFK WR V\VWHPV G\QDPLF
XUEDQGHYHORSPHQWSODQQLQJSDUDGLJP7ZHQW\QLQH  esterosUXQWKURXJKWKHHQWLUH&LW\RI0DQLODZKLFK
DUHSRWHQWLDOOLQHDUSDUNVWKDWFDQHQKDQFHFRQQHFWLYLW\ZKLOHSURPRWLQJUHVLOLHQF\WRIORRGLQJ+RZHYHUWKHVH
esteros RUFUHHNVFRQWLQXHWREHRFFXSLHGE\LQIRUPDOVHWWOHUV,WLVXUJHQWWKDWUHVLGHQWVRIWKHVHDUHDVQHHGWR
XQGHUVWDQGWKHGDQJHUVRIRFFXS\LQJHQYLURQPHQWDO PDUJLQVDVVHWWOHPHQWV+XPDQVHWWOHPHQWVVDIHW\VKRXOG
EHSDUDPRXQWDQGFDQQRWWDNHDEDFNVHDWLQSODQQLQJ
100 Leonora Pechardo Gonzales and Dina Cartagena Magnaye / Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 83 – 100

 Formulate local legislative and policy agenda. :LWKWKHJURZLQJLPSRUWDQFHRILQFUHDVHGYHJHWDWLRQLQXUEDQ


JUHHQVSDFHVWKHUHLVDQHHGWRDGRSWORFDOSROLFLHVDQGHQDFWRUGLQDQFHVSHUWDLQLQJWRWKHPDQGDWRU\JUHHQLQJ
RI XUEDQ KXPDQ VHWWOHPHQWV WKURXJK WKH GHVLJQDWLRQ RI XUEDQ ELRGLYHUVLW\ VWDWLRQV 7KLV ZLOO UHGXFH KHDY\
LQYHVWPHQWLQKHDOWKVHUYLFHVLPSURYHWKHJHQHUDOZHOOEHLQJRIWKHXUEDQGZHOOHUVDQGSURYLGHDQDOWHUQDWLYH
IRUFDSLWDOLQWHQVLYHLQYHVWPHQWRQKDUGDQGVWUXFWXUDOIORRGFRQWUROSURJUDPVDQGSURMHFWV$WUXO\UHVSRQVLYH
/RFDO (QYLURQPHQW &RGH WKDW FRQVLGHUV XUEDQ ELRGLYHUVLW\ RIIHUV DQ LPSRUWDQW LQWHUYHQWLRQ WR DGGUHVV WKH
SUREOHPVRIIUDJPHQWDWLRQDQGORVVRIFRQQHFWLYLW\

 5HIHUHQFHV

>@/LQGILHOG01DLN6LQJUX5Republic of the Philippines national urban assessment. $VLDQ'HYHORSPHQW%DQNS
>@3KLOLSSLQH6WDWLVWLFV$XWKRULW\Highlights of the Philippine population 2015 census of population; $YDLODEOHDW
KWWSVSVDJRYSKFRQWHQWKLJKOLJKWVSKLOLSSLQHSRSXODWLRQFHQVXVSRSXODWLRQ
>@'HSDUWPHQWRI(QYLURQPHQWDQG1DWXUDO5HVRXUFHV0DQLOD%D\2SHUDWLRQV3ODQ8QGDWHG
>@0OOHU1:HUQHU3DQG.HOFH\-*Urban biodiversity and design-RKQ:LOH\DQG6RQV,QF8QLWHG.LQJGRP
>@5RJHUV.DQG-DOX]RW$Oxford i-Tree canopy cover assessment. 2[IRUG&LW\&RXQFLOS$YDLODEOHDWKWWSZZZXUEDQWUHHFRYHURUJZS
FRQWHQWXSORDGV2[IRUG&DQRS\5HSRUWSGI
>@BBBBBBSimpson’s diversity index8QGDWHG$YDLODEOHDWKWWSZZZFRXQWU\VLGHLQIRFRXNVLPSVRQVKWP
>@BBBBBBUrban resilience and sustainability thinking. 8UEDQ%LRGLYHUVLW\DQG(FRV\VWHP6HUYLFHV 85%(6 3URMHFW$YDLODEOHDW
KWWSZZZPLVWUDXUEDQIXWXUHVRUJXUEHVBIDFWVKHHWBBZHESGI
>@ 81 +DELWDW Cities and low emission urban development.  $YDLODEOH DW KWWSXQKDELWDWRUJXUEDQLQLWLDWLYHVLQLWLDWLYHVSURJUDPPHVXUEDQORZHPLVVLRQ
GHYHORSPHQWVWUDWHJLHV
>@0F.LQQH\0/Urbanization as a major course of biotic homogenization. %LRORJLFDO&RQVHUYDWLRQS
>@0F.LQQH\0//RFNZRRG-/Biotic homogenization: a few winners replacing many losers in the next mass extinction. 7UHQGV(FRO(YRO

>@0F.LQQH\0//RFNZRRG-/Biotic homogenization: a sequential and selective process. .OXZHU$FDGHPLF3OHQXP3XEOLVKHUV 
SDJHV$YDLODEOHDWKWWSZZZVSULQJHUFRPXVERRN
>@ 5DKHO )- Homogenization of freshwater faunas. $QQX 5HY (FRO 6\VWHP $QQXDO 5HYLHZV    $YDLODEOH DW
KWWSZZZXZ\RHGXIUDKHOSGIVUDKHOSGI
>@ 2OGHQ -' 3RII 1/ Toward a mechanistic understanding and prediction of biotic homogenization. $P 1DW (SLE   
$YDLODEOHDWKWWSZZZQFELQOPQLKJRYSXEPHG
>@0F.LQQH\0/Urbanization as a major cause of biotic homogenization%LRORJLFDO&RQVHUYDWLRQS±
>@(VFREHGR)-HQQLIHU$6:D\QH=Gainesville Florida’s urban tree cover. 8QLYHUVLW\RI)ORULGD,QVWLWXWHRI)RRGDQG$JULFXOWXUDO
6FLHQFHV*DLQHVYLOOHSS$YDLODEOHDWKWWSHGLVLIDVXIOHGXSGIILOHVIUIUSGI
>@(VFREHGR)-HQQLIHU$6:D\QH=Gainesville Florida’s urban tree cover. 8QLYHUVLW\RI)ORULGD,QVWLWXWHRI)RRGDQG$JULFXOWXUDO
6FLHQFHV*DLQHVYLOOHSS$YDLODEOHDWKWWSHGLVLIDVXIOHGXSGIILOHVIUIUSGI
>@'RZQLQJ$6HWDOThe resilience and resistance of an ecosystem to a collapse of diversity. 3/R621($YDLODEOHDW
KWWSMRXUQDOVSORVRUJSORVRQHDUWLFOH"LG MRXUQDOSRQH
>@/HQDUW0Trees and local temperature. $YDLODEOHDWKWWSDUWLFOHVH[WHQVLRQRUJSDJHVWUHHVDQGORFDOWHPSHUDWXUH
>@/HQDUW0Trees and local temperature. $YDLODEOHDWKWWSDUWLFOHVH[WHQVLRQRUJSDJHVWUHHVDQGORFDOWHPSHUDWXUH
>@/HQDUW0Trees and local temperature. $YDLODEOHDWKWWSDUWLFOHVH[WHQVLRQRUJSDJHVWUHHVDQGORFDOWHPSHUDWXUH
>@$VLDQ'HYHORSPHQW%DQNThe garbage book; solid waste management in Metro Manila. $FFHVVHGIURP
KWWSZZZDGERUJVLWHVGHIDXOWILOHVSXEOLFDWLRQJDUEDJHERRNSGIRQ-XQH

You might also like