ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY CENTER for the DESIGNED ENVIRONMENT PROFESSIONS 2IF House of Architects 11 2 Matulungin St., Barangay Central Diliman, Quezon City Telefax 436-1549 / e-mail cdep_qc@yahoo.com FEBRUARY ~ JUNE 2005ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY 4. INTRODUCTION 1.1. DEFINITIONS 1.1.1. History of Architecture It is a record of man's effort to build beautifully. It traces the origin, growth and decline of architectural styles which have prevailed lands and ages. 1.1.2. Historic Styles of Architecture The particular method, the characteristics, manner of design which prevails at 2 certain place and time. 1.2. FACTORS AFFECTING THE STYLES OF ARCHITECTURE * 1.2.4. History 1.2.2. Society 1.2.3. Religion 1.2.4. Geography 12.5. Geology 1.26. Climate 2. PRE-HISTORIC ARCHITECTURE 2.4. INFLUENCES, 2.4.1. HISTORY Neolithic or New Stone Age (8000 to 3000 BC) Hunting and food gathering 2.1.2. RELIGION ‘No organized religion Burial ntuals and monuments 2.2, ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER 2.24. CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM Megalithic — large stones 2.2.2. MATERIALS Animal skins, wooden frames & = bones: 2.2.3. ORIENTATION Faces towards cardinal points February-June 2005, oP Noe 2) 9 Joys aah Pee 2) > foyert neght 2.3. EXAMPLES aM 2.3.1. MENHIR Single, large upright monolith, sometimes in parallel rows reaching several miles 2.3.2. DOLMEN ‘Tomb of standing stone usually capped with a large horizontal siab 2.3.3. CROMLECH Enclosure formed by huge stones planted on the ground in circular form ‘Stonehenge, England (20008) Most imposing metARCHITECTURAL HISTORY 2.3.4. TUMULUS (PASSAGE GRAVE) Dominant tomb type 2.3.5. PRIMITIVE DWELLINGS, Natural and artificial caves Beehive hut Trullo Wigwam or tepee Hogan Igloo 3. EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE 3.1. INFLUENCES, 3.1.1. HISTORY 3200 BC to 1 AD Centralized omnipotent authority of the pharaon (king), seen as god dwelling on earth, and sole master of the country and its inhabitants Knowledge in astronomy, mathematics, philosophy and music > o8sy Ee 3.1.2, RELIGION Cult of many gods representing nature Egyptians wished for a fine burial, healed + prof gmbaimment and funeral res, trabenfed 4 prs 2 permanent tomb of “eterna dwelling” hat 3.1.3, GEOGRAPHY and GEOLOGY Nile river ~ travel and trade route 3.1.4. CLIMATE Spring and ‘sunshine 3.2, ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER 3.24 summer, briliant DESCRIPTION Monumental, immortal, permanent iy February-June 2005 3.2.2. CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM Columnar and trabeated 3.2.3. MATERIALS ‘Stone: abundant in variety and quantity Softstonelimestone, sandstone, alabaster Hardstone: granite, quartite, basalt 3.2.4. COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS as Lotus, papyrus & palm capitals ‘Square pillar Polygonal column Palm-type column Bud-and-bell column Foliated capital column Hathor-headed column Osiris pillars 3.2.5. ROOF and CEILING Flat roofs sufficed to-cover and exclude heat 3.2.6. WALL Batter wall - diminishing in width towards the top 3.2.7. OPENINGS No windows: skylights, roof slits, clerestories 3.2.8. DECORATION “Gorge” or "hollow and rol” mouldings Hieroglyphics Sphinxes Solar disc and vuiture with spread wings Scarab, symbol of resurrection Papyrus, lotus and palm symbolizing fertility Grapes symbolize eternity Se forvs m2ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY 3.2.9. ORIENTATION Towards cardinal points 3.3. EXAMPLES 3.3.1. MASTABAS Rectangular flat-topped funerary mound, with battered side, covering a burial chamber below ground 2 doors: one for ritual and a false door for the spirts Offering chapel, serdab (contains statue of deceased), offering room with stelae (stone with name of deceased inscribed), and offering table slell Mastaba at Zoser Funerary Complex, Saqqara Ffenbsfne Mastaba of Aha-Sakkara (oane) Mastaba of Th-Sakkara “ Mastaba at Giza Mastaba at Bet Khalaf 3.3.2, PYRAMIDS Massive funerary structure of stone or brick with square plan and four sloping triangular sides meeting at the apex Walled enclosure with an offering chapel (north or east side); mortuary chapel; raised and enclosed causeway leading to west: valley building for embalmment and internment rites ‘Types - step, slope, bend February-June 2005 Pp Step Pyramid of Zoser, Saqqara Pyramids at Gizeh Finest true pyramids (Cheops, Chephren & Mykerinos) Bent Pyramid at Seneferu 3.3.3. ROCK-CUT or ROCK-HEWN TOMBS Built along hillside for nobility, not royalty ‘Tombs at Beni Hasan ‘Tombs of the Kings, Thebes fiteng fanan > bay bay in-3 “a JdARCHITECTURAL HISTORY 3.3.4. PYLONS Monumental gateway tothe temple consisting of slanting walls flanking the entrance Pylon, Temple of isis, Philae ‘Second Pylon, Temple of Isis, Phila 3.3.5. OBELISKS Upright stone square in plan, with an electrum-capped pyramidion on top, symbolizing the sun-god Heliopolis Came in pairs fronting temple entrances Height of nine or ten times the ciameter at the base with four sides featuring hierogiyphics gun god > ammon aN sates a gine Entrance pylon, large outer court open to sky (typaethral court) and surrounded on 3 sides by double colonnades, hypostyle hall on which the Toof rests and through which light is admitted by clerestory, sanctuary surrounded by passages and Cchapelsichambers used in connection with the temple service som ot Great Temple of Abu-Simbel Example of rock-cut temple 4 rock-cut collosal statues of Rameses Temple of Khons Typical temple: pylons, court, hypostyle hail, sanctuary, chapels all enclosed by “= high girdle walt es ‘Avenue of sphinxes and obelisks fronting Obelisk, Piazza of S. Giovanni pylons. 3.3.6. TEMPLES Mortuary temples - in honor of pharaohs Cult temples - in honor of god Great Temple of Ammon, Kamak, Thebes grandest temple February-June 2005 =P ‘Temple of Hatshepsut, Deir el-Bahri = = oly femafe phorach al / 4ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY Temple of Ammon, Luxor 3.3.7. DWELLINGS 3.3.8. FORTRESSES 4. NEAR EAST ARCHITECTURE 4.4. INFLUENCES 4.1.1. HISTORY 5000 BC to 641 AD 3 periods: Mesopotamian (Babylonian or Chaldean), Assytian Persian 4.1.2. GEOGRAPHY and GEOLOGY 3 zones: deseris of the Arabian Peninsula grasslands, steppes, river plains of the Fertile Crescent mountains and plateaux from west toeast 4.2, EARLY MESOPOTAMIAN ARCHITECTURE (6000 BC to 2000 BC) 4.2.1. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM Arcluated MATERIALS No stone, only ciay and soit COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS Due to lack of stone, no columns used ORIENTATION Four corners towards cardinal points February-June 2005, =P 42.2. EXAMPLES ZIGGURATS “Astfcial mountains" of tiered, rectangular stages, With temple at summit, Ziggurat at Bulsippa Ziggrurat and Precinct at Ur The White Temple and Ziggurat at Warka 4.3. ASSYRIAN ARCHITECTURE 4.3.1, ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER MATERIALS Some stone and timber are available DECORATION ‘Winged-bulls quarding chief portals Glazed bricks in blue, white, yellow, green Low relief sculpture in stone Murals 432. EXAMPLES TEMPLES With or without ziggurats ZIGGURATS (Of seven stages (Assyrian period) PALACES Came with or without a ziggurat, m5ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY hypostyle hall, monumental entrances Palace of Nebuchadnezzar City of Khorsabad Palace of Sargon’ ‘Apartments: seraguo (palace proper which includes king's residences, _statohalis, ‘men's apartments and reception halls), hharam (private chamber), khan (service chamber) 4.4. PERSIAN & MEDIAN ARCHITECTURE 4.4.1. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER MATERIALS Due to scarcity, stone was used mostly for Fire- Temples and Palace platforms COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS Persians introduced the use of columns 4.4.2, EXAMPLES DWELLINGS ‘Megaron, Anatolian house with entrance at end rather than on the long sides Columned portico as entrance or vestibule PALACES Palace Platform at Persepolis, Palace of Darius Palace of Xerxes, Hyposiyle Hall of Xerxes Hall of Hundred Columns (by Darius) February-June 2005 haiti Propylaeum (by Xenves) Apadema 5. GREEK ARCHITECTURE 5.1. INFLUENCES, 5.1.1. HISTORY ‘Aegean Period Mycenaean or Helladic Hellenic Period Hellenistic Period (civic or public buildings) 5.1.2. RELIGION Nature worship: religious rites, sacred games, ritual dances, sacrifices Greek Gods and Roman counterparts 5.1.3. GEOGRAPHY and GEOLOGY Mainland: ‘mountainous hinterlands separated inhabitants into groups, clans, states Archipelago and islands: sea was the inevitable means of trade and communications 5.1.4, CLIMATE Between tigorous cold and relaxing heat Clear atmosphere and intense light 5.2, AEGEAN ARCHITECTURE (3000 BC to 1100 BC) 5.2.1. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER DESCRIPTION Rough and massive structure COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS m6ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY Two-part capital: square abacus above and Circular bulbous echinus below wal Cyclopean wall - large stones, no mortar, clay ‘bedding Polygonal wall - advanced technique, Hellenic ppetiod, no pith or tar Rectangular wall - dowels 5.2.2. EXAMPLES HOUSES Megaron - single-storeyed house of deep plan, columned entrance porch, anteroom with Central doorway, living apartment or megaron proper, central ‘hearth, columns supporting ‘oof, thalamus or sleeping room behind PALACES Palace at Tyrins Lion Gate, Mycenae TOMBS February-June 2005 =? Treasury of Atreus, Mycenae 5.3. HELLENIC ARCHITECTURE. (650 BC to 323 BC) 5.3.1. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER DESCRIPTION Mostly eligious architecture “Carpentry in marble* - timber forms imitated in stone with remarkable exactness CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM ‘Columnar and trabeated MATERIALS Timber, stone, terra cotta COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS First columns and entablature were made of timber with terra cotta decorations ‘Stone columns in 600 BC The Greek order: capital, base, column shaft, horizontal ‘entablature (architrave, frieze, comice) Doric, lonic and Corinthian DECORATION Refinements used to correct optical ilusions Sculptures, colors, mural painting 5.3.2. EXAMPLES TEMPLES Chief building type, resembing megaron in plan and construction 5.4, HELLENISTIC ARCHITECTURE (323 BC to 30 BC) 5.4.1, ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER DESCRIPTION Provided inspiration for Roman building types ‘Not religious in character, but civic Dignifed and gracious structures ‘Symmetrical, orderly CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM M7,ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY Columnar and trabeated COLUMMIATION, CAPITALS Greek orders OPENINGS Clerestory - between roof and upper wall ‘Skylight - made of thin, translucent marble Temple door - on the east DECORATION Mouldings - architectural device, which with light and shade, produce definition to a building LS Gyma recta Cyma reversa (Ogee) volo (Egg-lke) The Fillet Astragal or Bead Cavetto Scotia Torus Bird's Beak Corona ORIENTATION entire groups of buildings laid out symmetrically and orderly doors oriented towards east 5.4.2. EXAMPLES TEMENOS Sacred enclosure built on highest pant of a settlement, allowing it to be a citadel or acropolis (upper city) Acropolis at Pergamon February-une 2005,

fut wader February-June 2005 symmetrically = ‘Thermae of Caracalla Baths of Diocletian, Rome THEATERS Greek-type adapted to sult Roman drama Hollowed out of hillside or built-up by concrete ‘vaulting supporting tiers of seats 1 Theater and Portico of Pompey, Rome AMPHITHEATERS elliptical amphitheaters, regarded as a ‘compound of 2 theaters, stage-to-siage The Colosseum, Rome circus ‘or horse and chariot racing, from hippodrome te s Ne oe Cis Maxims, Rome m4ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY Tomas Coemeteria Monumental tombs Pyramidal tombs ‘Tempie-shaped tombs Sculptured memorials TRIUMPHAL ARCHES Erected to emperors and generals for victorious ‘campaigns Arch of Titus, Rome ‘Arch of Constantine, Rome ‘Arch of Sepiimius Severus, The Forum, Rome TOWN GATEWAYS and ARCHWAYS: DWELLINGS DOMUS - private house VILLA~ country House INSULA - apartment block AQUEDUCTS Pont du Gard, Nimes, France Segovia Aqueduct BRIDGES (PONS) Bridge of Augustus, Rimini MEMORIAL COLUMN PALACES Palace of Diocletian FOUNTAINS FebruaryJune 2005, a 7. EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE 7.4, INFLUENCES 7.4.1. HISTORY 313 AD to 800 AD Christianity moved from Judea to Rome Became the official religion of the Roman empire 7.1.2. RELIGION Christianity, unseen deity 7.1.3. GEOGRAPHY and GEOLOGY Roman ruins served as quarries from which ‘materials were obtained 7.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER 7.2.1. DESCRIPTION Construction and decoration was _highly- influenced by Roman art and architecture Unlike Greek and Roman temples which sheltered gods, the purpose of the Christian Church was to shelter worshippers This architecture hardly has the architectural value of a style, simply because it was never really produced by the solution of constructive problems 7.2.2, MATERIALS Uslized as much as possible the materials from ‘old Roman temples which had become useless 7.2.3. ROOF and CEILING ‘Simple timber roof of king and queen post trusses Vaulted or domed 7.2.4, DECORATION Little regard paid to external architectural effect Mosaic on interiors or on exterior west facades, sing color that gave richness and mystery 7.2.5. ORIENTATION Fagade faced west Priest stood behind altar, facing east 7.3. EXAMPLES 7.3.1, BASILICAN CHURCHES Based on ancient Roman baslicas Erected over the burial place of the saint to whom itwas dedicated me4sFebruary-June 2005 ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY Parts: ‘Atrium or open forecourt surrounded by ‘arcades Narthex, covered area for penitents Nave, iby a clerestory of small windows 3 or 5 aisles, side aisies half-width of nave "Arch of Triumph" Altar under baldachino (taberancle or ciborium) Apse (sanctuary) Bema, raised stage for clorgy Choir, enciosed by cancel or low screen walls ‘Ambo, where the gospel and epistle was read 8. Clemente, Rome SS. Maria Maggiore, Rome S.Apolinare, Ravenna SS. Agnese Fuori Le Mura, Rome St Peter's, Rome Erected by Constantine near the site of St Peter's martyrdom Circus of Nero was torn down to erect it S. Constanza S. Sabina Stefano St Paulo Fuori Le Mura, Rome 380 AD, largest and most impressive of all basiican churches 7.3.2. CHURCH COMPLEX Belty Campanile Baptistery 7.3.3. BAPTISTERIES Large separate building, adjoining atrium Used only for sacrament of baptism, on festivals of Easter, Pentecost and Epiphany ‘With advent of infant baptism, replaced by font Baptistery, Nocera Baptistery of Constantine, Rome 7.3.4. TOMBS 400 AD, burial was prohibited within city walls Chiistians objected to cremation, insisted on burial on consecrated ground Monumental tombs as expression of faith in immortality ‘Tomb of Gella Pacidia, Ravenna 8. BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE 8.1. INFLUENCES 8.1.1. HISTORY 330 AD fo 1453 AD Byzantium, Greek colony since 660 BC Constantine, a converted Christian, changed the capital of the Empire from Rome to yzantium in 330 AD Empire was divided - Rome as westem capital ‘and Byzantium as easter capital Chew Rome") 8.1.2. RELIGION 330 AD, Constantinople became capital to first official Christian empire 8.1.3. GEOGRAPHY and GEOLOGY Where Asia and Europe meet, separated by a arrow strip of water Most commanding position and most valuable part of eastem Roman empire 8.2, ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER 8.2.1. DESCRIPTION Mostly church construction Discarded Early Christian style for new domical Byzantine style (Byzantine is sil oficial style {or Orthodox church) Basiican plan - Early Christian Domed, centralized plan - Byzantine 8.2.2. CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM Domical construction with classical columnar siyle 8.2.3. COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS Used Roman lonic, Corinthian, Composite style Cubiform capital, shaped to form a transition from square abacus to circular shaft Dosseret block used as a deep abacus, invented to enlarge surface for receiving Wide voussoirs of arches or thick walls 16ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY 8.2.4. ROOF and CEILING Sitypes of dome simple ‘compound ‘special designs 8.2.5. DECORATION Stone bands instead of mouldings Decorative arches Internal marble, mosaic and fresco decoration 8.2.6. ORIENTATION Facade at west 8.3. EXAMPLES: 8.3.1. CHURCHES Centralized type of plan 8. Sophia, Constantinople ‘aka Hagia Sophia or “divine wisdom" Built by Justinian Designed by Anthomius of Tralles and Isidorus of Milotus Perfection of Byzantine slyie and most ‘important church in Constantinople S. Mark, Venice Faces the Piazza of San Marco, vast marble- paved open space serving as atrium to church An exterior quality all its own: blending of features from many foreign lands February-June 2005 = 9. ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE 9.1, INFLUENCES. 9.4.4. HISTORY {900 AD to 1200 AD Decline of the Roman empire led to the rise of independent states and nations of Europe ~ Gaul, Central Europe, etc Frankish king Charlemagne crowned emperor by Pope in 800 AD, established the Holy Roman Empire, ate which tasted until 1808 Religious enthusiasm found _ physical ‘expression in magnificent cathedrals and monastic buildings 9.1.2. RELIGION Growth of different religious orders 9.2, ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER 9.2.1. DESCRIPTION Architecture governed by classical traditions Concentrated on beauty and delicacy of ‘ornamental detail Sober and dignified 9.3, NORTH ITALY 9.3.1. INFLUENCES HISTORY Milan, Venice, Ravenna, Pavia, Verona, Genoa Invasions and trade with northem Europe through alpine passes Close alliance with Constantinople, influence of Byzantine culture, because of Venice and Ravenna GEOGRAPHY and GEOLOGY LLowlying plains of Lombardy - clay for bricks ‘and marble from hills CLIMATE Extremes of heat or cold 9.3.2. EXAMPLES CATHEDRALS Basilican-type churches Flat, severed facades across whole church, masking division on nave and aisles Wheel window Central projecting porch on facade, often 2- ‘storey, with columns on crouching beasts Roughly-carved grotesque figures of men and beasts Less refined in character due to use of stone ‘nd brick, instead of marble Omament ‘shows a departure from classic precedent, showing rough northem European grotesque style instead Wet7February-June 2005 ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY S. Ambrogio, Mitan S. Zeno Maggiore, Verona S. Fedele, Como S. Michele, Pavia BAPTISTERIES Used 3 times a year: Easter, Pentecost, Epiphany Large, separate building, usually octagonal in plan CAMPANILES Product of Romanesque period Straight tower shafis, generally standing alone as civic monuments or symbols of power, rather than integral parts of church 9.4. SOUTH ITALY 9.4.1. INFLUENCES HISTORY. Underwent Greek, Roman, Byzantine, Muslim ‘and Norman rule GEOGRAPHY and GEOLOGY Mountainous, with limestone ‘CLIMATE Almost sub-tropical 9.4.2, EXAMPLES CATHEDRALS Byzantine influence in mosaic decorations ‘Muslim infiuence on use of striped marbies Cefalu Cathedrat Monreale Cathedral 9.5. CENTRAL ITALY 9.5.1. INFLUENCES HISTORY Rome, Florence, Naples, Pisa Rich in pagan influence GEOGRAPHY and GEOLOGY Great stone and mineral wealth at Tuscany - bricks, tufa, peperino, travertine, marble Ruins of classical buildings 9.5.2. EXAMPLES CATHEDRALS Concentrated on beauty and delicacy of ‘omamental details, instead of new construction systems mr Pisa Cathedral Forms one of most famous building groups in the world - campanile, and Campo Santo Baptistery - designed by Dioti Salvi ‘Campanile — aka the Leaning Tower of Pisa 9.6. NORTH FRANCE 9.6.1. INFLUENCES GEOGRAPHY and GEOLOGY Fine Gaen stone Pumice and tufa ‘CUMATE Wintery in north 9.6.2. EXAMPLES CATHEDRALS Remains of old buildings were less abundant, {greater freedom of developing new style ‘Abbey of St. Denis, near Paris §. Madeleine, Vezelay 9.7. SOUTH FRANCE 97.1. INFLUENCES 18February-June 2005 ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY GEOGRAPHY and GEOLOGY ‘Abundant good stone, easly-quarried and freely-used CLIMATE ‘Sub-tropical in south 9.7.2. EXAMPLES CATHEDRALS v4: Sideowed :eEtIE, vee eene bev ban Lah CCrucitorm plan ‘Semi-circular east end, as an ambulatory with radiating chapels, is common Use of old Roman architecture features St. Semin, Toulouse Vienne Cathedrat ‘ Angouleme, Aquitaine ‘Anjou Notre Dame du Port 9.8. CENTRAL EUROPE 9.8.1. INFLUENCES GEOGRAPHY and GEOLOGY Stone from mountains along Rhine Timber trom Baltic shores Brick from Eiber in the north CLIMATE ‘Summer and winter 9.8.2. EXAMPLES CATHEDRALS. Exhibits a Carolingian and Lombard influence ‘Aix-La-Chapelle (Aachen) Cathedral ‘Worms Cathedral ‘Church of the Aposties, Cologne Speyer Cathedral 9.9. SPAIN 9.9.1, INFLUENCES HISTORY ‘Moors in southwest Europe, until 732 AD Continuous warfare against Moors gave a certain unity o the peninsula Christian influence Royal ies with France and England GEOGRAPHY and GEOLOGY Iberian peninsula is a great rock massif - granite, limestone, red sandstone, sem marble, no timber 9.9.2. EXAMPLES RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS Used both Basilica and Greek-cross forms Sta. Maria, Ripoll St. Tirso, Sahagun La Lugargja, Arevalo Si. Martin de Fromista Monastery of Poblet, Catalonia Santiago de Compostela finest achievement of Romanesque in Spain CASTLES & TOWN WALLS City Walls of Andalusia Loarre in Aragon Finest Romanesque caste in Spain Complex of circular towers, curtain walls City Walls of Avila, Castie 9.10. ENGLAND 9.10.1. INFLUENCES HISTORY Subject to Roman conquest, preceded by the landing of Julius Caeser in 55 AD Ruled by Roman legions m-19ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY GEOGRAPHY and GEOLOGY Remote from rest of Europe, dependent on sea routes Hardwood forests and stone ‘cuMaTE Low lighting, severe cold 9.10.2. EXAMPLES CATHEDRALS 3 foundations ‘ld foundation - served by secular clergy ‘monastic foundation - served by regular clergy or monks, later by secular canons ‘new foundation - to which bishops had been appointed Norwich Cathedral St. Albans Cathedral Winchester Cathedral Bristol Cathedral Carlisle Cathedral Chichester Cathedral Exeter Rochester Oxford Worcester Canterbury Cathedral Peterborough Cathedral February-June 2005 sp 401. FRANCE © 2 » MONASTIC BUILDINGS Fountains Abbey, Yorkshire CASTLES 1800 castles in England. in 1100 AD to 1200 ‘AD Began as motte and bailey earthworks, later citadels with stone curtain walls Windsor Castle Tower of London Castle Hedinaman, Essex Orford, Suffolk Conisborough, Yorkshire 10. GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE ving eagincern, feafs 10.1.1, INFLUENCES HISTORY 1200 AD to 1600 AD with 1337 AD to 1453 AD, the "Hundred Years Wart began with England Restlessness Feudal system, tyranny of lords over common ‘people Religious zeal - Christianity was united against Muslims, crusades, 10.1.2. ARCHITECTURAL, CHARACTER DESCRIPTION Term "Gothic" in reproach to this style - a departure from classic lines General use of pointed arch “Larchitecture Oaivale" 3 periods PRIMARIE (1200 AD) “A lancettes" Pointed arches and geometric traceried windows SECONDAIRE (1300 AD) “Rayonnant’ Circular windows, wheel tracery TERTIARE (1400 AD TO 1600 AD) “Flamboyant” Flame-like window tracery -20February-June 2005 ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY 10.1.3. EXAMPLES CATHEDRALS Erected out of funds provided by the leily - not as part of monastic establishments Served as a library for literate townspeople Biblical stories told, with stained-glass. and statuary Point of departure from classic \Vauling framework of intersecting pointed arch ribs, which support thin stone panels. Dificulty of vaulting oblong compartments - ‘overcome by using pointed arches over shorter span and sometimes retaining semi- circular arches for diagonal or longer spans Downward and outward pressures from vault were collected by the meeting of ribs at angles. Oblique pressure was counter-acted by buttresses or fying buttresses weighted by pinnacles. Walls - less needed as supports, released from load-bearing function Invention of colored, stained glass windows to ‘adorn window-walls, Notre Dame, Paris One of oldest French cathedrals Begun by Bishop Maurice de Sully fh dovcthed Foe, QWddddd o tees oo) ‘Amiens Cathedral ppeseeee oo hey > ° i-24ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY FORTIFICATIONS Carcassone and Aigves Mortes HOTEL DE VILLE Few examples because litle municipal fe under the Feudal System Hotel de Ville, Arras PALAIS DE JUSTICE Great halls in which kings and nobles. ee dispensed justice to their vassals Palaise de Justice, Rouen CASTLES Bull on mounds above rivers, with thick walls ‘and small windows to resist attack Later adapted to make convenient residences Chateau de Pierrefonds Fi Chateau Diambrose Doscscsecre Perens © ‘COUNTRY HOUSES ehiptrooreny Wit the development of gunpowder and new social order, country houses took the place offortied castes Foe coe Sill called “chateaux” Chateau de Justice, Rouen Chateau dO, Mortree Chateau de Josselin TOWN HOUSES "Maisons noble” - French nobles ceased to be feudal lords in castles and erected houses, known as "hotels" House of Jacques Couer, Bourges Hotel de Cluny, Paris 10.2. ENGLAND 10.2.1. INFLUENCES HISTORY High Gothic style gained acceptance _in Chartres Cathedral Pain ian 189 cates Cotiecets rer oe Laon Cathedrat Solssons Cathedral February-June 2005 ee m-22ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY 10.2.2. ARCHITECTURAL, CHARACTER i Periods NORMAN, 1086 AD to 1154 AD TRANSITIONAL 1154 AD to 1189. AD Pointed arches in Romanesque structures EARLY ENGLISH 1489 AD to 1307 AD Equivalent to High Gothic in France - also called "Lancet" or “First Pointed" styio, fom long narrow pointed windows DECORATED. 1807 AD to 137 AD Also called "Second Pointed", equivalent to French “Flamboyant” style PERPENDICULAR 1377 AD to 1485 AD Also called "Rectiinear" of "Third Pointed" TUDOR 1495 AD to 1558 AD Increasing application of Renaissance detail ELIZABETHAN 1958 AD to 1603 AD : Renaissance ideas take strong hold Tudor Vault Types of Vaults Types of Timber Roofs Trussed-Rafer Roof cane Tie-Beam Roof ener Pe Oe ge owns" 3tietxerle" Decorated Vault | we oe Collar-Braced Roof February-June 2005 ep W-23ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY Aisle Roof 10.2.3. EXAMPLES CATHEDRALS Attached to monasteries or collegiate institutions In precincts with dormitories, infirmary, guest houses, cloisters, refrectory, other buildings. ‘Westminster Abbey Most important Medieval building in Britain Largest area and width (32 m inside) ‘Yorkminster Wells Cathedral Salisbury Cathedral Exeter Cathedral February-June 2005 =P MONASTERIES Building complex of monastic order - self- contained community used by monks PARISH CHURCHES All Saints Church, Stock Essex Breamore Church, Hants Titty Church, Essex CASTLES & FORTIFICATIONS Stronghold, also for administering justice and ‘dispensing hospitality SMALLER HOUSES ‘Simple one-room shelters of wood and thatch Townhouses on burgages or narrow strips of land, limited frontage on main street COLLEGES ‘With chapel, communal dining hall, library, small rooms, staircases, ‘storage, brewhouses, gatehouse MANOR HOUSES Erected by new and wealthy trading families Parts Great Hall, sometimes aisled Rooms, with solar as a subdivision or separate room Chapel Latrine chamber Service rooms. kitchens Central hearth ‘Tudor Manor Houses Increased number and variety of rooms. Quadrangular court from which many rooms entered directly Battiement parapets and ‘fortified gateways Used for ornamentation oe 40) Titties, he Penhurst Place, Kent Little Wenham Hall, Sutfotk Chamey Basset Manor House, Berkshire ‘Athelhampton Hall, Dorset Hampton Court Palace n-24February-June 2005 ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY 10.3. CENTRAL EUROPE 10.3.1. INFLUENCES HISTORY Germany was not one, but many states 10.3.2. ARCHITECTURAL, CHARACTER Style came from France, not from German Romanesque Brick as building material 10.3.3, EXAMPLES CATHEDRALS Hall Churches (Oreischitige Kirchen) in the north - totally different external appearance se | im Cathedral St. Elizabeth, Marburg CASTLES: Ubiquitous with old fortified towns ‘Kiingentor, Rothenburg TOWN HALLS Rathaus, Regensburg ‘CUSTOMS HOUSE The Customs House, Nuremberg Houses 06 Houses, Nuremberg The Kaiserworth, Goster fd House, Brunswick 10.4, BELGIUM & NETHERLANDS 10.4.1, INFLUENCES HISTORY Basins and delta of Rhine and other rivers Number of medieval states and cites, Sea power Dependent culturally on France and Germany Towns rivaled each other in power and the arts = architecture as products of civic rivalry in wealth and splendor 10.4.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER French Gothic influence - Brabantine style German influence - hall churches 10.4.3, EXAMPLES CATHEDRALS St.Gudule, Brussels Earliest example of Gothic in Netherlands Antwerp Cathedral SECULAR ARCHITECTURE Castle of Muilden Town Hall, Bruges Town Hall, Louvain Town Hall, Brussels Cloth Hal and Belfry, Bruges Maison des Francs Bateliers, Ghent 10.5. SPAIN 10.5.1. INFLUENCES, HISTORY ‘Spanish Inquisition in 1477 AD - brought about ‘ational and religious unity against the Jews and Muslims “Muslim capital Toledo fell in 1085 AD Moors expelled in 1492 AD with fall of Granada 1-25