SUMMARY QS015

Chapter 1
A. Indices

a m  a n  a mn COMMON MISTAKES!

am  an  am  an
a m  a n  a mn
1 am  an  am  an
n
a  n
a a m  b m  ( a  b) m
a 1
0
a m  bn  a m  bn
(a m ) n  a mn
a m  b n  a mb n
B. Surds
COMMON MISTAKES!
a a a
a  b  ab a  b  ab
m a  a  a2
( a)  a m 2

Conjugate/ Rationalise surds

a a COMMON MISTAKES!

b a b a a b a b
a b a b 1 1 a b
 
b a a b a b 1

c. Logarithms
log a  log b  log(ab)  (log a)(log b) COMMON MISTAKES!
 a  log a log a  log b  log(ab)  (log a)(log b)
log a  log b  log   
 b  log b  a  log a
log a  log b  log   
log a m  m log a  (log a) m  b  log b
a loga x  x log a m  m log a  (log a) m
log b b 1 log b a log b a
log a b    log a b 
log b a log b a log b b log b b

D. Polar form z  a  bi, z  a  bi POLAR FORM

Modulus, r  a  b
2 2 z  r (cos  isin  )

Argument, 

b b
    tan 1     tan 1  
a   a   in RADIAN!!

  b  b
      tan 1       tan 1  
 a   a 

PREPARED BY: FARAH ARINA BINTI IBRAHIM SUMMARY QS015

CHAPTER 2
A. Indices - same base

- let ( 3x  a ) to simplify the equation to be quadratic function

- factorise the function

- replace back 3x  a to find values of x

B. Surds - collects the surds on one side and numbers on other side
- Square Both Sides (SBS)

i. one surd a  x  b  0  ( a  x )2  (b)2

RECHECK!!
ii. two surds a  x  b  c  x  ( a  x  c  x )2  (b)2
- Surds
iii. three surds a  x  b  x  c  x  ( a  x  b  x )2  ( c  x )2 - Logarithms
C. Logarithms - same base - Modulus
- Ln
- let ( 3x  a ) to simplify the equation to be quadratic function
- factorise the function

- replace back 3x  a to find values of x

- RECHECK!

D. Inequalities
a b
i. Quadratic function
Graphical Real Number Line Table of Sign
F actorise F actorise
A ssume all factors to be T able – Testing value
positive - Sign
R eal number line - Product of sign
S ign +ve/-ve A nswer
P roduct of sign
A nswer

ii. Rational function

ax  b ax  b k (ax  b)
k  0 DON’T CROSS MULTIPLY!!
cx  d cx  d cx  d

PREPARED BY: FARAH ARINA BINTI IBRAHIM SUMMARY QS015

 iii. Absolute values
a. One absolute value function G O L A
ax  b  c  c  ax  b  c
ax  b  c and () ax  b  c

ax  b  c  ax  b  c or () ax  b  c
b. Two absolute value function

ax  b  cx  d  ( ax  b )2  ( cx  d )2 SQUARE BOTH SIDES!!

CHAPTER 3

ARITHMETIC GEOMETRIC

Tn 1
r
d  Tn 1  Tn Tn
Tn  a  (n  1)d Tn  ar n 1
n a (1  r n )
Sn  (2a  (n  1)d ) , r 1
2 1 r
Sn 
a (r n  1)
, r 1
r 1
a
S  , 1  r  1
1 r

Binomial Expansion (BE)

n
a. Tr 1    (a n  r )(b) r - independent x, x 0
r
- coefficient : excluding the variable

n  n
b. n is positiveinteger : (a  b) n  a n    a n 1b1    a n 2b2  ...  bn
1  2
n(n  1) 2
c. n is negativeinteger / fraction : (1  b)n  1  nb  (b)  ...
2!

 b
n
  b  n(n  1)  b 
2

S implify (a  b)n  a n 1    a n 1  n       ... 
 a  a 2!  a  
 
b
V alidity 1
a
A pproximate – x given: substitute given x into LHS and RHS. Rearrange to get the approximate
requested.
- x not given: use comparing method. Make sure x is in the range of validity.

PREPARED BY: FARAH ARINA BINTI IBRAHIM SUMMARY QS015

CHAPTER 4
A. Basic Operation
Multiplication A  B
A  B  C n1  m2
m1  n1 m2  n2 m1  n2

NOTE: A  B  B  A not commutative

B. Transpose C. Determinant

 A  B
T
 AT  BT
AT  A
(A )  A
T T
AB  A B
( AB)T  BT AT
A2  A A
(kA)  kA
T T

D. Inverse method AX  B  X  A1B

(Use Adjoint method to find A1 ) PROPERTIES OF A1

A1 
1
adj A
1. A   A
1 1

A
2. A   A 
T 1 1 T

A  a11c11  a12c12  a13c13

T
3.  AB 1  B 1 A1
  m11 m12  m13  1 1
  4. A 
adj A   m21  m22 m23  A
 m m32  m33 
 31 5. AB  BA  I  A1  B or B 1  A
1 1
6. AB  I  A 1  B or B 1  A
 

E. Gauss-Jordon method  A | B   I | X  6 steps of ERO

CHAPTER 5
A. Basic function
1. Constant y  k 2. Linear, y  x

3. Quadratic y  x 4. Cubic y  x
2 3

PREPARED BY: FARAH ARINA BINTI IBRAHIM SUMMARY QS015

 1
5. Reciprocal y  6. Surds y  x
x
x x

 x
 x

7. Absolute value y  x 8. Exponential y  e x

e x ex

9. Logarithm y  ln x
ln x e x e x
ln( x)

NOTES!

g f  f g
g f  g f
( g f ) 1  f 1 g 1

 ln( x)
 ln x
B. One-to-one function
Algebraic Graphical

y x2
Let f ( x1 )  f ( x2 ) yk
x1  2  x2  2
x1  2  x2  2
x1  x2
Since horizontal line test cuts one
Since x1  x2 , the f(x) is one-to-one point on the graph, the f(x) is one-to-
function. one function.

C. Inverse function
Algebraic Graphical
yx
f ( f 1 ( x))  x
f 1 ( x)  2  x
f 1 ( x)  2  x 2
f 1 ( x)  x 2  2 , x  2

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CHAPTER 6
D( x)  ax  b  R( x)  k
A. Remainder Theorem
D( x)  ax 2  bx  c  R  x   ax  b

B. Factor Theorem, roots and zeros

Degree of n polynomial gives
x  4x  3  0
2
n factors, roots and zeros.
( x  3)( x  1)  0 factor
x  3, x  1 root
3,1 zeros

f ( x)
C. Partial fraction,
g ( x)

Proper fractions Improper fractions

degree of f(x) < degree of q(x) degree of f(x) ≥ degree of q(x)

Long Division

Linear Quadratic Repeated

factors factors Linear factor

CHAPTER 7

A. t  tan
2
   adj 1  t 2 1 t2
tan   tan    cos    2t
2 2 hyp 1  t 2

2 tan - substitute into the equation in
 2
 term of t
1 t2
1  tan 2 - simplify and factorise t
2
2t opp - Need to consider the range of 
 
1 t 2
adj 0    2 0    360
opp 2t -  
sin    0  0   180
hyp 1  t 2 2 2

PREPARED BY: FARAH ARINA BINTI IBRAHIM SUMMARY QS015

B. R cos     , R sin    

R cos      R cos  cos  Rsin  sin  Show all working steps!!

R sin      R sin  cos   Rcos  sin 

1  cos      1 

1.  rearrange depends on the function, f ( )
1  sin      1 

2. To find values of x, need to rearrange the range of  .
0    360
0        360  
3. Consider the quadrants

C. Proving - simplify the complex/complicated part by substituting the relevant formulae

CHAPTER 8
A. Finite limits – substitute the value of x into function
0 Conjugate
form
0 Factorise
 Divide by highest power
form
 of denominator

a a
0   * Long Division
P( x)
 Q( x) 
R( x)
 0 D( x ) D( x )

B. Infinite limits (to find VA)

lim f ( x)   , lim f ( x)   NOTES!
x a  x a
 x ,x
x2  x  
 x , x  
C. Limits at infinity (to find HA)
lim f ( x)  L , lim f ( x)  M
x  x 

D. Continuity
S1. f (c) is exists  f is defined

S2. lim f ( x)  lim f ( x)  lim f ( x) exists

x c x c x c

S3. lim f ( x)  f (c)

x c

PREPARED BY: FARAH ARINA BINTI IBRAHIM SUMMARY QS015

CHAPTER 9
A. 1st Principle
f ( a  h)  f ( a )
dy  f  x  h  f  x  f '(a)  lim
f ' x    lim  
h 0 h
dx h0  h 
f ( x)  f (a)
f '(a)  lim
x a xa

B. Differentiation Rule
d
dx
 
kx n  knx n 1
d
dx
 u ( x)  v( x)   uv ' vu '
d  u ( x)  vu ' uv ' dy dy du
   
dx  v( x)  v2 dx du dx
d x
dx
 
a  a x ln a
d
dx
  d
a f ( x )  a f ( x ) ln a  f ( x) 
dx
d x
dx
 
e  ex
dx
e 
d f ( x)
 d
 e f ( x )  f ( x) 
dx
d 1 d
 ln f ( x)    f ( x) 
dx f ( x) dx
d d
 sin x   cos x  cos x    sin x
dx dx
d
 tan x   sec2 x
dx

C. Implicit Differentiation
Notes!
d dy d n dy dy
( y)  , ( y )  ny n1 Whenever we have variable y , we will have
dx dx dx dx dx

STEPS d 2 y d  dy 
  
1. Differentiate each of term with respect to x dx 2 dx  dx 
dy
2. Rearrange and let as the subject
dx

D. Parametric Differentiation
x  g (t ) , y  f (t )
dy d  dy 
dy dy dt dt d y dt  dx 
2
   
dx dt dx dx dx 2 dx
dt dt

PREPARED BY: FARAH ARINA BINTI IBRAHIM SUMMARY QS015

CHAPTER 10
A. Extremum points Critical number, x  c
Critical value, y  f (c)
Critical point Case 1: f '( x)  0 (Stationary point)
Critical point, (c, f (c))
Case 2: f '( x) is not defined

Method 1: 1st derivative test

S1. Find critical point
Decrease Increase
S2. To test max/min (Table)

Interval
Test Value
Sign of f '( x)

Conclusion min point max point

H
Method 2: 2nd derivative test
S1. Find critical point
S2. To test max/min - find f ''( x)

- Substitute the values of critical number into f ''( x)

f ''( x)  0 Min
f ''( x)  0 Max
f ''( x)  0 Test fails. Have to do 1st derivative test

B. Formula
1. Cylinder

V   r 2h
h
A  2 r 2  2 rh

r
2. Cone

h 1
s V   r 2h
3
A   r 2   rs
r
3. Sphere
4
V   r3
3
A  4 r 2
4. Rectangle
V  ab c
c
A  2ab  2ac  2bc

b
a

PREPARED BY: FARAH ARINA BINTI IBRAHIM SUMMARY QS015

 CHECKLIST REVISION 
CHAPTER 1 : NUMBER SYSTEM
1. What is N, W, Z and Q for numbers?
2. Modulus and argument for complex number
3. Represent complex number in Argand diagram
4. Represent complex number in Polar form; � = � cos � + � sin �
5. Rules of indices
6. Rationalising surds
7. Rules of logarithms
8. Changing base for log
CHAPTER 2 : EQUATIONS, INEQUALITIES AND ABSOLUTE VALUE
1. Solving equations involving indices
2. Solving equations involving logarithm
3. Solving equations involving surds
4. Solving linear inequalities
5. Solving quadratic inequalities
6. Solving rational inequalities
7. Solving equations with absolute value(s)
8. Solving inequalities with absolute value(s)
CHAPTER 3 : SEQUENCE AND SERIES
1. Solving problems regarding arithmetic progression
2. Solving problems regarding geometric progression
3. Expanding binomial expansion using both formula
4. Approximate values of decimal using binomial expansion
CHAPTER 4 : MATRICES AND SYSTEM OF LINEAR SYSTEM
1. Finding minor, cofactor, determinant and adjoint for 3X3 matrix
2. Finding inverse of a matrix using adjoint method
3. Finding inverse of a matrix using properties of inverse matrix
4. Finding inverse of a matrix using ERO
5. Solving linear system using inverse matrix
6. Solving linear system using Gauss Jordan method
CHAPTER 5 : FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS
1. Testing for one-to-one function (graphical and algebraic method)
2. Finding composite functions
3. Finding inverse of a function
4. Finding domain and range of a function(graphical and algebraic method)
5. Know how to sketch
i. Constant
ii. Linear
iii. Quadratic
iv. Cubic
v. Surds
vi. Modulus
vii. Reciprocal
viii. Exponential
ix. Logarithm
x. Piecewise
CHAPTER 6 : POLYNOMIALS
1. Perform long division
2. Use remainder theorem
3. Use factor theorem
4. Finding factors, zeros and roots of a polynomial
5. Perform partial fraction

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 CHAPTER 7 : TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
1. Know the values of special angles
2. Know how and when to use trigonometry identities
3. Know how and when to use double angle, half angle, compound angle and factor formula
correctly
4. Know how to use said formula and identities to do proving questions
5. Know how to solve basic trigonometry equation
6. Know how to solve trigonometry equation using quadratic
7. Know how to solve trigonometry equation using t-substitution
8. Know how to solve trigonometry equation using R form
CHAPTER 8 : LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
1. Know how to find limit
2. Know how to find limit at infinity
3. Know how to find limit to infinity
4. Know the conditions for limit to exist
5. Finding both horizontal and vertical asymptote using limit
6. Know the conditions of continuity
CHAPTER 9 : DIFFERENTIATION
1. Understand differentiation as a gradient (first principle)
2. Applying rules of differentiation
3. Differentiate exponential, logarithms and trigonometric functions
4. Performing implicit differentiation
5. Performing parametric differentiation
6. Performing higher order differentiation
CHAPTER 10 : APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIATION
1. Finding critical points
2. Finding turning points, stationary points, extremum points
3. Finding all the points above using first derivative test
4. Finding all the points above using second derivative test
5. Solving optimization problems
6. Solving rate of change problems

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