EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER ON UNDERGROUND EXCAVATION 1

EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER ON UNDERGROUND

EXCAVATION

SUNVIRAZ HOSSION

12683241

41029 ENGINERRING RESEARCH PREPARATION

EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER ON UNDERGROUND EXCAVATION 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 01: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 4

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY ................................................................................................... 4

1.2 PROBLEM ANALYSIS ..................................................................................................................... 4

1.3 IMPACTS .......................................................................................................................................... 5

1.3.1 ENVIORNMENTAL IMPACTS .................................................................................................... 5

1.3.2 SOCIAL IMPACTS ..................................................................................................................... 5

1.3.3 ECOCNOMIC IMPACTS ........................................................................................................... 5

1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY ................................................................................................................... 6

CHAPTER 02: LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................................... 7

CHAPTER 03: METHODLOGY ................................................................................................................. 9

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN ........................................................................................................................ 9

3.2 PROJECT MANAGEMENT .............................................................................................................. 9

3.2.1 PLANING .................................................................................................................................. 10

3.2.2 EXECUTION, MONITOR AND CONTROL ........................................................................... 10

3.2.3 CLOUSER ................................................................................................................................. 10

3.2.4 GRANT CHART ....................................................................................................................... 10

3.2 MILESTONE .................................................................................................................................... 11

3.3 RESOURCES ................................................................................................................................... 12

3.3.1 HUMAN RESOURCE ............................................................................................................... 12

3.3.2 NON-MUSLIMS RESOURCE.................................................................................................. 12

3.4 UNCERTAINTIES AND RISK CONTROL ................................................................................... 12

3.4.1 RISK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE ....................................................................................... 12

3.4.2 DIFFERENT TYPE OF RISK ................................................................................................... 13

3.4.3 RISK MANAGEMENT ............................................................................................................. 14

3.4.4 RISK REGISTRATION ............................................................................................................ 15

3.5 COMMUNICATION ........................................................................................................................ 17

EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER ON UNDERGROUND EXCAVATION 3

REFFERENCE ........................................................................................................................................... 18

APENDIX ................................................................................................................................................... 20
EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER ON UNDERGROUND EXCAVATION 4

CHAPTER 01: INTRODUCTION

Cable bolts, Rock bolts are commonly used to improve the roof stability in underground
mining and tunneling operations. Nevertheless, failures of anchor bolts are critical dangers in
underground unearthing around the globe because of climate and tensile stress. These failures
causing major problems for the underground tunnel and mine operations. Bolts which are
installed within one-year period also face premature failures. Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of
bolts in underground mines is a widespread issue with restricted savvy arrangements at present.
SCC is the moderate reformist development of stress erosion breaks, which is driven by the
consolidated impacts of pressure and climate on a powerless material, for example the bolts
(Masoumi, 2017). Groundwater containing microorganisms that can add to steel consumption
has been found to assume a noteworthy function in causing SCC failure (Chen, 2018)

Understanding the SCC component of bolt failure is essential in keeping up compelling ground
uphold and henceforth expanding the security and profitability of underground mines. According
to the SCC mechanism, susceptible material, a corrosive environment, and tensile stress are the
major factors for the premature failure (Waterman, 2018)

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

This is a research proposal report for ground water underground excavation. Failures of cable
bolts and rock bolts are critical dangers in underground unearthing around the globe because of
destructive climate and tensile stress. These failures causing major problems for the underground
tunnel and mine operations. Groundwater plays major part for the Stress Corrosion Cracking
failure.

1.2 PROBLEM ANALYSIS

During the rock excavation Rock bolts and cable bolts are plays vital role. Lateral expansion
and shear deformation prevented by bolts. Bolt provides Shear resistance and axial restraint.
(Dong, 2019). The groundwater has negative impact on the grout–rock interface in which can
EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER ON UNDERGROUND EXCAVATION 5

cause failure (Masoumi, 2017), In the Australian Mining industry, 25% of cable bolt and 29% of
rock bolt failure occur due to corrosion. The corrosion in support systems in underground coal
mine occurs due to the contact of groundwater with bolt. Researcher determined that Stress
Corrosion Cracking (SCC) is the primary reason for the bolt’s failure in Australian underground
coal mines (Garel, 2018). Rock bolts failure occurs in a brittle manner at less than their recorded
ultimate tensile strength. According to Scholar Most of the failure broken bolts collected from
mine has SCC issues (Crosky, 2018)

SCC plays a major role in the failure of cable bolts and rock bolts. The aim of this research
study is to find out the reasons behind the failure and the necessary steps to be taken in order to
prevent the failure of cable bolts and rock bolts due to SCC. A review on worldwide cases will
be conducted to find out the current solutions available to prevent the SCC in cable bolts and
rock bolts.

1.3 IMPACTS

1.3.1 ENVIORNMENTAL IMPACTS

The excavation for construction causes a negative impact on the environment. The
significant consequences during excavation are the disposal of excavated soil and rock,
dewatering, the production of dust, and chemical waste. When the excessive excavated soils and
rocks are removing from the site to the designated area, the road could cover with soil and mud.
Heavy rain could decrease the strength of soil, and it may cause uncontrolled dewatering during
the deep excavation. The consequence of discharging water would affect the surrounding
environments and might cause flood. Air pollution commonly happens in the excavated area and
a massive amount of dust and the emission of the gases can travel to the surrounded area. The
chemical waste is also one of the main risks to the environment, which may cause water
pollution.

1.3.2 SOCIAL IMPACTS

Cable bolts and rock bolts’ failure not just trade off the security of the workplaces, yet in
addition decrease the operational proficiency at the mines. Among these failure modes, the
EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER ON UNDERGROUND EXCAVATION 6

grout-rock interface failure is the most well-known while bolt failure is more averse to happen
(POTVIN, 2016). Failure of excavation can impact on safety of lives of workers

1.3.3 ECOCNOMIC IMPACTS

From the site to the designated area, the road could cover with soil and mud. Heavy rain
could decrease the strength of soil, and it may cause uncontrolled dewatering during the deep
excavation. The consequence of discharging water would affect the surrounding environments
and might cause flood. Air pollution commonly happens in the excavated area and a massive
amount of dust and the emission of the gases can travel to the surrounded area. The chemical
waste is also one of the main risks to the environment, which may cause water pollution.

1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

Based on the theoretical failure and solutions of the cable bolts and check the effect of
groundwater on underground coal mines. And find the factors which affect and responsible for
this. In this study, we check the influence of groundwater and the stress on rock bolt and cable
bolt behavior will be studied for the Australian mining and tunneling industries. Previous test has
been done in laboratory by the expert to understand cable bolt behavior can be analyzed.
Necessary steps can be taken after analyzing the data.
EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER ON UNDERGROUND EXCAVATION 7

CHAPTER 02: LITERATURE REVIEW

Furthermore, the underground excavation, the surrounding rocks are very soft with high
effect. Their deformation and destruction are serious, and frequent failures occur on the bolt
support. The failure mechanism of bolt support is proposed to solve these problems. Scholar use
the calculation theory is established on the bond strength of the interface between the anchoring
agent and surrounding rocks (Crosky, 2018) An analysis is made on the influence law of
different mechanical parameters of surrounding rocks on the interfacial bond strength. Based on
the research, a new high-strength bolt-grouting technology is developed and applied on site.
Besides, some helpful engineering suggestions and measures are proposed. The research shows
on their research paper that the serious deformation and failure, and the lower bond strength are
the major factors causing frequent failures of bolt support. So, the bolt could not give full play to
its supporting potential. It is also shown that as the integrity, strength, interface dilatancy and
stress of surrounding rocks are improved, the bond strength will increase. The new technology
has advantages in a high strength, imposing pre-tightening force, and giving full play to the bolt
supporting potential. Hence, it can improve the control effect on surrounding rocks (Shu-cai Li,
2018).

As more complex geological conditions are encountered in deeper underground excavation,

maintaining the safety and productivity of the mines has become more challenging. This requires
installation of long-lasting high-performance anchoring systems in underground mines. Cable
bolts are particularly attractive for such applications since they have higher mechanical
properties than conventional rock bolts and, being flexible, can anchor to greater depths into the
rock strata. Despite substantial improvements in cable bolting technology over the years,
catastrophic failure is still being reported. In this study, two failed cable bolts from an
underground coal mine were collected and examined to identify their failure mechanism.
Magnetic particle inspection, metallographic analysis, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
were used to characterize the crack path and fracture surface of the wires from the failed cable
bolts (Chen, 2018).

Moreover scholars, cable bolts for underground excavation and mining are used for temporary
and semi-permanent rock reinforcement in underground Mining. Rock bolting with prestressing
EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER ON UNDERGROUND EXCAVATION 8

steel cable bolts combines low bolt weight with high load-bearing capacity. The system remains
flexible even with larger cable bolt lengths. Special Mining Cable Bolts featuring a free length or
a threaded anchorage instead of the default barrel and wedge system were developed for
challenging ground control works. These bolts allow a tensioning of the system without
tensioners (Li, 2017)

Furthermore, scholars review of current cable bolting practice of underground coal mines. It
details the hardware used for cable bolting and provides indicative costs and rates of cable
installation. Research used geotechnical appraisal is made of the different cable bolting
techniques to briefly illustrate how each different method works and appropriate situations in
which they should be applied. Some current and planned developments in cable bolting hardware
and techniques to improve the productivity and cost effectiveness of cable bolting are described.
Finally, a theoretical means of predicting cable bolt performance is discussed and its application
illustrated (Saydama, 2018)
EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER ON UNDERGROUND EXCAVATION 9

CHAPTER 03: METHODLOGY

The main objective of this study is to check the influence of groundwater and the stress on rock
bolt and cable bolt behavior will be studied for the Australian mining and tunneling industries.

Data Collection

In this project we do not have to do the test physically at the laboratory. Interview will be taken
from expert to understand the current solutions are available for the bolt’s failure.

3.1 Research Design

Research Design provides the blueprint for data collection, data management, and data analysis.
Qualitative and Quantitative have been the two methods used for conducting research. This
research is constructed on a quantitative approach because of the primary data used in it. And set
a series of interview will be conducted via email or Zoom with experts to achieve the objectives
of this research project. The outcome will help to understand the solutions which are currently
available to solve the problems related to SCC in cable bolts and rock bolts. In addition,
conducting the interviews will help to create a guideline and to find the current limitation in the
knowledge in the industry.

3.2 PROJECT MANAGEMENT

This is the most important phase of the Capstone venture where the understudy is
investigating the intriguing business for the capstone project. Student will get the direction of the
supervisor, who will affirm the title of the task. From that point forward, student will enlist the
capstone subject in Project Match (Online Enrolment) with the made sure about supervisor and
understudy ID before the due date. Supervisors was contacted after Autumn 2020 via email to
hold a spot. After received an email from educator Haleh Rasekh, told her about my interests.
After completing the online registration process via project match. My supervisor accepted the
application for the research project.
EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER ON UNDERGROUND EXCAVATION 10

3.2.1 PLANING
The second phase of the project is to build up the hypothetical information, the venture
the executives plan, and the examination proposition after the understudy has enrolled the task
and dispensed the supervisor. The understudy will get help from three errands that must be
submitted before to the following stage. The understudy needs to have a normal gathering with
the supervisor to get the direction for the venture. The educator since quite a while ago began
regulating me with a fortnightly web-based gathering and email after submission of online
enlistment (on Project Match) to UTS. The primary task is Issue examination brief about the
target of the exploration, writing survey, vulnerability, and dangers. The subsequent task is
executive plan which is presently I am chipping away at it for the proposed research. The last
one is known as the examination proposition.

3.2.2 EXECUTION, MONITOR AND CONTROL

As the third stage, the understudy and supervisor will settle on the understanding that
student starts to follow the examination as per the arrangement in stage two. After investigating
the detail of groundwater effect on cable bolt corrosion, needed to stay in contact with the
supervisor which will help to prepare for the capstone project.

3.2.3 CLOUSER
The last phase is to settle the project for the Capstone Exhibit and to break down the
capstone venture must satisfy all the requirements for the capstone project. My desire for this
task is to accomplish High Distinction, so I can introduce my venture to the feature. It will help
to achieve my degree toward the finish of the semester in the wake of presenting the last
capstone task to UTS on the web.

3.2.4 GRANT CHART

Work breakdown structures and milestones for the projects are represented in Gantt chart
shown in Table 1. It also shows the achievement milestones which is completed in the past.
EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER ON UNDERGROUND EXCAVATION 11

3.2 MILESTONE

Meeting 1: 8th August 2020

1. Discuss the specific plan of the project

2. Discuss the specific arrangement and the potential risk of the project process.

Meeting 2: 31st August 2020

1. Discuss with the supervisor on articles related to the topics

2. Discussed related to research preparation structure and guidelines requirements.

Meeting 3: 14th September 2020

1. Discuss with supervisor regarding reviewed articles.

2. Discuss on methodology for research report.

Meeting 4: 20th October 2020

1. Get the feedback for the final research report before submission.

2. Discuss the improvement for the research report

EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER ON UNDERGROUND EXCAVATION 12

Meeting 5: 25th October 2020

1. Conclude the best solution and plan for the research report.

2. Submit the final research proposal plan.

3.3 RESOURCES
Several resources are available to complete this research project. There are two types of
resources available. Several Human and Non-human resources are listed below:

3.3.1 HUMAN RESOURCE

Supervisor: Haleh Rasekh

Consulting with the supervisor is wiser idea if any question to ask. Supervisor can provide
valuable information about the topics. They can direct into the right directions.

3.3.2 NON-MUSLIMS RESOURCE

UTS Library:

UTS library has wide range of peer reviewed articles and journals. Students can use the library to
find the related article.

3.4 UNCERTAINTIES AND RISK CONTROL

It is vital to recognize all the various types of danger partner to the task so they can be allotted
into hazard breakdown structures. This part will give the danger breakdown structures of
potential vulnerabilities and dangers for the task.

3.4.1 RISK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE

During the research report there will be some risk associated with the project. Risks associated
with this task can be divided into six components. The full risks breakdown is shown in Table 2.
EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER ON UNDERGROUND EXCAVATION 13

Project Risks

Supervisor Social University Part-Time Job Report Uncernties

Supervisor not Failing ERP Late

Sicknes Overtime shift Human Errors
avaiable Project Submission

Overload with Research on

Plagarism
other subjects wrong topics

Computer
errors

3.4.2 DIFFERENT TYPE OF RISK

There are different types of risks associated with the project. Table 3 includes all the
possible risks associated with project. In addition, possible outcomes are given that might happen
if risks cannot be controlled. The terms SR, P, SL, R, UN and U in Table 3 represent supervisor,
part-time job, social, report, university, and uncertainties, respectively

Risk Number of Risks Outcome

Type

SR1 Unavailability for regular Low quality research report

Meeting

SL1 Serious Sickness Report submission delay

SL2 Unavailable due to social affairs Late submission

UN2 Failing ERP subjects capstone Final Project delay

UN5 Overload with another subject Poor research report

P1 Overtime shift Late submission

EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER ON UNDERGROUND EXCAVATION 14

R1 Late submission Failure of the subject

R2 Final report loss Failure of the subject

R3 Plagiarism Poor mark and warning from

university

R4 Low quality of capstone report Low mark and possible low

CGPA

U1 Human errors Low quality research report

U2 Wrong assumption Low quality research report

U3 Assume wrong conditions Low quality research report

U4 Computer Error Low quality research report

3.4.3 RISK MANAGEMENT

To complete the project successfully need to have adequate plan and need to follow some
procedure. Table 4 includes information for the risk management plan.

Table 1: Risk management plan

Risk Number of Risks Action Task
Type

SR1 Unavailability for regular Mitigate Contact supervisor early to secure

Meeting appointment

SL1 Serious Sickness Avoid Stay healthy

SL2 Unavailable due to social Mitigate lead a balance life

affairs

UN2 Failing ERP subjects Avoid Follow the guidelines and criteria.
EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER ON UNDERGROUND EXCAVATION 15

UN5 Overload with another Mitigate Submit all the task on time.
subject

P1 Overtime shift Avoid Avoid overtime

R1 Late submission Avoid Maintain a routine

R2 Final report loss Avoid Ensure the assignment saved in the

hard disk

R3 Plagiarism Avoid Use paraphrase and citation.

R4 Low quality of capstone Avoid Follow the guidelines and criteria.

report

U1 Human errors Avoid Concentrate on report and double

check

U2 Wrong assumption Avoid Ask Supervisor for advice

U3 Assume wrong conditions Avoid Ask Supervisor for advice

U4 Computer Error Avoid Keep always a copy in a hard disk.

3.4.4 RISK REGISTRATION

In this section has all the risk factors information which is rated based on the probability and
consequences. Different types of risk are rated into four different stages as insignificant, minor,
moderate, and major. All the risks are demonstrated in rating and residual rating. Table 6
represents
EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER ON UNDERGROUND EXCAVATION 16

Table 2: Risk Registration

Table 06:
EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER ON UNDERGROUND EXCAVATION 17

3.5 COMMUNICATION
A correspondence plan comprises of the reason for the gathering will be executed all
through the span of the exploration venture. This is to guarantee our exploration venture can
work easily and errands can be allocated in a systematic way. Table 7 shows

Table 7: Communication with Supervisor

Subject Chanel Purpose Date Time

Supervisor Zoom Meeting Discuss about 28/07/2020 3:00 PM

Meeting the topics

Supervisor Email Discuss about 12/09/2020 9:30 AM

Meeting the topics

Supervisor Zoom Meeting Discuss research 14/09/2020 10:00 AM

Meeting proposal

Supervisor Email Discuss research 28/09/2020 11:00 AM

Meeting proposal

Supervisor Email Discuss research 16/10/2020 01:00 PM

Meeting proposal

Supervisor Email Discuss research 22/10/2020 03:00 PM

Meeting proposal
EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER ON UNDERGROUND EXCAVATION 18

REFFERENCE

References
Attanayake, P. M. (2015). Identifying environmental impacts of underground construction.
Springer Linlk, 1160-1170.

Chen, H. (2018). Stress Corrosion Failure of Cable Bolts in Underground Mines. International
Society for Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 67-78.

Crosky, W. (2018). Effect of underground excavations on the groundwater level drawdown and
its environmental impacts. Journal Of Civil Engineering, 455-467.

Dong, E. a. (2019). Study on Anchorage Failure and Bolting Measure of Road in Weak Rock.
Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 997-1012.

Forth, R. (2017). Groundwater and geotechnical aspects of deep excavations. Engineering

Geology, 254-266.

Garel, E. (2018). Infi ltration processes and impact on shallow groundwater in agricultural dry
land areas. Journal of Engineering , 56-78.

J.E.Gale. (2018). Stochastic discrete fracture simulation of groundwater flow into an

underground excavation in granite. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining
Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts, 567-789.

Li, X. (2017). Fiber Glass Bolts, Rock Bolts and Cable Bolts in Shear. Journal of CrossMark,
56-78.

Masoumi, H. H. (2017). Establishing Empirical Relationships for the Effects of Water Content
on the Mechanical Behavior of Gosford Sandstone. Journal of Mechanics and Rock
Engineering , 2235-2242.

POTVIN, Y. (2016). Design Guidelines for Open Stope Support. CIM Bulletin. Journal of
Engineering, 44-66.
EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER ON UNDERGROUND EXCAVATION 19

Saydama, S. (2018). Investigation of cable bolts for stress corrosion cracking failure.
Construction and Building Materials, 1224-1236.

Shu-cai Li, H.-t. W. (2018). Failure mechanism of bolting support and high-strength bolt-
grouting technology for deep and soft surrounding rock with high stress. Journal of
Central South University volume, 440-448.

Waterman, M. K. (2018). How to impacts of underground water on the construction project. The
Journal of Engineering, 33-36.
EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER ON UNDERGROUND EXCAVATION 20

APENDIX

Research/Article/Book Authors/Publisher

Analysis of the influence of groundwater and Jack A.Smith, Hamed Lamei Ramadani ,
the stress regime on bolt behavior in Chengguo Zhang & Wendy Timms
underground coal mines.

Laboratory Based Investigation of Stress Saisai Wu

Corrosion Cracking of Cable bolts

Tunneling and Underground Space SureshDivia, DhaneshChandra, JaakDaemen

Technology

In Situ Rock Bolt Pull Tests Performance in Mousa Hazrati Aghchai, Parviz Moarefvand
an Underground Powerhouse Complex: A & Hossein Salari Rad
Case Study in Sri Lanka.

Investigation of cable bolts for stress Saisai Wua, Honghao Chen, Hamed Lamei
corrosion cracking Ramandi, Paul C.Hagan, Alan Crosky,
Serkan Saydam

STRESS CORROSION CRACKING OF Gopi Bylapudi

REBAR ROOF BOLTS IN U.S.
UNDERGROUND COAL MINES

Construction and Building Materials Bo Wang, Xinxin Guo, Hui Jin, Fuhai Li,

Volume 214, 30 July 2019, Pages 37-48

Comparative Susceptibility to Corrosion of J. Hadjigeorgiou, Y. Savguira & S. J. Thorpe

Coated Expandable Bolts

Corrosive Environment Assessment and Guo, Qifeng; Pan, Jiliang; Wang, Min; Cai,
EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER ON UNDERGROUND EXCAVATION 21

Corrosion-Induced Rockbolt Failure Analysis Meifeng; Xi, Xun

in a Costal Underground Mine

Impact of Steel Properties on the Corrosion J. Hadjigeorgiou, Y. Savguira & S. J. Thorpe

of Expandable Rock Bolts

Study on Anchorage Failure and Bolting Enyuan Dong & Weijun Wang
Measures of Roadway in Weak Rock

Environmental influence on mesh corrosion Saisai Wu,Matthew Northover, Peter Craig,

in underground coal mines Ismet Canbulat, Paul C. Hagan & Serkan
Saydam

Classification of Aqueous Corrosion in Roy, J M; Preston, R; Bewick, R P.

Underground Mines

Rock bolt corrosion - an experimental study. Aziz, N. Craig, P, Nemcik, J, Hai, F.

Development and evaluation of corrosion Kevin JinrongMa, John Stankus, Dakota

resistant coating for expandable rock bolt Faulkner
against highly corrosive ground conditions

Stress corrosion testing of roof bolt grade 60 Gopi Bylapudi, A. J. S. (Sam) Spearing,
steel in simulated underground coal mine Kanchan Mondal & Anand Bhagwat
atmosphere
EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER ON UNDERGROUND EXCAVATION 22

Comparative Susceptibility to Corrosion of J. Hadjigeorgiou, Y. Savguira & S. J.

Coated Expandable Bolts Thorpe

Investigation of Steel Bolt Fracture Surface Templeton, Bryan P

Aqueous Corrosion Oxides Considering the
Effects of Multiple Environmental Variable

Impact of Steel Properties on the Corrosion J. Hadjigeorgiou, Y. Savguira & S. J. Thorpe

of Expandable Rock Bolts

Electrochemical Corrosion Study of Suresh Chandra Divi

Structural Materials In Complex Multi-Ionic
Solutions

Design Methods for Rock Bolts Using In- Kostecki, Todd Ray.
Situ Measurement from Underground Coal
Mines

Microbiologically induced cable bolt University of Western Australia

corrosion in underground coal mines

Mineralogically influenced stress corrosion Saisai Wua, Honghao Chen, Hamed Lamei
cracking of rockbolts and cable bolts in Ramandi, Paul C.Hagan, Alan Crosky,
underground mines Serkan Saydam

Comparison of the shear test results of a Xuwei Li Naj Aziz, Ali Mirzaghorbanali,Jan
cable bolt on three laboratory test apparatuses Nemcik
EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER ON UNDERGROUND EXCAVATION 23

The cable bolt-grout displacement meter: An Anwyll, Edward William Drew

innovation in cable bolt monitoring

Sample diameter effect on bonding capacity Paul C.Hagan, Serkan Saydam

of fully grouted cable bolts

Results of pull tests of rock bolts and cable Michael Salcher, Robert Bertuzzi
bolts in Sydney sandstone and shale

Corrosion of Rock Reinforcement in Rhett Collin Hassel

Underground Excavations

Stress corrosion cracking of rock bolts P. Gray

Experimental protocol for stress corrosion University of Wollongong

cracking of rockbolts

Interactions of stress corrosion cracks in cold Hamed Lamei Ramandi ,Honghao Chen,
drawn pearlitic steel wires: An X-ray micro- Alan Crosky, Serkan Sayda
computed tomography study

System reliability analysis for anchor- Lin Li,Robert Y. Liang &Hanlong Liu
stabilised slopes considering stochastic
corrosion of anchors

Corrosion Damage Behavior of Prestressed Jiebing Zhu, Xiaowei Wang, Cong Li & Bo
Rock Bolts under Aggressive Environment Lu

Monitoring and correction of the stress in an Liu, Qi; Chai, Jing; Chen, Shaojie; Zhang,
anchor bolt based on Pulse Pre‐Pumped Dingding; Yuan, Qiang
Brillouin Optical Time Domain Analysis
EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER ON UNDERGROUND EXCAVATION 24

Corrosion of rock anchors in Illinois coal Weber, Jason.

basin mines

New Construction Technology of a Shallow Liu, Tong; Zhong, Yujian; Feng, Zhihua; Xu,
Tunnel in Boulder-Cobble Mixed Grounds Wei; Song, Feiting

Measuring, understanding, and improving the Mishra, Aditya.

performance of fully grouted resin bolts in
underground coal mines

Luoyang Fengre Machinery Submits Patent

Application for Underground Bolt Protection
Cover

Analysis and Interpretation of In Situ Rock Nicholson, Luke.

Bolt Pull Tests in Hard Rock Mines

Investigation of sulfate attack resistance of Wang, Jiabin; Niu, Ditao; Ma, Rui; Zhang,
shotcrete under dry-wet cycles Yongli.

Performance Characterization of Rock Bolts Paolo L Tomasone

through In Situ Pull Tests.

The effect of stress change on the bond Fearon, Ruth.

strength of fully grouted cable bolts

Anti-floating Anchor Rods and Waterproof Liaojiang Chen, Xiao Wang, Shuli Hou.
Construction Technology for Deep Pits
EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER ON UNDERGROUND EXCAVATION 25

Effect of Temperature on the Relaxation of Zijian ZHAO

Polyvinyl Chloride Flanges

THE ROLE OF SOIL IN THE EXTERNAL Garry Doyle

CORROSION OF CAST-IRON WATER
MAINS IN TORONTO, CANADA

EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL HOSSEIN RAJAIE

INVESTIGATIONS OF CABLE BOLT
SUPPORT SYSTEMS.

Investigation on the Rock Surface Support Zhenjun Shan, Ian Porter, Jan Nemcik, Ernest
Performance of Welded Steel Mesh and Thin Baafi & Zhenyu Zhang
Spray-On Liners Using Full-Scale
Laboratory Testing

An experimental framework for simulating Saisai Wua, Honghao Chen, Hamed Lamei
stress corrosion cracking in cable bolts. Ramandi, Paul C.Hagan, Alan Crosky,
Serkan Saydam

Stress corrosion failure of cable bolts in University of New south

underground mines

Hydrogeochemical modelling of corrosive PENG Ya, Wendy TIMMS

environment contributing to

premature failure of anchor bolts in

underground coal mines