Disciplines and

Ideas in the
Social Science
Quarter 1 – Module 5:
Structural - Functionalism and
its Importance in Examining
Socio - Cultural, Economic, and
Political Condition
Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 5: Structural - Functionalism and its Importance in
Examining Socio - Cultural, Economic, and Political Condition
First Edition, 2020

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Disciplines and
Ideas in the
Social Sciences
Quarter 1 – Module 5:
Structural - Functionalism and
its Importance in Examining
Socio - Cultural, Economic, and
Political Condition
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences 11 Alternative

Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Structural - Functionalism Theory and its
Importance in Examining Socio - Cultural, Economic, and Political Condition.

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators

both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator
in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while
overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this
also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking
into consideration their needs and circumstances.

For the learner:

Welcome to the Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences 11 Alternative

Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Structural - Functionalism Theory and its
Importance in Examining Socio - Cultural, Economic, and Political Condition.
The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used
to depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create
and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as
a learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant
competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies
in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time.
You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being
an active learner.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

ii
As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing
them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to
encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you

link the current lesson with the previous
one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as
a story, a song, a poem, a problem opener,
an activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of

the lesson. This aims to help you discover
and understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to
process what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or
skill into real life situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your

level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be

given to you to enrich your knowledge or
skill of the lesson learned. This also tends

iii
 retention of learned concepts.
This contains answers to all activities in the
Answer Key module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other
activities included in the module.
3. Read the instructions carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
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5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with
it.

If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
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We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

iv
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you master the Concepts and Principles of the Major Social Science Theories.
The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning
situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of
students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the
course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond
with the textbook you are now using.

The module has one lesson:

 Lesson 1 – The Structural - Functionalism Theory

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. apply the structural - functionalism theory; and

2. relate the importance of socio - cultural, economic, and political
condition to structural - functionalism theory.

What I Know

Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. It is an approach in sociology that views society as a complex system whose

parts work together to promote solidarity and stability.
a. Marxism c. Symbolic Interactionism
b. Structural - Functionalism d. Psychoanalytic
2. He is an American sociologist and functionalist who attempted to develop and
perfect a general analytic model suitable for analyzing all types of collectivities.
a. Charles Darwin c. Karl Marx
b. Emile Durkheim d. Talcott Parson
3. He is the French philosopher who noticed and started to think that society
was made up of building blocks that were focused towards a common goal.
a. Charles Darwin c. Karl Marx
b.Emile Durkheim d. Talcott Parson

1
 4. This occurs when an individual has the means and desire to achieve the
cultural goals socialized into him.
a. Conformity b. Rebellion c. Retreatism d. Ritualism
5. It occurs when an individual continues to do things as prescribed by society
but forfeits the achievement of the goals.
a. Conformity b. Rebellion c. Retreatism d. Ritualism
6. It involves the rejection of both the culturally prescribed goals as well as the
conventional means of attaining them.
a. Conformity b. Rebellion c. Retreatism d. Ritualism
7. A combination of the rejection of societal goals and means and a substitution
of other goals and means.
a. Conformity b. Rebellion c. Retreatism d. Ritualism
8. It refers to the innate qualities of individuals.
a. Achievement Orientation c. Ascription Orientation
b. Affective Neutrality d. Diffuseness
9. When role obligations are extended outside the defined role - expectations.
a. Achievement Orientation c. Ascription Orientation
b. Affective Neutrality d. Diffuseness
10. Places an importance on the performance and emphasizes individual
achievement.
c. Achievement Orientation c. Ascription Orientation
d. Affective Neutrality d. Diffuseness
For items 11 – 15, give the level of Pattern Variables of Role-definition below.
a. First b. Second c. Third d. Fourth e. Fifth
11. Universalism vs. Particularism
12. Specificity vs. Diffuseness
13. Achievement vs. Ascription
14. Affectivity vs. Affective Neutrality
15. Self-orientation vs. Collectivity orientation

Lesson The Structural -

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1 Functionalism

The structural-functional approach is a perspective in sociology that sees

society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity
and stability. It asserts that our lives are guided by social structures, which are
relatively stable patterns of social behavior. Social structures give shape to our
lives - for example, in families, the community, and through religious
organizations. And certain rituals, such as a handshake or complex religious
ceremonies, give structure to our everyday lives. Each social structure has
social functions, or consequences for the operation of society as a whole.
Education, for example, has several important functions in a society, such as
socialization, learning. Functionalism also states that society is like an
organism, made up of different parts that work together. Thus, one of the key
ideas in Structural Functionalism is that society is made-up of groups or
institutions, which are cohesive, share common norms, and have a definitive
culture.

Notes to the Teacher

This Alternative Delivery Mode has been developed to help
you facilitate the learners in applying the Importance of structural
- functionalism Theory in Examining Socio - Cultural, Economic,
and Political Condition.

3
 What’s In

Direction: Give at least two (2) concepts and principles of each social science
theories. Write the concepts in the leaves and the principles in the
petals. Use a separate bond paper for this activity.

4
 What’s New

Direction: Fill out the chart below with the information about the socio -
cultural, economics, and political condition of the structural
functionalism. Use a separate bond paper for this activity.

5
 What is It

What is Structural Functionalism? According to (Structural Functionalism:

Definition, Theory & Examples, 2016)

Take a step back and think of your hometown's government. Unless you
live in a very small town, chances are that the local doctor is also the local
policeman. In fact, there are plenty of municipal services that make up the
small town. Each part of the government contributes something different. After
all, you wouldn't want the local dogcatcher to be too busy fighting fires to keep
stray dogs out of your garbage.

Several decades ago, some sociologists thought that all of societies

interact like this; where each part of society had a specific task. They called this
framework structural functionalism. While the ideas of structural functionalism
have fallen out of favor, let's take a bit to try and understand what they were
saying.

Structural Functionalism in Theory

First, let's look at the history of structural functionalism. During the 19th
century, the world was becoming a much smaller space. Trains and steamships
had linked the world in a way no one had thought possible. While many
Europeans were starting to think of themselves as superior, due to their more
'advanced' culture, a French philosopher, named Emile Durkheim, noticed this
and started to think that society was made up of building blocks that were
focused towards a common goal. If people stopped agreeing on those common
goals, then society would disintegrate. However, as long as most people agreed,
society would be fine.

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 In structural functionalism, individual institutions work together in
service of the whole.

For example, this image of a circular flow of money through an economy

demonstrates how something that almost everyone can agree on, education, is
made into a goal. Of course, this only worked as long as everyone was focused.
If one group disagreed on where society is going, then the whole thing falls apart.
These social bonds are very important.

However, structural functionalism had a serious problem. It was too far

removed from actual society. It assumed that these blocks were homogenous,
all wanting the same thing. Also, it thought that all motivation was a zero-sum
game, meaning that there had to be winners and losers. After all, if you increase
funding for the police department, that money had to come from somewhere,
right?

This all neglects that groups can have different starting points and
different motivations. For a two-person dog catching team, an extra $50,000 in
funding is a big deal, while for a forty-person police department, it is relatively
minor. To put that into real world terms, structural functionalism assumed that
all of society's groups are always equal, which is simply not the case. Just turn
on the news or watch any political debate and you'll see that many groups of
society are anything but equal.

The method of functionalism was based on fieldwork and direct

observations of societies. In the structural functionalism approach, society, its
institutions and roles, was the appropriate thing to study. Cultural traits
supported or helped to preserve social structures.

Functionalism emphasizes the importance of the economy for any society,

and the income and self-fulfilment that work often provides. Conflict theory
highlights the control of the economy by the economic elite, the alienation of
work, and various problems in the workplace.

The structural-functional approach is based on the view that

a political system is made up of several key components, including interest
groups, political parties and branches of government.

The structural-functional approach is derived from earlier uses of

functionalism and systems models in anthropology, sociology, biology, and
political science.

Structural functionalism became popular around 1960 when it became

clear that ways of studying U.S. and European politics were not useful in
studying newly independent countries, and that a new approach was needed.

7
Structural-functionalism assumes that a bounded (nation-state) system exists,
and studies structures in terms of their function(s) within the system.

For structural functionalists the question to be answered is what does a

structure (guerrilla movement, political party, election, etc.) do within the
political system (of country x)? The goal is to find out what something actually
does in a political system, as opposed to what it is supposed to do.

Thus, structural functionalists would not waste time studying

constitutions in Third World countries if they found that the constitutions
[structures] had little impact on political reality.

Almond claimed that certain political functions existed in all political

systems. On the input side he listed these functions as: political socialization,
political interest articulation, political interest aggregation, and political
communication. Listed as outputs were rule-making, rule implementation, and
rule adjudication.

Other basic functions of all political systems included the conversion

process, basic pattern maintenance, and various capabilities (distributive,
symbolic, etc.). Structural functionalists argued that all political systems,
including Third World systems, could most fruitfully be studied and compared
on the basis of how differing structures performed these functions in the
various political system.
Structural functionalism is based on a systems model. Conceptually, the
political process can be depicted as follows:

8
 For analytical purposes the political system is considered to be the
nation-state, and the environment is composed of the interactions of economic,
social, and political variables and events, both domestic and external.

The idea is that there are a number of actors in the national political
system (political parties, bureaucracies, the military, etc.) and that the actions
of all these actors affect each other as well as the system.

The political analyst must determine the importance of these actors in a

particular political system. This is done by analyzing the functions performed by
the various actors. Any changes in the system also affect all the actors. The
feedback mechanisms allow for constantly changing inputs, as actors react to
outputs.

Structural functionalists, like systems analysts, have a bias toward

systemic equilibrium, (i.e. toward stability). Such a bias tends to make this
approach conservative, as stability, or evolutionary change, is preferred [and
more easily analyzed], to radical, or revolutionary change.

A problem which arises with this system-based model is that the nation-
state's boundaries are often permeable in the real world, rather than being the
neatly bounded nation-state conceptualized by structural functionalists.

In other words, in the real world it is usually difficult to state exactly

what the boundaries are, leading to some conceptual difficulties.

For example, some international actors are only intermittent, such as the
U.S. when it intervenes directly in Haitian or Panamanian politics. Should U.S.
military forces be considered a part of the Panamanian or Haitian political
systems?

The parts of society that Spencer referred to were the social institutions,
or patterns of beliefs and behaviors focused on meeting social needs, such as
government, education, family, healthcare, religion, and the economy.

Table 1: Some Social Behaviors According to Quexbook, 2018

Behaviors Concepts

Ritualism Occurs when an individual continues to do things as

prescribed by society but forfeits the achievement of
the goals.

Retreatism Involves the rejection of both the culturally prescribed

goals as well as the conventional means of attaining
them.

Conformity Occurs when an individual has the means and desire

to achieve the cultural goals socialised into him

9
 Rebellion A combination of the rejection of societal goals and
means and a substitution of other goals and means.

Talcott Parson (1902 - 1979) was an American sociologist and

functionalist who attempted to develop and perfect a general analytic model
suitable for analyzing all types of collectivities. He was concerned with how
elements of society were functional for a society as well as social order. His five
pattern variables are considered as five dichotomies to draw out the contrasting
values to which individuals orient themselves in social interactions.

Table 2: Talcott Parson’s Five Pattern Variables of Role-definition

According to Quexbook, 2018

Pattern Variables of
Concepts
Role-definition

Dilemma: deciding whether to express one’s own

1st - Affectivity vs. orientation in terms of immediate gratification
Affective (affectivity)or whether to renounce immediate
Neutrality gratification in favor of moral interests (affective
neutrality).
2nd - Self orientation One’s role orientation is either in terms of his/her
vs. Collectivity own interests or in terms of the interests of a
orientation group.
Dilemma: There is an issue on whether to react to
3rd
- Universalism vs. a certain social interaction “on the basis of a
Particularism general norm” or reacting “on the basis of
someone’s particular relationship to you”.
Achievement- orientation places an importance
4th
- Achievement vs. on the performance and emphasizes individual
Acription achievement while Ascription-orientation refers
to the innate qualities of individuals.
This refers to the nature of social contracts and
how extensive or how narrow are the obligations in
5th - Specificity vs. any interaction. Specificity, is when the definition
Diffuseness of a role is in specific terms while diffuseness is
when role obligations are extended outside the
defined role - expectations.

General Conceptual Diagram Durk et al. (2007)

The diagram below is a general conceptual diagram of Structural functionalism.
It shows that all of the different organizations and institutions in society are
interdependent. When one institution in society changes, other institutions

10
accommodate that change by changing as well, though the ultimate effect is to
slow overall change.

Specific Conceptual Diagram Durk et al. (2007)

Below is a chart depicting how deviance is functional for society and how
society responds to deviance. A "deviant" individual commits an act that is
deemed by the rest of society as criminal, because it leads to public outrage and
punishments. Because a large portion of society respond to the action as
though it is deviant, this draws a boundary between what is and is not deviant.
Thus, deviance actually helps to indicate what is not deviant, or, the function of
labelling behaviors or ideas as deviance is to insure that most people do not
engage in those behaviors.

A Structural - Functionalist Understanding of Deviance

11
 What’s More

A. Direction: Write down ten responsibilities of a teenager most especially today

as we face the COVID-19 pandemic. Do this in a separate sheet of
paper like the example below.

Be responsible in practicing or implementing basic safety

protocols like wearing face mask, face shield, and proper
washing of hands.

12
B. Directions: Fill each box with the correct letter to form the correct answer. Do
it in a separate sheet of paper.
1. An approach in sociology that views society as a complex system whose parts
work together to promote solidarity and stability.

2. A French philosopher noticed and started to think that society was made up
of building blocks that were focused towards a common goal.

3. Occurs when an individual continues to do things as prescribed by society

but forfeits the achievement of the goals.

4. A combination of the rejection of societal goals and means and a substitution

of other goals and means.

5. Involves the rejection of both the culturally prescribed goals as well as the
conventional means of attaining them.

6. Occurs when an individual has the means and desire to achieve the cultural
goals socialised into him.

7. An American sociologist and functionalist who attempted to develop and

perfect a general analytic model suitable for analyzing all types of collectivities.

8. Places an importance on the performance and emphasizes individual

achievement.

9. It refers to the innate qualities of individuals.

10. When role obligations are extended outside the defined role - expectations.

13
C. Direction: You are given a chance to write a letter addressed to the President
of the Philippines. What would you tell him about the structure of
our political condition and government as we face this crisis? Use
a separate sheet of paper.

President Rodrigo R. Duterte

Malacaňang Palace
1005 J.P. Laurel St., San Mguel
Manila, Philippines

______________ (Date)

Dear Mr. President:

________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________
________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________
________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________

Sincerely,

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____________________________

Modified True or False

D. Directions: If the statement is correct, write Functionalism. If not, underline
the word which makes the statement incorrect, then write the correct answer on
the blanks provided before each number. Use a separate sheet of paper.

__________________1. Several decades ago, some sociologists thought that all of

society interacts like this; where each part of society had a
specific task. They called this framework structural
functionalism.

__________________2. If people stopped agreeing on common goals, then society

would disintegrate.

__________________3. The method of Marxism was based on fieldwork and direct

observations of societies.

__________________4. The structural-functional approach is based on the view

that a political system is made up of several key
components, including interest groups, political parties
and branches of government.

__________________5. The parts of society that Parson referred to were the social
institutions, or patterns of beliefs and behaviors focused
on meeting social needs.

__________________6. Structural functionalism became popular around 1990

when it became clear that ways of studying U.S. and
European politics were not useful in studying newly
independent countries.

__________________7. Talcott Parson was concerned with how elements of society

were functional for a society as well as social order.

__________________8. Structural functionalists, like systems analysts, have a fair

toward systemic equilibrium, (i.e. toward stability).

__________________9. For analytical purposes the political system is considered

to be the nation-state, and the environment is composed
of the interactions of economic, social, and political
variables and events, both domestic and external.

_________________10. A normal individual commits an act that is deemed by the

rest of society as criminal, because it leads to public
outrage and punishments.

15
E. Direction: Make your own conceptual diagram of Structural Functionalism
based on your personal experiences in our culture, economics, and
politics. Do this in a separate sheet of paper.

F. Direction: Fill out the general conceptual diagram of Structural

Functionalism. Choose your answers inside the box. Do this in a
separate sheet of paper.

Culture Health Religion

Deviance Industry Science
Economy Knowledge Secularization
Family Race and Ethnicity Stratification

16
 What I Have Learned

Directions: In each component, write the importance of Structural

Functionalism. Do this in a separate sheet of paper.

17
 What I Can Do

Directions: List down at least three (3) functional duties of government officials
and citizens in terms of culture, economics, and politics during the
COVID- 19 pandemic. Do this on a separate sheet of paper.

Government/ Citizen

Socio - cultural Economics Politics

Structural - Functionalism

18
 Assessment

A. Direction: Identify what is being described in each statement. Write your

answer on the separate sheet of paper.

1. He/She is an American sociologist and functionalist who attempted to

develop and perfect a general analytic model suitable for analyzing all types of
collectivities.
2. He/She is a French philosopher who noticed and started to think that society
was made up of building blocks that were focused towards a common goal.
3. It is an approach in sociology that views society as a complex system whose
parts work together to promote solidarity and stability.
4. It refers to the innate qualities of individuals.
5. It is when role obligations are extended outside the defined role - expectations.
6. It is a combination of the rejection of societal goals and means and a
substitution of other goals and means.
7. It places an importance on the performance and emphasizes individual
achievement.
8. It occurs when an individual has the means and desire to achieve the
cultural goals socialised into him.
9. This occurs when an individual continues to do things as prescribed by
society but forfeits the achievement of the goals.
10. It involves the rejection of both the culturally prescribed goals as well as the
conventional means of attaining them.

B. Direction: Answer the question below with at least in five sentences. Do this
on a separate sheet of paper.

1. What is the importance of Structural - Functionalism in examining socio -

cultural, economic, and political condition and how this condition applies to
you as a teenager?

19
 Additional Activities

Directions: Identify at least three (3) different persons in your community and
write about their responsibilities in their chosen fields. Write/print
their response on a separate sheet of paper.

20
Answer Key

21
References

Structural Functionalism: Definition, Theory & Examples, 2016

Felluga, Dino. "General Introduction to Marxism." Introductory Guide to Critical

Theory. Date of last update, which you can find on the home page.
PurdueU.Dateyouaccessedthesite.<http://www.purdue.edu/guidetotheor
y/marxism/modules/introduction.html>.

https://study.com/academy/lesson/structuralfunctionalismdefinitiontheoryexa
mples.html

https://cla.purdue.edu/academic/english/theory/marxism/modules/introduct
ion.html

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/sociology/chapter/theoretical-
perspectivesongovernmentandpower/#:~:text=Symbolic%20interactionism
%2C%20as%20it%20pertains,trees%2C%20doves%2C%20wedding%20rin
gs.

Karl Marx; substantive revision Wed Apr 12,

2017https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/marx/#3https://examples.your
dictionary.com/operant-conditioning-examples.html: First published Tue
Aug 26, 2003

MarxismBy JIMCHAPPELOWhttps://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/marxism.
asp#:~:text=Marxism%20is%20a%20social%2C%20political,capitalism%2
0in%20favor%20of%20communism.: Updated Oct2, 2019.

POSC311:PoliticsofDevelopingNationsSpring,1999http://udel.edu/~jdeiner/str
ufnc.html

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