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Pap 3 170611171908 PDF
Pap 3 170611171908 PDF
Lecture 3
Status of PA in Pakistan
History of PA in Subcontinent
PA as an Academic Discipline in Pakistan
Practice of PA in Pakistan
Administrative Regression in Pakistan
History of PA in Subcontinent
• Today’s administrative systems and procedures in Pakistan have its roots in
particular to the British period. Two hundred years of British rule still have
its vestiges and remnants on the structure, rules, procedures and
organizational behaviors. But the British changed the structure to the
extent of what their goals were in the sub-continent. The retained the
structure at the district level which they inherited from Moghuls.
• Administrative process in Pakistan is the result of years of assimilation of
the cultural and administrative practices of Indus Valley Civilizations
including Aryans, Greeks, Persian, Maurya, Moghuls and British.
Indus Valley Civilization
• Mohenjodaro and Harrapa (B.C. 3250-2750)
system with hierarchical structure existed. Entry to civil service was not restricted
1. Revenue collection system: During Akbar period revenue collection system was
improved. It was based on survey and classification of soil. The land was classified
as agriculture and non-agriculture. Within the agriculture the land was graded
State tax was then fixed and charged according to the type of soil.
2. Judicial system: Judicial Officers were appointed at the district, town and village
levels.
3. Law enforcement: Kotwal (chief police officer), with only civil authority was
appointed in important towns. In rural areas faujdar (army chief) was appointed
to control crime.
…contd
• After Akbar, for over hundred years no real administrative
system could develop, mainly because the disarray of the
empire began with Jahangir, who first allowed the East India
Company to set up a factory in 1642 at Balasore for medical
service provided by the Surgeon of the company on the ship.
• The East India Company, which was a trading Company and
had its Board of Governors, was granted charter on 31 Dec.,
1600 to trade freely into and from East Indies, by the British
Parliament.
British Period
• The beginning of British Rule in the sub-continent started and the East
India Company gradually expanded its operations. In 1609 - the authority
to trade was further extended. In 1661 - the Company was empowered to
declare war on and have peace with any ruler.
• The Regulating Act 1773 was passed by British parliament granting the
British government powers to regulate the affairs of the Company in India.
By this time the British government was not ruling directly India. All
matters and powers were given to the company to rule.
• In 1757 the victory at Plassey paved the way for the British rule. There were
innumerable battles and conflict before the British government’s direct rule
which really started after 1857 (War of Independence).
History of PA in Pakistan
The maintenance of a little-modified British colonial bureaucratic
structure with its emphasis upon law-and-order and revenue
collection was viewed by some as a deliberate act first to insure
survival of the new state and then to preserve the power and
position of existing elites. Hence, Khalid B. Sayeed has stated:
“Both Jinnah and Liaquat relied very heavily on the civil servants....
The only model of government that Pakistani leaders had known
was that of the British vice-regal system in India under which the
bureaucrats had exercised their power . . . without any interference
from politicians.”
..contd
After the death of both Jinnah and Liaquat, other leaders
(President Iskandar Mirza, for example) openly sided
with the civil servants in maintaining their autonomy
from political "interference":
“You cannot have the old British system of administration
(and) at the same time allow politicians to interfere with
the civil service. In the British system the District
Magistrate was the kingpin of administration. His
authority was unquestioned. We have to restore that”.
..contd
• Suffice it to say that the civil bureaucracy in Pakistan until the
Bhutto regime was one of the "pillars" of support for
government operations and, as a result of this reliance upon
the civil bureaucracy in policy making, the bureaucracy
exercised considerable leverage upon government operations.
Public
Administration
Revenue Organizational
Law & Order
Administration Setup
…contd
• Bureaucratic structure is aimed at maximizing
bureaucratic control over democratic control which
is shared by political entities and public opinion.
• Individually, members of governing elite want
change, but act in much the same way as they did
during Colonial period.
Administrative Regression in Pakistan