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saleooeration .f rhPinrtrument
Thespeciiical onsaresubjecr ro change;ihe manualhnotcovered bya. lpdateseoice. f
@ un ersexpre$V aurhorized, loMardinqandduplcation of thisdocument, andthe utilzation and
communication ol lts conrents are noi permited voariont wll emaila. oblgatio.ro pay t
in the ewnl ol glanl n9 ol patnrs or rcgGrrarion
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CONTENTS

noresonrrely,nnrumenr
Genera
Notsone{etyuopart'nqtanspo(sto,aqe,
d sposal
ard opecl on
Noreson efery:careaid madena

1 DE5CRtPTtON,..,,.,,.,,.......-........
Nameandntended appli.ahon
De(ioronaid na n retres .. 1-3

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Eyspe.er...... ... .. ... .. . .
i 5iaqemcomererandey-cp e.€Et des
re.hnc d3ra
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t 2
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I Ana.hmemol rube.
Ara.hmentDtbno.u r tube45"/20 ?2
ar..hmenr ol b no(! rphororube45'120.s
kraw iq n oi obreclvei .. .. ... ... .. ... . 2 3
nseit'onofeyepe(e5...
I nsefrionol eyepe.erctde
Compenrt.nolamd,opiawheneyep,e.p,eti.sreusd.......
a Ata.hnenr oi ldd iq eye.upr..
setinqor ite4upillarytlitraf,.eandvewnglreght........ ... ....
t
Ata.hmenlol3pernenhorder to mo.h.i.alnaqe 75 x 30 R
a 2.7 Ana.hmenlof.ondene6
Anadrmenr olAbbe.ondenser 0 9/ .. ,. - ..... 2 7
t r.jenon oi s derlor pha..oitst o, drkle d
atla.hmedorAbbecondetrerwrh . . ... .. .2 3
a ara.hhenl 0l LEDinunmdor..
t AtG.hmentofcooredtlisk.drer podzer o,wde.angleun r.
conn€dn9fie n\rumei' Lo,heline
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rrammiued.tht bi9hrlield
.onnqu
Ser'iqorransmredqh1b'qhrrieldlo,
KdHLERumindon !
lsinqtanrmted qlrtphae.oita

3 1 2 T,ansm(ed liqhipbase.ont.4t.onlqucton 3-6

Iei
setinqoI trnsmted qhtphase.oitan
Lrsdg(heransflnred-l9ht
C e n e rpa' n c p e
darlledre.hnique .i
TGBmted-]9h1 darkled.oilgtrr
39
c
serng ol ransmitod'light
drkled .....
35 Usnq tansmfied 'qhtpobrnaiion.ontan al
roismted tht pol.rzalonconl,a a
5et nq ol tan:mited lqhr po rzd

3.6
samped lfa,€n!{oi bdw.en qouraid pseudoqout

A r a r h m e ^i Ir . 5 d o u b rreu b o. . . .... ...

3 11

313
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Ana(hmedol phorom c,oq,aphy equ'pmenr
A | a . h m e f t o l s l R c a m e E ,qe c o .. .... ...3l4 G
ArachmenrofMc30 Dx m(ros.ope.amec {19mm rilm€$ette) ... ..
Arlachmenl ol adapteElorvdeo came,a3 .. . ..3a7 .i
Aib.hnenrol a&pte^ lordgrt.ompad.ame,as .... .. ... ... .... . 3 l9
Diqita.ameraswth37 mm1 t, th,ead l'20
- .- ......321
o
D i q i c G m € , a s w t h 5 2 m m 1 i e , t h , e a d . ........ . . . . . . . . . . .
Atra.hm.niolomer3swth orhe,r rerth.eid rzes .. C
tony otc 97oondiqG came,aada 322
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CARE.MAINTENANCE
ANDTROUBLE5HOOTIN6 q
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C'c!i' q l"r .ej
.' a qnql|r6v 70w \aoqq arp
T o u b e s h ono9 i d b € . ... ..
Iabe of sparE,wer nq pads3id rools
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ANNEX a
LisroJAbbPviaton5 q
P h ycsa a n d T e . hG
n l U nt s . . . . .
Certf.a1oi in A(ordan.ew$ DrNlN 50 9001/D N EN46m1 .,

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 G€nera
notes,
instrument
salety
andEMC

Generalnot€son safeiy
B€lore nanng-up lhe microcop€ p ease
ensure you have lamiaized youBei llot surfa.€,
rh€r€is. risLof burns.
' l lhoroughlyw th theconten$
ol th 5manual.
' t F!.d€r infomaroncanbe obtained lrom our
seryice depanmentor lrom authorized
' t lI therafetynotesa.enotobsetoed
lhereisa
pre.sion
TheAxionarm.ros.opeis an oprical tuk that rhe insrrumentwil be denroyed.
nntuhent which may be impanedn its
perforhan.e or damaqed I handed
6 NOTEI
Th€m c.os.ope
mu5tbe operaledby tralned Noieswhichmustbe obsededwhe. working
pe6onneonly who mun be awareoi the
possible
da.gerlnvolwdwirhmicro5copyand
r t
To e.surerhal the workingpro(edurcis saie
" ! and thal the nicroscope iunctionswhhout
probems, the notesandwa.nngsinclldedn Initrument Sa{€ty and EMC
f theoperalngin*tudlonsnun beobrerued The Ar ostd m croscop€wa5 designed,
..? rhese are highlighledn the terr by the produced andteitedi. compancewlihDINEN
610101 (lECl0l0-r),,safetyrequieme,tr tor
'a ele.trkal n$utihg, contrcl and taba.atory
tnsr.urer6". t leit the rac(oryin a pe.fedy
'e
The A{iostar mcroscope meet the
I rcqunementr ol lhe EC d rectives73l23lEC-
ll the saietynotesarenot obie ed there app€ndh1 and 39/316/EC and fie FMC
, t ot 0911 1992:
egislation
, ! Radointerference s slppre$edin ac.o.dane

, 3 CAUTLON!
Resiiantto tamminqin accordan.ewih EN
500822
i l Dk.onnectthe innrumenllromth€ ine
conforfritywith the aboveEC drecrw5 is
't documenredbytheCEsymbo.

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unpackinq,
Transport,
5toraqe,
operarcn
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Unpa(kin9,transport,stora9e e
Peaseobse e the lo owifg saierynoreswhe.
unpack.q lranspodng a.d norn9 the
io lowinqsalery
noleswhen c
/i\ e
li a.cordance wth standaidp.acti.erhe
m d o ( o p e s s u p p r e d. a p a n l c . o n r a i n e r lhe m (o(ope.an be op€rar€d
wiih a iie
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with .adboard pa.[agfq ony !5e lhe
or9 nalpa.kaqing tor transport
e
Thenlcrorcopemustony be.onnec(edto G
Relan ihe pa.kagng lor lo.qer norage a propery nsraled socket learurlng a
perodsor relurnof the iffumenl ro rhe groundnq contact;the yolnd.g elfed G
mun not be made rnefiedive by an
- When unpacknqusethe deLiv€ry nole to ertenson .abe wh.h doer nor have a G
ensure$at al conflslratio.sand modules
ff I 5 elrabkhed rhar the proledion meas
0
m urerareno ongeren€crvel
- swtchofl rhe mi.roscope
j

Obserue lransport and norage - il€glard againsinadvefteni

operation
3
temperalur€sin a..ordan.€ with the
-conract an aulhorzedworkshopor the G
manlfadurerro lraverepa6.arfed out.
Pace ihe m c@scopeon a nable wod o
lree of linger piic
Keepoprca surface5 @AA
Awaysd sconne.t rh€ nnrume lromthe
o .
ne before openng lh€ nntument, C
.hangnq the ampsor .hanginq
lheluses! a
only use llses ior the requn€drated
When dspornq ot ihe Axiostarmlcro5cope
c
Ihe u5eof mak€shi{rfusesandthe short-
p easeobserve
theio!ownq saJery
notes:
. r.uiing of rhe luse hode6 are not ai
e :
Def€clve m.ros.opesdo nol belongw th e-j
theysho!d bedisposedorin Be .arefu oi lght-emltnq d ode radaron
wh€nusnq the LEDlumnaior.Do nol loo[
e.
pa.[aqnqand n accordance
rerevanrrarubryprovEons. d rearlyinto the i umna1orwilh your naked
eye5irom a shortdisian.ewhen adtunmena
e:
(o.rac.
f in dolbt please are rcqured,the nrenslymust be redu.ed
e
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a..ording y va thepotentometer,
or a surtab
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 aareandMa.renan.e,Waranty

C a r ea n d m a i n t e n a n . e
Peas-a
observe
the lo owinqsaietynotesNhen The Axionarm (os.ope, nruding ils origina
.arn! tor and manlannq the Aronnr a..e$or es, may ofy be us€d tor the
m.ros.ope t€.hniques de(ribed n ihs
manualTh€manutaarurer .annoi asum€ any
ft,/N ablty ior anyotherappi.at ons
Wth the ex.e4on of the work spe.iled I Pea5eobsetop the lolow ng lvarantynoiestor
ahaptet I a1 th s manua , CdF,
naintenan.e .ntl TtaLbl6haotin9", na The manlfadurpr luaranlees lhat lh€
manlenan.eorrepairmaybe pedormedby nstlnenl hasno materialand prod!.iion
the us€r.We axprosy point out that any deiectswhendeivered
orherrepa6 mun o.y be caiied out by Yo! mun 'nform u5 ol any del€.ts
.ur aurnorTe0pe6onne imdedar€lyaid do everylhngpo<ibb ro
Damaqednntumen$o, .ompoienEmun minmizethe damage
.ny be repanedaid oa nla ned by our
a I the manuiadurer5 infomed of su.h a
d e i e . th € i s . b g e d1 0r e m o v ie: i l s h i s
t d e . s o nw h € t h ehr e d o e rt h 6 b y r e p a i n q
ihe innrlm€nr or by de vern9 a.
a aqann d rt, dun nnrumentlreeoi anydefeci.
a n d n o 6 r u r e t, h e s en t u e n . e s . . n m p a r - No guarantee s prov'ded for defedscaLsad
t fie perfonan.eol theinslrum€nl. by natu.awear (wearn! part in Da (ular)
It the nicroscopes nol rn use,pror€.t il
usnq fie dust.ov€r;makerure that t ha5
Themanufa.rlrers nol abe lor damaqe
? . a u s o db y l a u t y o p e r a l o nn, e g ' g e n caer

AA@ Lam$ are lo be .hang€drn a..ordan.e

ant orhertamperng wth lhe Innrumeni,in
paftcular a5 a rpsLt ot removng and
excnangngn froscope.omponenEor rne
t u5e ol accesore5 tom orher
wnh fie neps n chaptet 1 ,,carc,
M.intenan.e and TrcLbl4ha.ting
D s . o n . e . tt h e I n n r u m e ntto m t h e I n e unaurh.rzed nleNe.ron 'nvadates a I
t .laimsagann fie waranly
! L€i ihe amps.ool down beforechangng

1 rcep the ampsireeoflnqer pfnG

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i DESCRIPTION
INSTRUMENT
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NETSCRIPTION
a 1.r Name.nd iotend€dapplication 1,2 D€sc'iptionand main featu'e5
a Thanksto its pyramiddes9n, the Axonar is a
a compact lransmirled-l
tht micros.ope.
TheAxiostar5 a ranshifled ltqht m (oscope
a lorlhe visuazationoi ine nru.tur€sandlorfis
In additonto highrBoluron c5 objecdves and
rh€ majorbnghtiield,darkli€d, pha5econtran
t n b o ogyand medcne Typi..l appicatonsoi and poarizalion .onl.an t€.hniques, an
oplional.amera port lo. pholo and video
a aboralory
m.ro5copy, documentalion 6 aso avaiabl€lo the user.
Majornsfiumentrearures:
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a rran n9 (schoos
andunlve6tier.

a userlrendy.oax a .oaEeandlinedrve
itage75 x 30 Rwrh cerami.
MechanicaL
a .oatednagesu aceandspecnenhoder
a - spa.ejavinqand.onl nuously adjlsrabb
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t caregolesCP.Achromal, A-Panand
7 fhe roas iq d,i€ (Mw:y) Achropan n iiiey qradualed rows
I s aoaer&u'igdnc(tuo.w4) tube4s'l20rcswirha vewinq
3 nocular
a heightot 425- 470mmandbifocuar
pholorube 45',20c5 wrrhlo d nqprsm
0 1 0 0 %v 5 l 1 0 0 %d o .

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d4tr4m l0xeyepiecesrorlhetieldfumbeE20or
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Theio owinqis an€xampe of howobledver
objectvermayonlybe Lsedwth mi.ros.opes
iearurinqan lniinireube engihand nol wlh
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obje.tiv€s
'160 .s rher me.hanca lubelength a
t0r0 25 -/-
cP-acHRoMAT a
Theexaarobseruan.e oi ihe .orer 5 p th ckne$
ol 0.r7 mm s a rh€ more nece$aryrhe a
10x= oblecivefragniicalon,with a delned h qher the nw€r.a apenure ol rhe
.oLorrnq on lhe obj€.tive objecive. rhqelor€, so.alled Coii" a
beinqalo.aledio ea.hmaqnlication o b j e c t v e s . abne s e tl o r d f l e r e n i . o v ds i p
nep (car zes.olor.ode) th.kne$es via a cotreario.rinq. For ths, a a
0 . 2 5 =n u m e n c a l a p e f t u r e speclmen ar€as 3€arched, andrhe posrlonoi
rhe.otrecrionri.q whereoptimum1o.usand
a
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(relocusinq c a waysrequned)
o
= aanbe usedwlh cov€rnipfil.kne$
O=Oor0.l7mm mme6ionobie(vesar€ alwaysnsenllv€ to e
diiferences n coveri p thickne$.
when imme6io.obiectives are used,ihe ar
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0 1 7= . a n b eu s € dw i h . o v e r5 l pl h . k n e $ betw€enthe.over slp and rhe objectve s
repa.€d with a quid,whch is mmeEronol
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i n m o n . a s e s .T h e p L a s r o cler.o.iainng a,
20 m ol 531N mme6o 5 particuady
Oil= oi mmeEionobjective
Ph2 - phase.oniranobje.rivewrh qreen
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objecrve labeln9andann! ar Duero theirshodworkng dnance,obl€cuv€s C;
25x and hgher lealure r€sieft mounls
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Th€objectvemagnllicarion muripied by the
(usualyr0r) rsuhs n f
eyepe(e magnili.arion
the v sualoveraI maqnficationr a
Thenum€r.a aperrure x 1000, t
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0
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Eyepe.es
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Eyepe.eretr es a ,
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Thefo ow'iq eyepece5areofl€rcdJorlhe Axonar tl
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Descripton,Te(hni(a1Dara
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, lor 35mmphotography wirhanaddional
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a p p r o , 2 0 01 5 0 . 4 5 0 f i m a
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O v e G l h e i g h l i n . u d i naqd1a2p r e r aC
nOd N T A X A R I AcsaLmRe rhao u s n g . . . . . . . . . . a p p5r o
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A x i o n a r w rbhn o c u at u
r be .. approx.6.7k9 a
(3) Ambient.ondiiionr a
5torageandtransport(in pa(kasins): a
D prb F o r 0 4 ' e np . r d r . t s . .. .. 40 o r/0.C
P€rm$berelatvehlmdily(wtholtcoidenfion) m a xr 0 0 , i
a
a:
Perm$beambentlemperatlre .........+10to+35'C e:
P e r m $b e i e l a t v eh u m d i l (yw t h o uc1o n d e n s a i i o n ) . . .......md35%
Akpre$ure .. .. 800hPato1060hPa el
ai
.:

Dro.P io|rpe a:
Elecrrcasafety.. .if.omp iancewth D N EN c:
Polul'o. degree
a
t
Lrnevotage ..
n ^ , o ' . 1 - nP. , r h
....... 100
a
Co.veEonof thevotaqet notoece*ary rhewidera.gepowerslpply
byusing I a
L i n e l i e q u e .n.. y . . . . . . . . . 5 0 1 0 6H0 z
a
t a b l z e da. d l u s t a b l e l rI c5m
1o6v t
(5) Fuees
in a.cordan.e
with lEc 127 c
'o 0O 240\
a:
li
N a l o q €l a
nmp .. ..
Adjunmeniol the ighrsolfce I
t
t
I l0
t
a
a
t
a . . . . . . . 2 3 0 0 K '
a L q h lt l u x
a v e r ar qe e. . . . . . . . . . . .
a
a (7) optome.hanicaldara
a 5tandwth nagelocu5n! . w i l h . o a 6 e d r i v e i ( 4h m / U )
. . . andfiie drve(04mm/rJ)
!a .v€rallft l9 mm
obje.tva.han9e . . . .manua y v a 4 l 5 - p o 5 t onno s e p i € . e
a obj€.t v€s . . . . . . . . . . c s i i e o l . b j € . i v e iw n h W 0 3 t h r e a d
a
w i l hi e l d . u m b € 1 r 3. . . . . . P Ll 0 ' J 1 3B r a n d P L1 0 1 1 3B r .t o . .o r
I w n h l e l dn u m b e2 r0 . . . . E P L l 0 t 2 0 B ra n d EP L 1 0 V 2 0 B t or .
a 5pe.mennale ..
( w i d t h
x d e p r h )
.....nerhanicanagoT5rl0Rwth.eramcsurface
. . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 0x 1 4 0m m
Dmenslons ..
I T . a v eE n q e ( w d l hx depth) ... .75x30mm
spe.menhoder. .. ..wthsprlng.iptotherqhtloron€handedoperaio
t A b b e . o n d e n s e9r/01 . 2 5 .. . . . . l o r V ! ! < 4 i w t h u d e a n q ef ! n . t o n 4 - ' 1 5 3 0
102 0 00 0 0
t
fed nlmbe,
ma^ihum ' ',',''20
a 55and75mm
.anbeselbetwe€n
a
vewnq height . .. 425 474hfr
t
t phorotLbe
Binocular 45'l20
......24
a i n l e r p ul p
a r yd n a n . e . 55and75mm
.an besetbetween
!l vewinganqe
v i e w l nhgel r h t . . . . . . ...
a v6ua port . . .. .. .
a Gmeravo€opotr .
.ameravoeo poft
a 5 w r ( h e!di ar o l d i npar . m
a
a
a
I
I
i
I
 : r
t .
C ' l

Gt '
6rl
3.:r
Orl
Oi !

ai t
Oi,
lli ,
Qji !
aal
F ,
G,!
0i .
ei '
4,, ,
G ,
3i,
Ci ,
€i '
ci .
q'
€i i
G,i
G:'
f:i
trt
a't
a-t
1t2
o t
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,
Listo1l lunraton5
Contents,
t
a
,

t START-UP
I
a
t 2
a 22
a 221
phororube
2.2.2 Anachme.r of binocuar 45'120c5 2-2
t 2.1 n qi no i o b l e c r v e r . . . . . . . . .
screw 2-3
2.4
a
2.4.2
t
2.5
a 2.6
a 2.1
2.1.1
a 2.1.2
2.1.3
t
2a
a 29
I
I Fig.2-1 artachm€n1 ol brnoc!arlube/phototube
a Fig.2-2
F i g . 23
t Fiq.2 4
Fiq.2 5 setlinq of inrerpup llaryd nan@ 2-5
a F i g2 6 s e t i n go l v i e w i nhqe i g h. r. . . . . . ......................................2-
Afiachmenrolspe.imenhoderlomechanicalsta9e75x30R......,............
a Atachmenro1Abbecondenser0.911.25.................................
F i g2 9 nseronolsderlorphaseconlrastordarklipld......................................
a Atta.hmentolAbbe.ondenserwth5-posltiontlrei................................
I AitachmentoflED iLuminator... .. . . .. ..................... 2-9
connectionoILEDilumnatortopower$urce........................,..............
t B i d2 - 1 3 a t l a c h m e n t o l c o o f e d d i r k 6 ( e r , p o a r i z e r o r w i d e a n g l e ! n i t . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . .
sid 2-14 connecdng thei.sttument to the ife
a
I
t
a
 o
UnpacknqAtlachmenl
oi Tube5 a
a
2 START.UP 2.1 U n p a ( k i n g t hien e r r u f r e n t a
'Ihe
!€
Arionar m.ros.op€,n. udinqa..e$or€s,
. nandardpa.kaqnq
r deLv€red
e
Belor€innalinq and nartinqup rhe . Remove the hicro<opetrom rhe iran5pon I
.arel! ly read throughand obsetoe .are a.d pla.e t oi thewor( tabe
a
. Keppthe pa.kaqnqso lhal lh€ nnrumenl
.an be st.radfor a longerp€rodol llme or a
returnedto the manufa.rurer
'Io prev€nl
inqer pr nls,do nol to!.h op1.a a
suda.es when unpa.[in9
e
one kiurled 3crewand one he$qonalscew a
ea.h afe slppied for the bino.uar iub€
(pholorube)45'120 cs Any of the5e5.rews e
.an b€ us€dto .amp ihe tube (Dhototube)
1o
a
. S(ew ihe req!red (rew inlo the threaded a
hole12-l/6)inrhesrand
o
2.2.1 Attachmebtof binoolar tube
o
. Removedun .ove6 {?-rl1) lrom rube
lnde6de and lhe dovetaimount on rhe
a
nand by uns.r€wnq the knuned s.rew
(2'115)orth€ hexaqonascrew(2 r/4)rrom
a
C
r H o d t h e b n o c u l &t u b e( 2 . 1 / 2 n
nc .ed portof to the eft, atta.h I to the
) a sighly a
nand mounrvla the doveta'aid lurn it to o
the r€quired observano. pollronl
both rhe lustatedroraion and lhe 130" t
backward.olalon arepo$ b e
t Tqhten the knur€d (rew Q r/5) or rh€
e
hexagonas.@w(2-114) C
2,2.2 Attachneotof bino.ular a
! Remove dln caps(2-1ll); oosenknlrled
e
s..ew(2 16)or hexagonal5crew121/4). f
. phototube
Ara.h rhe binocula. (2-rB)ro
rhe nand mountn rh€ sameway as rhe
t
Fig',JAfuchnentofhhdfu]aI|ubJPha|bfuhe
e
. rqhten (nured5.rewC r/t or hexagofa
a
a
2.2 a
,

rnsertion
ot objectives
andeyepieces
t
t -_ rcrewhgin or ooFdrves
J . Remove duncaps(2-212)
accord n9 to rhe
- numbeo'objedires-d r!{ ob_eatres
t (2-26,ii@ nosepi*e\2.2,1,cloct$seo-e
a by one. rranio 4il' Lhe lw4.
_ maqnr.aton.
a_ r F
a _ .
ne oln caps snouE
t nosepiec€
eyes
whcha.enotrequred,

a
t
t
if
a Fis,2.2 sewbs.h or obbdtu
a
t
2,4 In*rtionofeyepie.*
a
t ' RPnovebo h D olP(ion e. (.r +4r io rL"

' . nsen$e n\edeyepi4e. e q o '0'r'8 Br !

a /2 r2\, in'o l'e I tht rubeard tle'dusi.q
- Fyep,Re P, 10V 8 Br fo.. (2 l/l) nlo I e
eniube.
a
oO--,'
. F
lte lo,b n9 rymr(e ) Lredlo lonoenrala-
I
t
am€ropEor rneeye5 .S.,
a
a
,

I Fq'9'2.3hsenionof.l.pl.@
i
t
8 4 0 - 0 3 1 €1 2 / 0 0
a
 e
e
a
2.4_2 Conpensationof anetropia a
when eyeFie.ereri.lesare
e
Thecoiiecluseot an ey€pi€.ereti.e requres a
two locueng eyepe.€s,€. q. PL 10r18
Br io.., to fiale il po$ b e 10.ompensalelor a
po$be ametopa ol lhe obseruer s eyes
c
. LJseth€ ey€ensoi $e iocurnq eyepece
ro locu5on the lne igure oi $e eyepece f

.
a
Fo.us on the niaos.ope mage ol a
spe.imenva $e foclsingdaveby iooknq t
throughlh€ ey€Pieewth retle
Whenthe male andthe eyepiece relrle
a
n lo.us n lhiseyepe.e,to.usthe Lmaqe a
th€se.ondey-a viathelo.usinqeyeensoi
a
!9 J
I the ,maqeh rocus€d
lor rh€ s€.ond a
theposuonot
usnqthefo.ueig eyelens,
io.usnq driveon a
tiq,.4ln'eabnoteyepeeE|kb
a
G,
2.4.1 Intertion6f eyepie.e'erkle Att.rhment of Ioldinq eyeops t
The eyepie.esPL 10x/13 3r 10. and
E PLl0x/20Br ioc are nlended
tor lse w th
The€yepeces
proiear
are eq! ppedwlh rlbber r nqs
lrom s.ratcher.
e.
to lhe spectacles
These rngs can be repaced wth fodnq a.
Thes ilhl imaqeshift.aused
bytheaddrion,
paihihrolghrhe qla$ is takenintoa..ounr t
on $e d opler5caebylh€ iacrlhat rhezero . Remov€ rhe rLbbertnq5 (2 4/2)fiom rhe
polntpo5tion s indi.atednol by lhe whle pyepe.esandatachlheeye.ups(2 4/1). a
dot(2-4^,v)bltbythereddot(2.4/R) somermes,the specraceprolectonrinqsnt
The ey€pie.ed ces (2.4/3) have been verytiqhty n rhe eyepi€.egrooveso lrrai a a.
ariached to s.r€wn mounrs (2 !t/4)roalow dulobFct(€! iooth pnk)6 r-pqur€d to Fre$

r uns.rew rh€ mouft ronianing rh€ a'

. s.rew n rhe new mountcontaining
$e
req!redeyepe.eretce.

24 B 40 031€ l2l00
I
rnierpupilary
distance,
Vising height
a
- 2.5 s6ttlnEol inrerpupittdry
a distan@andvaewins heighr

| . rn. dyepiece
disra..e . matfed lo rr
idvd.a interpupiltr
a obsele br swinoro .he eyepele uo*
svmmelfca
lvtowardso.e a.orherl2-5)
a
t
a Flg-2.55djn9ofidgeuPi||!4ldkcnc
a
a
il' . The vi€wng heightis frat hed to the
r€quremenaol the ndvduat lser b!
a swnging ih€ eyepiec€rubes upwards
(2-614)of downwards
(2 6/8).
a
I
t
I
t
a
a Flg'L6nfungo'vkdnghegh.

I
n
a
I
a
I
I
a
I
I
8 4 0 - 0 J r e1 2 / 0 0 2-5
a
 Ite.ha. ca sidqe,Spe.menhotder

Atra.hmentof spe(imenholder
to m€.hanicalstage75 x30 R
E
the axiostarmtoscope nand Jealur€sthe
me.hanca staqe 75 I l0 R wth .eramic
6
6
The ipe.imen s pre.sey movedln x and y
usnq the.oaiia drve(2-714)
Th€/y gradaiionon the nage sudace(2 7/5)
f,
wfth lhe lwo vernier5.ae5hep5 to reo.at€
t'
The readly mounr€drp€c'menhod€r wtlh
rprng .ip R (453536-0000-000)
(2 7/1)is pan
of the nandard.onlig!ratio.
al
A sa na t e . n a l v iel i s a s op o $ b e t o u s e
. the spe.imenholderwth 5p.ingclp R t-
(4734430000,000) (2-7l2)
e'i

the specmenhod€rlor one-harded

e
operaton(451543'0000.000)
(2 7/3). a
Here, rh€ miooscope slde 12717) s
ns€rlednro the rpecimenholderalonglhe f.
g u d n q e d g el,h e r p r n q . i p s 5 w L n 9o u r
andwl aLlomatcay c ahp fi€ m.roscope
a
x
The spe.rman holdeE (an b€ easly
ex.hanled n the r drecl@nuinq th€ two a
lixrngs.rewso. the qu d nq ral .
Loos€nthe two Jing screws pu out
spe.imenholderto the {ronl and ns€rtnew a
spe.men holder unril il enqaqesn rhe
:
qu d ng 5loB.Tiqhtenth€ rwo fx nq s.r€w5
a
a
a
I
a
t
t
t
2 6
I
 ,

a
t
t 2,7 Att.dment ot condensere
t 2,7.1 Atta.hmentot Abbe condens€r
a
. UrscrewbothcenternS scrcws(2.9/3)on
a thecondenss ca(er (2 a/l) unn iheAbbe
condetuer 09/1.25(2 3') can be easiy
t insertedntoth-a.ondenser canier
r'a . Insertthe condenser into ihe cond€nser
.arief n sucha waythat
a I thedovetaloithe.o.densers pre$ed
a againnlhe 5prnq pn {?-8/2)i lhe
cond€nser cari€fand
t 2 the or€ntatnn5crew(2 a/5) of the
I a und€tride
qroove
of ihe condenser
(2.8/4)onrhecondenser
€nte6the
.atrrer
a t lghten rrolrrcentennq s.r€ws(2-813) on
t the condenser .nrier p'a/l) until $ey
engageLn tfre dovera I and keep lhe
I a condenrer (2 3t) in poslion

a
I
+
a 2.7_2 Insertionor 5liderfor pha3e

a ! hsen the dder (2 9/3)unri n engaq$in

I the openinqin lhe condenser(2 9/1)ithe
{2 9/4) mun la.e
I upwa.dsand €ngagen $€ gudinqsot
12-9t2)
a
a
F t
: . 4
I
I
a
i
il 2.7
 2,7.3 of abbe.ondenser
Atrachment

Alia(hmenr
is mad€in thesamewayas$at oi
o 9/1.25.
theAbbecondenser Q

6
Loosen bolh cent€rnqs.rews(2.10/3)on
rhecondenser cari€r(2.10/1). t
Press (onden5€r with dovetail agann rhe
ipr.9 pn (2-1012) n thecondenser carier.
,. Make su@ thar rhe orentarionscrew 6
(2 r0/5)on th€ .ondenser enqaqes h the
groove (2-l0l4)or lrre.ondenser calrer. o
Tightenbofi .ente n9 (reM (2-1013)
( 2 - r 0 l 1 )
on a
the condenser.aiier unll they
enqage n the doveiai and hold rhe 5
condenser (2'r0/7)in Posion.
?
a,
fr
n
g-1,oAfu.hn?ntofAhbddnd.6qwi|h
C

a
t
a
a
a
C
a
a
a
c
c
i
2-a 1 :
t
,

t
t 2.7.4 An.chnenrof IEDil'uminator
I . nsert LED llumnator(2 1rl3) in the
c o n d e n s e r . a (n2€1r1 / ' l ) i nt h es a m we ay
a astheabbe.ondenser
a . Tighlen bo$ centernS <rews(2 rrlaunti
rheLEDi umnator er approx mateyn ihe
a cenlerot rhebeampalh
I ' Use.ondend s s. i v e( 2 ' 1 1 1 4 ) m
1 .o v er h e
.ondenser.ader ntothetopmo5t positon
a Powerto the LFo llumnator canbe suppled
ehhq via the llne power unt or, independent
t o i r h e I n e ,v a a c o f r m e ( ay a v a l a b e 9V
I A k a i n eb a t e r y( 9 V / N c d b a t i e rby o . k ) n
the nlelraredbanerycomparlmenr, or viaan
a €xlernavoiaqesour.eranqn! trom 11 10
14V DC(e.q 12V .ar ballery)Theex1€rnal
a voltage sour.emun permta .onnant.urent
ot up1oapproi.120mAto be oaded.
t The LEoiumnator provdespeasant,color
a neltal white lght wth a constant.oor
temperature ndependeoi thesetbiqhme$
a rr 5 sutabeior objecrives
100x.Thelqhr emttinqdiodes
ranqnqion 2.5xro
hav€a onglle
a ancca6eony frrnoroperannq cons
a
operationwith powerunit
a . ns€rl .ountryspe.ti. adaplef \2.12/1Ol
a inlo lhe powerunLt12-l2l9)
B € . a r e f u lo i l q h t e m ' t t n 9d o d e r a d a l o n
r .sert aiq€d ronnedoror the when usingthe LED luminabr.Do not Look
I (2'129) inro the +12V soclei \2 1212)ol d recny .b rhe lumnaror wilh your naked
I the LED lumnaror(2'12l1) eye5lrom a shortdistame.Whenadju(ments
' Connectpoweruni to the ine a.e requred,tha ntensty mun be redu.€d
a accordnglyv a the potenlomeler,or a sulable

a
a The operaton ii€ with batlery operalion
nronglydependion the s€t briqhh€s andlhe
I oadingcapac!,ol the badery.
I
I
I
I
a
 Operaioh with 9v Alkaline
(9v/ Ni cd barteryblo(t)

:r Ium holdingsfiew (2-1213)

of ihe cov€r
(2-lr) ot rhebarerycompartmenr
iettandrcmoverhe.over.
ro the

batery(21216)into
lnsenSV Alkalin,o the
ban€rycompartne.t(2 12ls) wrh rhe
reminas i. lront (pus pole points

9 Atla.h cover,pre$ it on and iix it in

posijonbyrurning
rheholdingsdewro rhe
)<,
1Z
opetationwith externalvoltage5upply
. lnse.tangedcon.edoroifie 12V battery-
adaplercabe {2 r2111)rnlo the +12V
5ocket(2 l2)of rheLEDlluminator
t Connect cable.lampsol the 12V baire.y-
a d a f l ecr a b e( 2 - l z i l ) t o t h e u s e d1 2 V
redclampto plur pole(1),
bla.k.lampto minurpole(").
Depend nq on thebl qhr.6s seiva thecodro
(2-12l3), rhe inteqraredcurent conrro
guaraniees .onsrantbrghtne$aslonqa5th-aE
s sufiicient
loadingcapa.ty lromihe battery.
rf
fie loadng .apaci9 is exhauned, the LED
luminalorwi go oui or drop to minimum

' After .onneclon10 ihe votagesource,

I r2vbarer3daprerabe(4hronq)
swrt.hthe LEolumnaloron or ofi viarhe
toggleswitch(2-1z4)
Flg2n,cannedion.lLEDunk*t|oeo@| . Matchihe iiuminatonintensivvia the

slre to avoid ntense

12V bateryadaprer
cable

2-10 840 031€ l2l00

a
t
5tart-up
t Cooredd sk(atrer,polai?er,
wde anqleunt
t
a Afta.hmentof (oloreddirk
erier, polarizeior wide-angl€
t
a Hod (oloreddik carrer(2 I l/2) pa.aLlel
to
a the unde6ideoJ the .ondenss caiier
(2 l3ll) and(rew the holdingbots ol ihe
q. o
t .oloreddisk.adq (2.13/6)nto ihe iionl
threadon rh€ botiom elt of the condenser
a .arer (2-13li, po5nona) usng rh€ 90.
ofls€thebgona key5W 2 (2 13/5)unii il
I
a Screwnop bok (2 13/3)wlh adjuningever
12-13/4)nro ihe rear rhr€ad on ihe
i catrer (2 1ll1, posnon b)unliiir
.ondenser
t
a S(s wdeange unt or *nqin polarizer
{?-r3A) wth exceedinglhreaded bolt
a {2-13/3,posiiona) nlo the l.ont rhr€ad€d
hoe oJ the condensercarer (2-13l1,
a portlona) by lurni.g rhe entre wide'ange
a unt (o. the polarzer)5.rew in rh€ lnt
unrilrhelhreadedholeolrhe hoLdnqangLe
I {2 l3n, posilon b) ies below the rear
$readedhoe ol the condenser.amer and
t .ontadsrh€ undeEide ol rhe.o.densei

I Thenusethe dotted screwdverb s.rew

rhe hodinq ange to the underde of rhe
I (ondensscaftier(2 13/1,porton b)with
ihe supplednotreds(ew
I
I
I
I
a
a
I
a
a
t
211
a
 conne<rins
the itutrumentto

Atr
The microscope @n be opeGieduing ine
100
vollagesof 240V withoulco.veBio..
r connectthe llne cablewith (onnecior
(2-r4,?)io the nsirumenlsocket(2-1411) i,
and.onnecttheeanh-conract plug(2-14/:|)
o,
. swich on the ifn.umentva the on/oii {,
iwilch(2-14la)on sideof the
the ei1-hand

. ThegreenLEDinl€oraied i.to the odofi

switch i9ht5 Lp to ndicale lhat th€
inst.ument lor operation
is @ady (swirch
in 6,
' ' p6iton).Th€inreqraredharogen lamp
a'l
ar,
a,
al
F
a
e,
t
.

e
t
f
ai,:
f
a
t
a
2-12 3 400!l e l2l00
a
t
a
a
a OPERATION
t
,

a
3
a 3 1
a a2
32.1
t 3.2.2
323
a 3a U5ng (ansmrr€d lqhrphase contan l 6
Ge.eralflnclple . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1. 6
a 342 T r a n s m i f tqehdrp h a s.eo n t r a .no n l i q u r a n .o.n. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 6
333 seitinqoirransmtlled- ightphar .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. 31
a Usnq rheransmlled.qht darlf e d re.hnque la
341
a 342 Transm'nedqhr darlneld.onlgurai'on la
343 s e f t i nogi r r a n s m f t eidg-h td a r k f i e l d . ... ... . . ........39
t 3 5 Usnq tra.smtt€dllghrpolarzatoncontan 3t0
a 3 5 1 G e n e r a l p l. €n . .............................310
)52 Transmitled- ighr polaizatio. contrast conligurar on ..........3 10
a 353 s e t i n q o l r r a n s m i t e d - i g h r p o l a i z a U o n . o n t r .a.n. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1 0
sampd nbt e N e e gn o u t a npds e u d o g o u t
l ei l f e r € n toi a ... ... ..........3 l1
a t6 Measurementofengths................. ...................312
Atra.hmentolcsdoubetube........... .............313
t la Atla.hmentof phoromidoqraphy equpfreni .. ....3-14
lal A t i a . h m e n t o l S L R c a m e 6 , e . g . c o N T A. .x. A . RA..... .. .......1'14
I 342 A t t a c h m eont M t c 3 0D xm c r o s . o p e . a m( e fl fGr c a $ e t i3e5m m ) . . .. . . . . . . , . 3 1 6
A l t a c h m eonI at d a p t €l oEr v i d e o ..................3-r7
a 39
3r0 altachmentofadapi€E1ordgra.ompacrcameras.......................
a 310.1
3142
D q r a c a m e r a s w t h 3 7 m m i i t e r t h r e a. d
Dqra.amerasw i t h
. ........................320
5 2m m i i € r t h r e a d . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .. ... .....3'21
I 3103 A r i a c h m e n t o f c a m e r a s w i l h o t h e r f t e r r h r e a d.s. i z e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 2 2
s o n y D s C - S T o o n d q t a l c a m e r a a d a p t e r 4 - 4 M s 2 x 0 7 s . . . . . .... . . . . . . 3 - 2 2
I 311 Packinq theinntumenr . .. .. . .. . ......... . . .... ... 3-23
ia
a
a
I
a
I
a
3 1
a
Fig3-1
Fig.3-2
Fig.3-3
t
,
Fiq.3-7
Fig.3-8 t
Fig.3-9 Setting poldrizaton
of transmitted-liqht contan, .. .......1-10
Fig.3-10 a
Fig.312 f
F i g . 3 - 1 4A-a.'r.n' ol co-y 'DigiE ra.d'.ar Dr R.o( 100' Gmer" 3-20 €
of Sony"DigitaStilcamera
F i g . 3 - r 5 Attachment Dsc-s7o'
F i g . 3 - 1 6 nsen'n9theAriosta'irrhe.ase. 324 t
f
a
6
t
t
C
e
t
G
e
C
f
C
e
e
f
t
e
3-2 B40{31e 1200
t
I
t
t
a OPERATION
I switch on the instrument
a Switchon rhe nstrumentva lh-" On/Ofl
I
The green LED integratedln the on/oti
I swr.h lights up to ndcale that ihe
nfumeni s readylor operation Gwtch in
t "l' postio.) TheinteEated6 v 20W long
a ile halog€nlampmunalsobeon.
05
t The Axiostd m d6.ope s suppl€d wih
a lacroryaiqned iluminalon The ilumnarion
need noi be adluftd ev€n when rhp amp 6
a ex.han9ed bythe.unomersthemse v€s.
. Set the requnedbighhe$
I conl.o(3-l12).
briqhtne$
a r Depending on theappicaron,pLace oneor
seveElof ihe iolownq dla 32 iire6
a (3-211)on the duii-proiecrcngla$ oi rhe
a umnouriielddiaphGqm (3 22) , e q
nterfereicewde-band I lter,q.e€n,32x4,
a lor coniran enhancpm€ntn b/w
photoqraphy ol sianed secton5and lor
t
I , CB I conveEon i ter, 32x2,to qenerare
fie co(ec1coLortemperarur€ ot 3200 K
a when aniiciallght coor .ev€6allim s
a - CB3, 32x2,andCB 12,32x2,conveB on
a lite6 for usewth daylisht.olor
Im
a r€
a Whenlhe LEDiluminalor i5 usednst€ad
condenselt mun be swilchedon va the
of a

+ roqgieswtch, and the illhnarion ntensity

mun b€ setva the .onirc. sennqoI Kdhl€r
I lluminaiions noi reqlnedon account ol the
homogeneous lield lluminalo.!p to d ameter
a 20 mm. Ony whenobjective 2 sx s used,it
maybe nece$ary to centsthe LEDliuminaror
I a.d io slghtylowerthecondenser c.rier
I
a
l3
a
 i,
rtEd'lqhr br qhrtield
Transm a,

3.2 using fi e tran!nitted-light 3.2.2 rranimifted]i9ht brightfield e

5
EachA{ostar m croscope6n be conrigured
to permit rhe rfansmrted-iqhrb qhrtied 3
Transmredllqhi brlqtulieldmcroscopyn the
mon usual oi ai the oplca m.oscopy €
When usingthe Abbe .ondenserwth 5.
te.hniques,5..€ il alow5 rh€ ea5yand fast positontu(et, s,atih€ brghdieldpo5ilon
viewingot high-.ontranor naned spe.mens 6

n orderb obtan optmufr resolution wilh flll fa nlderlor phas€.oftast is avaiabe wirh a
ih€ Abbe .ondenser,r mun be rcmoved
lumnaiion ol rhe fied, rh€ .ondenser,the €
whenw.g tha rransmnedllqhrbnqhrlield
uminourli€d daphr.qn and lhe aperture
diaphragm mun be set n a.cordan.€with tlre €
ruesol the K0NLaRi umjnarion pin.Lpe
€
H e r ei,h e i l u m n a l o n . o n es a d a F i e tdo r h e
oble.nves opening .one In ths way, lhe s€tting of trammittedlight t
numer.a apenur€oi the opti.al system s
uspd,and superiuols lqhr, whi.h.af cause f
,nrerferen.€n the fom ol scaneredlqht, s
e
A des..ibedn chapler2, ihe mcros.opeir a
r€ady for oper on and swt.hed o.
a..ordnq io s€.ton 3.1. a
a
Fnn, placea hiqhco.rrastspe.imenwith
0.17 mm .ov€r s p on top ol rhe
e
me.hani.aL
5taqe75x30R C
set nage brghtne$ usinqlhe brighhes a
contro(l 3/1)onthe micros.ope(and.
Moveihe abbe co.denrer09/1 25 10the a
upps stoppost on v a the .ond€fserdlve
(3 3/3)aid moveapenuredaphrasmever a
(l l/2) to the centerposilon
f
a
a

JQn'njfudJighrbnghfredro.
t
a Transmfted-
tht brqhti e d
I
I
|r5
t t n.e t e d s ze a.d the obje.rv. apenure
.rranqe arts every obJe.tve .hange, the
a lumnoulfed daphragm and ;penure
t daphragmseuliqsmun be repeated io enrure
optmufr reiuls. For oblecrves<4r, rhe
a overuewunl mun be 5wun9 nto tlre beam

t
a swnq lox objecrve nto beam palh va
Inur edrnq (l4/t ol rhercseple.e
t
Look thrcugh rhe fred ey€pe.e of th€
N b l n o . u a r l u b(el 4 1 6 ) r n na f d f o . u so nr h e
o b l e dv a t h e . . a ra d r v € 1 1 - , 1 / 1 )
a rhen set the io.us for rhe oiher eye by
a tum'nq lhe eyelens of lhe focusing

a closerLmnousJied diaphragn(3 4/2)unrl

a it svsbe in lh€ tieldof yiew,ev€nI not n

t usetrrec.ndenssdrive1l l/3) to ow€rrhe

a
t
.ondenser untl ihe uminoull e d
d aphragms ruffc enty in fo.us(3-&B)
Center 134/C) !mnous field diaphraqm
usng borh .€nrerng jcrews {3 4/4) and
NGGOE
a thEf open t unrl the edq€ ot the
d a p h r a q lmu n d s a p F e ai6i o h t h en € d o i
a
a Fof apenu.edaphragmrtrnq konr6t)
removeone eyepece riofr fie tlbe and
I look nto thetubewirhyo!r nakedeye.U5e
lever{l',1,B)to iet the aperturediaphraqm
I to app.ox2/3 4/5 ofthediameierofthe
a objecriveexit pupi (l-4lE). h mon
appicalons,thi settnq ol the apenlre
i d aphragmprovde5 optmun.ontan dt
amontu re5olution andfierelorethe ben
a compromise tor the humf eye
a
I
a
a
I
 Transmired
lqhi phase
conran

. 7 Uring tr:nsmittedlight pha$

3.3.1
The phase .onrran techniqueis rdea fof
erafr narionsof rhin,u.naned spe.men5,
e9

The phasecontranft.hnque u5ei the opti.a

modualoA phasestop and phasernq and
tlre iiten€ren.e pro.€dures durinq the
rordaton ot the lnlermedaiehage ro.hange
the 5mal phased ifere.cesln intensryand
.o or diiterences
whicharevsibe to rhe human t
t
sg
optimumphase.onlran requires
a hiqh ev€lol
t
I
Thereiore,.ean the lront led of the oblectve
ured,th€ v6be co.densersurfa.€s, rhe upp€r
.over sip slrface and $e iower.arer pat€
a
surlac€oJ the 3pecfre. wfi part'.uar.are e
afd.afefuly removelrease
a
3,3,2 Transmitted-lightphasecontrart a
contiguration
Abbe conde.ser0 9/l 25 and sider tor
C
phasecontrasr,
e.q.Ph2 a
- When Lsng lhe Abbe co.denserwnh 5
po5ilonu(et, set the reevantphas€nop a
poston (Phl, Ph2 or Phl) via ihe tutrer
e
Phas€contast obleciveswth phase.inqs f
Ph 1, Ph 2 or Ph3 lor difier€nraveraqe
numercapertures whi.h .an aso be u5ed f
n brighrfi€d wilhoutany.e5rrclon
f
The nameoi fie phasenop on the sider
ror pnasecontan mln .orcspondto the C
relevantnameon ihe oblectve,e.9.Ph1
f
a
Fis 3-s tedins ot nansntudrbht phda.ontun C
€

t
 a
t Transm
tted qht phase.onlran
t
a Settingot transmitted-tighr
t
a
As deKrbed n.hapGf2 ihe nrro5copes
t feaay ior operat@nand swt.hed .n
accordrngto se.ton3 l
I
The m.ros.ope must be set tor
t trammtt€dJ4htbrqhtfield,as des.r'bedin

I
a r swing Fhase .onrrast objective, e q
40N/065 Ph2 (:5/10),inrolhebeafi path
. .rpenruminourfield dtaphra,om (3 5r) and
t aperturedaphragm(3 s/9)(.r I s/3 on rhe
Abbecondansef wirhtunei)
t Ia pha3€qop postion(or dark|ed po,rion)is
condens€i,a qrce. doi
I appeats n rne wndow of ihe .Eertlre
a diaphragmind.alng thar the sroDmun be
opened.ompietery (greendot on the apedu.e
a dapnraqa mn d' n t h ow i n d o w ( l 6 / 4 t a r ne l h e

a On the conde.*r inreft fi€ i der for

t phaseconran (3 s€) with ihe same.ane
a5 on lh€ phase.ontrst obied,e, eq
a Ph2, or s€t the reryanr posiion on th;
ruret dsk (3 6/2) .r $e abbe .ondenser
a
t
Check wheiher phase noD .enternq
a .omplleswrh rhe tgure (3 7/B) For rhG
femoveoneeyepiece afd reFa.€ twlh the
a d'opter(3.5/11)or a .enternq leescope
(3 y3) Foclson rhe Dhaser.q by outno
a out or p6hinq n th€ eyee6 {r-yi)oa rh;
c€nlerinqtelescopevia the tnuned rna
t
I 11requn€d,.€nrerthe phasenop (j 7) via !s
th€ rwo adlunnq s.re$ {l516 of I6/5t compietephase.oniran isony a.h€vedi rhe
a urng a 90. ollsetheragonatkey 5W 1.5 brgnr phasenop (in the condenser)
andrhe
T h e nr e p l a . e
r h e d o p r e ro r r h e . e n l e r n q darkprrase
fnq (n rhe obr€crva) are exa.ty
a ree<opeEnh lre elepe.a congrueni'n
thei Lmnationbeampath3-7lB)
t
a
I 3.7
 T.ansmitedlqht darkie d

3.4 Utingrhet.ansmnledlisht

rhis i3 one of the re.sonswhy evenfne

D a r k r e ds m a n y u s e df o r s m l o r m n u t e ntuduercanberesolved andappear& qhton
obledi rurh ai ba.rera,but a5oior emuslofs a dark backgroundathouqhtheypanaly ie
or unnan€doble.Gin waterysouions b€low lh€ r€iovinq power ol the lqhr
In Van5mftedlqht brqhdield, unnaned
boogca spe.mens,suchas ba.reflaor ivnq
cei.uturcs, areoltef barclydentlbbe iiar
al on a..ounrof rh€r lqhr trafsm$on The 3,4,2 Iransmntedlishtdarklield t
sluaton.han9e5sgnil.an f si l uy c h ! p e c m a n s
afe viewed n iransmitedllghldarkled In
p r i n . i p l et h, e s p e ( m e ni s i l m i n a l e dw t h a n condenrerwirhs d€rfor da*fi€ld
luminanonapeliurewhch r a19errhan ihat Wh€n usnq the Abbe condens€f with 5
t
post on tutrer, ser the darkie d oosrion t
only the diltra.ted and (attered lqht ( D F , 05 5 / 0 9 ) v i ar h et u d e td s k .
.ompon€nis!vh!.hareso impona.llor maq€ CS oblectives wth a nums.al aperture f
produarionrea.h the oblectve, wh e lh€ whlch s smaler than that o1 the used
dnedy relearinq ghl bundle5areg!ded past f.
Forlurtherderas, peaseseethe followi.g f
f
e
s d g l . r d J , I e d o , 5 D s L D t| 0 )
C
o
a
f
i d e 'f o r d r r r P do 6 50 e l o f 4 0 ) c
f
f
a
f
C
e
e
a
3-3 a
t
a Tranrnred qhtda*ie d
a
a 3.4.3 settingol tranemitted
light 6
a Darkled spe.men5 requne a .onsid€raby
a hgher eve oi .eanine$ lhan spe.imens lor
olher methodsttnqerprnls,drt and dun in
I As descrbedin chapter2, the mi.roscope
s pan.ular brighlenthe ba.k9round
and redu.e
ready fof opefalon afd sw ched on the conlranol lhe oblect
ima9€
a accodrnqio secron I L
a
! SerKdHLERi umnatlonln the samewayas
a ror nanrmtted qhr br qhrli€d, eq wLth
a
I
. n5ertrhereevantdde.(l-&3)lor darkfi€ld
- se€tabLeon paqe1.3 nlo the opennq
-.'-2
on the .ondenser
unt nop
I ' Openthelumnourlielddaph.agm
I . ncreasethe brghtne$ senmq on the t.
t . flhe inagecenre.stoo brishroftoo da.k,
I *nstlvely co(e.r the .ondenserheiqht
unll the ie d ol v ew appea6
a hohogeneousy dark or
homogefeous
J€ailres
b. qhh€$ disiribulon
I
t Fordarkfed5enn9,I s aso po$ibleto use
lhe sider lor phaseconrran 3 and rhe
a 1oowng oblectlves insteadoi $e s der for
darkfield
0 25109 CPAchrohat,A Pan and
a PanNeoiuar 2.5x l0x andA.hropan4x
a
a
I
a
a
t
a
a
a
a
3 9
a
 I
ight polarzation.oniran
Transmifted-

Usingvansmittedlight Brefrngentslbna.cer are recog.zedby the

lact that they dspay 4 brght and 4 dalk
postions betw€en .rc*ed pola ze6 aft-"r
3.5.1 otatio. of the spe.imen ablnd 360'.
Theiransnlted-lghtpolazalontechnique s Dependinqon the leve oI bnefrngen.e,
used wth specimens which change ihe thi.kne* a.d oi€nraton ot the obiect,
polaizaton nateoi ight Suchspe.mens,e.q. nt€rler€nceco06 wilo..ur trom Itay (usualy
minerasor poyme6,ar€lermedas
cryslals, n b o oqi.a obledi) to white,yelow, red and
bnefiing€nrI bneiringenr sLbstan.es are blue.Thesenle.ference colo6 can be ol 1' or
vewedbetvveen cro$edpoLaizer (polarizer
L
analyzer),they appearbrght whie ther
surou.dnqremansdalk
Traff mittedrisht polarization

wEsTd recdon,
in EAST
Poarzer,orient€d
mouniedon swingoutcadier{39/t)

s€trin9of tranemittednisht

Asdes.ribed themcroscope
n chapt€.2, is
ready for operalionand 3wthed on
lo iecton3.1
accordinq
The m..os.ope must b€ s€t ro.
ransmitl€drghi brghtfed,a5des.ibedin

5cr€w NORTN-SOUTFIoaemed analyzef

(3 9/2) inro the tlb€ (removed lrom the
nand) from below. NoRTN'solTll
orientaron is avalabLe wh-"nrhe ma*ing
on the analzer algned along the
is
longiludina axsoI thesta.d
Swingpolarz€r (3 9/1) nio ihe beampath;
rhe fieldol vi€wappeaEdarkbe.ause ol
Flg'39sedinga|b|'oiftd]iqhtpal.iBnon

Moverh€ objecrro be examn€dinlo lhe

fed o1 vi€w. Bnefringe.t(anisoiropic)
oblecBnow lsualy exhibnrhe optca
I
a ghtpoarlzaton.ontran
Transmrtedl
t
a 3.5.4 sampledifierentiation
between
t . Move two porarizesro th€ dar( posiron
I (anaryzer
NoRTHsoUlH-o.ienred, poarizer
EASTWE5Torienred)
a . swnq n lambdapate and, r{ a rotary
a ambda pate ir availabe(e.q 445226-
0000'000),set lhe oscialion d rectionta
t
a . 5eeat.ry5la needles
whichafe orentedin
the qammadre.ion Geemarklnqon the
t
a
a t t the crystalneede5
o.ienledpaEle toihe
I qammadnecUonoi the ambdapiateare
y€low and the aysta needleslyng at a
a right anqe to the gafrha dn€aro. are
blue, lh€ crysta
s are monosodumurate
a
a . lf lhe cfystalneed
esorenredparallel10
gammad re.rionof the ambdapate are
lhe

a b!e, andthe.rFta needesynq al a riqht

angleto tlie gammadneclonare yeLlow,
t Uie crystalsar€ .alcium pyrophosphate
I
a Ths analJ6s is aso po$rbleusinga poa zer
a wth .ementedlambdaplate which .an b€
placedon rh€ lumi.ouiie d d aphraqm.n that
a .ase,the ambdaplateneedsnotberotated.

a
a
t
I
a
a
a
a
a Jrl
 Measu.emenroflengths
Tlrem,aaiurefrenr
ol lengthsuing tho Aronar
requiies
$e lo lowing,forexample
naqe microfreFr,postive5 + 100/100y D
eyepre.e.ro<lne mdometer 10 : 100,
An ovetoew ot avaiabl,a stagem.romete6
and eyepie.ereiicl€sis provdedn .haptef
Belore the englh measuremenr urng the
m(os.ope can be pertormed, lhe fricromeref
or s.ae valueol rhe usedoblecrve/ eyepece ,
relcle combnationmun be determrn€dThs
scale yalue s exacrlylhat dista..e n the I
spe.imenwh.h.omp esro on€ nt€toaof lh-A
lsed eyepie.e..o$inemicometer
For caibration,aiqn the s.aes of fie staqe t
m'crometerand ihe .ro$ine m crom€ter
paralel1oea.h oiher by iurnng the eyeprece, f
and makelh€ zeroInes of both s.alesexaddy

|r9 f, ior example,99 n(emefts (of 10 !m each) t

Ihe dstan.eto be m€allredshouldbe> 5 mm
n fie rnterm€diate
eyepiecemage n orderto
keep lhe influenceol random measuang
devarionsas ow a5po$ible
other measurng ero6 .an o.cur f the
eyepr€.ehas not been nsertedinto the tube
ol |re stagem oohet€r .otre5pondto exa.ry
100 ncrenenrsof rh€.ro$ln€ micrometer, as
n Fig 3 10, the resutnqs.al€valuek' ior the
used objectjve/ €yepe.€ relcle combnaton
(A Plan 10xl0.25 and c.o$Llnemi.rometer
a,

I : - 0um=99!m t

Atterexchanqeol the nage m(omeleriorlhe

speclnen ro be measured,lhe measurng
dnance ol interestL r€sullsirom ihe nlmber
ol n..€nenll oi the eyepe.€ .roslne
m..ometer {tenih enimared)muripliedwith

--=o=---- L=155t99!m=355
1pm
Paruculafyarse obj€.rntu.iurescan alsobe
delermrned by 6nq rhe verner scale
qradatons(0.1mm) on the mecha.ca naqe.
l-lere,ri mqhr be nece$ary10 determn€ the
d nan.€ lo be measlredtholqh.a.uation
lrom a comb.ed x and y meas!.ement

Fl9.310Lengthna'urenent

l-12
 a
t Atiachmeftot .5 doube tube
t
t Ana.hm€nt of Csdo!bte tube
t . L o o s ekf n u r e ds . r € w( 3 1 1 / 4 ) o n t h e n a n d
andrenoveb no.uar tube,I avaabe
a t Remove du5t cov€6 from rhe Ube
t unde6deand lrom the dovetaI m.unr on

a ' Hordc! doubletube(3 I ln)lolhe t€ftir a

a slqhty n. n€d postion, nsert ts dov€tai
tlrn 1 nlo ihe
t req! red vl€wn9 d re.ton and uje the
knureds.r€w13-ll/4 or heragonasoew)
a lo .amp t nto the threadedopen'ig
1l 1t5) Bolh rhe i unraledrotaton and
a the 90' bac(wad rotaloi are po$'be.
a
a .
A.cordingy, Lhe.onror or the c5 doubte
iubeareacce$bl€lothe !serlromrhes de

Renovedln capslrod the €yepiece rubes

@
a €a.h (3 rr/2)wrh
aid nserttwo ey€pieces
a t ns€rt.ounrryspeclJic adapterG 1tl9) i.io
a rhepowerunrr(3-rrA).
t nsert anqed connector1l I t/10) .t the
a p o w e r u n r r n t o t hte2 v s . ( k e i ( l - 1 1 l 3 ) o f
a ' Lrserhe enclose.i 5eladherve.aboholdeE
I ( 3 r r n r ) r o s ut a b ya t l a c h
t h e . a be 1 0t h e
nandandquidetio the ba.k ']
-{,
I t C o n n e c r p o wue. trl o t h € i n e
t
The Cs doubletub€soperat€dvial
,.
r Adjlnns ev€r(:-llt)lof the po5tronn! 4 Knu ed rrew lor h*aqon: arew)
a oithe ghr poinrerin$encos.ope imaqe
r contro {3.1116)loserrhe brghtn€soJlhe
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 Pholomnoqraphyequpment

3,a
photomic.ogr.phy€q!ipmeht TheA{ostarmraoscope wfi photoiube.anbe
.hanqed lom observaion ro oholo
nicroqraphtvia the knob € lzt a.d 3 t2l3)
atach€d to borh sdes or the photorlbe
lpnobmcoqraphyFostro.:turnedto the tefi
!.11 nop, ie r00 o/odoc) n the rearposilon
ol tlre rnob, the beamFa$ s dne.tedto lhe
eyepeces (100 % vt spe.a adapt€r atow
.ommer.ialyavarable35 mm SLR.am€ras and
sp€clami(os.opecaneras{e 9. Mc BODx)io
beana.hedto the cam€r.portof ihe Ax osta.
It fo.usn! is nor ro be madeva rhe v€Minder
ot lhe .am€ra rhe compone.t wth ihe
eyepece ren.e mun be screwedh the
eyepreces (ahos€esecuons1 5 and2.! 1)
For focurnq, set lhe eyept€.eu.tit rhe

TheiJoos untl boththe m (onope maoe

andihe relcre.r€ . fo.us

r,3,t Attachmenlof SLR.amera,

. \.rew T-2adapter (J I Zj) lor rh€CONTAX

bayon€ton the 2.5x connector tor T2
{3 l2l4)(4s6005 oooo.ooo).
. Arta.h.amerahousn!(3 t2l2)a.d cabre
rerease(l-12n),if requned.
hexaqonat screws(3.r216)
removerhe dun .over(3 t2a) from 1he
phorotube (: t2ls) and nsert the I
pr€mounted unr (3-r2lA)inthepholotube
r A'gn tlre Gmsa !nt in the required f
pornonand iglitef the thre€hexaqonal
screws{l I2l5).
. Forphotom .roqraphy, rurn.ontro(3 lzz)
rig'312A&achnejrorsLR.ane?.
!9
For the use ol the pholomicrography
equrpdenl, pr€aseobse.verhe reev.ir
separar€
manuak in additonrorh€inlormaton
I
a Pholom
aogiaphy
equlpment
t
t Whenartilca l9h1colorreveEaiilm 5 used,the CB 3 convebon llter provdes$e cotre.tcotor
temp€ratureol 3200K. TheI ter mlst be p acedon lhe dun coverof ihe luhi.ourf€ d diaphragm
t (3 z2), asmentonedn.haprer3 r
a Fordayighrcoor r€veualilm, $e CB 12 .onv€Eon liter mustbe us€din addtion to the CB 3

t
a
t variousT2 ad.pG6 for sLR(amerasarelistedbelow:

t
t
a 12adaprer OM(oMbayondr
roroTYMPUS

t n 3d3ph' fol d|NofA i-3 b:Fid)

12adapFrorCANON
1robapner)
a
a rz:daprerrdrPENra(rA
bapien

a
a Fordetaledinlormarion peases€ethe new operaunq
on sLRcamefas,
a Dhororr.oadphv..r9l5rn.,q!a-d tor. d t/eh\

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l-15
a
Pholom(ogEphy €qupmenl

3.8.2 Attachm€ntot Mc 30 Dx

. Loosenheiaqonal5.rew5(3-l3/7) and
removedun prore.rion
cap{l l3/9) lrom

nsen adapler60 tor mtrroscop€.aoera

(3 l3/5)(4560060000000)inlo phototube
(l13/5) and tjx t Ls.q thr€e hexagona

nse P 2 5i prqecron ens (3 13/4) nro

adapts 60 ior friooscope .am€ra5
(3 I3/5)
Ata.h MC 30or bas. body{3-l:2) onto
adapter60 f.f m.ror.ope camerarunii
nop, ailn t andl t by iurningclafrpng
r n ! € r 3 8 )a . r i co c k w i e
Ataclr l9 mm Mot DX t m .aseiie
(3 13/1)1o the basi. body in su.h a way
that the .onta.t p ns irm y enqaqen the

ror microphotography,
t!r. co.trol(3 13/3)

when artfl. a qht .olor rev€6aI m s used,

the CB I .onveBionilter provd€sth€ .orect
.olor temperatlreof 3200K Thefiler mustbe
pla.edon lhe duit covefol rhe uminousleid
diaFhragm(3 2/2), as mentionedn .hapter
3 1
Fo. daylightcolor reveGalflm, Ihe CB l2
.onve6io. f rer h6r aso be u5ed.rhe urr
mlst be Fa.ed on the dun .over oi the
luninousfe d daphraqm(l 2/2),as des.rib€d

For deraed info.matronon lhe MC30Dx,

p eases€emanualBao-036-e
a
operaron
, Attachment
of adapteB
iorvideo
cameras
t
a 3,9 Ana.hmentof adaprers
lor
a
the lo owlngvldeoadapte6and videozoom l-chip b/w and color.am€rarand l.hip ccD
t adapte6 with nterrace 60 permit the camerasto the phototubeol ihe ariostar.
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 Operation
Attachmentoi adapteBfor vids Gmeras

60 - 44 alsoallos vids the phororubeoi rhe Ariona. with 60 mm

interlaceto be us€dwith

Mi.l6co96 whh iilere @ mm and

!9
Theinstructions
oi the cameramanufacru.er
mustal$ be obsetoed whenopeErngthe

attacimont a.d settingi: l.sert eyepiecewlth phoro rctide in the

. Lo@n thrce hexagonal binocuarrlbe and allqn photo rettcte
sc.es andr€move
dust@er from rhe cam€€tube of the
SwingoLt foldifg prismon the bin@tar
. phoiorube
to dnecl100% oi the tighrro
sc.ewvideoadaptero. videouoon adapter pon.
wn c,molnt thread inlo the vdeo mecamera
5et the requnedzoommagnifiGtionfactor
. Inser(videoadapts or video200madapier viathe wheelof the videozoomadapt-af.
in ENG23' or ENGr4,,bayonetof the I requn€d,adjustimagebrightnesson the
vdeocame..and.ampit tiqht, mo.rtofby changi.gthe limp b ghtngs
t hsen prenounted unh(videocamera with
video adapt€ror vids zoom adapt€r)in
cameratube oi the Arostaf, atiqnit andfix
it using
rh€thrcehebqonat{rs.

3-13 B 40-031
e T2l00
,
OPeration
c Attachment
oi adap1e6
for dlgiralcompact
cameEs
)

c 3.10 Atrichnent of adapteB lor

digital @mpa.t emera3
9

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 Operaon
Attachmenl
ot adaDle6
ior dEta compacr.ameras

3.10.1 Digitalcahe.aswith 37 mm
fillerthr€ad, e.g. SONYDCR-
PCr00/ soNY Dsc- 550
Whend€lyered, the slidrngmouft wrththread
Ml7 (3-14/2)andthe len5mount(l-14l4)are
premolnred.Thedrawingon the rghr rhos

Refrov€rhreadedadaprerrng M37lM52
1 31 5 / 3 )
Pluq connecror60 (lJ4l6) onro the
bino.uar phototube(l-raA and ighten

S.rewthe !ni consistngof I idinqmount

.-l wth tfrreadMl7 {l-14/2)and ensmount
{3-r4l4), nlo rhe M3T riherrhreadol rhe

wrth the lens mounl (3 1414)pointing

totuard,plug the lnt onto conned(or
60
(3 l4l5) lnt stop and tghten the set

Dependi.qon the mi..oscopeco iguraton

and the canera used,the dstancebetu€en
the .amera ensand rhe ens frount (l 144)
mun perhaps beopiimzedGeedoube atrow).
This s requiredin paadcular
ii an untrimmed
mage cannot be achieved n any zoom
postionol the Gmera ens
Makethe forlowinq settnqson the.am€ra:
t Swncholflheaubfocus
. 5elthe distan.etoa.
r let lhe aulomatcerposureco ro to lime

. sei the apeture as wd€ as po$ible( e

seecra smali nop nlmber ).
q''.14A64nentoffuny"Digita|
Not al caheras ieature these po$blit6.
Pleasese€ lhe operaiinqnnrLcrionsol rhe

. thes€tscrew(3.14/3).
Loosen
Varylhedista..ebetueenthe.ame.a ens
andrhe ensmounr n n€p5,ie movethe
sidi.g mouft with .amefa on the le.r
,
Operalion
I Alla.hmenrol adapte6lor d 9 tal (ompa.tcameras
t
I r zoom cahera l€n5 lrom wde-ange
po on (W)lhroughro &e poslon (r).
t
. Pertormlen unt imageis iormatli inq
s withoutl.mm ng or viqnettinq
I t f ghtenthe serscrew(l14/3)again

a No untrmmedimaqemaybe obianedwhena
.ameraadapt€r..mbinationB usedwhichis
I nol r€.ommcnd€dby Ca Zei

I
I 3.10.2 Dtqaial(am€raswith 52 mh
filterthread,
I' e,9,SONYDSC S70
t whe. deivered,rhe s dng mouni (3.r9la),
(

t,
the fireadedadapt€rrinq M37lMs2€-r5/3)
a andihe ensmounl(l lV6)are premounied
The dEwing on lhe right shows the
a
a Furthermore,the threaded rnq adapt€r
Ml7/52 (3 l5/3) .an be unr.rcwedfrcm the
a srldinq mount (3-rta) (noi shown) €
.amctaswth M!7 can aeo be atta.hedas
a desobed n the previous chapt€r
t . screw SoNY VADs70 adaprer ring
(3 lsl2) into the oble.tve/ ter rhreadol
I tlreD5C570.amera(l-r5/t)unti stop.
I . PrLq .onne(or 60 (3 1s/3) onto the
bnocuar phoiorube(r r5l9) and rghren
a lhe 3 sels.rews(l 1Vlo)
. s.rewrh€ unt, cofsistlng of sldlngmounr
I (3.l5/4), the threaded adapier rlng
a Ml7/M52 (3.15/3)and the lens mount
(3-15/6)inro lhe SONYVADS70adaprer
a | ^9 13-15/2).
. With the €n5 mou.t (3 ts/6) pointnq
t foMafd, pluqthe lnn onto .onnecror60
a (l-r5/8) untl nop and I qhten the 5er

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 oper on
Ana.hment
ol adapteB
fordigitacompac(cameras
Depending on $e mi.ros.opeconlguratlon or
.amera used, fie dstance between ihe
.amerarensandrhe r€.5mounr(3 I s/5)must
perhapsbe oprimzedGeedoublearow). Ihc
s reqlir€din paftic!ar if an untrmm€dimage
cannolbe achievedn any zoom posrionof
Makethe io owng Ftiingso. thecahera:
r swii.hofltheautoiocus
. sel lhe allomalc expoiure.onrroroiime
. set the apertureas wde as po$ibe {i.e
seLeata sma I'nop numberr).
Noi a .amerasfea rc ih6€ posibiltEs
Pease5ee the opeGtnq innrud:on5ol lhe
t canbe achieved
fie sel s.rew(l-195)
Loosen
. Varylhedtlancebelweenfie.amera lenr
andthe len5mount n steps,.e. mov€the
siding molnt wth cameraon the lenr
moLntby dernedsteps.
r zoom camera l€n5 irom wde-a.g e
pornon M)lhrouqh io ie e posiron(1.
' Perlormlen until inage 6 lormat-ili.g
wthout lrinnlng or viqnettnq
r Tighienrhes€tsrcw (3-15l5)agan
No untimmed maqemaybe obtanedwhena
cameraadapier.ombi.atonis usedwhch s
not recomfrended
bycar ze$
122
Atta.hmentof (am€raswith
otherf ilterthreadsizes
n p r n c p l € r, s a s o p o $ b € r o c o n n e c t
cameras withalilrerihr€ad orherihafM37or
M52.Suitable tilteradapte6 o. red!ction rngs
are avalaben photo5hops.As mentoned
.bove,onlya test can clailfywhethersuch
c a m e f aas r e c o m p a r b ew t h f i e d q i a
3,10.4
00000G'1103-934
hasbeenpancuarLy
Ihis adapr€r designedfor
rhe so.y DSC-S7oCombinedwnh Plan
objeclvB, e.9. Plan-Neotuaobjeclves,
.creaededqedefinitonand owerd nonion
pov€
shoudfutlre cameras
to be surable,roo, our saesnaii wil be
Aiia.hm€nrol the .amerarequnesthe SONY
VAD 5 70 adapter rng (Fig xxxz).
Furthermore,the .on.ectn9 pec€ 60-44
(456140-0000000)mustbe nserted betreen
thecaneraadapier andihebinocllartube.
Make$e folowinqrtli.gsonth-acamera:
. swt.h ofi theaurolo.us.
. settheautomal.exposur€.ontro
rorime
. Setthe apertureas wde as possible
(i.e
select
a smalf nop number).
t
t
I
t 3_11
t Theportable.ase lor the Ar onaf can be lsed
a to transpon the basi. Axiostar€qlipment
Gtandwilh bnocuar tube, Abbe condefser,
a mechanical stage, necable,dustcover).
r Beloreirsertinqthe Alona. inio ihe case,
t loosenthe knured screwon rhe stand
(3164) by rlhnq :t by Yr. turn rh€
t b nocular rube (3r616) around r30'
t (eypecespoiniinqba.kwardt and tqhlen
the knuredscrew.gain
I . O p e nr h e f o l r l o c kor l t h e c a r a n dp l L l t h e
PuI the bino.uar tube (l-1616)compl€rely
apanands id€rhe rubberioamcompo.enr
(3-r6t) b€rweenrh€ eyepecelubes untl
slop t mighi be nece$aryro applysome
pre$uteon the rubberfoam .omponent
unrlihe holdingiaps (3-r613)arc llLsh
wththe upperslandpart
Lne cabe, dun cover and a.y smal
a.ce$or€sGn be p acedon the caseil@r
besd€ the (and andiixedin postion using
rhe V€cro faste.eB (3 16/3).

I casecover(3 1611)upwardrio removeir Attachthe casecover,.loseihc ockswtha

rromrhecaseiloor{3 162). snapand, il requted,lockrhem wilh the
a . nsenm.roscopenlolhe re.€$ in the.ase
a
t Pushrubbefroamcomponent (3-16/4)
ovef
I the conde.ser(3-i615) and move the
conden5erupward5until it contaclsthe
I rubberfoamcomponent
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t
Care,Mainlenan.e, Trcubleshootng
t cont€ni5,il ustratrons
t
t
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t
t CARE,MAINTENANCEAND
t
TROUBLESHOOTING
I
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I'oub1erhoolinq...........,..,,,,.,..
I A 2
4-3
t C h a n qn q t h et ! 5 e s . . . . 4-3
t 4.2.2 chanqnqlhe6 v, 20w haoqenlamp. .. ..
T r o u b | e s hnogloarb l e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ .
I ' a b eo rs p a r es.e. a " 9 p a , ras t r o o .
a 43 Requenn9 serui.e

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+3
a C h a n g nt h
gefuses. ... .. ..
C h a n g n g r 6h ve , 2 0W h ao g e nl a m p
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 Care,Maintena.ce,
Troubeshootng
Careandmarntenance
ol the nnrument

4 CARE,MAINTENANCE
AND
TROUBLE5HOOTING
4,1 Careandnaintenan.eofthe

Careof rheAionar s imredto rhelolowing When !5ng the Ariostarin hlmd .lmatc
oper.tons p.oceed
zones, aslolows:
. Coverthe nstrument \!th rhe dun.over , storerhe Axiostarn biqhi, dry andwell
aftereveryuse v€nliat€dtoomswih a humidilyof le$
.5d 3c qo .ro.. o.n .rtarr se-nrr"
room, e maxhufridny<35olo obledives andeyepieces,
nadryctoser.
. Covs open rubeswilh dun prolecton The rsk ot growrh ol lunqus on opio-
caps. fie.hanicalinnrufient aways€xist n the
. Remove dun and din trom vsibteoptca lolow ng.onditons:
arla@s 6ng a brush,anbower,Qip, RetaUve humdry of morethan75% and
optcsceanng paper or a cononc oih remperalures beiw€e.+r5. C and+3s"c
. Remove watersotub e dtrr (coifee,coke, lor more thanthreedays
er.) alterbreathlng on t andwipinqI olj nrtaaiion in dark rooms wthout ar
wrh a dunjr* cotton .oth or
moii€.ed.loth A mid ceanno aoeni.a.
alsobeadd€d to thewarer - Dustdepostsand lngelprntson opticat
5!aces.
. Removesrubborn,oly or greasydi]lt
(immeAion ols, iifqer prnls)wth a wad
ol conon or a du(nee cotton .loth
dippedn theopt.s.l€an.9m xrureL
This .eanng mirture s prcdu.edoi
90 Volo/obenzolne and 10 Vo%
sopropanol (rPA).rhe various.omponents
are aso known under the fo owinq
benzoline: medcalaL.ohol,
pevoeuhether
lsopropanol 2 prop.no,
dmethyl.arbnol,
2 hydroxypropa.e
C€anthe optca surface by movrng
in c r<les
stannqin themddlesliqhipr€$uresholldbe
ex€rtedon theoptic dunngcleannq

42
 care,Ma nt€nan.e,
Troubleshoolinq
Trouble5hootinq

4,2
Troubeshoolingfor the Axiostars d€s.rlbed
in
lunh€rdelai usnq the iollowinqlwo exampes:
thelusesa.d
changing
' . h a n q i n q i h6€V , 2 0 W h a o q e n
lamp
Fu her measures
are summaizedin thp tabe

€9
. swlrchofi the initumenivia rhe odoll
swt.h (4 rn), dhconnedne plug fiom
llneconnectof
rh€ ineanddisconnect fiom

, . Checkline.ableand puss and exchange

t
. Usea 2 0 mmcockmake/s screwdivslo
t pre$ in the 1wo sprngshackles on the
sd€soi fie tusehoLder ovs rhe5ol and
I remove (4-r/3)
lheilse hoLder
I . Remov€ dele.tv€tuse nsens(4 1/2)Iiom
rhelus€hod€randrepia.e themwth new
I
! . fuseholder
Reinsertfie contanngthe new
luses,
thespring shackleson thesides mun
) audblylockinloPlace.
T0.34;250v;9 r 2 0m mf u s €i r u e nm
s u nb e
I
I For the .ataloquenumbetsoj luse lnserts
pleasese€p.q€4 3 ir searion4.2
4.
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 care,Maintenance,
Troublesh@t
ng
Trcubleshootnq i

changingthe 6 v,20w halogen

!

Do not touchthe amp bub with your bare

handsjil required,
cea. lhe bllb with clean
alcohobetoreiwnchingil on rorth€ii6t time
to prewnldinfromblm.g n.
The lolowing pro.edlre is requred 1o
-,{

6D /-\. .I
switcholl amp slpplyvia odoil sw'lch
andallowlampto coo dow. torapp.ox.
15

osconnedtheeanh-contacr pllq iron the r--n

line and removethe lar pluq irom the
, {

Placerh€ d sco.necred
instrumenton 15 f,t
back1omak€the undeBide of thepyramid
. : {

Fold down cover(4-2) afd pull olt ,.{

deiectivehaloge.lamp(4'zi).
{
uie the prot€civecoverto hold the new
6V,20W halogenahp and insertboth ' , {
lamppnscareluLylnrotheecepracles.
,,, {
rs ,'i
2 The Ar ostarmicroscopeis slppied with
iaciory-aigned Ihe lludination
llumination, '', i
neednot beadlunedevenwhenth€lampis
exchanqedbyrhec!51ome6 thenrelves. ,:, I
Foldup covqagan,reruhthe slandto the na
uprighiposhionand.econnecrfie nandto
hs..2 <hanslnsthe6 v 20 w h't6sent np , ra
..,I
,ta
',I
, tI
,I
8 4 0 0 3 1e l 2 l 0 0 ,ia
t I
Care,Mantenance,
Trolb eshooting
t lroubeshoorn9
t
t 4.2.3
.|

t Movelh€ v ndo. knobon the

photorube is noi n ihe rorecl phorotube10rhecotrecrposilon
I porlion(intermed ale posi on) (endposlionl,ree p I 14 I 16
t
t
I wnhobleclive
Nosepiece nol wih objective
switchnosepiece
I norsercorecry
Condenser
'|

't aperture norsei

d aphraqm t€t apertlred aphragmcotrecty
(.enternq, opennq),seep :-5
t
Luminolsl e d d aphragnnot set 5erlumiiousfe d d aphragm
.t .otre.rly(centen9,apenlnq),
see
'f
Filiernotnseftedconecty in I Lter ns€rtiiierco(edy n r lrer
I
.l Aperture
d aphraqm not Seiaperture
opening d aphraqm
openin9
in accordan.e
wilh lhe 2/3rue
't or dependnq on lh€ spe.men
,| 19!!"1!::*!: l l .............
Conde.rer.ot lo.used.ore.iy- f:!!:!g!!T"tr:9:Sr.l.',4r.:.:..
t iii
r ,;iiiqi""iiiipthilr""i' Ure$e core.t 0 17 mm.ov€r
I !:ll'r.:lrll:1.19.!!?!regrv!: :l!:r:::.9:
l.!...
U 5 ec Z i m m € B l oo.l 5 r B N ,s e €
I imme6ionolwlh CZimheaion
I 9!!!91":.................
A f b u b be 5i n r h e m m e 60 n o r Remov€ an bubbesbyapplyinq
I .ew ol o. bymovnq objective

a mmpr.n oi alrhe{ront ensol a c eanthe fiontle.s olthedrv

I ':9!:.1.1.
!19!r:!1|:.............. 9!19!ltv:r
co( rng s norsetro r1r€.ofecr setlhecotrrinqiofiecotrecl
I
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 Care,Mantenance,
rrolb erhootn!
Iroubeshootnq

Drtor dunon theopticalsurfa(es

Condens€r
not 5el.ore.ry

Nosepecenot.offeciy swl.hed Corearly.L.k nop nos€pLe.e

Sp€cimen
tr .ot iixedonrhe
s p e cm e nh o l d ear n dl r i l
Grealioc!sd i'erences
ailer Fo.uengeyepi€.es
arenorsel serfo.ui ng eyepecs to th€
app.oprale ametopa,seep.
24,25
Lell.nd .iqhiI e dsof v ew nrerpup'arydislance
ol tlre Set nrerpuplaryd nan.e
.annotbe.ombnedrntoan lr'nocua. tubeis not se1.ore.1y

Focus
ng eyepecesa.e nol set setlo.ulfq ey€pLecesto the
appropnate ametropa, s€ep
2 4,2-5
nrerpupilary
disian.eol the Setcore.t inlerpupiaryd slan.e,
binocular
lube s not ser.ore.rly
Fo.us
ngetepeces
areiot set set1o.!5inqeyepieces
to the
appropnat€ametropa, s€ep

m a q eb , i q h h € $n o t a ( e p r a b e Reduce
lampvoLta9e
or n5ert

Condenser
noLf..used.oredy

Aperlurediaphralmopenng loo serapertured'aphragmopenng

n a..ordancewth the 2/3 rue
or d€pendfq on rnespecmen

Di.l ordun on fie opi(a suda.es cl€anrh€opt.a suria(esoi

the

condens€E,1lt€6
or spe.mens
Lnecabe nol conne(edlo rhp conne.rI n€.able1othe nea.d
rhe on/ojfswr.h
aLlhou9h 'nnrumem
andrn€vonage,
see
p.212
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Care,Mainle.ance, ng
Troubleshoot
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nlerte,en.e to, enlran.n9lrie.o.tan n b^v
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ntederence I
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Care,Mantenan.e,
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,unn", i.tormatonis also avalable n the
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t ANNEX
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B40-031
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6!

E E .,
A b b € c o n d e n.r.r. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 - 7- 8
, 3, - 4 , a - 5 E M C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .a
..J
. . r. V
A d a p t e r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : - 1 4 t o3 - 2 2 E x c h a n glianngp s . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . v! 1
- 4,
A m b i e . t c o n d t ] o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1. .-.1. 0 E y e p i er ec rec l e . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. .3. ,.2. 4 ,3 t 2 F !
A m e r r o p. .l a. . . . . . . . . . . . . , - . . - . . . . _ . 2 - 4 Eyepiece . ....... . . . . 1 - 3l -,8 ,l - l 1 , 2 - 3 3, 5 , 3 - 6 5 !
A n a l y z e r . . ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. .-. 53, - 1 0
A n n u l a r d a p h G g .m. ......... . . . . . . . . . .3 - 6 al
A p e . t u de a p h r a q emv e . . . . . . . 3 ' 4 r o 3 ' 7 3 ,' 9 F i - aol d
i v e wn u a b e r. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 1 1
Ape.tufedaphragm . . . . . 1 , 3 , 3 , 4 , 3 , 5 , 3 - 6 F i l t e r..... . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 , 3 1 4 , 31 6
A p pi c a t i o n
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. .-.3 F u s e . . . . __ _ . _ . . . . . . . . . . ..... .. V t ,t - 1 0 , 4 - 3 ;

B a
Bino.ular phototube 35!ro c5 1522 N a l o q eanm p . . r - 3 ,1 - 5 1
, r 0 ,2 - r 2 3
, -:,4-4 F
B i n o c utluabr €4 5 0 2 0r c s . . . . . . . . . . . . .I. 5 , 2 2
B i r e f u n g e n c e. ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . 3
. 10 O !
B q h t i i e d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 - 3 , 1 1 ,43, 3 5 'r..ion obn.rr" .. . . ..... ....,.,1-6
B a g h t n e $ c o n t r o l . . . . . . ........r - 3 , 3 - 3 , 3 - 4 I n s i r u m e n t s a l e r .y......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V
Inrerfercn.e wide-ba.d lilter. .,., .. 1-5,3-3 o ,
c
1 ,
€:rer......... ....... ..... ... .. .....v11,42
Colored:dit r4ier.. ................ .. . .. 1-5,2-lr e i
C o n d e n s e r c a. r.e. .f . . . i 1 - 3 , 1 - s . A ? l o . 2 - 1 r ( n u r l esdr c w .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1. .' .3.,2 2 a,
C o n d e n s e r . . 1 ,-531 ,, - 1 1 , 2 - 7 a, 2, 3 5 t o 3 , 9 K O H L Fl lR u f r i n a l iporni . o p e . . . . . . . . . . 4. 1, 3 9
Contquraiia ond sm o d u l e s . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
. -4
C o n v e E i o n t i t s . .l.-.5. ,I 1 l , 3 l , l - 1 4 ,3 - 1 6
a o v esr lp t h i . k n e $ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 6 t, - 7 ieortu.rnuto,......... ..... 2-9.2-10,3-3
o
L n e c o n n € c r o n . . . , . . . , . . . . . . . . . , .., . . 2 - 1 2 it
L n e v o l t a q € . . ........,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . , . 1 1 0
D a r lki € l dn o p . a r l e r . . . . . . .1. .5. ,2 7 ,l - 7 ,l - 9 Luniiouslielddiaphrag . .m. . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3- 33, , rll
D a r k l i € i d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1. .3 , 1 - s3, - 8 3 , -9 tl
D e s c r p t i o o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..........,. .1.. -. .3
Digtalcompacr cameras .. .........,... .. .. .3 19
D i m e n s o n. s. ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . .. r 1 0
D o p r e r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.5. ., .3.6. ., .1,-. l. . .
Dsposal........................ .........v
D o u b l e t u b e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1. 3 .............3
Dlst-protecton ga$ ... ...... ...3-2,3-r4, I 16

'I
i
t
t
t
t
t M a g n i t i c n o n . . . . . , , , . , . . , . . , . . , . .1. .-.6. 1
., .7. . . . . . .T. . . .
Mantenance.................................,.,...vt.4,2
I Measurement of enCihs........,.,..,.............3-r2 Too|s...................................................
t M e c h a n ls61l a 9 e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2. .-.6. .3,. -. .4. . . . . T . r a n s p o r t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .V. ., .1. .-.1. .0. . . . . . . . . . . .
Mi.rophotogGphic equipm€nr...........,.......3-14 T roub|eshootn9.,,.,..,,.,..,,.,.,..,.....,.,.......
t Microscopecamera..............................,..3-16
I N vt,2-2
I N o s e p i e c e . . . . . . . . .1. .-.3. I., .5. .,.1. .1. 1 , 3 - 5 , 3 - 9
N u m e . i c a l a p e l o r e . , . . . . . . . . . . . .1.-. 7 . .,115, 5
,
t V i d € o a d a p i e r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .l .7. . . . . . . . . . 3
I v i e i i g a n q l e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I. .1. .1. . . . . . . . .
o b j e c r i v e m a g n i f i . a t i o n . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .V . .i.e. .w. .i 1i hq, e6 i q h r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l.-. 3
. .,.1. .- .1. 1
.2., - 6
a o b j e c r i v e......... . . . , . . . . . 11--36,1, - 7r. - t 1 ,2 - 3 ,
t . : - 3 , 3 - 43 - 6 . 3 - 8 . 3 - 9
O n / o sf fw i r c h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1. .-.3.2,. .-.r.2. .3
, , .3 Warunt......................,....,,.,.....,..,....,.,.
t o p e r a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3. .-,3, . . . . .W, . ,e, a
.n
, .g. V p at .d s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
't Opto-m*hand i caatia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W . . 1e-i1q1h t , . . , , . , , . . , , . , . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1. -. .1.0. . . . . . . . . . . . .
O v e r avli 4 , . . . . , . . . . . . . . ...... . . .... .. . . . . . . . . 1 - 2 VMde angl€lunct]on................. 1-s,l-11,2-11
.l
t P a cnk9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . , . . .2, .3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
I
P h a sceo n t a n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1. .-.3. .l,.- .7. ,.3. .-.6
a P h a sneo p . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . ....,... . 3. .- 6 3, - 7
,| Polarizato. conr6 ........................,,....,..,3-r0
P o l aa t o n i i i e r . .... . .... . .... . . . . . . , ,......... . . . . . 1 - 5 ,
I P o l a i z e. .r. .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1. -. 5
. .,.2. .-r.r. 3 r 0
P o w sp l u 9 .... . . . . . . . ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\.4. . V ,
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saletynotes....,....... .............,..... ..,.........V, Vl
I seryice......................................................4-9
a 5LR cameG..........................,..,..,............3-14
Spares..................................,..,..,..............48
I 5 p e c i mheonl d e r . . . . . . . . . . , . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 6
S t a g e m i c r o m.e. .r.e. .r . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 €
I 5 t a n d . . . , . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , . . .l .- ,5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - ! ,
I 5tad-up..................................,..,..,...........2-2
s t o r a q e . . . . , . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . .1. -, .1,0, . . . . . . . . . . V t ,
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