COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Prof. Óscar Reyes – Universidad Industrial de Santander

DISCLAIMER
This presentation is meant for educational purposes only. It is based
on the book: “Fundamentals of applied electromagnetics” (7th Ed.),
by Fawwaz T. Ulaby. Pearson education. Prentice-Hall Inc 2015;
and Amanogawa Educational Material – www.amanogawa.com
 O. Reyes

LESSON 1-7

Transmission lines (part 2)

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Summary
• Equivalent impedance
• Power considerations
• Special Cases
• Transients on Transmission Lines
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Equivalent impedance, 𝒁 𝑑
For both loss-less and lossy transmission lines

the characteristic impedance does not depend on the line length

but only on the metal of the conductors, the dielectric material surrounding the
conductors and the geometry of the line cross-section, which determine 𝐿′ , 𝑅′ ,
𝐶 ′ , and 𝐺 ′ .

One must be careful not to interpret the characteristic impedance as some

lumped impedance that can replace the transmission line in an equivalent
circuit.

𝒁𝟎
𝒁𝟎 𝒁𝑳 𝒁𝑳
This is a very common mistake!
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We define the line impedance as

𝑽 𝑑 1 + 𝚪(𝑑) 𝑍𝐿 + 𝑗𝑍0 tan(𝛽𝑑)

𝒁 𝑑 = = 𝑍0 = 𝑍0
𝑰 𝑑 1 − 𝚪(𝑑) 𝑗𝑍𝐿 tan 𝛽𝑑 + 𝑍0

A simple circuit diagram can illustrate the significance of line impedance and
generalized reflection coefficient:

Γ𝐿𝑒𝑞 = Γ(𝑑)
𝑍𝑒𝑞 = 𝑍 𝑑 𝑍𝐿

𝑑 0

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If you imagine to cut the line at location 𝑑 , the input impedance of the portion of
line terminated by the load is the same as the line impedance at that location
“before the cut”. The behavior of the line on the left of location 𝑑 is the same if
an equivalent impedance with value 𝒁 𝑑 replaces the cut out portion. The
reflection coefficient of the new load is equal to 𝚪 𝑑
𝒁𝑳𝒆𝒒 − 𝑍0
𝚪𝑳𝒆𝒒 = 𝚪 𝑑 =
𝒁𝑳𝒆𝒒 + 𝑍0
If the total length of the line is 𝑙 , the input impedance is obtained from the
formula for the line impedance as
𝑽𝒊𝒏 𝑽 𝑙 1 + 𝚪(𝑙)
𝒁𝒊𝒏 = = = 𝑍0
𝑰𝒊𝒏 𝑰 𝑙 1 − 𝚪(𝑙)
The input impedance is the equivalent impedance representing the entire line
terminated by the load.
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A change in transmission line properties, wanted or unwanted, entails a change in the characteristic
impedance, which causes a reflection:
𝐿2 𝐿1

𝑍𝐿 − 𝑍01
𝑍𝐴 0 = 𝑍𝐴 = 𝑍𝐿 ; 𝚪𝑳 = = 𝚪𝑨 (0)
𝐶 𝐵 𝑍𝐿 + 𝑍01
𝐴
𝚪𝐴 𝐿1 𝚪𝐿

𝑍02 𝑍01 𝑍𝐿

𝑑=0

𝚪𝐴 𝐿1 = 𝚪𝑳 𝑒 −2𝑗𝛽1 𝐿1
1 + 𝚪𝑨 (𝐿1 ) 𝑍𝐵 − 𝑍01
𝑍𝐴 𝐿1 = 𝑍01 = 𝑍𝐵 ⇒ 𝚪𝑨 (𝐿1 ) =
1 − 𝚪𝑨 (𝐿1 ) 𝑍𝐵 + 𝑍01

𝑑
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A change in transmission line properties, wanted or unwanted, entails a change in the characteristic
impedance, which causes a reflection:
𝐿2 𝐿1

𝑍𝐵 = 𝑍𝐵 0 = 𝑍𝐴 (𝐿1 ); 𝑍𝐿 − 𝑍01
𝚪𝑳 = = 𝚪𝑨 (0)
𝐶 𝐵 𝑍𝐿 + 𝑍01
𝐴
𝚪𝐵 = 𝚪𝐵 0 𝚪𝐴 𝐿1
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍𝐶 𝑍𝐵 𝑍01 𝑍𝐵 − 𝑍02
𝑍02 𝑍𝐿 𝚪𝑩 = = 𝚪𝑩 (0)
𝑍𝐵 + 𝑍02

𝑑=0
𝚪𝐴 𝐿1 ≠𝚪 𝐵 0
−2𝑗𝛽2 𝐿2
𝚪𝐵 𝐿2 = 𝚪𝑩 𝑒

1 + 𝚪𝑩 (𝐿2 )
𝑍𝐵 𝐿2 = 𝑍02 = 𝑍𝐶
1 − 𝚪𝑩 (𝐿2 )

𝑑
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𝑍𝐿 − 𝑍0
Example 𝚪𝑳 =
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑍0
Find the reflection coefficient and 𝑍𝑒𝑞 in A, B and C, and 𝑍𝑖𝑛 , given 𝑍𝐿 = 50 Ω
𝚪 𝑑 = 𝚪𝑳 𝑒 −2𝑗𝛽𝑑
𝐿3 𝐿2 𝐿1
3𝜆3 𝜆2 𝜆1 𝒁𝑳 (𝑑) − 𝑍0
=
4 3 5 𝒁𝑳 (𝑑) + 𝑍0

𝒁𝒊𝒏 𝒁𝑪 𝒁𝑩 𝒁𝑨 𝒁 𝑑 = 𝑍0
1 + 𝚪(𝑑)
𝑍03 = 100 Ω 𝑍02 = 75 Ω 𝑍01 = 50 Ω 1 − 𝚪(𝑑)

1 + Γ𝐶 (𝐿3 )
𝒁𝑳
𝐙𝒊𝒏 = 𝑍03 𝑍𝐿 + 𝑗𝑍0 tan(𝛽𝑑)
1 − Γ𝐶 (𝐿3 ) 𝚪𝑪 𝚪𝐵 𝚪𝐴 = 𝑍0
𝑗𝑍𝐿 tan 𝛽𝑑 + 𝑍0

𝐴
𝐶 𝐵
1 + Γ𝐴 (𝐿1 ) 1 + Γ𝐵 (𝐿2 )
𝐙𝑨 = 𝑍𝐿 Γ𝐴 (𝐿1 ) = Γ𝑨 𝑒 −2𝑗𝛽1 𝐿1 𝐙𝑩 = 𝑍01 Γ𝐵 (𝐿2 ) = Γ𝑩 𝑒 −2𝑗𝛽2 𝐿2 𝐙𝑪 = 𝑍02
1 − Γ𝐴 (𝐿1 ) 1 − Γ𝐵 (𝐿2 )

𝑍𝐴 − 𝑍01 𝑍𝐵 − 𝑍02 𝑍𝐶 − 𝑍03

𝚪𝑨 = 𝚪𝑩 = 𝚪𝑪 =
𝑍𝐴 + 𝑍01 𝑍𝐵 + 𝑍02 𝑍𝐶 + 𝑍03
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Equivalent impedance (summary)

For all cases, the line impedance was defined as
𝑽 𝑑 1 + 𝚪(𝑑)
𝑍 𝑑 = = 𝑍0
𝑰 𝑑 1 − 𝚪(𝑑)

Alternative expressions of the loss-less line impedance :

1 + 𝚪𝑳 𝑒 −2𝑗𝛽𝑑
𝑍 𝑑 = 𝑍0
1 − 𝚪𝑳 𝑒 −2𝑗𝛽𝑑

𝑍𝐿 + 𝑗𝑍0 tan(𝛽𝑑)
= 𝑍0
𝑗𝑍𝐿 tan 𝛽𝑑 + 𝑍0

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Power considerations
Let’s now consider power flow in a transmission line, limiting the discussion to
the time-average power, which accounts for the active power dissipated by the
resistive elements in the circuit.
The time-average power at any transmission line location is
1
< 𝑃 𝑑, 𝑡 > = ℛ𝑒 𝑽 𝑑 𝑰∗ 𝑑
2
This quantity indicates the time-average power that flows through the line
cross-section at location 𝑑 . In other words, this is the power that, given a
certain input, is able to reach location 𝑑 and then flows into the remaining
portion of the line beyond this point.
It is a common mistake to think that the quantity above is the power
dissipated at location 𝑑!
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The generator, the input impedance, the input voltage and the input current
determine the power injected at the transmission line input.

𝐼𝑖𝑛
𝒁𝒊𝒏
𝑍𝑔 𝑽𝒊𝒏 = 𝑽𝒈
𝒁𝒈 + 𝒁𝒊𝒏

𝑉𝑔 𝑍𝑖𝑛 1
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑰𝒊𝒏 = 𝑽𝒈
𝒁𝒈 + 𝒁𝒊𝒏

1
Generator Line < 𝑃𝑖𝑛 > = ℛ𝑒 𝑽𝒊𝒏 𝑰∗𝒊𝒏
(Equivalent 2
impedance)

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The time-average power reaching the load of the transmission line is given by
the general expression
1
< 𝑃 𝑑 = 0, 𝑡 > = ℛ𝑒 𝑽 0 𝑰∗ 0
2
1 +
1 + ∗
= ℛ𝑒 𝑽 1 + 𝚪𝑳 ∗ 𝑽 1 − 𝚪𝑳
2 𝑍0
This represents the power dissipated by the load.

The time-average power absorbed by the line is simply the difference between
the input power and the power absorbed by the load
< 𝑃line > = < 𝑃𝑖𝑛 > − < 𝑃 𝑑 = 0, 𝑡 >
In a loss-less transmission line no power is absorbed by the line, so the input
time-average power is the same as the time-average power absorbed by the
load. Remember that the internal impedance of the generator dissipates part of
the total power generated.
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The time-average power, injected into the input of the transmission line, is
maximized when the input impedance of the transmission line and the internal
generator impedance are complex conjugate of each other.

Generator 𝑍𝑖𝑛 Load

𝑍𝑔

𝑉𝑔 Transmission line 𝑍𝐿

𝒁𝒈 = 𝒁∗𝒊𝒏 for maximum power transfer

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The characteristic impedance of the loss-less line is real and we can express
the power flow, anywhere on the line, as
Remember:
1
< 𝑃 𝑑, 𝑡 > = ℛ𝑒 𝑽 𝑑 𝑰∗ 𝑑 𝑽 𝑑 = 𝑽+ 𝑒 𝑗𝛽𝑑 1 + 𝚪 𝑑
2 1 + 𝑗𝛽𝑑
𝑰 𝑑 = 𝑽 𝑒 1−𝚪 𝑑
𝑍0

1 1 + ∗ −𝑗𝛽𝑑 ∗
= ℛ𝑒 𝑽+ 𝑒 𝑗𝛽𝑑 1 + 𝚪𝑳 𝑒 −𝑗2𝛽𝑑 𝑽 𝑒 1 − 𝚪𝑳 𝑒 −𝑗2𝛽𝑑
2 𝑍0
1 1 1
= 𝑽+ 2 − 𝑽+ 2 𝚪𝑳 2
= 𝑽+ 2
1 − 𝚪𝑳 2
2𝑍0 2𝑍0 2𝑍0
Incident wave Reflected wave

This result is valid for any location, including the input and the load, since the
loss-less transmission line does not absorb any power.
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To completely specify the transmission line problem, we still have to determine

the value of 𝑽+ from the input boundary condition.
• The load boundary condition imposes the shape of the interference pattern of voltage and
current along the line.
• The input boundary condition, linked to the generator, imposes the scaling for the
interference patterns.
We have: 𝑍𝑖𝑛 1+𝚪 𝑙
𝑽𝒊𝒏 = 𝑽 𝑙 = 𝑽𝒈 with 𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍0
𝑍𝑔 + 𝑍𝑖𝑛 1−𝚪 𝑙
For a loss-less transmission line:
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑗𝑍0 tan(𝛽𝑙) 𝑍𝑖𝑛
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍0 and 𝑽 𝑙 = 𝑽𝒈 = 𝑽+ 𝑒 𝑗𝛽𝑙 (1 + 𝚪𝑳 𝑒 −𝑗2𝛽𝑙 )
𝑗𝑍𝐿 tan 𝛽𝑙 + 𝑍0 𝑍𝑔 + 𝑍𝑖𝑛

𝑍𝑖𝑛 1
⇒ 𝑽+ = 𝑽𝒈
𝑍𝑔 + 𝑍𝑖𝑛 𝑒 𝑗𝛽𝑙 1 + 𝚪𝑳 𝑒 −𝑗2𝛽𝑙

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Special Cases: 𝑍𝐿 + 𝑗𝑍0 tan(𝛽𝑑)

𝑍(𝑑) = 𝑍0
𝑗𝑍𝐿 tan 𝛽𝑑 + 𝑍0
𝑍𝐿 → 0 (Short circuit)
The load boundary condition due to the short
circuit is 𝑽 0 = 0:
𝑍0 𝑍𝐿 = 0 𝑽 0 = 𝑽+ 1 + 𝚪𝑳 = 0

⇒ 𝚪𝑳 = −1 ⇒ 𝑽− = −𝑽+

𝑽 𝑑 = 2𝑗𝑽+ sin(𝛽𝑑)

𝑽 𝑑 2𝑽+
𝑰 𝑑 =
𝑍0
cos 𝛽𝑑 < 𝑃 𝑑, 𝑡 > = 0

𝒁 𝑑 = 𝑗𝑍0 tan(𝛽𝑑)

2 𝑽+
𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 = →∞
0
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We can write the line voltage phasor as

𝑽 𝑑 = 𝑽+ 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑑 − 𝑽+ 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑑
= 2𝑗𝑽+ sin(𝛽𝑑)
For the line current phasor we have

1 + 𝑒 𝑗𝛽𝑑
𝑰 𝑑 = 𝑍0
(𝑽 + 𝑽+ 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑑 )

2𝑽+
= cos 𝛽𝑑
𝑍0
The line impedance is given by

𝑽 𝑑 2𝑗𝑽+ sin(𝛽𝑑)
𝒁 𝑑 = = + = 𝑗𝑍0 tan(𝛽𝑑)
𝑰 𝑑 2𝑽 cos 𝛽𝑑 /𝑍0

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The time-dependent values of voltage and current are obtained as

𝑽 𝑑, 𝑡 = 𝑅𝑒 𝑽 𝑑 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 = 𝑅𝑒[2𝑗 𝑽+ 𝑒 𝑗𝜃 sin 𝛽𝑑 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 ]

= −2 𝑽+ sin 𝛽𝑑 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃)

𝑰 𝑑, 𝑡 = 𝑅𝑒 𝑰 𝑑 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 = 𝑅𝑒[2 𝑽+ 𝑒 𝑗𝜃 cos 𝛽𝑑 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 ]/𝑍0

|𝑽+ |
=2 cos 𝛽𝑑 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃)
𝑍0
The time-dependent power is given by
𝑷 𝑑, 𝑡 = 𝑽 𝑑, 𝑡 𝑰(𝑑, 𝑡)
𝑽+ 2
=− sin 2𝛽𝑑 sin(2𝜔𝑡 + 2𝜃)
𝑍0

and the corresponding time-average power is < 𝑃 𝑑, 𝑡 > = 0

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Special Cases: 𝑍𝐿 + 𝑗𝑍0 tan(𝛽𝑑)

𝑍(𝑑) = 𝑍0
𝑗𝑍𝐿 tan 𝛽𝑑 + 𝑍0
𝑍𝐿 → ∞ (Open circuit)
The load boundary condition due to the open
circuit is 𝑰 0 = 0:
𝑽+
𝑰 0 = 1 − 𝚪𝑳 = 0
𝑍0
𝑍𝑜 𝑍𝐿 → ∞
⇒ 𝚪𝑳 = 1 ⇒ 𝑽− = 𝑽+
2𝑗𝑽+
𝑰 𝑑 = sin(𝛽𝑑)
𝑍0
𝑽 𝑑
𝑽 𝑑 = 2𝑽+ cos(𝛽𝑑) < 𝑃 𝑑, 𝑡 > = 0
𝑍0
𝒁 𝑑 = −𝑗
tan 𝛽𝑑

2 𝑽+
𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 = →∞
0
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We can write the line current phasor as

1
𝑰 𝑑 = 𝑽+ 𝑒 𝑗𝛽𝑑 − 𝑽+ 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑑
𝑍0
2𝑗𝑽+
= sin(𝛽𝑑)
𝑍0
For the line voltage phasor we have

𝑽 𝑑 = 𝑽+ 𝑒 𝑗𝛽𝑑 + 𝑽+ 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑑
= 2𝑽+ cos(𝛽𝑑)

The line impedance is given by

𝑽 𝑑 2𝑽+ cos(𝛽𝑑) 𝑍0
𝒁 𝑑 = = + = −𝑗
𝑰 𝑑 2𝑗𝑽 sin(𝛽𝑑)/𝑍0 tan 𝛽𝑑

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The time-dependent values of voltage and current are obtained as

𝑽 𝑑, 𝑡 = 𝑅𝑒 𝑽 𝑑 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 = 𝑅𝑒[2 𝑽+ 𝑒 𝑗𝜃 cos 𝛽𝑑 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 ]

= 2 𝑽+ cos 𝛽𝑑 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃)

𝑰 𝑑, 𝑡 = 𝑅𝑒 𝑰 𝑑 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 = 𝑅𝑒[2𝑗 𝑽+ 𝑒 𝑗𝜃 sin 𝛽𝑑 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 ]/𝑍0

|𝑽+ |
= −2 sin 𝛽𝑑 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃)
𝑍0
The time-dependent power is given by

𝑷 𝑑, 𝑡 = 𝑽 𝑑, 𝑡 𝑰(𝑑, 𝑡)
𝑽+ 2
=− sin 2𝛽𝑑 sin(2𝜔𝑡 + 2𝜃)
𝑍0
and the corresponding time-average power is < 𝑃 𝑑, 𝑡 > = 0

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Special Cases: 𝑍𝐿 + 𝑗𝑍0 tan(𝛽𝑑)

𝑍(𝑑) = 𝑍0
𝑗𝑍𝐿 tan 𝛽𝑑 + 𝑍0
𝑍𝐿 = 𝑍0 (Matched load)
The reflection coefficient for a
matched load is
𝒁𝑳 − 𝑍0 𝑍0 − 𝑍0
𝜞𝑳 = = =0
𝒁𝑳 + 𝑍0 𝑍0 + 𝑍0
𝑍0 𝑍𝐿 = 𝑍0
𝑽 𝑑 = 𝑽+ 𝑒 𝑗𝛽𝑑

𝑽+ 2
𝑽+ 𝑗𝛽𝑑 < 𝑃 𝑑, 𝑡 > =
𝑰 𝑑 = 𝑒 2𝑍0
𝑽 𝑑 𝑍0

𝒁 𝑑 = 𝑍0

𝑽+
𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 = + = 1
𝑽
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The line impedance is independent of position and equal to the characteristic impedance of the line

𝑽 𝑑 𝑽+ 𝑒 𝑗𝛽𝑑
𝒁 𝑑 = = + = 𝑍0
𝑰 𝑑 𝑽 𝑗𝛽𝑑
𝑒
𝑍0
The time-dependent voltage and current are

𝑉 𝑑, 𝑡 = |𝐕 + |cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛽𝑑 + 𝜃)
𝑽+
𝐼 𝑑, 𝑡 = cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛽𝑑 + 𝜃)
𝑍0
The time-dependent power is

𝑽+ 2
𝑃 𝑑, 𝑡 = cos 2 (𝜔𝑡 + 𝛽𝑑 + 𝜃)
𝑍0
𝑽+ 2
and the time average power absorbed by the load is < 𝑃 𝑑, 𝑡 > =
2𝑍0
© Amanogawa, 2006 – Digital Maestro Series
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Special Cases:
𝑍𝐿 = 𝑗𝑋 (Pure reactance)

𝑍𝐿 = 𝑗𝑋

𝒁𝑳 − 𝑍0 𝑗𝑋 − 𝑍0 𝑋 2 − 𝑍02 𝑋𝑍0
𝚪𝑳 = = = 2 2
+ 2𝑗 2
𝒁𝑳 + 𝑍0 𝑗𝑋 + 𝑍0 𝑍0 + 𝑋 𝑍0 + 𝑋 2

−1
2𝑋𝑍0
𝚪𝑳 = 1 𝜃 = tan
𝑋 2 − 𝑍02
The reflection coefficient has unitary magnitude, as in the case of short and open circuit load, with zero
time average power absorbed by the load. Both voltage and current are finite at the load, and the time-
dependent power oscillates between positive and negative values.
© Amanogawa, 2006 – Digital Maestro Series
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Transients on Transmission Lines

0≤𝑡≤𝜏

𝑉 𝑡 = 𝑉0 [𝑢 𝑡 − 𝑢 𝑡 − 𝜏 ]

[Ulaby]
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Transients on Transmission Lines

Transient response (𝑡 = 0+ )

𝑉g
𝐼1+ =
𝑅g + 𝑍0

𝑍0
𝑉1+ = 𝐼1+ 𝑍0 = 𝑉
𝑅g + 𝑍0 g
[Ulaby]
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Transients on Transmission Lines

𝑙 1 𝑍L − 𝑍0
𝑇= ; 𝑣𝑝 = ; ΓL = ; 𝑉1 − = ΓL 𝑉1 +
𝑣𝑝 (𝜇𝜖) 𝑍L + 𝑍0

[Ulaby]
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Bounce diagrams

[Ulaby]
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Bounce diagrams

[Ulaby]
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Bounce diagrams
If 𝑡 → ∞:
𝑉∞ = 𝑉1++𝑉1− + 𝑉2+ + 𝑉2− + 𝑉3+ + 𝑉3− + ⋯
𝑉∞ = 𝑉1+ [1 + ΓL + ΓL Γg + ΓL2 Γg + ΓL2 Γg2 + ΓL3 Γg2 + ⋯ ]
𝑉∞ = 𝑉1+ 1 + ΓL 1 + ΓL Γg + ΓL2 Γg2 + ⋯

1 + ΓL 𝑉g 𝑍𝐿
⇒ 𝑉∞ = 𝑉1+ 𝑉∞ =
1 − ΓL Γg 𝑅g + 𝑍𝐿

𝑉∞ 𝑉g
𝐼∞ = =
𝑍𝐿 𝑅g + 𝑍𝐿

[Ulaby]
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References
• [Ulaby] Fundamentals of applied electromacnetics (7th Ed.), Fawwaz T. Ulaby.
Pearson education. Prentice-Hall Inc 2015.
• [Wikipedia] Wikipedia in English, the free Encyclopedia
• www.amanogawa.com. Instructional material
• http://em7e.eecs.umich.edu/ulaby_modules_choice.html