Task 2 - Electromagnetic waves in bounded open media

Individual work format

Sergio Lemus Orozco

Group 45
1045667801

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
2020 16-04
 Exercises development

Activity
Questions: (write with your own words)
1. What are the modes of propagation of electromagnetic waves?

There are several modes of propagation of EM waves, which have their

advantages and disadvantages.
Which Depending on the conditions of the area or the availability of
resources, it is implemented
Among these modes of propagation, we can find:

Free space propagation: it is when there is a clear path between the

transmitter and the receiver.
As there are no obstacles, the signal reaches the receivers with full
power

the second mode of propagation is reflection:

Reflection occurs when the EM wave collides with some material and it
reflects part of the EM wave

This allows the signal to reach different places regardless of whether

there are obstacles between the transmitter and the receiver.
there is the ground plane reflection commonly used in radio frequency

The atmospheric reflection uses the atmospheric layer as a plane for its
reflection, which allows transmitting over long distances with the
disadvantage that climatic changes affect the quality of the transmission.

Other methods of propagation of EM waves are:

satellite broadcasting and microwave broadcasting using other reception
and broadcast elements

2. What is the phenomenon of total reflection of an electromagnetic wave?

The phenomenon of total reflection occurs when a wave enters a surface

at an angle greater than the critical angle
In this area there is no replacement, so the wave changes direction but
conserves all its energy.
 3. What is the phenomenon of total refraction of an electromagnetic wave?

The phenomenon of total refraction occurs when the sum of the angle of
incidence of the EM wave and the angle of refraction add up to 90º

4. What is the purpose of Snell's Law in the study of the propagation of

waves?
This law is used to calculate the path that an EM wave takes when
changing from one medium to another. The formula shows the
relationship between the angles of incidence and refraction.

Application exercises:
For the development of the following exercises, note that 𝐺𝐺 corresponds to
the group number and 𝐶𝐶𝐶 to the last 3 digits of the identification number.
1. An electromagnetic wave of 𝑓 = 𝐺𝐺𝑀𝐻𝑧and 𝑃1+ = 120𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 , incident from
the air (𝜂1 = 120𝜋𝛺), perpendicular to an infinite wall with an intrinsic
impedance 𝜂2 = (𝐶𝐶𝐶 + 10) 𝛺. Calculate the reflected power 𝑃1− and the
transmitted power 𝑃2+ to the wall.

Figure 1: Propagation of “normal wave” in infinite medium.

Attention, for the calculations:
1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
2. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
3. Paste the calculator image into the report.
4. Write the answer with your units.
If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.
* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific
Interpretation: according to the concept of power, explain the meaning of
the value obtained for 𝑃1− and 𝑃2+ .
If GG= 45 And CCC= 801 then
f =45MHz
𝜂2 = (801 + 10) = 811𝛺
Then;
𝜂2 − 𝜂1
𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 Ґ =
𝜂2 + 𝜂1
811𝛺 − 377𝛺
𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 Ґ = = 0,3653300726208
811𝛺 + 377𝛺

𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡 = 1 + Ґ

𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡 = 1 + 0,3653300726208 = 1,3653300726208

𝑃1− = 𝑅 ∗ 𝑃1+
𝑃1− = 0.1334660619611 ∗ 120𝑚𝑊/𝑚2

𝑃1− = 16𝑚𝑊/𝑚2
 𝑃2+ = 𝑇 ∗ 𝑃1+
𝑃2+ = 0.8665339380389 ∗ 120𝑚𝑊/𝑚2

𝑃2+ = 104𝑚𝑊/𝑚2

According to the concept of power, the values obtained in the calculations tell
us that 86% of the power of the electromagnetic wave is transmitted to the
wall and the remaining 13% of the power is reflected.

Exercise tester verification

2. An electromagnetic wave of 𝑓 = 𝐺𝐺𝑀𝐻𝑧and 𝑃1+ = 120𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 , coming from a
wave generator located 12𝑐𝑚 from the wall, which impinges from the air
(𝜂1 = 120𝜋𝛺)perpendicularly on a wall with an intrinsic impedance 𝜂2 = (𝐶𝐶𝐶 +
10) 𝛺 and 20𝑐𝑚 thick. The wall is made of a non-magnetic and non-
dissipative material. On the other side of the wall is a receiver located 20cm
away.

Figure 2: Propagation of “normal wave” in finite medium.

a. Calculate the coefficient of reflection Ґ and transmission 𝜏 seen by the
generator.
b. Determine in [%] and [𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 ] the power 𝑃𝑡 that is transmitted to the
receiver.
Attention, for the calculations:
1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
2. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
3. Paste the calculator image into the report.
4. Write the answer with your units.
If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.
* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific
Interpretation: According to the concepts explored, explain the meaning of
the value obtained for Ґ, 𝜏 and 𝑃𝑡 .

If GG= 45 And CCC= 801 then

f =45MHz
𝜂2 = (801 + 10) = 811𝛺
Then;
𝜔 ∗ 𝜂0 2𝜋 ∗ 𝑓 ∗ 𝜂0 2𝜋 ∗ 45MHz ∗ 120𝜋𝛺
𝛽= = =
𝑐0 ∗ 𝜂 𝑐0 ∗ 𝜂 3 ∗ 108 𝑚⁄𝑠 ∗ 811𝛺

𝛽 = 0,0004381082102 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑚

𝜂3 + 𝑗𝜂2 tan(𝛽𝑥) 120𝜇Ω ∗ 𝑗811Ω tan( 0,004381𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑚 ∗ 0,2𝑚)

𝜂𝑖𝑛 = 𝜂2 = 811Ω
𝜂2 + 𝑗𝜂3 tan(𝛽𝑥) 811Ω ∗ 𝑗120𝜋Ω tan( 0,004381𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑚 ∗ 0,2𝑚)
 𝜂𝑖𝑛 = 376,99112 + 0,05571𝑖 Ω

𝜂𝑖𝑛 − 𝜂1
𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 Ґ1 =
𝜂𝑖𝑛 + 𝜂1
(376,99112 + 0,05571𝑖 Ω) − (376,99112𝛺)
𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 Ґ1 = = 0,00007𝑖
(376,99112 + 0,05571𝑖 𝛺) + (376,99112𝛺)

𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡1 = 1 + Ґ1

𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡 = 1 + 0,00007𝑖

𝑇1 = 1 − |Ґ1 |2 = 1 − 0𝑖 = 1

𝑇1 = 100%

𝑅1 = 1 − 𝑇 = 1 − 0𝑖 = 0

𝑅1 = 0%
 𝑃1− = 𝑅 ∗ 𝑃1+
𝑃1− = 0 ∗ 120𝑚𝑊/𝑚2

𝑃1− = 0𝑚𝑊/𝑚2

𝑃2+ = 𝑇 ∗ 𝑃1+
𝑃2+ = 1 ∗ 120𝑚𝑊/𝑚2

𝑃2+ = 120𝑚𝑊/𝑚2
 𝜂3 − 𝜂2
𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 Ґ2 =
𝜂3 + 𝜂2
(376,99112 Ω) − (811𝛺)
𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 Ґ2 = = −0,36533
(376,99112 𝛺) + (811𝛺)

𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡2 = 1 + Ґ2

𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡2 = 1 − 0,36533 = 0,63467

𝑇2 = 1 − |Ґ2 |2 = 1 − |−0,36533|2 = 0,8665339

𝑇2 = 86,65%
𝑅2 = 1 − 𝑇2 = 1 − 0,8665339 = 0,133466

𝑅2 = 13,35%

𝑃2− = 𝑅2 ∗ 𝑃2+
𝑃2− = 0.13347 ∗ 120𝑚𝑊/𝑚2

𝑃2− = 16,02𝑚𝑊/𝑚2

𝑃3+ = 𝑇2 ∗ 𝑃2+
𝑃3+ = 0.86653 ∗ 120𝑚𝑊/𝑚2

𝑃3+ = 103,98𝑚𝑊/𝑚2
𝑇𝑇 = 𝑇1 ∗ 𝑇2 = 1 ∗ 0,86653

𝑇𝑇 = 0,86653 = 86,65%
3. An electromagnetic wave propagates through several media as shown in the
graph.

Figure 3: Propagation of “oblique wave” in finite media.

Initially the ray travels through the ice layer striking the air layer at point B,
forming an angle of 𝜃𝑎 = 44,9°. Using Snell's Law, calculate step by step the
total path of the wave to determine the value of "d". Note that each layer is
(𝐶𝐶𝐶 + 10) 𝑚𝑚 thick and that at point C there is a total refractive effect, so it is
necessary to identify which material is in layer 3 by calculating its refractive
index.
Attention, for the calculations:
1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
2. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
3. Paste the calculator image into the report.
4. Write the answer with your units.
If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.
* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific

If 𝜃𝑎 = 44,9° then 𝜃1𝑖 = (90 − 44,9)° = 45,1°

First layer is ice then 𝑛1 = 1,31
Second layer is Air then 𝑛2 = 1,000294

Fourth layer is Glass then 𝑛4 = 1,45

(CCC+10)mm then Layer thickness =811mm

𝑛1 1,31
𝜃𝑏 = sin−1 ( sin 𝜃1𝑖 ) = sin−1 ( sin 45,1º)
𝑛2 1,000294
 𝜃𝑏 = 68,07º

If at the layer C is a total refractive effect, then:

𝜃𝑏 = 68,07º
𝜃𝑏 + 𝜃𝑐 = 90º
𝜃𝑐 = 90º − 𝜃𝑏 = 21,93º
 𝑛3
tan 𝜃𝑏 =
𝑛2
Then:
𝑛3 = 𝑛2 ∗ tan 𝜃𝑏 = 1.000294 ∗ tan(68,07º)
𝑛3 = 2,48
Layer 3 material= titanium dioxide (rutile)

𝑛3 2,48
𝜃𝑑 = sin−1 ( sin 𝜃𝑐 ) = sin−1 ( sin 21,93º) =
𝑛4 1,45
𝜃𝑑 = 39,79º
 𝑑𝐴𝐵 = tan 𝜃𝑏 ∗ 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 = tan(68,07º) ∗ 811𝑚𝑚

𝑑𝐴𝐵 = 2014,55855 𝑚𝑚

𝑑𝐵𝐶 = tan 𝜃𝑐 ∗ 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 = tan(21,92º) ∗ 811𝑚𝑚

𝑑𝐵𝐶 = 326,483933 𝑚𝑚

𝑑𝐶𝐷 = tan 𝜃𝑑 ∗ 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 = tan(39,79º) ∗ 811𝑚𝑚

𝑑𝐶𝐷 = 675,411348 𝑚𝑚

𝑑 = 𝑑𝐴𝐵 + 𝑑𝐵𝐶 + 𝑑𝐶𝐷

𝑑 = 2014,55855 𝑚𝑚 + 326,483933 𝑚𝑚 + 675,411348 𝑚𝑚

𝑑 = 3016,4538 𝑚𝑚
 Application example

Example: Radio stations

Radio stations use antennas to broadcast their programming. These antennas

emit in different directions and reach our radio receivers through the
reflections that occur on the walls and buildings between the transmitting
antenna and the radio receivers.

Figure 1: Radio wave reception through walls

Source: youtube

Video link

URL: https://youtu.be/uAhOkeH0OaI
 References

Reference 1:

Marduk. (2013). El espectro electromagnético 1 NASA (Español) [Video].

Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ixwxOQf50kc

Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston: Academic Press, (pp. 519-524).
Recovered
from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?dir
ect=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=ehost-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_519

Wiley, J. & Sons Ltd. (2003). Electromagnetic Wave Propagation. Fixed Broadband Wireless. (pp.
25-70). Recovered
from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?dir
ect=true&db=aci&AN=14505422&lang=es&site=ehost-live