Task 1 - Electromagnetic waves in open media

Individual work format

Harry Ojeda Berrio

Group 45
72´344.632

Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia – UNAD

School of Basic Sciences, Technology and Engineering
Electromagnetic theory and waves

2020 16-04
 Exercises development

Activity
Questions: (write with your own words)
1. What do you mean propagation medium open for electromagnetic waves?
That electromagnetic waves do not need a physical material medium to
propagate. Independent of its wavelength and frequency; these can
propagate in a vacuum very close to the speed of light (299792 km / s).

2. Within the propagation mediums, what is mean by the tangent of losses

It is a basic measurement parameter that aims to determine the behavior of
a medium. By means of the existing relationship conducting current and
displacement in a specific medium, the lower the conducting current,
compared to the displacement current, the better the quality of electrical
insulation.

3. How the propagation is medium classified from the tangent of losses?

They can be classified into 5 base groups that are:
-Perfect dielectrics: that is, zero conduction insulators and zero losses due to
the Joule effect.
-Perfect conductors: do not have cumulative charging effects
-Good insulators or low-loss dielectrics: they conduct and have losses due to
the Joule effect
-Good conductors: they have capacitive effects or accumulation, the driving
effect and loss due to the Joule effect being more significant.
-Dielectric dissipative: has cumulative effects and losses due to the Joule
effect.
4. What are the propagation parameters of the waves through a medium?
Based on the tangent of losses are:
-The propagation constants
It is used to determine the reduction in voltage or current over distance as a
TEM wave propagates along the transmission line.
-Attenuation
It is the decrease in intensity as it moves away from the focus. It is due
exclusively to the distribution of its energy over a larger and larger surface.
-Phase
It is a quantity that varies cyclically, it is the fraction of the period elapsed
from the instant corresponding to the state taken as reference.
-Intrinsic impedance
It is a physical constant that relates the magnitudes of the electric and
magnetic fields of an electromagnetic radiation traveling through a vacuum.
Application exercise:
The following 5-step exercise describes the method to characterize an
electromagnetic wave when propagating in an open environment, for which,
each student must choose 1 propagation media of the 5 proposed in Table 1
and announce it within the Task 1 forum to avoid repetition.
Table 1: Conductivity 𝛔 and electrical permittivity 𝛆𝐫 of some media.

Media 𝛔 [𝐒⁄𝐦] 𝛆𝐫 [ ]
1. Copper 5.80𝑥107 1
2. Sea water 𝟒 𝟖𝟎
3. Vegetable soil 1.00𝑥10−2 14
4. Dry soil 1.00𝑥10−4 3
5. Sweet water 1.00𝑥10−3 80
𝜀 = εr ε𝑜 ; εo = 8.8542x10−12 𝐶 2 /N𝑚2
1. Calculate the tangent of losses Tan (δ) and the angle of losses δ of the
medium chosen in Table 1, if through it travel an electromagnetic wave E of
frequency 𝑓 = (632 + 10) 𝑀𝐻𝑧. Note that 632 are the last 3 digits of your
identification number.

Identification number: 72344632, then 𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 632

Then: 𝑓 = (632 + 10) 𝑀𝐻𝑧 = 642 𝑀𝐻𝑧 = 642𝑥106 𝐻𝑧

Selected propagation medium: Copper

Copper conductivity: 𝛔 = 5.8x 107 𝑆/𝑚

Copper electrical permittivity: 𝛆𝐫 = 𝟏

Note that 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 and 𝜀 = εr ε𝑜

𝜎 𝜎
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿 ) = =
𝜔𝜀 2𝜋𝑓εr ε𝑜
5.8x 107 𝑆/𝑚
= = 1623916780,21
2𝜋 ∗ 642𝑥106 𝐻𝑧 ∗ 1𝐶 2 /N𝑚2 ∗ 8.8542x10−12 𝐶 2 /N𝑚2

𝛿 = tan−1 1623916780,21 = 89.999°

Calculation:

Figure 1: operation 1 on a virtual scientific calculator.

2. According to the result obtained in point 1, classify the behavior of the chosen
medium according to one of the 5 options in Table 2:

Table 2: Classification of propagation media.

Interpretation: According to the concept of Tangent of losses, explain the

meaning of the value obtained for 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿).
The loss tangent allows me to identify that copper is classified as a good
conductor according to the results obtained.

3. According to the classification obtained in point 2 and using Table 3 shown

below, calculate the following propagation parameters of the wave in the
chosen medium:
a. Propagation constant  (gamma).
b. Attenuation constant  (Alpha).
c. Phase constant  (Beta).

Media Tan(δ) δ [°]

1. Perfect dielectrics (Not dissipative) Tan(δ) = 0 δ = 0°

2. Good insulators (Lost low dielectric) 0 < Tan(δ) <= 0,1 0° < δ <= 6°

3. Dissipative dielectrics (Dielectrics with losses) 0,1 < Tan(δ) <= 10 6° < δ <= 84°

4. Good conductors (Good conductors) Tan(δ) > 10 84°< δ < 90°

5. Perfect conductors (Perfect conductors) Tan(δ) >>> 10 δ = 90°

Table 3: Propagation parameters in open media.
 Not Lost low Dielectrics with Good
Parameter
dissipative dielectric losses conductors
𝜸 𝑗𝜔√𝜇𝜀 𝑗𝜔√𝜇𝜀 √𝒋𝝎𝝁(𝝈 + 𝒋𝝎𝜺) √𝑗𝜔𝜎𝜇𝑜

𝜶 0 𝜎𝜂⁄2 𝑹𝒆() √𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇𝑜

𝜷 𝜔√𝜇𝜀 𝜔√𝜇𝜀 𝑰𝒎() √𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇𝑜

𝜼 √𝜇 ⁄𝜀 √𝜇 ⁄𝜀 √𝒋𝝎𝝁⁄(𝝈 + 𝒋𝝎𝜺) √𝑗𝜔𝜇𝑜 ⁄𝜎

𝜇 = 𝜇𝑟 𝜇𝑜 ; 𝜇𝑟 = 1 (𝑛𝑜𝑛 − 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎) ; 𝜇𝑜 = 1.2566x10−6 T m/A

Note that 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓, 𝜇 = μr μ𝑜 and 𝜀 = εr ε𝑜

𝜸 = √𝑗𝜔𝜎𝜇𝑜

6 7 𝑆 −6 m
𝜸 = √𝒋 (2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 642𝑥10 𝐻𝑧) ∗ (5.8 ∗ 10 ) ∗ (1.2566x10 T )
𝑚 A

𝜸 = 𝟑𝟖𝟑𝟒𝟎𝟐. 𝟓𝟑 + 𝟑𝟖𝟑𝟒𝟎𝟐. 𝟓𝟑𝒋

𝜶 = √𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇𝑜

6 7 𝑆 m
𝜶 = √((𝜋) ∗ (642𝑥10 𝐻𝑧) ∗ (5.8 ∗ 10 ) ∗ (1.2566x10−6 T ) )
𝑚 A
𝑁𝑝
𝜶 = 383402,53
𝑚

𝜷 = 𝑗 ∗ √𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇𝑜

6 7 𝑆 m
𝜷 = √((𝜋) ∗ (642𝑥10 𝐻𝑧) ∗ (5.8 ∗ 10 ) ∗ (1.2566x10−6 T ) )
𝑚 A
𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜷 = 383402,53
𝑚
 𝑗𝜔𝜇𝑜
𝜼=√
𝜎
6
𝑗 (2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 642𝑥10 𝐻𝑧) (1.2566x10
−6
T m)
𝜼=√ A
7 𝑆
(5.8 ∗ 10 𝑚 )

𝜼 = 6,61𝑥10−3 𝑂ℎ𝑚 + 6,61𝑥10−3 𝑗𝑂ℎ𝑚

Calculation:

Figure 2: operation 2 on a virtual scientific calculator.

4. According to the results obtained in point 3 and using the following equations,
calculate the propagation characteristics of the wave in the chosen medium:
a. Propagation speed 𝒗𝒑 .
b. Wavelength 𝝀.
c. The penetration depth of the 𝜹𝒑 wave in the medium.

Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator, paste the image of the
operation on the report, then write the final result including the units.

𝜔 2𝜋 ∗ 642𝑥106 𝐻𝑧 𝑚
𝑉𝑝 = = 𝑟𝑎𝑑
= 10521,07
𝛽 383402,53 𝑠
𝑚
2𝜋 2𝜋
𝜆= = 𝑟𝑎𝑑
= 0,00001638796 𝑚 = 16,387 𝜇𝑚
𝛽 383402,53
𝑚
1 1
𝛿𝑝 = = = 0,00000260822 𝑚 ≈ 2,61 𝜇𝑚
|𝛼| |383402,53|

Figure 3: operation 3 on a virtual scientific calculator.

Interpretation: According to the concepts explored, explain the meaning of the
value obtained for each of the propagation characteristics 𝑉𝑝 , 𝜆 and 𝛿𝑝 .

Velocity of propagation: 𝑉𝑝 the speed with which the wave propagates is very
low with respect to the speed of light due to the impact of the density of the
material, in this case copper, and the losses generated by the joule effect in said
propagation medium.

Wavelength 𝝀: The wave length obtained tells us that it is on the micro scale
due to the fact that copper during the propagation of the wave of
electromagnetic energy is converted into heat and is a main characteristics of
this medium.
Penetration Depth 𝛿𝑝 : The penetration obtained tells us that it is minimal
scaled in microns, this is due to the fact that the greater part of the
electromagnetic wave is reflected, however a portion remains in the copper so
it should not be ignored
 Application example

Example: The Sonar

Used for navigation, communication and detection of objects submerged in the
sea. Through the use of sound waves between 20 Hz and 20 KHz, this measures
the time it takes for an acoustic wave to descend and hit an object or obstacle
to determine the depth of the object, as well as its hardness directly related to
the return pulse.

Video link

URL: http://somup.com/cY6fqglFf4

References
Paz,A (2013).Electrodinamica y Ondas. Electromagnetismo para ingenieria
Electronica. Capitulo 6 pag.196 -247 recuperado de :
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1r4Tw6fuvmHtIW3QwhTufZuuE09H6A1
LR