ns) ee viners who interpreted abnormal phe- * che inner organs of sacrificial animals, co ie Bs Pee OO 2 7; idem, 3 Pease, OCD ; Bouché-Lecler¢ ‘ie ca: Redo ond Kale dr ‘Romer took - A spear, lance. Tt was considered a visible of ownership lawfully acquired (signum justi SG) since “the Romans primarily considered js at they had taken from an enemy (Gaius, ih 416). Public auetions were performed sub ‘(see SUBHASTATIO). When the centumviral foort held its sessions, a spear was set before it C103-—See LOCATIO SUB HASTA, PRAETOR HASTA- us, CENTUMVERI, stati. See CENTURIO, Haustus. Syn. aquae haustus—See seRvitus aguae AUSTUS. Hercisci (ercisci). See ACTIO FAMILIAE ERCISCUNDAE. Heredis institutio. The designation of a person in a testament who as the testator’s heir (heres), shall succeed as the owner of the whole estate (both cor- poreal things and rights). An heir may be instituted toa fraction of the inheritance and several heirs in- stituted in common without indication of their indi vidual portions succeed in equal parts. The in: tution of an heir must be expressed in a prescribed form (sollemni more) : “X shall be (my) heir” x heres esto”). The heredis institutio was the most important element of a testament. It had to be ex- pressed at the beginning of the testament (caput et fundamentum testamenti). No testamentary dispo- sition was valid if there was not a valid institution of an heir or if the heir did not accept the inheritance. In the later law the earlier rigid rules lost their strength. The requirement of solemn words was dropped. A testament with a not valid heredis insti tutio was efficient as a codicil and all dispositions of the testator were thus saved.—Inst. 2.14; D. 28.5; 75 C. 6.24; 25.—See copiciLtt. ea Zar Gases der hy i Ba, pl iter Ose Fe a tai sees Besta 3 (1939) 303; Sanfilippo, AnPal 17 (1987) 142; 'L. Cohen, TAmPhilolA 68 (1937) ‘342; B. Biondi, Succestione testamentaria, 193, 188 Heredis institutio captatoria. See cAPTATORIVS. Heredis institutio ex re certa. The institution of 20 heir to a specific thing (not to a fraction of the & tate). Originally it was not valid and made t whole testament void, But already in the time of ‘Augustus the jurist Sabinus expressed the opinion Ghat an heir thus instituted should be considered a” heir to the whole estate as if the specific thing ar not mentioned. This doctrine, dictated by the tent eney to save other testamentary dispositions (legacl’®, manumissions), prevailed in later law (favor testo- menti) —See HERES, ENCYCLOPEDIC DICTIONARY OF ROMAN Law Mancaleo 485 cc) “So Be al 2) Bee, St Riccobono 1 SPM. erat 37 2a, bai Heredis institutio excepta re. heir to the whole estate ot a fra exception of one specific thing Sciascia, Anais 1 (Bansal 27-48 Ponti Unie. Cot de So0 Paulo Hereditari i Henacit® Pertinent to, connected with, an in- ee ACTIONES HEREDITARIAE, TUS HER DITARIUM, RES HEREDITARIAE, SEPULCR CRS Pas mEREDITaRIA, ss paaiewad a on the one hand in the sense of the iplex of goods, rights, and duties of the deceased {the estate asa whole), and on the other hand of the legal position ofthe het (eres) who after the death of another enters (succedere) into his legal situation and legal relations (in universum ius, in locum de- functi). “Hereditas is nothing else than the succes- sion to the whole right (universum ius) which the deceased had’” (D. 50.1624). The fundamental dis- tinction is between hereditas testamentaria = an in- heritance of which the testator disposed by designat- ing (instituere) the person or persons (heres, heredes), who should inherit his property, in a valid testament, and hereditas legitima = an inheritance which is given to heirs indicated by the law because the deceased did not leave a testament or his testa- ment became later ineffective for specific reasons. ‘The testamentary succession prevails over the intes- tate one. According to a legal rule both kinds of succession cannot apply simultaneously to the same Getate; see NEMO PRO PARTE TesTATUS. Hereditas fefers to successions under the ius civile; it is op- to BoxORUM POSSESSIO which is governed by Perms of the praetorian law—See ADITIO” HEREDI- satis, DELATIO HEREDITATIS, EMPTIO HEREDITATS, IN Tone ‘cessl0 HEREDITATIS, HERES, WEREDITATISPE- trio, successo, and the following items, He DS 3; De Ruggiero, DE 3; Berger, OCD (sa. Bao, DS 3 e288 a (1930) 295; Honan, Sev ina) several articles; Bortoluci, BIDR 42°(1934) 1 (2900) oss) 128; Robbe, StCagl 28 (1937). La Pia, 1905 8 (i988) 243; Ambrosino, SDHT 10 (1944) 105, Stet trio, Se sulla heredtas 1 (1996) ; idem, Bvolun Cantal deh, Corso, 19465 Biondi, Isttuti fonda- sion (ious), 24; B. Albanese, Lo successions heredi- mental {Pal 20 (1949) 228; Ambrosino, SDHI 17 (1951) $9ey Solazsi, ura 3 (1982) 21. Hereditas darnosa. An estate in which the debts of fhe deceased exceed the value of the property he left. Hereditas fideicommissa (fideicommissaria). An in- ‘tance which in whole or in part was left to a The institution of an ction thereof with the her person through a FiDEICoMMISSUM t0 be handed over by the heir instituted in a testament to the bene- feiary (fideicommissarius), see FIDEICOMMISSUM, uereDitaris. Syn. hereditas fiduciaria Hereditas fiduciaria. See the foregoing item,mo HEREDE 1s 010 Marz, Nanicks RES, SH pita. @Am Sig Anal 8 a adam 7, ee Etem, Tara 1 (1980) 180 8) ie OO quae ture leitima oven Hereditas esis (Se Sonferced to an ity 8 ‘An inheritance ig the case of intestacy Te civil law (ius civile) in. 7a rEREDITAS, INTES- STD 3865 73 C. 658-—See ares, ria intestate, 1930 Ta Pra, Lo sucet — Hereditas suspect, See ams eriance which an Heres tstgceording to the testament of the de- PED. 372-—See TESTAMENTUM. dio, La sccavionetetomentars, 983. ditto. See ADITIO MEREDITATIS. Horeditatis petitio. An action by which an) heir Wheres, either the testamentary one (eres testa- werartus) or one succeeding at intestacy (Heres Tegitimus, ab intestato), claims the delivery of the ‘whole estate, a portion of it or a single thing on the grounds of his right of succession. The action lies against any one who, holding things belonging to an estate claims either that he himself is an heir (fro herede), or simply denies the plaintiff's right of succession without giving any justification of his ‘own possession (pro possessore). The hereditatis petitio is a kind of rei vindicatio based on a specific title of the plaintif, i., the right of an heir, There- fore it is also termed vindicatio hereditatis. The rrules concerning the restitution of res hereditariae are ‘analogous to those of the rei vindicatio, See 1NTER- DICTUM QUEM FUNDUM. Special provisions were: introduced by the Senatusconsultum Iwventionum which made an essential distinction between one who held the inheritance in good faith (bona fide) in the belief that he was the real heir, and one who knew tat he had no rights of succession, A defendant org eg ber Uindcatio for the restitution of a Terai 'S belonging to the estate mij {xcs tha the question ofthe plas tee sion be not prejudged in that trial (ne prae- fiat). The exception compelled timo obvenit.) ime hereit iudicium hereditati the phintif to sy — TRANS. Aven Pn Feaawva, VINDICATION FAMILIAR, juvENTIAN to, roel. nr 1114; Di Marzo, Sten Dessis NPL. MBtipe 20. Cis) Sag (he) Messina Vpeniion Ghérédité, Lausanne, joie, Margi Becton load) $1 Bond dal aby iP: ey ipenoyes, Fachr Kosehot 2 258 18 3 tena Caretaker 2 " face inp Rea id arom stati itio fideicommissaria. seins Rte RAO hay petit rae ed an esate oF 2 trator en herediat oeretitio was conceived of ny Tie a (hereditatis petitio utilis) of the qa. tension (as reriTio which originally wag /rl Bema pele inheriting under ius ciile “pe Heceditats peti possestoria, A hevediat u, inted the Bonorum 7 eit inheriting sraptjing to the practorian Taw), Tt was a yee creation (by Justinian?) when the two systens gj Gniversal succession were unified. In the clwicy law the praetorian heir had the INTERDICTUM Quon, BoNORUM.—D. 5.5. Hereditatis petitio utilis. See exepiratis retin) FIDEICOMMISSARIA. a Heredium. A plot of land, including a garden, of the size of two Roman acres (iugera), allotted, accord. ing to a legendary tradition by the founder of Rome, Romulus, to the citizens. It was inalienable ang indivisible, being reserved for the heir (heredem sequi). Humbert, DS 3; Sacchi, NDI 6; Nap, TR 1 (199) 3; Lenel, Edictum perpetuum? (1927) 180; Pahimann, Geach der sosialen Frage 1928, 334; H, Lévy-Brah, Noweler Shades sur le tres oncien droit romain, 1947, 37; Kans, Archives histoire dv droit oriental 3 (1948) 22. Heres. An heir, he “who enters in the rights and the place of the deceased” (D. 29.2.37). “No one leaves to his heirs more rights than he had himself” (D. 50.17.120). All advantages and disadvantages (charges, commoda et incommoda) resulting from the legal relations of the deceased are transferred to the heir. Hence he is liable for debts and duties of the defunct except those which are strictly per sonal and not transmissible to another person Among the rights excluded from succession are, €, Personal servitudes (usus, ususfructus). Possession (possessio) as a mere factual situation does not pass to the heir until he obtains physical holding of the things involved. Obligations originating from wrongdoings (obligationes ex delicto) are not bind- ing on the heir, but he must return what he gained from such acts (the enrichment). Some contractual relations (partnership, mandate) are extinguished ty the death of one party—Inst. 2.14; 19; D. 285: C. 4.17; 6.24—See the following items, and HERES INSTITUTIO, SUUS HERES, SUUS ET NECESSARUS HERES, PRO HEREDE GESTIO, EXHEREDARE, NEMO pusah oss HERES SUA HO at yooh . reditarium jus) i ge (ee Me 3 De Rugg i RE 9 LS: Brbenhafano, 1927; Wolfs St Rice Het a oy cr thats ae, A di Mir Ht Lévy-Bruh, Nowulies uey 11380) ba 3 (=Mal De Visscher 2 849) si BotRIDA 1 (1982) 507. 1989) 8 Be goes Set XTRANEUS HERES. yoo mtarcius. An heir, instituted in a testa r me es Ho the testator has imposed the duty to delve, cab oly in part 0 hrd person (rie WeREDITATIS, HEREDITAS FIDEICOM- ‘ jones gssh)> : use) gimus. An heir who suceeds according to pinot succession established by the civil we oe (ihe Twelve Tables, 2 Statvie) in the cose iF gtestacy. Ant. heres scriptus, testamentarius.— See HEREDITAS LEGITIEA. eres necessarius. A slave manumitted and insti- tse an heir in his master's testament, "He ac- wes the estate immediately together with Hberty gent any formal acceptance of the inheritance, and ware inable to reject it—Inst. 2.195 C, 627.—See eats sUUS ET NECESSARIUS. ‘Manigk, RE 4A, 6725 ‘Guarino, SDHI 10 (1944) 240. Heres muncupatus. See TESTAMENTUM PER NUNCU- PATIONEM. Hees seriptus. An heir appointed in a written testa- ment. Ant, heres legitimus. Heres secundus. See SUBsTITUTIO. Heres suspectus. An heir who appears not to be able to pay the debts of the deceased. Hereditas suspecta vr inheritance overcharged with debts—See sA™1S- DATIo SUSPECT HEREDIS. Heres suus. An heir who at the death of a pose was under his paternal power (patria potestas). This re technical term to be distinguished from suns heres (=his heir) which refers to the heir of a specific person—See Inst. 2.19; D. 38:16; C- 6.55-—See ADITIO HEREDITATIS, EXHEREDARE. Manigk, RE 4A, 664; 8, 629; Cua, DS 4 (sv. sus) + Solan, BIDR 39 (1931) 5; Kirk, 255 5 (1938) 16 Lepri, 5 Solasei, 1948, 299; Vogel, 25S i Heres suas et necessarius. A person under the Pe ternal power (or manus) of the deceased who after his death becomes su1 Tunis (head of @ family). ae aiated aco heir in a testament oF Sucoeestis at intestacy he has no power to refuse the inhe h and besomes heir at once after the testator deat! whether he wishes or not. Such heirs. are a daughters, and the widow of the deceased; grandsont and granddaughters are heredes sui only it the ev that chet fallen ie dead or no longer Unde aay ternal power of the deceased. The practorian : ns granted the heredes sui et necessari the FEY us Tefuse the acceptance of an insolvent im eritance ABSTINENDI),—See HERES SUUS— inst. 2. Manigk, RE 4A, 672. ENCYCLOPED) oss] IC DICT] IONARY OF RO} anal MAN Law voluntar suus tor hea An heir who is nei 487 inherent et necessarins. “He meni er! a ites the nly thr Ammo areneDrramig) gee ey aeeeptance (See egoing items. Herma S phroditus, Corian tt £0" Sok wi eres entered under the lw toe lermogenianus. A Roman j of Century oF th an jurist of the isthe author of 2 cance er Coa, he Tome) i a een oF exerts Cle ei of the Codes Hormogenti nie tity with the author Bente he fermagenianus cannot be established. hn Spnteie Rggobone, 95 43 (192) 827; Pings 7 tragee, Bal 368 Cogent betel, 180, 31s Felgen. lermogenianus Cod Hippocentaurus. “al CODEX HERMOGENTANUS, horse. Hippocentaurum ee el half man half of an obligation which cannot be fultiied ty ‘example Tie ae ea ied teense of Histrio, See scaEnicus. Hoc est. See 10 Est. Hodie. Today, nowadays. Some Justinian's innova. tions are referred to in his Institutes by hodie as well as in the Digest certain new legal rules are opposed to earlier ones through this word, Although the word appears in interpolated texts, itis not a reliable tion of an interpolation. TE Atbestari, Hodie, 1911; Beeler, Beitrge 2 (911) 87 Bergen RAP] 16. (1918) 427; Guares-Cia, Indice (1927) 43 (Bibl). Hotographus. Written in full in one's own hand (© a testament). Homicida. A killer, manslayer—See HOMICIDIUM. Homicidium. An assassinat jon, manslaughter. The term is of later origin; it appears twice in Cicero, put is rare in the writings of ‘the classical jurists, although frequent in imperial constitutions, For Sarlier terminology, s€¢ PARRICIDION ‘The perti- nent verbs are ‘necare, interficere, occidere. After a period of self-vengeances ‘homicide in historical times became @ crimen publicum (QUAESTORES ‘PARRICIDIL)- Under specific circumstances ‘killing a person is justi wipe case of sel-defense against thief (fur noctermus) of when & daughter ‘omplice have been caught in the Very act ic rson killed in. such stuaons justly killed). ‘The Twelve penalty on a murderer ‘The Lex Cornelia de sicort ee Coretinian with various 2 Ta oe okt eva can chanted sles. applicable to different kinds tablished the TEs executed oF ONY attempted. Eyiagl eiple of dolus pro facta ‘accipitur There ee, Fn ig considered aS if the fact 5 see CONATUS. Particl- had been €0n# nds of murderers wae ‘punished aset 7 —eeeeeESE7Y Le Ib-0 TRANSACTIONS orm = AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY HELD AT PHILADELPHIA FOR PROMOTING USEFUL KNOWLEDGE NEW SERIES—VOLUME 43, PART 2 1953 ENCYCLOPEDIC DICTIONARY OF ROMAN LAW ADOLF BERGER City College, New York and French University (Beole Libre des Hautes Btudes), New York ‘THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY INDEPENDENCE SQUARE PHILADELPHIA 6 Surrmusen, 1053