NGUYEN ANH VAN - Lf HOANG NAM - TRINH TH] HA MY - NGUYEN HA NGQC THIEN DANG NGQC SON ~ BUI QUANG NHAT- NGUYEN NGQC HUYEN—HOANG THI NGQC ANH CHINH PHUC HINH HQC GIAI TICH | (trong mit phang) i ¥ Danh cho 6n thi tét nghiép, dai hoc va cao ding ¥ Danh cho 6n thi hge sinh gidi 16p 12 Y¥ Ding lim tai ligu tham khao ging day cho céc gido vién NHA XUAT BAN DAI HQC QUOC GIA HA NOLNHA XUAN BAN BAT HQC QUOC GiA HA NOT 16 Hang Chuéi - Hal Ba Trung - Ha Ni ‘id thoai: Bidn tap = Ché bin: (04) 29714896: Hanh chinh: (04) 39714899; Téng bién tp: (04) 397 15011 Fax: (04) 39729436 Chiu tréch ahigm xuit ban: Gitim débc~ Ting bién tap: TS. PHAM TH] TRAM. Bin tp: TRINH THU HA ché ban: CONG TY CO PHAN GIAO DUC TRYC TUYEN VIETNAM ~ VEDU CORP Tritth bay bia: NGUYEN SON TUNG ‘Sita ban in: LUONG VAN THUY Déi tic lien két xudit ban: CONG TY CO PHAN GIAO DUC TRUC TUYEN VIET NAM ~ VEDU CORP. SACH LIEN KET CHINH PHUC HINH HOC GIAI TICH ‘Ma sé: 1L -637 DH2014 In 1000 cudn, ki 29,7 x 2em tai Nha may In BO Téng Tham Muu —B9 Qué Phong 86 xudt ban: 2592-201 4/CXB/19- 409/DHQGHN, ngtty 05/12/2014 Quyét dinh xudt ban s6: 640 LK TN/ QB ~ NXBDHQGHN: In xong va ndp luu chuyén quy IV nam 2014.i { { i LOICAM ON Chiing t6i viet quyén séch nay khi da Ia sinh vién céc trudng dai hoc, khi ma ching dung mudi hal nam dén sch da két thiic € mé ra truéc mat chiing toi mét chan trdi méi. Nhin nhéng em hoc sinh cudi cp migt mai ngay dém én thi &é chufin bi cho hai kd thi quan trong sp ti, chiing t6i nhu bat gp dau 46 nhiing hhinh anh quen thuc cia chinh minh, cia nhéing nam thang y, voi dau vo ning con chit, con 36, vat vi va mt nhodi... chi v6i mot kht khao duy nbt: Dau Dai Hc, ‘BE ri, chiing ti - nhing ngwdi di trade cdc er mot buéc phdi suy nghi, trin tré, xét xa. Chiing ti mudn cing cdc em vurot qua nhiing khodng thoi gian kh6 khan dS, muén dem nhiing kign thie, kinh nghiém Uch lay duge suét qué trinh 6n thi dai hoc truy8n dat dén céc em,dinh hwéng va hé tro, dé chcem c6 mot hanh trang ving vang, ty tin trai qua hai Ii thi quan trong sp t6i, dat két qua tot nhat. Vay a, chiing toi nay ra y tuéng vigtnén mot cuén sich, ma 6 46, khOngecht [a kién thite, a kink nghiéan, 1a phwong php, ma con 1a niém dam mé, hi vong, nhigt huyét cng hién cia ching ti muén gil gdm toi cdc em, t6i n8n Gido Dye née nha. Trai qua sau théng trién khai hoi f, day cong nghién citu, chinh sira, khong quan khé khiin, gian kh6, nhting van d8 phat sinh trong qué trinh viét séch, lam viéenhém, v6i surhé tre-nhiée ‘inh cia thiy 6, ban be, céc ban hoc sinh trén cd nuée a giip chiing t6i hoan thanh xong cuén “Chinh Phuc Hin Giai Tich’ Cun sich duge chia thanh 7 chuyén d, gdm: Chuyén d&: Véctor Chuyén dé: Céc bai toan tim diém Chuyén dé: Purtng thing Chuyén d8: Dudng tron Chuyén dé: Blip Chuyén d: Cac bai toan lign quan dén tinh chathinh hoc Chuyén a: Hinh hoc toa d@ phang qua d@ thi hoc sinh gidi Ching t6i da trinh bay rét cl Ma Ahee va U mi, vide eét cd nhiing gi cé thé cho timg bai toan dua ra. Cun séch xy dung mot céch rathé théng tir co ban dé phitc tap, ti nhurng didu nhé nhat va don gidn mhét...Chiing 161 ¢6 gang dura ra cfc Idi sai thuémg gap cia cécem hoc sinh ma qua qué trinh di gia su,qua trinh hoc trén ghé nha treong.. Gle day, khi dang cm trén tay cudn séch nay, chfnh la cc em dang mang trén minh nim tin, tinh yéu va hi vong, tam huyét cia ching t6i, nhiing ngudi da ting trai qua quang thot gian On thi khde nghiét nhwr cdc em, chiing t6i thém dng cdm va cing quyét tm hon @é du tw vao'cudn sich, mon q nnho nha git téi cdc em, Hay nang niu, nghién ngim, str dung cudn sdch nay tht t6t boi mi trang sch, a nhting giot ma h6i, [a hi Vong 14 kinh nghiém tich liy eta chiing t6i. “HiGn tai 1A nguyén kf ela Quéc gia”, dét nuéc ta dang cn lm nhieng ngudi tré di dtc dl tal, ngay ‘tr bay gid, ching t61 mong céc em, nhitng thé hé xy dung va bio vé'T quéc mai sau cham chi hoc hanh,tu duvGng va ren luyen dao dticnhan phim. Hat ki thi quan trong quyét dinh trong Iai cia cée em dang tdi gin, Khong bao girl qua mu6n ca, hay hoc tp ngay hém nay.Cudi cling, xin duoc giri lei cam on * eee eR ee * she t6i ‘Thay gido Tran Tin Dat-THPT Chuyén Lwong Thé Vinh- Tinh Dong Nat ‘Thay giéo: Tran Ngoc Ha-THPT Nhi Chiéu- Huyén Kinh Mén- Tinh Hal Duong ‘Thiy giéo: Ding Thanh Binh-THPT Ong Hda- Huyén ng Hda- TP Ha NOt Ban Bai Thj Thanh Nhan- DH Ngoal Thuong: TP H8 CHI Minh Ban Nguyén Binh Linh Thoat Ban Nguyn Trong Nam Ban Bai Thi Thuy Linh Ban Nguyn Pham Anh Tin Nguyén Quéc Bao a gitip 6 chiing tot rat nhieu trong qué trinh hodn thign cuén sch. Cudin sich ¢6 tham khao mot sé ngudn nhur moon.vn, k2pi.net, Kimath360.blogspot.com, boxmath, tap chi ton hoc tudi tré, d@ thi thir dai hoc cfc trudng, a thi hoc sinh gidt céc tinh- than phé, dé thi chfnh thiic cia BO GD a0 a0... Mac di da rat 6 ging, song trong qué trink bién soan, rat khé trénh khai nhting Sai sot. Tap thé tde gtd rat mong nhan duge mhing g6p ¥, phé binh tir dc gid dé nhing lin tél ban duoc ho’n thién hon, Hug, ngay 14- thang 12-ndm 2014 Thay mat nhém téc gia Nguyn Anh Van iHUONG DAN SU’ DUNG SACH Dé chinh phuc dinh nui Oxy @€ khé khan va gian khé, ngoai sy khé luyén ra thi néu cdc ban sir dung cuén sach ating cach thi con dudng di dén dinh nui sé ngan hon, Sau day la m6t sé leu y dé giip cdc ban tién nhanh hon vé phia dé. Hinh hoc phang duoc xay dung tly cdc d6i trong nhu: did, duréng thing, tam gide, hinh hinh anh, hinh chir nhat, hinh vudng, dong trdn nén nGi dung cudn sdch nay cling di theo thik ty 4y. O° méi phi, sé c6 phn tom tat I thuyét dau tién gidp dc gia nhé lai nhéing kién thite cn thiét va trong tam nhét cia mdi phn. Sau dé | phn bai tap minh hoa cling duoc sp xép theo thi tu tir dé dén khé- din dé céc ban cé thé lam quen véi phwong phap. Vi vay céc ban cing nén doc theo thit tu a6, khong nén bé qua vl ‘M6t bai todn khé ld bot vi trong d6 cé nbiéu bai todn dé". m6i bai tp, ngoai dé bai va loi gidi chi tiét ra, cOn ¢6 phiin phan tich a8 bai gitip dc gia c6 thé thay duoc dit kién nao cita dé bai la quan trong, ddu higu nao khién ta nghf dén cong thee &6, inh If n3o Ia cn thiét a€ djnh hwéng 16% gidi. Phin phan tich sé khién cho dc gia nghi rang lot git & dui 1a ty nhién va minh hoan toan cé thé hoc héi va lam theo dug. Do 46, trwéc khi xem loi giai ’y doc ph’an phan tich dé thay r& hon vé cach giai cing nhw huéng suy nghi sau do dat but gidi thi. Tigp theo, da gidi duoc hay khong chi tiét, cc ban hay suy nghi mét lan. Néu van chwa c6 hwéng gi: thi vn nén xem loi gidi chi tiét dé hoc hdi cdch trinh bay cfing nhw do dap $6, ‘Sau mdi bai toan, chting ta kh6ng chi biét m6i bai dé ma cdn can phai phat trién thém y twong. ‘Vidy nhw thém bét dif kién nao dé hogc thay d6i tie “phwong trinh dudng phan giéc” thanh “phuong trinh duéng trung tuyén” thi bai todn c6 khdc kh6ng? C6 thé ban sé chinh gap bai togn ma ban da ting nghi ra & cac ki thi sap én ?!!Muc luc (Gc emhiiy hen dung mute luc bck clo cubn dich ca minh nh, 2 gp ec om hid back hse ~)- BS Cuyar dT: Vecto LVECTO 4. Dink nghiia vecto- Vecto ld mt doan thang cé huréng, nghia la trong hai diém mit cila doan thang, 45 chi 6 din ndo la diéin dit, diém nao la diém cudi. Budng thang di qua hai diéim nay got la gid cia vecto. Khi d6, mot vecto c6 diém dau 1a M, diém cudf la N thi kf hiéu la MN . B6i khi, dé thudn tién, ngwoi ta k(hiéu mOt vecto bing chit cai in thudng vA mili tén & trén: a,x Dic biét, vecto 6 diém du va diém cubt tring nhau goila vecto-khdng va ki hiéu li 6. Gté cla vecto- ishing la moi durémg thang di qua nd. 2. SaLvecte cing phuwng, cing huténg. Hatvecte biting nha Hai vecto goi ld cing phivong néi gid cia chting song song hoc tring nhau. Néu hal vecto cing phirong thi hod ching cling hudng, hose ching ngwor huréng Db dalciia a Ia khoang cach gitta diém du va diém eudt cla vecto dd, kt higu Ia al Hat vecto 3,6 gor la bing nhau néus ching cing hwéng va cing d6 dai va viétla Vidu: MN va d bing nhau. Nhan xét: — ‘© Vecto-khOng cing phuctig yoi moi vecto. Ngoat ra, ta cling quy we rng vecto-khéng cling huéng v6 moi vecto. + DO daicia 6 1a 0: |o[=0 Il. CAC PHEP TOAN TREN VECTO 4. Feng ciia hai vector Cho hai vecto a,b. LAy m6t diém A nao dé rbi xe doh cfc diém B va C sao cho AB=2, BC vecto KC duoc goi la tOng cila hai vecto a vab, kt hiéu: Ae=a+b. Lowebookn 19‘Tee dah nga rn a suy ra cc tinh cht eta phép cong vecto: Vidur ‘Tinh giao hoai Tinh két hop: (a+b) Va cling tir dinh nghia, ta ¢6 hai quy tc sau: Quy tic ba diém: V6i ba diém bat ki M,N, Ptacé MN+NP=MP Quy tc hinh binh han: Néu OABC [a hinh binh hanh ta cé: CA+0C =08- Néu M 1a trung diém doan thang AB th! MA+MB ‘That vay, ap dung quy tic ba digm ta cé: wa N6u G18 trong tim tam giéc ABC thi GA+ Ge - ‘That vay, GA+GB+GC. hi Mg iC=3GM + MA+MB +-BC. Bidu thite trén diing ‘v6i moi diém M, ta chon M 18 trung diém i (ier - Biéu théte clia ta tré thanh: 36M +) do tinh chat ca trong tam. Ate 4 4 aM « Vecto dBi. $(Gu cite. hai vecto Vecta 8 duge got la vecto 46} ctla vecto a 1d Kid (Ong cita ching bang vecto-khong. Nhan xét: 2 lAvecto déi cia b khi va chi khi a ngwoc hwéng va cing 4 dai véi b. a la vecto di cita b thi 6 cling ta vecto déi cita a. Vecto la vecto d6i cita chink né. Higu cla hai vecto a va b, kt hiéu la a~B, 1a téng cia vecto a va vecto déi ctia vecto b, titel MI be vi a3. Tick cha mot vacto wit mpt 96 Tich cla vecto’ véisé thuck a mt vecto, ki hiéu la ka, c6 46 dat a |k[al, va ciing (hoe ngwoc) Inring voi a néu k20 (hose k <0). ‘Tir dinh nghia trén, ta c6 cdc tinh chat sau véi hai vecto a, b bat ki va moi sé thyc k,1: (ia) =(8)@” x (2b) = 12K (ky ka=0cok=O0va= [Nhan xét: Qua dinh ngbta tich cla mt vecto v6i mot s6, ta ¢6 thé ching minh ba diém A, B, C thing hang ing cach ching AG vidw Néu [a trung diém dogn thang AB va M 1a digm bat ki, ta c6 MA+MB= 2M ‘That vay, MA + MB =(M FA) + (Ral +7B) = 205 |. Dan aén MA +MB=2Mi @& N6uGIa trong tim tam gidc ABC va M la diém bit ki, ta cé A+ MiR+MC=3MG. MA “ (GA 208+ Néu (a,b) =90" chi ta ndi ring hai ina iy viii géevéi nha, kt bigu Ib 2.16. Tich vouuong cita hai vecto ada b he smote erin ab, dire xéc dinh bot Nhan xét: Ta cé thé ching minh hai duong thang vudng gbc v6i nhau ng céch voi mi durdng thang, tim vecto cé phuong triing v6i dwimg thing d6, ri chting minh tich v6 huréng gitta chiing bing 0. Vi dy: (Binh If him cos) Cho tam gic ABC, Bt P02 -2becosA =c thi ta c6 a? ‘That vay, a? =BC BAC) =BA? AC -2BANC =2 +0? -2HRAE =< +1 —2)p]aCfcosa =o +b? -2becosA Vidu: (Cong thitc trung tuyén) Cho tam gie ARC v6i 1A teung diém canh BC, Lorebook 11(vi IC? =1B* diém BC) B IIL NG DUNG CUA VECTO VAO MOT SO BAITOAN 7 1, Chiing minh ba diém thing hang Cosi & day fa nh§n xét& myc IIL3 "BE chiing minh ba diém A, B, C thang hang ta cb tié ching mink tn tai s6 thwe k sao cho AB=KAG Vi du: (Budng thang O-le) Cho tam gléc ABC c6 tryc tm H, trong tm G va tam durdng tron ngoai tigp 0. Chieng minh rang ba diém H, G va 0 thang hang va dwong thdng di qua ba diém a6 golf dwréng thing O-le, Loi gidi Goi D la diém 461 xiing cha A qua 0. Khi dé, tam pide ABD c6 duéng trung tuyén BO bing mét nita canh AD déidién (tite bing AO do dBu la ban Kinh cha durdng tron ngoatttép) nén la tam gidc vudng tai Bnén DB .L AB. Maitkhdedo Ha.true tam ca ABC nén CH_LAB.Tir 46, DB song song v6i CH, Hoan toan twong ty voi tam gidc ACD ta suyirg DE song’song v6i BH, ddn én BHCD la hinh binh hanh: Khi d'trung diém 1 cia BC ciing chfnh la trung dim cia Vi vay, diced Vay 3 diém G, 0, H tharig:hang. Viduz * i Cho tam giéc ABC ¢6 cdc diém D, E, F Ian lugt thudc AC, AB, BC sao cho AC=AD,BE=EA, FC=2FB. Chitng minh ring ba igm D, EF thing hang L8i gil Ta dat AC=x, AB ve Lavon 32vay ba diémn D, E, F thang hang, hon nita diém B chia doan DF theo tile 3:1. ‘Vidu: Cho hinh vudng ABCD, Goi M, N fin lurgt I trung diém BC va CD, Trén BN lay diém I sao cho BI CChieng rninh rng ba diém A, 1, M thang hang. Lai gia Vay ba diém A, 1 M thing hang. 2. Ching tninh hat dutong thitng outrg géc. : " Co'sé eta phuong phap chéing minh nay la do tinh chat ofa tich v6 huéng hai vecto: 3b=0e>a Lb. Vidy: Cho tt giée ABCD. Ching minh rang hai duéng chéo'vadng gc v6i nhau Khi va chi khi téng binh phuong cée cp canh ai dién bang nhau, tte la AC.LBD¢,AB* +CD? = BC* +AD*. Loi gid Gia str ta da c6: AB? +CD? = BC? + AD* Khi 46: 0= AB? +CD? -CB? —AD? = = (AB +B) (AB ~CB) (AD + C6) (ABB) = (AB +B) AC -(A0 +0) AE GG -AB CB) Am (ABs CBD Do @é: DB.LAG Viche dng thitc trén 1a tuong dueng nén ta ciing c6 chiu ngurgc lai. Vay ta cé du phai chieng minh Vid: Cho tam giée ABC cfn tai A. Goi H Ia trung diém cia BC, va D 18 hinh chiéw ela H trén AC, Mla trang, iD. Chémng minh ring AM LBD. =F fenil-b Ap dyng hé thitc ltrong trong tam gic, ta c6: Lovebosivn] 13i" (2a? +b?) (rar mbt besa? 2°(20? sb")? _aot(-za? pt —2at v2) Yeo ae) arse’) Vay ta c6 diéu phai chtng minh, ‘Vi dy: (A 2012) Cho hinh vudng ABCD, Goi M1 trung diém cia canh BC, N la diém trén canh CD sao cho CN=2ND. Gia str w(2.2) Va dung thang AN: =0 ~y-3=0.Tim tga d9 diém A, Loi giai G day, ta bd qua céc phwong trinh duréng thing va toa dé dlém, chi quan tam dén vige chitng mink MH vuéng géc v6i AN véi Hla giao digs cia AN va BD. : Ap dung dinh If Ta-let, ta c6: wi a6 Ta c6: MH =MC-+CN+ Nii Ber 0b. tna 1 tatty 56265 -2 (8 pA), Mat khde: AN = AD + DN. ae (45,35 Te ao: MILAN =( Zi 09 Vay MH vuéng géc véi AN. % rae IV. T0A DO VA HE TRUC TOADO%, < an a Truc toa a6 ta impeded pith trén dé xéc dink mde diéim O va moe vecto i cé dé dai bing 1. Diém spi li g6c toa d6. Vecto i got la vecto don vj ‘HE truc toa d6 gin hal true toa 6 vudng gée vbt nhau sa0 cho géc toa dp ciia méi true tring nhau tat vi hat vecto dom vf iy} c6 a dal bang nhac Ta kf hip he tru toa dé nh vy lb (0553). Truc ox ehita vecto i gotta truchoanh, truc Oy clita vecto j gol li truc tung. 2. Tead® cia vecte déi vai he truc toads PBI uL 46 (ost) ‘nd eve toa dp (O51), atu a=xiey] edu cap git tr (my) sot la toa d6 cila vecto a, khi dé x,y Lin Jwot la hoank dé va tung dé cla vecto 4 Khi dé, ta c6 biéu thir toa 46 cla cdc phép todn vecto, véi a=(xy) b xy!) Levebontn 243. Toad cia didn Toa d6 ciia vecto OM dior got Id toa d6 cilia diém M. Hoanh 46 (tung 46) ctta OM got la hoanh a6 (eng a6) cia M va duro ki hibu Ia xy (yy). Dé dang ching minh rng néu P 1a trung diém doan thang MN thi 12H yp = LY x va néu Ga trong tam tam gldc ABC thi XqtXp+%e dung tron don vi Voi mii géc «(0° sa.<180"), ta xic djnh diém M nim trén mika dung trdn don vi sao cho MOx= cr Khi 46, tung 46 cita diém M goi la sin eta géc a, k( higu la sina;hoanh a6 cia diém M got la césin lia ge & kihigu la cose. Ti s6 (véi hoanh d6 khac 0) ca diém M goi la tang cha géc a, ki higula tanog ti ‘86 (vol tung d@ khac 0) cla diém M goi la cOtang cila géc a, kihi@u ld cote. Nhan xét: Theo dinh nghia, sina,cosc lan lwgt la tung, hoanh 49 cia mot diém thudc nita duéng tron don v1 nén ty dé ta c6 khoang gid tri cia sin,cos: 00 khac g6c toa do 1a Z¢Xe1, Theo’, 4 i qua M(2,2) nénta cong tee 24h 1 941.) (31,2,7 (1,2 94 tact: (+A) her )o(3 2.21) (242) a1 hay 244, wae SoS) Cd) rare 6 trén ta ap dung bat dng thite Bunhiacoski: (a? +b?)(c? +*)2(ae+ba)’. Dau bang xay ra khi } Vay phiong trinh duong thang cin tim la 2x+9y-20=0 5. Platong tran thoo be 28 ge Tirphuong trinh tng quat cita dueong thing ax-+-by +¢=0, néu b#Othi ta c6 thé dura v8 dang ~a one y=ke+m voi He s6 k duro got hg s6 géc cita dueéng thang va phurong trinh c6 dang trén Lovebookva | 17urge go! la phwrong trinh theo h@ s6 géc. Khi dé, néu a: 1a géc hop béi dieong thang y=kx+m va tia Ox thi k=tana. Vi KHOANG CACH ~ GOC - VI TRI TU'ONG DOT Gi(’a DIEM VA DUONG THANG 1. Khuoding cdch tc rust dtdin dn. wnt dutong thing Cho duong thang A cé phuong trinh ax+by+c=0 va diém M(Xw,¥q)+ Nguoi ta ching minh dee Hing, khodng cdch tir diém M dén dung thang A 1A fay tbyy + fa? +b? ‘rds suy raring, v6t hal dudmg thang 4,,A lan lugt co phuong trinh axtby+c, =0 va anx+ bay +c, =0 thi diém M(x,y) céch du hai dudmg thang, tke nim trén durdmg phan gide cba hai duong thang théa Kei vA chi khi toa d6 cia M théa man diéu kign: axsby +e , anteby+e five ieee ‘Va d6 cling la cée phwong trinh duéng phan giéc cla hai dudmg thang Aud. Vi du: Cho duong thang 4,, :(m-2)x+(m~1)y+2m~1=0 va diém Seep 8 Kkhoang céch tir aiém Adén 4,, la én nhit oN Loigiit coe 4 posh te a Khodng cich tira dén Ay 1d: dag _[(=2)2+ (yo): Sgn] _pm—d : “Oetmedy Yam? —omas fg Meg __(7m-8) 49m? -112m +64 am?-6m+5 — 2m?-6m+5 Vay khoang cach 1én nhat tir diém A én A,, 1a /37 khi m. Lai gia Ta vigtlal phuong tinh A,, duéidang: (x-+y+2)m-+(~2«-y—1)=0, tinh tréthinh Om+0=0: ding v6i moi m nén diém B(1,~8) la diém c6 nh cla A. Levan 118Goi H lé hinh chi€u ciia Alén A,,,, kh dé, trong tam gic ABH vudng tai H c6 AH < AB. Dau bing xiy ra khi B=H tite Bla hinh chiéu cia Alén 4,,, tike ABLA,, ¢>—1.(1-m)-6.(m~2)=0 <> m= AB=(-1,-6),na_ =(1-m,m—2) vay khi m= thi khoang céch tirA dén A,, la nhd nhat, Hai durong théng a, b cét nhau tai thanh bin gée va géc c6 56 do nhé nhét trong 4 gic dé gol li géc pita a va b, kf higu Id (a,b). Quy wdc rang khi a tring hoac song song vot b thi gée gita a va b 130°. Nhfn xét: 6c gitta hai dong thing lu6n udn nhé hon hoc bang 90° va lén hon hodc bing 0°, Cho hai dung thang A,,A, va hai vecto phap tuyén tong ting i; (a,,b,),1i,(a,,b,).Ta ching minh duge ring fade tbibal Ven cle x+y =Kex-+b, th gong (AT, 18 kak Ve tri treong dBi giita hai didin ot mit - 3 sia cg ig % Cho duong thang A:ax-+by+c=0 va hai age gadiNoin) kh6ng nim trén A. Khi dé, hai Sim M,N nim cing hia (hoe Khe ph) v6 ah (ay + by +0)(axy +byy +c)>0 (hode <0) Sit dung tinh chat trén, ta 06 thé xa ase duro. dita phuong trinh duéng phan gide trong hode ngoai cta mt tam gide vi khi 4p une a 61 emu 1L. thi ta durgc t6i hai dung phan gidc trong va ngoai. ‘Vi dy: Viét phuong trink aeene TR \ BAC cia tam gidc ABC c6 A(1,0),B(-2,1), (0,3). Lai giai Duong thang AB dligua ai ait, aCh ,0) va e6 vecto chi phuong AB=(-3,1) hay vecty hapeaven (1, ,3) nén cé phuong trinh: 1(x—1)+3(y-0)=0 29x F3y-1=0 ‘Duvng thang AC di qua diém A(1,0) va c6 vecto chi 05 (42,42) €05(4,,42)={c0s( My, )|= véi Ia cOsin cla géc gia a va b. jet. khi duoc vigt dang y phuong AC =(~1,3) hay vecto phap tuyén (3,1) nén c6 phurong trinh:3(x-1)+1(y-0)=0¢93x+y-3=0 Do dé, hai phwong trinh durdmg phan gic cia AB va.AC la ae ety 8 =0 hay x+y-1=0 va x-y-1=0. Khi 6, phuong trinh dwéng phan gidc trong cn thm phai khién hai diém B, C nm v8 hai phia cla n6. Gid sty dung thing 46 1a x+y—1=0. Thay toa d6 B,C vao phurong trinh ta c6: (-2+1—1)(0+3-1)<0.Do 6 x+y —1=01 phurong trinh phan gidc trong ciia g6c BAC. 4. Mebrttiang a6 gita hai dutang thing Cho hai durong thing A,,A, cb phwrong trinh Lan lot la ayx-+byy +c, =0, agx-+bay +e, =0. 96 diém chung gitta hai during thang la s6 nghiém eta hé phuong trinh ovebodle 119cat nhau véi mol gid tr ctia m. Loi giai Dé hai duéng thang trén luén cdt nhau thi hé sau day luén ¢6 nghiém: mx+y+2=0 Q 4 (m—1)x+(m-+1)y-5=0(2)%, | = tho hai wong thing 4, :(m—l)x+(m+1)y-5=0 va d,:mx+y+2=0. Ching minh ring dy,d; udm ‘Thay y=-2—mx tir phuong trink @ vao (2) ta c6: (mi erage 2) mx)-S=0 aam=7 e2-(in® +1)x-2m-7 09% Tt m +1 ovepetenge phy iu phai ching minh, VII. Dudng tran 4. Plutong trink cia dutng tru. voi trinh lon e6 nghigm), vay tb Cho durdng tron (C) 6 an Sole bail inh R. Khi d6, didm M(x,y) thude dudmg tron (C) ki ‘va chi kh IM= Ta bién d6i phuong trinh trén Wed, think x+y" +2ax+2by oxy b=-y,, Bex? ye. Neuge lai, ngwoi ta ching minh dugc rang moi a trinh c6 dang trén déu 1a phuwong trinh cla m6t dung tron. Sir dung sy tuong ttng gitka mt duéng tron va tam thite bac hal véi hai dn x, y ta cé thé chuyén mot bai todn dai s6 sang hinh hgc va nguge lai. Vi du: Zalyetitcat ‘Tima @é hé 6 nghiém duy nhat { a Sac auecret (Gert) +y? s2(2) Lei > (x-x,)° uy, R?, Phuong trinh trén gol la phuong trinh eda dung tron (C). MOt cp gid trj (x,y) théa man bat phwong trinh (1) twong ting v6i toa @8 cla mot diém ndm trén va trong dirong tron (C,):x? +(y +1)* =a”, c6 tam 1, (0,~1) va ban kinh Ry tuong ting véi toa doc da mét diém nam trén va trong dudng tron (x+1)' +y’ kinh R, =R, =a. Laveboce 20 . Twong ty, bat phureng trinh (2) =2°, ¢6 tam I,(-1,0) vabanDo d6, mot cap gia tr] (x,y) tha man cd hal phurong trinh [a diém chung cia hai dung tron. Nhu vay, @é hé c6 nghiém duy nhgt thi e& hal dong tron phai tiép xtc ngoai véi mhaw, tite Il =Ry +R, y+ slaoa ° ve ‘Tuong ty nhur duong thang, ta hoan toan 06 thé tham s6 hoa, tie thn tai mot sw twong ing 1-1 gita 2 2 mot diém trén durdrig tron va m6t s6 thuc t nao 46. Vi (2=%2 | 4f LVo) <4 nen edn tai mot s6 0 [0;2n] i R R sao cho sing = jcoso=¥e. Khi 46, phuong trinh tham sé cla duwong tron sé 1a oe Ros? Lin] Qua vige tham s6 nga durong tron, ta sé dB dang gia quyét cdc bal toan tim én M thude duéng tron théa man mt tinh chat ndo a6. fe Vidu: ‘Tim trén durdmg ten (C):(x—2)* +(y +1)" =4 aiém M sao cho khoang cach tir M dén dung thang * Arx+y-1-¥2=0 lon nhét va nhé nhat. Loigi e Got M(2+2sin0,—1+2cos0), 6 ¢[0;2n) la diém | thuge dwéng tron (C). Khi @6, khong cach tir diém M dén A om o% Ye (e-+2sino)+(-1+2c050)-1-v9] ae ous vz ey te \ [2(sin0 +-coso)—v3| , beeen aod} 9 f “SR R6rang, 0 psn(oy 3) ape Jing xdy ra khi tn tai @ sao cho: 4 nd 2k [tS 0B afl asn( 0+) -1= Gee 2 ae col) 57 e : 8 <[o;2n) Saget a fk afl) 8<[0;2n) 2 2 1s1=) Mat khac, -asasin(oot}s0 ° -ssasn( oo psin(o+2)-[s3 Dau bing xdy ra khi tin tai © sao cho: ® it —|-1=~3 2kn aan(org)}tn-3._ [ovo Prate Sesc(2-v2,-1-W2) 6e[0;2n) AG 216 2) of $2VE 8 -2-VE +) og pnoang ich Vay cdc diém c6 tga coal “én dung thing A nhd nhat, diém C(2~V2,~1- v2) o6 khong ech dén dudng thang 4 16m nhat. Lovebookm 212. Phatsng trink ttep tuyér cha dicing ron. Cho durdng tron (C) c6 phwong trinh (x—x,)° +(y—yo)° =R? va diém M(%y4,¥94)- Khi 46, dudng théng 4 di qua M c6 danga(x—y)+D(y=¥m1)=0. 4 1a tigp tuyén ctla during tron (C) ki va chi Khi khodng cach tr tim I(x,,y,) cia dudng tron dén A bang ban kinh R: ba o-*u)+b(Yo-¥i0)_g Na? +b? Tir phwong trinh A va hé thite trén, ta cé thé dé dang tim duc hé sé a, b. : Viét phuong trinh tip tuyén ctia dudng tron (C):x +y*+2x+2y +1=0 va di qua diém A(2,0). dy, =RO Vid Loi gidi Gol phuong trinh dwdng thang di qua diém A(2,0) 1a A:a(x~2)+b(y-0)=0,a? +b? #0. Dé dla tiép tuyén ciia dudng tron (C):(x+1)' +(y+1)"=1 cé tam I(-1,—1) va ban kinh Ret thi a(-1-2)+b(-1-0) co 0(1-0) pars © Khia=0 thi phwongtrinh A 1a by © Khi 4a+3b=0,néu b=0 thi a= src VIIL BLIP 4. Dinhnghta 2. EPG Fam bai cita clip. Khi F, (—,0),F,(c,0) voi c>Ova M(x,y) la mét diém thugc elip, ngwoi ta ching minh dc rang [(x+c) +y* qua mot 6 buéc ign déi ta doe 7+ 2G=1 voi b?=a*—<. Phuong trinh tren aoe dug goi la phurong trinh chin tic eta elip, Nhan xét: Duong tron 1 mét elip dic bigt voi a?==b? hay c?=0 tee hai tiéu diém tring nhau tai g6c toa 40. Tuong ty dudng tron va duong thing, ta cing ¢6 thé tham s6 héa elip bing cach dit x=acos®, y=bsin6,8[0;2n) Leeann 22Vidu: cho elip (E): Beet ‘Tim diém M trén (E) sao cho M nhin hai tidu diém dwét mot géc vung. s Loi gia Tacé: a? =5",b* =" hay & b? =16, khi 46 toa dd hai tiéu diém 1a F(+4,0) Goi toa 46 dim M thude (B) 1a M(Scos6,3siné). Ter do: [M=(5cos0+4,3sin0), GM=(5cos0-4,3sin0) ‘Theo d&: FM LL F/M 25cos”0+9sin*O=16 Vi cos@=Othi sin@=:1 khéng théa man phwong trinh trén nén ta chia hai vé cho cos*@ ta duge: 254+ 9tan? 0=16(tan? 04-1] eo tan? O=2 «cos? Vay cée diém M thda mn dé bai (. 2\(a88 cd 23. Trac lin, true be va kink chitnhat co 22 cia clip. Fama % Phe! Cho elip 6 phuong trink chink wae Es se Khi 46, giao diém ctia elip véi cac tryc toa bé Oy hay doan B,B, va a6 aitryebs ‘Bre 2d Hinh chi nhat 66 cdc canh h sagen O61 cd€tryc toa d6 va di qua cdc dinh cita elip goi la hinh chi mhat co sé cia elip. “a Tis6 gid tiéu ey 2c va aga true én 2a golf tam sat cia elip,Kfhigu ae, Nhan xée: Via? ab? +c? nén a>c do ds tam sai 0 Cho hat dueémg thang: (3) Dung duoc giao digm gitra ching > Cho mot diém va mot dwong thang: © 4) Dung duoc hinh chiéu coa diém lén dwong thing * G) Dung duro diém dot xting cha diém a6 qua during thing (dc bigt hitu (ch néu diém nam trén mot trong tia cla mbt géc nao dé va dwong thang la phan gidc g6c @6, ta sé tim duoc hai) ‘. © © Dung durec dong thang song song hoc vudng gic voiduduig thaii@ata cho qua aiém a6 (nhat la dé dung mot duvng thang khi blét né di qua mot diém ¥a song'gongfhodc vudng géc v6i mot dueng ‘thang khac). Pe, im nim trén tia thit Vi dy: fe %& ! (B 2008) Hay xéc dinh toa dO dinh C cita tam git ABG-bist Hig hinh chiéu vudng géc cla C trén dwdng thang ABla diém H(-1;~1), durdng phan. sidgtFoig abe c§iphuong trinh x—y+2=0 va durdng cao ké th B cé phuong trinh 4-+3y—1=0. 4 yy” Phan tich i 4 Ta sé lan hurgt tim cdc daw hiéy dé Ststiung cac cong cy & trén, 6 ay ta thay diém H va ARthda than cong cu (5) nén dy 6i xing H qua AD ta dwg@K, Tidp, th, duong thng AC cia ta thda man cong cy (6) nén tir dita ding duroc AC. Ta ctr lam theo quy tac “ldy méi cong v6i co" dé xem c6 tim thém dwge gl de bigt Khong. O day ta 06 AC roi, ngoai ra ta cbn cé dweng thang AD nén thr d6 ta thm duge giao diém A gitta chiing. hin lai d8 bai mot cht, ta c&n di tim diém € va né chi c6 tinh cht la “giao diém ela AC, HC, BC" thi KhOng con céch nao khéc ta phai tim thém phuong trinh HC hoe BC vi AC ta di tim durge ri, Ta thy HC c6 y6u 16 vudng géc va di qua diém da biét toa d4 nén ta sé tim phuong trinh ca né cling nhur Ia a4 gia quyé ‘xong bai todn, ‘Tim.toa dd diém K Ai xing véi H qua AD Gof K(k, e,) la digém d6i wimg eta H qua phén gidc AD, Khi 6, HK=(I, +1, +1) va trung éiém ky cia estea con ‘Timtoa dd diémA evebokrn 26Duong thang AC di qua diém K(-3,1) va vudng géc voi duong thang 4x+3y—1=0 dod6 c6 vecto phap tuyén (3,~4) nén AC 6 phuzong trinh la: 3(x+3)-4(y~1)=0<>3x—4y +13=0 Dim Ala glao diém ciia AC va AD nén toa d6 cha A 1a nghiém cia hé phuong trinh sau: aeeaies anit my 42 ye? ‘Timtoa dé dim & Dung thang HC di qua diém fi(-1,~1) va nbn vecto AH =(~6,-8) lam vecto php tuyén nén c6 phuong trinh:-6(x-+1)-8(y +1) =0<>3x+4y+7=0 iéi Cla giao diém HC va AC nén toa 46 cia Cla nghiém cila hé phirong trinh sau: 3x+4y+7= 3x~4y +13=0° 3 Vay toa a diém Cla _ ay toa d@ diém C ac 3 3 2. Pluteng phip dit an. * Day la céch tw duy thye dung tion, chi cin biét ring ta cay yennay udng thang nao thi ta chi vide dit dn 1a diém 46, dwong thing 6. RBi dura vao di kién a2 Bal cho, fin div cdc rang bude tuong ting voi 86 Gn ta da dat rbi gidi hé phurong trinh 46 ta tim duoc, Vidy: (DyrbI D 2004) Cho diém A(2,3) va hal duong thie % Btrén d, va Ctrén d, sao cho tam gisc ABC aS a9. . dy, Phan tich. \ Hai diém B, C cia tam gidc 44 nd biét phuong trinh nén nhiém vy “ Neo thm 2 rang budc cia hat diém ny nira Va xong va khong, 2 / \ eS hdc ngoat yu t6 trong.tam: triilg,pish cong cia hoanh ie (tung) a6 cia ba dinh sé be safth (tung) 46 trong tam! — cans sé binghody ung) a9 trong tam NSE Livi giai eo Mo a ViB,Clanlvgt nim trén d, vi d, néi ta gol B(b,-b—5),C(-2c+7,¢). ViG la trong tm tam gide ABC nén ta c6 he phwrong trinh sau: foe $X¢ =BXG ofan: Ya +¥et¥c=3y” [3—b-5+e=0 Vay toa dé hai diém can tim 1a B(—1,~4),C(5,1) Vi dy:(D 2010) Cho tam giée ABC c6 dinh A(3,~7) , tryc tim H(3,~1), tam dwong tron ngoai tigp la I(-2,0). Xéc dinh toa d6 dinh C biét Ccé hoainh a9 durong. Lovebooke 25Phan tich Vi yéu t6 tdi durong tron ngoai tiép 1A giao diém cia ba dubng strung trucnén rit kh6 48 ta tip cn duoc né bang phuong phép, yng hinh nén ta sé dat n céc diém B, € (vi khéng thude duréng, thing nao nén ta phal dat 4 An) ri Ap dung dng thite Al=BI=Cl (6 duge 2 phurong trink) va str dung thém yu t6 tryctam (thém 2 phwong trinh nifa) ta sé giai duro bai toan, Li gidt Dat toa 46 diém B, Cla B(a,,b, ),C(az,b,). Khi a6 ta c6 cdc vecto sau: 1A =(6,-7) B= (a, +2,b, ),IC= (a, +2,b,),AB=(a, -3,b,+7), AC = (a, -3,b, +7) (a, ~a, bab, ), AH=(0,6), HC =(a, ~3,b, +1), HB =(a; ~3,b; +1) Vil, Hin luot la tam duéng tron ngoai tigp va truc tam nén ta ¢6 hé phuong trinh sau: we {lI [aaah arb HIT errant = la, s2y eerie ABHC=0 (a, -3)(a,-3)+(b, +7)(b,+1)=0 ARBC=0 —|o(a,—a)+6(b,~ 0 aj +by +4a, =70 iz 4)=0 eq} (2-21 )(az ta HA) aap +byb; ~3(&, +,)+7b, +d, by =b, fa} + bf +4a, =70 jap =—4—a, (Cabot by=b, a (b, By =3 5 “Wa, PB .0, <2 Pe 2a, 22-65 Vay toa dg diém c 1a C(-2+V65,3) Nhanxét: Thuc ra, 461 véi phuong phép dung hink, ta phai str dung cic an dé tim cdc déi trong minh cn. Vi dy nhur phai 4gt n toa d6 giao diém cita hai dung thang thi ta m6i 6 thé giai he €é tim diém 46, phai dat dn toa dO hinh chigu cla mot digm lén mot duimg thang rbi thr dé moi lay 46% xieng qua diém dé dé tim aiém d6i xing ‘cla mgt diém qua dung thang, Do dé, hai phtong phap nay chi ld mt. Khéc nhau & cach suy ngh chet kang hail céch lam. I, CAC BAI TAP MINH HOA 1. Tamm gide evebooka 26pat: (A 2006 durbh) Cho tam gic ABC c6 dinh A thuge dug thing di —4y— 0, canh BC song song véi 2x+5y—14=0 Biém Ca giao diém cia AC va BC nén toa dé 1a nghiém cia hé phwong trinh: iu os ofa x-2y-1=0 . y lee 3 (23,4) Vay toa a6 diém Cla C| eX 7 3) Bai 3: (D 2011) Cho tam gide ABC c6 dinh B(—4,1), trong tam G(1,1) va duéng thang chira phan gidc trong cla 6c A c6 phurong trinh x-y—1=0. Tim toa a6 dinh Ava C. bebo 20Phan tich 6 dy ta c6 céc yu t6 got ¥ str dung phurong php dung hink 1a "toa a} mot diém thudc mot tia va phuong trink dong phan gic dyng titia 6° va “toa d@ mot dinh cla tam gide va toa d6 trong tam” nén ta sé sir dynig phuong phép dung binh truée. Trude hét, dy di xting cla B(~4,1) qua phan gide AD ta dugc mot diém E(2,~5) nim tén AG, va tim duoc trung ‘6m M c6 toa do (21) cia canh AC do tinh chat eda trong tm tam gidc chia duéng trung tuyén bat ki thanh hai doan ti 1é 2:1 hay BG. =i a6 Nhan thay cd hai diém M, E vita dumg déu nim trén AC nén ta c6 thé viet durge phuong trinh AC:4x—y—13=0, va diém A cita ta 1d giao diém cha duong thang AC vita dyng va phan giéc AD nén ta tim 4x-y-13=0 x-y- Diét dim A va trung diém M clia AC thi x¢=2%4-Xu¥e=2Vu-Yar age (4,3) quaviee gi Tip theo ta sé tim diémn C. Rat don gian néu ta dd he phuong trinh { Loi giai ‘Timtoadd diéme wm, : Goi toa 6 diém E 1A E(e,c,)=>BE=(e, +4,8;—favaioa’ a> trung diém cita doan BE 1a ) ~ 4 (234) -ViE a digm A6t ting cla B qua ADth BEywOni abc voi AD c6 vecto chi phiwong(t,1) va z ‘af trung dim cia BE nim trén AD dln én ta eG phd tik: > e f =0 ‘Timtoa.dd diém A Goi toa 46 diém M trung di a te ) Dwrimg thang AC ai qua E(2,~5) va ula ) nen ca veto eh phong G 8) hay c6 vecto phap tuyén (4-1) dn an phwong trinh AC Ia 4(x~2)-(y+5)=0e>4x~y-13=0 Toa dQ glao diém A cita dung thing AC va AD la nghiém ctia hé phwwong trinh sau: (aes [x=4 2 eey-ted ly=3 ‘Timtoad6 diémc oan thang AC nh§n M lam trung diém nén ta c6 hé phwong trinh sau: Vay toa d6 hai diém A, C 18 A(4,3),C(3,—1) ovebodkn 29Bai 4: (Chuyén DH Vinh) Cho tam gléc ABC e6 M(2,1) [8 trung aiém canh AC, diém H(0,~3) la chan dong cao ke tir A, diém E(23,~2) 1a thuge durdmg thang chia trung tuyén ké ttrC. Thm toa a6 diém B biét diém A thude durdng thing d:2x+3y—5=0 va diém C c6 hodnh 46 dong. Phan tfch: B bal cht cho ta céc diém khong thang hang va khong FaHEEE Eee HEPES eee ee 6 inh chat gl @4cbiet nén kh6 c6 thép dungphwongphap dung — ————<— hinh durge. Ta s8 gol toa a9 diém A (vi né da thudc dudng thang /| \ (, 52a OI Ala, |. Khi 6, véi trung diém M(2,1) cha AC, ta tim 8 mit), Hai digm A, C nay c6 tinh chat rat a8 sit dung dé 1a diém H nhin durge toe dé digi ¢ theo a: 4-2, AC duéi mét géc vudng nén ta tim duc a qua phuong trinh AH.CH=0, két hop véi.dibu kién x_>Ota tim urge toa d6 A, Cla A(-2,3),C(6,-1) ‘Ta van chua sir dung diém B. E nam trén durong trung tuyén CN néh ré rang ta e&n phai che ¥ dé tinh chat trung tuyén nay. Mat khdc, diém B da nim trén during thang HGda'biét phuong trinh 18 x-3y-9=0 thong qua toa d@ H(0,-3) va C(6,~1) a tim dupe nén tachi canamg,ta diein Bb&ng mgt sn: B(3b4.9,b). Ket hop hai di kign nay lai, ta c6 rang budc la trung diém ca doan'AB phai.n’ri trén dwong thang CE hay dim (22 233) huge auong thing BC +477 011-0 nf tim Hove’ B(-3,~4). aticet 4 Let git lane) Goitoa dé dim Aed la alae 28) Natta anim AC nén x¢=2xy x 4 Yo=2u-Va (42-3), VI AH vudng gée vor HCnéa ta 6: .* ae oS “4,23 ARLHS Sea(a—4). gal mea oe 70-18 Néva= 20 ent xe =4~22 728 <9 khong thon abu ki ta chon a=-2.Suyra Su: B thi x Ba ‘<0 khéng théa diéu kign dé bai nén ta chon a=—2. Suy ra toa dO A, 1a A(-2,3),C(6,-1) ‘Tinitoa 46 diém B Dung thing BC c6 vecto chi phurong HC (6,2) hay vecto phap tuyén (1,3) va di qua diém H(0,-3) nén 6 phwong trinh: (x-0)—3{y #3)=0.c9x—3y Budng thing EC cé vecto chi phuong EC=(~17,1) hay vecto phdp tuyén (1,17) va di qua diém 0 C(6,-1) nén c6 phurong trinh: (x~6)+17(y+1)=0¢9x 417941 nén ta goi toa 46 B la B(3b+9,b). Khi a6 trung diém N cia Biém B thude durong thing x—3y—9= 2 AB c6 toa 6 s(23 233) thuge duémg thing EC:x+17y+11=0 nén ta cé phwong trinh sau: Botha 28) a1 -0eb=4 Leetonia (30Vay toa a diém Bla B(-3,~4) (chuyén BH Vinh) Cho tam gide ABC c6 trong tim G(1,1),d:2x—y+4=0 14 phuong trinh cha dung Bai 5: ( ‘Tim toa d6 cdc diém A, B,C biét tam giae cao ké ti dinh A, Cée dinh B,C thuge du’mg thing d':x+2y ~ ‘ABC c6 dign tich bing 6. han tich: Ba dinh cla tam gidc du thude 2 dudng thing d, ’ da biét phuyong trinh nén ro rang e6 thé gol 4n dé giai quyét bai ton, cy thé 1a ‘A(a,2a+1),B(1~2b,b),C(1—2eye). Me tiéu 8 tim ba rang bude ela cde 4n, va d6 [a trong tm, dung cao, dign tich. Tuy nhién, ta s® khOng ding, due y6u t6 durdng cao vi chinh dB bai da cho ta biét dla’ dya wen 2 phuong trinh cia ching, ‘Nhung yéu t6 trong tém da cho ta 2 phuong trinh 18 3g =%q Xp +X 3c =Va +Ve +c» nen cof nh chi thiéu rang bude dign tich, Bé xr i yéu t6 dign tich, ta phal thdy duryc c6 canh BC cia tam gléc da biét phuong trinh nén ta ¢6 thé tinh duoc duémg cao qua cong thitc tinh khoang cach tir mét aim A dén mot duéng thing BC: [a+2(2a+1)~1 sa] dane Aaya = Pa pee vSlb— : lane Gaye # —— — vEjp-¢ 4 Lagat a rehiiaagy Gol toa &6 ba diém cia tam giécla A(a,2a-+1),B(1-2b ef cUizc}vi Acd, BCed’. Xi tga rong tam Gea tam ic anc: (SPARAG TA Pe Sot bse aN 2 | [Se ay “A6n BCU dye =dyy O22) Bal, Yor Bal “Ta.c6 hg phwong trinh sau: b-ce-2 [[e=4 Vay toa d0 ba dinh cla tam glace ABC1A A(1,3),B(~1,1),C(3,~1) hoe A(1,3),B(3,-1), C(-1,1) Bal 6: (Nguy8n Drie Mau ~ Nghé An) Cho tam giéc ABC cn tai A, dinh B thuge-d:x—4y~2=0, canh AC song song voi d. Durtng cao ké tir A c6 phuong trinh x+y+3=0, diém M(1,1) nam trén AB. Tim tga d6 cée dinh ita tam ide ABC. Lovebookevn 32Phan tich: Boi voi tam gidc cAn, tinh chat 4 dudmg: duedng cao, dng trung tuyén, dung phan gldc, dueng trung tryc tring nhau 18 quan trong nhat. G day, ta s@ chon tinh chat during cao triing véi duong tring true a8 c6 thé lay Ai xing cila diém B ¢6 toa 46 B(4b+2,b) nham tim digm C theo b: C(-3~b,-5—4b). Lite nay, chi con dtr kién chura sir dung (41) wm ve Ki 14 canh AC song song véi d va diém M nim trén AB, tite i Al chi yrrang diém A thudc dung thang x+y +3=0 nén ¢6 toa d9 A(a,-a-3) Lai giai Vidiém 4, Blan huegt thude céc durémg thang x+y-+3. A(a,~a~3), B(4b42,b). ‘Tinh toa d6 diém Ctheo a,b Got C(c,¢) fa diém a6t xing ctia B qua éwong cao AH cling chinh, Wp ded trang rec ca tam gle 2 bed) a PS) Bem(ex aitigh x-4y-2=0 nén ta goi toa dO A,B1a 4b. can A. Theo & thi trung diém H cba BC ( yecto chi phuong clia AH: (1,-1). 7a c6 he phwrong trinh sau: (BE )elaares 2 a Beat “a S2a4 5p fengg sy fFe-3eb 5 wg ™ Sa +36 A BF Bbp a5 Ab ‘Thiét lap hé phuong trinh ‘Theo a: AG=(—3—b— nga SRB - (4-213), HA aclid My, x b-a,-2-4b+a)=1(4,1) of a+2,b+a+3)=k(a-1,-a—4) et sLk#0 «fer ©) a- @ P32) 1 4b-a42=k(a-1) (3) 7) 46-2 +2=k(a~1) (7) atb+3=k(a-4)(4) | #b=a (a) atb+3 -a-4 Trong 46, gidi hé (1), (2) ta duge (5),(6); chia phuong trinh (3) cho (4) ta duoc phuong trinh (8). ‘Tiép theo, thay a,b tir phong trinh (5),(6) vio phwong trinh (8) ta duoc hé: 4b-a4+2=k(a~1) 4(1-1)-(-31-2)42_-31-2-1 (3-2) =a) +3 -Ci-2)-4Vay toa d0 3 dinh eta tam giée ABCA 4(0.-9).0(2 Bai 7: (Hong Quang ~ Hai Duong) Cho tam giéc ABC c6 din tich bang 2. Phuong trinh ela dubng thing AB Is x-y=0.Biém M(2,1) la trung diém cia canh BC, Tim toa dé trung diém N ciia canh AC. Phan tich: Ta c6 hal dim A, B da thule dime thing x—y=0 nén ta chi cAn ait hat én A(a,a), B(b,b). Mat khdc ta lai cé toa d9 trung diém M nén c6 thé tinh toa 49 dim Cla C(4~b,2~b) theo toa a diém B.Cét Kho & day la digh tich ABC, Néu tinh ¥ ta sé dé y thay ring dién tich tam 4 gic ABM bing mot ntia dién tich tam glac ABC: Lanse 1 : Sac Pante= Fain Zatm) aq 0 St dita tinh qua trung gian tam gc ABM vita a c6 toa dBdiémM va phwong trinh day AB cila tam gidc dé: & ei Eo Siu pM AB=F.dyyqg-AB.Bén Ady ban doc sb. - vita dat2 din nhung chl e6 mot phuong trinh.tiflam Wo gidt duoc. Day [8 mOt trong nhimng bal todn ma céc ban'khGndiphat tt ra gid tri ciia dn ma chi clin thm gid tri biéu thite | Win h@ git cc én nén chi cin phwong trinhimay lad Pi. © Li gia pea} a dyjqs =a =, Theo a: wear ViM la trung diém BC nén x,=2xy, xy =4—bva ye =2yy Vo AC nen: Vay toa d6 trung diém N cia AC Ia N(3,2) hodc N(1,0) Bal 8: (Dy bj B 2006) Cho tam giéc ABC cé dinh A(2,1), durdng cao qua dinh B c6 phuong trinh x~3y~ va dung trung tuyén qua dinh C o6 phuong trinh x-+y-+4=0. Xac dinh toa d6 céc dinh B va C ela tam gic. Loveboolen [23Phan tich: Ta nhan thay 6 day ¢6 cdc yéu t6 durong cao va trung tuyén nén kha thudn Igi cho viée str dung phuong phdp dyng hinh, Duong thang AC di qua dim A va vung ade véi BH nén ta 6 duge phurong trinh AC:3x-+y—7=0. Ta lai tiép tue sit dung AC cling v6i trung tuyén CM dé tim ra toa d6 diém C qua vigc giai acu, [BxtY-7=0 he phuong tinh dung thdng AC Va CH | 9) B ‘Va con phal di tim diém B. Ta thdy diém B ciia ta 18 glao B c dim cha ba duéng AB, HB, CB va ta 44 c6 phurong trinh duiéng HB nhung phuong trinh hal dudng thang con lai rét kh tim, Vi vay ta sé sir dung phtrong phap @at 2n dé tim B. Va 2 ring bude cila ta dong nhién 1a v ese bet) thude CM, : Be BH <> B(30+7,b) va trung tuyén: trang diém u( Durdng thing AC vudng gocv6i durding thang BH:x—3y-7=0 nén ¢6 vecto phap tuyén (3,1) va di qua digm A(2,1) nén cé phuong trinh: 3(x-2)+(y~1)=0<>3x+y—-7=Q, Digm Cla giao diém cia AC va trung tuyén CM nén toa 9 C)a nei foe %, i iahé phwong trinh sau: x+y+1=0 ‘Mia trung diém AB nén toa a6 M te Bai 9: (B 2013) Cho tam gldc ABGc6thén dudng cao ha tir dinh AB a(Z, ¥ 5 cha géc Ala D(S,3) va trung diém cla canh AB la M(0,1). Tim toa d@ dink C. Phan tich: 0 day ta lai gap yéu t6 dwong phan gléc va ta da c6 toa.d6 mot diém nam trén AB la mt trong hai tia tao nén dwéng phan giéc AD hung ta chi ¢6 toa 46 chan durdmg phan gtic nén ta chwa thé lay ai wing duoc, Néu dé § ta sé thay ring dudng thang HD da biét toa d6 H va (tite ¢6 phwtong trinh 2x-y~7=0), durdmg théng AH 4a biét toa 46 diém H va vecto HD (tie cé phwong trinh x+2y-3=0) nén tir 46 ta sé gol toa a diém B thude HD va A thuge AH Ia A(3-2a,a),B(b,2b-7). Sir dung dir kign trung diém M cia AB ta tim dugea, b tite tim durgc toa a6 A, Bla A(~3,3),B(3,-1)on én day ta da c6 phurong trinh dutng thing AD y— ‘Odo diém A va D déu biét nén thm duoc diém 461 ximg N(0,5) cia M qua AD téec viét dugc phuong trinh duwdng AC: x —3y +15=0 tir d6 tim duge ‘anaes ap. [2X-3y+15=0 (9,11) qua h@ phuong trinh durémg thang AC va HD: (e Bsa Loigidl Timtoa 40. A.B ‘Burdng thing HD 6 vecto chi phuong HD (48 8 16) ) aye veeto php euyén (2,1) i qua aiém (5,3) nén c6 phuwong trinh: ~2(x~5) +(y~3 j=0.co2x-y-7=0 Dung thing AH c6 veeto php tuyén HB (2 g sea ai qua diém Hy nén c6 phwong trinh: (<2 (ped eocoeeay-ac0 biém A,B fin lugt thudc cdc duéng thang x+2y—3=0,2x—y-7=0 nén ta got ‘A(3-2a,2),B(b,20-7). Vi M(0,1) 1a trung ai6m AB nén ta cé: ey tp y . (3- Yat¥e=2Vu Suy ra toa d6 A(-3,3),8(3,~1) Timtoa d6.N d6i xing véiM qua AD uring thing AD c6 veeto chi phuong Ai A(-3,3) nén cé phwong trinh y—3=0 AD: “§ (m1.8+(n2~1).0 Pym td mat 3 ‘Timtoa dé digmc Durdmg thing AC c6 vecto chi phwong AN=(3,2) hay veeto phép tuyén (—2,3) va di qua diém N(0,5) nén c6 phurong trinh: ~2(x-0)+3(y—S)=0 <3 2x—3y +15 Diém C 1A giao diém cia durdng thang AC va HD nén toa dé C la nghiém cia hé phuong trinh: iri { 2 y=at Dx-y-7= Bai 10; (Chuyén Ha NOi Amsterdam) Cho tam gldc ABC va diém™M(0,—1). Phuong trinh dung phan gic trong cha goc A va dwong cao ké tir C lan luet lax-y toa do diém B,C. Vay toa a6 diéim Ca (9,11) Lovebooievn 135phan tich: Khong cin phai ban thém nita, bai nay chi gitip ta luyén tap lat mOt sé Ki nding cla phwong phdp dyng hinh vi khéng qué phitc tap. Tir M ‘vA phan gide AD ta tim duoc diém N(~1,0) ndm trén AB, d6i xGing véi M(0,1) qua AD: 2x-+y +3=0. Tir toa 46 diém N va phuong trinh duéng thing EC ta thm dugc duémg thang AB: x~2y +1=0 vudng géc voi EC va diqua diém N, Lic nay, diém A la giao diém ctia hai durdng thang AB va AD da biét phuong trink nén ta c6 tga 49 diém A(1,1) qua giai hé phuong trin [xraytt=0 lx-y<0* N6i A va M ta thm dye phirong trinh canh AC: 2x—y-1=0. Va cuéi cing toa 46 diém 2 chinh 1a giao diém cia canhi AC viva tim dug va during thang CE. Qua 46, m@t lan nifa ta nhan thay hung gidi quyét 6 thé 1a két hop mot yéu td méi vita tim duuge vor mot yéu 6 da e6 thich hop. Ti€p theo, diém B(2c—1,c) ca ta nim trén duéng thang AB cé phurong trinh x—2y-+1=0 va con mot rang bude chua ding la AB=2AMhay /(2-1-1)° +(e-1)" =2y(0-a)"4(-1-1)? nén tim duge B(-3,-1) sau khi sit dung éiu kin B, C khéc phia véi ding phfn gidc trong géc As” Loi git , ‘TimLtoa d0 dim N dt xing ul M ou AD G =) a va vecto chi phuong cia ADI (1, ayo During thing AB vudng fig v6l ¥C:2x+y +30 nén e6 vesto phip tuyén (1,2) va ai qua diém N(-1,0) nen 6 phurong tht. (cs J22(y 0) <0 <2x~2y 41-0 Ala giao diém cla AB viupinn toa d6 cila AIA nghiém cia hé phuong trinh: x-2y+1=0 { =0 eoxeyel ‘Tim toa Duvrig thang AC cé vecto chi phuong AM=(~1,~2)hay vecto phap tuyén (2,-1) va di qua aiém A(1,1) nén e6 phuong trinh: 2(x-1)-(y-1)=0<2x-y-1=0 Cl giao diém cia AC va CE nén toa 46 C la nghiém cia hé phuong trinh saw toa B ViBthudc AB:x~2y+1=0 nén ta gol toa dd Bla B(2c—1,c). Theo d&, ta ¢6: AB=2AM o> (2e—1-1)' +(c-1)" =2/(0-1) +(-1-1) 21 -t- tate oft B(-3,-1) steno 196© e240 va phurong trink dueémg thing BG 7x—4y ~ xextion (5-3)[ 4 2) 0 nen aiém B(5,3) va c| { 2| nim cing phfa so véi duéng thang 6 Joai nghigm nay vay toa dd diém B, Cla B(-3, ve 3-2) 4 Bai 14: (Dy bi A 2005) Cho tam giée ABC cn tai A c6 trong tam (4,4), ohwong trinh dudng thing BC 1a |. Thm toa d6 ede dinh A, BC. Phan tich: Bai nay cc d6i turong 8 bai cho lién quan mét thiét véi nhau nén ta c6 thé gidi chi bing phuong phap dung hinh voi luu ¥ 1a trong mot tam A side cfn taf A, dong cao tg voi dinh 46 cling chinh la duong trung tuyén, Khi d6, chan dwrong vudng géc tmg voi dinh A cing chinh Ia trung dim M cefta BC nén ta tim dirge trung diém M(2,~1) nhu la hinh chiéu cia Glén BC. Nn, 6 rang la hai dutong thing d@ bai cho cét nhau tai B nén ta c6 toa dé diém x-2y~420 7x~4y-8=0" B qua vite gidi he phuong trinh dudng thang BG, BC: { Két hop véi trung diém M ta dyng dirgc diém C(4,0) la diém'agt xiing cia B qua M. Cudi cing, trang. binh c6ng toa d9 diém A cing véi toa 49 B va C ta duge trongtam'G.nén Um duge A c6 tga do A(0,3). Loi gidi ‘Timtoa dé dim M Timtosdidiémg.c ”“% Bim B Ia giao diém cates ig thang BC va BG nén toa d6 B 1A nghiém cla hé phtrong trinh sau: x~2y-4=0 =. Tx=4y-8-0 Xn Xp =4,Ve 27, -Ye =O. Vi GR trong tim tam gide ABC nén Ya =3¥¢ -Ye-¥o=3 Vay toa 49 3 dinh cia tam giéc ABC la A(0,3),B(0,~2),C(4,0) ViM la trung diém BC nén x, Bg ig —Ke = ‘Bai 12: (Luong ‘Thé Vinh ~ Ha Ni) Cho tam giée ABC can tai A. Goi N 18 trung diém AB. Gc 11 13 va FRinlugt li chan durdng cao ha ti céc dinh B,C. Tim toa d® eiia dinh A biét ring (7a) ) vaphuongtrinh during thang CN Ia 2x+y-13=0. Lovebootera 37Phin tich: Vi tinh at xtkng ctia tam gide can nén ta thdy rang E va F aGi xing nhau qua tryc Gi xieng cla tam gic, chinh la dong trung truc (va cling la cdc dwrong cao, phan gic, trung tuyén) cha dinh A. V6i toa dO B, F da biét nén ta hoan toan ¢6 thé viét dire phwong trinh du’ng trung try tng vei din A nay va qua a6 chi can mgt dn a mo t& diém A, qua cac bueée sau: © Ching minh A nam trén dudng trung truc cla EF 23 Y 2 ' cia EF 3’5) © Viétphuong trinh dung thang AH di qua diém I va cé vecto phdp tuyén FE: 3x-y-12=0 © Tinh du-ge toa dd A thudc AH theo mét an: A(a,3a~12) Ta con phwong trinh dudng thing CN chira sir dung. Tw phuong trinh CN:2x+y-13=0, ta cling 6 thé md td diém Chang mdt &n c: C(c,13~2c) va da tinh ddtxieng nén cling mé td dwec dim B(-2e+15,-c+8) bang cdch l4y d6i xing diém C qua trung tryc dinh A. Téng cOng ta can 2 dn dé mé tA 3 dinh tam gidc. ‘Tiép theo, sir dung nét cdc di8u kin cha bai. Thit nh&t, ta méi chi thé hién diém B, Fa hai diém adi xtmg nhau qua trung tryc dinh A cht chua sir dung tinh chat dwéng cao AB_LCP. Lin § la khong st dung duge thém BEL ACcCng vi tinh Adi xing. The hai ld trung tuyén CNi/ta chi str dung dung thang CN aé mo © Tim toa 46 trung diém i td diém C. Ta sé diing rang budc trung diém AB 1a n{ SAIS Bae thud CN dé thé hign ré tinh chat trung tuyén niy. Loi gia Tim phuong trinh dung trung true dink A tae, Goi I, H Lin lugt la giao diém cha dwong Hone tye dlnh A v6i FE va BC, Hai tam giac vudng BFC va CEB c6 erg ‘huyen, FBC=ECB (do tam gidc ABC cAn tai A) néa a bing nhau. Suy ra BF=CE, din dén PAs, sd PoAB AC Ap dung dinh If Ta-tet ta 66 EF Sng sotig v61 BC, tike EF vudng géc véi AH. Tir dé, ta 66: FLLFALAE IE a BivapTacTHe™ mug ne ease Suy ra Anam trén duéng trung tree cia BF, Toa dd trang diém 1 coa Bt 2, 2) Bung thang AH di qua diém (22) va c6 vecto php tuyén FE 24 -8 24 8) hay (3,~ (22) nay @ A) nén c6, phwongtrinh:a( x22) (v-2)- Oco3x-y-12=0 igthang 3x—y—12=0 18 A(a,3a—12) Gol digm C thude duong thing 2x +y-13=0 la C(c,13~2c). Goi B(b,,by) la diém trung tryc AH. Khi d6: GB b, ~cyby +2e~13) va toa d6 trung diém H ca BCA ws 1g phuong trinh sau: [iiean (a 8)-(e=2#8) 12-0 2 2 2 cB. \eotan 1. (by ~€) +3.(b,+2e-13)=0 Lottookon| 38Swe signs es 2 va 6 2 2 Mim toaddA.B.C ax2c+15 3a—c~4) Tacés toa dd trung diém N ota ABIA a(t Sarena) (222238) (386-4) 1500 2 2 = (2) 2¢+15)+| 2 20) a 2 2 it 52 (2-2 )caasasya( - Khi a=c=5 thi A=C:loai Vay toa a6 diém Ala A(T,9) eg -jecsg.a Bai 13: (D 2013) Cho tam gide ABC c6 diém nf Jin lwgt fa chan dudng cao ké tir B va tm dudmg tron ngdai tiép tam giac ABC. Tim toa d6 dinh C. Phin tich: Ba diém 48 cho toa 46 cha chiing ta gn nlitelchdng c6 4 Jién hé gi v6i nhau nén khd c6 thé tw duy theo phfomg phép duvig N inh dirge va theo phuong phép @&t dn cbiig’kho"a, chit cb fe phuong trinh duéng thang nao di qua icin cam sides ‘Tuy nhién néu ta két hop c& haj phiiong: pgp th sé gil quyét duge van a8, DEY mot chit ta thdy ring dud thalleaB vbng g6c v6i MI tai trung diém M nén ta viét dugc phttgng tinh dong thing AB: 7x—y+33=0. TW d6 goi toa d@ diém A la 01 A(@7a+38) thude dudrig thane AB lay Ai xg qua M ta tim duge toa a9 diéim B theo an a: B(-9—a,—7a~30). Va rang budegtian nay i yu t6 chan dudmg cao H: APLBH=0x+2y-6=0 piém C(cjd) thude durémg thing AH vA IC=u trinh saus +4) 4(1-5)° nén théa man hé phuong ex2d-6=0 fe=6~-24 2 Te ee 2 (ro Hef -5° |e zee td? 2d e125 =6-2d 2d o 1 (62a)? +2(6~-2d) +d? 2423-0" [5a —30d+25=0 c= 6-24 ° [es = Do Ckthéc A nén C(4,1) 4 : +“ Truéng hop A(-5,-2),B(~4,5): Dudnig thing AH c6 veeto chi phurong AH (3,6) hay vecto php tuyén (2,~1) va diqua diétn A(~5,~2) nén ¢6 phuong trinh:2(x+5)—(y +2) 4 Diém C(c,d) thude durdng thang AH va IC=1A=\(-1+4) #(ic s)he, ‘rinh sau: <> Demy +8=0 a a (Aa-eP 0-9) : ‘ ViCkhac Anén C(I oe Vay ¢6 2 toa a9 aiém Cha man dé baila C(4,1),C(-1,6) Bai 14: : (Ly Thai T6 - Bac Ninh) Cho tam giéc ABC bit durdng cao ké tir inh B va durémg phén gléc trong g6c Aan kxot 6 phurong trinh la d:3x-+4y+10=0,d":x-y-+1=0. Biém M(0,2) thuéc dwong thang AB déng thir céch C mot khoang cach bang V2. Tim toa a9 cdc dinh cila tam gidc ABC, Phan tich: Ta da gp nhigu bai todn vé duéng phan gidc rbi nén khi 4 ‘88 bal nay khong c6 gi khé kh’ 46 dy 461 ng cia diém M(0,2) qua phan giéc AD duge toa dQ diém N(1,1) thude AC, Khi 46, cling se voi duong cao dinh B ta dng duge canh AC cd phyong trinh v 4x-3y-1=0 di qua diém N va vudng géc vét BH. Tiép theo, khicd aM; \ B Dae: canh AC cing véi AD ta tim duge giao diém A cia chéing qua hé f [ax—3y—1 = prong inh { Pee eae x-ysiag C89 A(45).utmg thing AB cia ta di qua diém A va M aa biét toa 49 nén ta Um duge phusong tinh duxdng théng gayle 3x—4y +8=0. VA nd ct BH tal o(32) nén ta cling tm duege toa 49 diém B qua hé phong trinh én ng © is 3x-4Y*8=9 aon lai theo phurong phép dung hinh ta 4a tim duoc tga a hal diém A, B ax4y +100 Ta o6 thé thay Ia sau khi tim durge dudng thang (hodc diém) méi, ta sé két hep né cing vét dong shang (hod diém). Va diém C cdn lai cia chiing ta, nam trén AC va dit kign cudi citng ciing Ia dit kién d€ tim aim: CM=2, Lbigiat ee sh atbea A Gof N(a,b) 1a diém 461 xGng cite M qua phan gide AD, Ta 06, TiN. sb=2), trung diém chia MN c6 iia’ ( 322), veeto chi phuong cia AD Ia (1,1) dn dén hé phong trinh sau: ) a_b+2 2 P42 19 2 fat+(b-2).1 Diém Ala giao digm eta dong thdng AD va AC néh toa 86 c1 4x—3y 40 “haf Timtoa d6 diém € idm Cnim trén dong thing ACnén goi toa d6 C18 els ict ): Tab: one fe-0F4(1-2) =. - eo Boke 3, 4} <1) hode A(45), Vay toa @6 ba dinh cia tam giée ABCA A(4, 9). 4} 3) 4 25°25, Bai 15, (A 2010) Cho tam gléc ABC cn tai A cé dinh A(6,6), dutng thang di qua trung diém cia cfc canh AB Va AC ¢6 ‘Tim toa dQ ede dinh B va C biét diém E(1,-3) nim trén durong cao di qua dinh C phuong trinh x+y—4: cla tam f soveboolern 42Phatn tich: Truée hét, d8 dang théy rang MN chinh Ja duéng trung binh 7 ila tam giéc ABC din dn MN song song BC va duéng cao AK di qua trung iém cia MN va cd BC. Tir a6 ta dung dwroc durdg thing BC chi véi toa 49 diém A va phuong trinh dong thing MN nhv sau. © Tim toa dé hinh chiéu cia cha A lén MN Tim didm K thude BC va G6i xing cla A qua I © Viet phurong trinh dwdng théng BC di qua K va song song véi MN. Bay git, hai diém cin tim B va C da thuge mot durdng thing da biét phuong trinh nén ta chi cin hai 4n. Rang budc du tién gitta hai an d6 18 v8 trung digm K ita BC. Va rang bude thie hal, Khdng gi khéc ngoai diém E vn chwa duge str dung cla ta. Luu 18 khi a bai cho mét diém da biét toa dQ nim bat ki trén dudng thang ndo dé thi ta c6 thé sir dung nbting tinh chét dudng thang d6. Cy thé é day 1 tinh chat vudng géc: CEL AB. Loi gidi ‘Chitng minh 1 trung diém ciia AKva MN Goi M,N Pan hot la trang diém cia AB va AC. Khid6, MN la duong gprs binh cia tam giéc ABC nén, MN song song vot acvaMN=ZBc oe Gol Kla hin chigu tas Alen BC, Khi 6 vi tam gt ABC oi HbA nd AK tng Ia trung tuyén tng vr canh BC. Va vi MN song song véi BC nén AK vu6ng géec v6 MN, Gol | giao diém cia AK va MN, Vi MN ne sone tage ihtjeo inh i Tale: gay S(atiean) finn ad AK =2A1 Do dé 11a trung diém AK dng ther ct rupee MN. ‘Timtoado.diémt ee > Goi toa 46 I nim tren MN: px age 1(4—a). Khi a6, ai phuong cia MN 12 (1,1). Ta c6f/Al Lian <> {\(a—-6)-1.(-a-2)=0<>a= ae cy Xq =4-6=-2yy =2y, “Yq, Timtoadd Bc Bung thing BC song Ray Mt K(-2,-2) nén €6 phuwong trinh:1.(x+2)-+1(y+2)=0e2x+y+4=0 Goi toa 46 hai diém B, Cthudc durémg thang x+y+4=0 la B(b,-b~4),C(c,—c—4). Khi dé, trung diém Bc (HE. 2 ~6,~a~2) va theo d® thi vecto chi 21(2,2) +¥-4=0 nén 6 vecto phdp tuyén (1,1) va di qua diém iE 2 [(e-1)(b-6)+(-c-1)(-b-10)=0 ofp (~4-c)e+4e416= Lovee 42Sm vay toa 6 hal diém B, Cla B(-6,2),C(2,-6) hose B(0,~4),C(—4,0) Bai 16: (pil Sw pham HA Noi) Cho tam giée ABC c6 AC>AB,C(6,0) va hai dutng thing d:3x-y~10=0 va !:3x+3y-16=0. Bigtrang during thang d chira duémg phan gidc trong cita géc A, dudng thing d’ vudne goc ‘voi canh AC va ba duéng thang d, d’ va trung trec cita BC dng quy tai mot diém. Tim toa d0 diém B. ‘phan tich: Truréc hét, ta thay rang voi tw duy dung hink thi durdg thang AC da di qua diém C cho trurde va c6 wong thang d biét phucong trinh vudng géc nén ta c6 thé vigt duge phwong trinh AC. Tiép tye, diém A bay gla a thudc hai dwong thing AG, d’ da biét phuong trinh nén ta c6 thé tim duro toa a6 diém A, Bay gid, ta m6i stk dung tinh chat cia phan gide goc A, nhu nhting bai trade thi ta ly di xing cia diém aqua phan gide géc A ta durocimét diém E nam trén AB. ‘Tix diém E viva tim durge va diém A ta c6 dire phirong trinh dwdng thang AB, Vay 18 ta 43 thm duge phwrong trinh during thing chia digmBigaf.tim nén ta chi can m6t én € goi iém B. V2 ta cn tinh chat cha durdng trung tryre BC chura str dyngetug dd'ta Uiifdwge diém B, Lai giai ‘Tim toa do diém A te eh S 7 ‘Budng thing AC di qua diém C(6,0) va cayfect® philp,tuyén (3,~1) 1a vecto chi phuong cia dueng. thing d':3x-+3y-16-0 vudng géc véi AC, c6,pfheongifrinit 1.(x~6)~(y—0)=0 <>x-y-6=0 Diém Ala giao diém cia AC va d nén't ef 4 i - Goi £(e,,0,) la até 65 ing cic gua phan gléc trong d ciia g6e A. Khi @6, toa 46 trung diém cla 3 $2) va Aeon 6 he phwong trinh sau: ¥ 246 fee (ess)-(e au 22) 2 Ja cELd 1.(e, -6)+3.e) =0 oan ECIA ( eae ‘Timtoa dé diém B ‘Diém K 1a giao diém ca d va d’ nén toa dé cla K 1a nghiém cia hé phyong trinh: x 3x-y-10=0 3x-+3y—1¢ 4 28 Bung thang AB di qua diém A(2,-4) va cé vecto chi phuong AE=| —, } ‘hay vecto phap tuyén (7,1) nén¢6 phuong trinh: 7(x~2)+1.(y+4)=0¢7x+y-10=0. Iovebostsn | 43Gol toa a6 diém B thude dwong théng 7x-+y—10=0 18 B(b,10~7b), khi dé toa a6 trung dim clia BC i (ess 10-76) acai Theo dB, ta cb: aia 23 b+6 IRBC=0< (BYE \6~- b) + (72-10) =0< 10. 7) toa d® diém B 1a a(S, 2)-e 12 aiém d6i xing cita C qua phan gic g6c A nén AB=AC tréi voi gid thiét AC> AB. Vay toa dé diéin B1a a(é 2) Bai 17: Cho tam gléc ABC véi duémg cao ké tir A va dung phan giéc trong cia g6c B lin luot cé phurong trinh 1a : sd X-y—1=0. Tim toa d6 céc dinh cia tam giéc ABC, biét M(0,2) thudc durdmg thing AB va Goi N(niy,ng) 18 diém a6i xting ciia M qua phan giée BD. Khi a6, MN-=(n,,ny —2) va toa 4 trung diém I cla MN Ia“, (2822). 10 6 bé phuwong trinh saus ny +(n~2)=0 {MN4BD \leBD Timtoa do diém B Diém Bla giao diém claedwomg thing BC va BD nén toa dé cia B la nghiém cla hé phurong trinh saw: ¥ [Pxry =O fxa2 [x-y-1=0 W|y=1 ‘Timtoa do diém A Duong thing AB di qua diém M(0,2) va B(2,1)nén c6 vecto chi phreng MB. tein: L.(x-0)+2.(y-2 2,-1) hay e6 phurong Diém A la giao diém cia dudng thang AB va AH nén toa 46 ciia A la nghiém cita hé phuong trinh sau! ‘Timtoadd diém ¢ Goi toa dé diém C thugc dung thing BC: 2x+y-5=0 la C(c,5~2c). Theo d&, ta cb: ance (e-2(ba) eae aay Lavboaton 48le ) nm tri phfa nhau so v6i dudng thing BD: ¢ 2 16(c~2) =10) ale Ail Sie Gis Nin wie z ve 5 i 1|[ 3-4-1] = ,c| =.= |nam oa voi dui Ta wettteh: (3-3 ala 3 1) 0 nen (34) (3 5) cing phia nhau so v6i dudng thang 1 ‘BD:x-y—1=0do a6 ta khong nhan diém (2, 5) 1 73 4 cf ja tam giac ABCI2 Al (s.2)0 1 (2, } Vay tga a6 cae dinh cita tam gi alas BRC a5 Bai 18: Z Cho tam pie ABC wubng ta A let B va C dt xing nha qua ge fos AG, Pune hn gc trong cla poe B18 OHLBD 7 jepp Bayo be 2 Timea 46 dim B Goi toa 49 aiém B thude durdmg thang iB, x+2y—S=0 la B(S—2b,b). VIB, C d6i xing nhau qua.Ghay 0 Latrung dim ciia BC nn x¢=2xq~Xq =2b-5,¥e=2¥9~¥p=—b- Ki a6 2o~11,-b~2), HBS(3.2b,b—4). Vitam gléc ABC vudng tai A nén ta cé: > (3-2b)(2b~11) +(b—4)(—b~2)=0 B(3,1),C(-3,-1) B(-5,5),C(5,-5) © ‘Taxéttich (-3+2(-1)-8)(2+2.4-5) >Onen diém C(-3,-1),H(2,4) nam cling phia so v6i dwing thing BD x+2y-5=0 nén loat 4 Taxét tich (5+2(-8)—5)(2+2.4-5)<0 nén aiém C(5,-8),H(24) nam khée pha so v6i duemg thing BD x+2y—5=0 nén ta nhgn Buéng thang BH di qua diém B(-5,5) va diém H(2,4) nén 6 vecto chi phuong HB phuong trinh: 1.(x-2)+7.(y—4)=0¢2x+7y-30=0 Dudng thang CK di qua diém C(5,-5) va diém K(6,2) nén cé vecto chi phuong CK=(1,7) hay e6 phwong trinh: 7(x~-6)-1(y-2)=0<7x-y-40=0 Diém Ala giao diém cia BH va CK nén toa d6 cila A la nghigm cia hg phwong trinh sau: 1) hay 06 ovebookwa 4531 f W7y-30=0 Perse Te-y~40=0 Ww ae 31 17 Vay toa d6 cée Ainh eta tam glic ABC la A(z x, a 8(-5,5),C(S,-5) Bai 19: Cho tam gléc ABC c6 truc tam H(~1,6), cée diém M(2,2),tN(1,1) an lugt la trung diém cia cde can AC, BC. Tim toa d@ céc dinh A, B,C. Biét hoanh a6 diém C nhé hon 4, Lai giti Tim phuong trinh dudng thang CH ‘Tam giéc ABC c6 M, Nn lwat 1 trung diém olla AC va BC nén MN a duéng trung blah cila AB ddn-dén MN song song vél AB. Mat Ikhdc, CH vudng géc v6i AB v1 H Ia trac tim nén CH cting vuéng goc voi MN. Khi 6, MN=(~1,~1) la vecto phap tuyén cia CH nén ta tim duoc phwong trin CH: -(x+1)~(y-6) Tim toa dé diém C eoxty-5=0 Khi dé, ta tinh duge: HB =(3-c,c—9),AC= oad Theo a8 ta cé: Je, = BHL ACS BHLAC ogi 2646) = acs) cath, 42°82) 4 te” Suyratoa dQ, Bnluet 8 AG 2):B(-4 “ty? Vay toa d6 cae dinh cla spa tel 6. 2),B(~1,0),C(3,2) Bai 20: Cho tam glac ABC cn tai ig thing BC cé6 phuong trinh x+2y— phwong trink cio =0. Durong cao ké tir B c6 19) thudc dudng cao ké ti C. Xéc dinh toa d6 cdc dinh cita tam gidc ABC. Lai gil Timtoa 46 diém B Diém B la giao diém cita BC va dwong cao BK nén tga d6 cita BIA nghiém cla hé phuong trinh: R+2y-220 [x= = x-y+4=0 “|ys2 Goi N Ia giao dim cia dung thang song song véi BC, di qua M voi duéng cao BK. ‘Timstoad9diémN Khi dé, MN ¢6 dang x-+2y-+m= ding thing MN I x+2y+1=0 VINA giao diém cla dung thang MN va BK nén toa d@ cia N la nghiém citahé phwong trinh sal: x4ay+1=0 (x=-3 2 x-y+4e0 Wlyaa Vi dt qua diém M(-1,0) nén: ~1+2.04m=0com= - Ta ¢6 phwong trink Loebochin 46a Goi 118 trung diém cia BC, PA glao diém ciia MN va AL Pla trung digm cia BC nén c6 toa a6 *(-25 J. ‘Timea dé diémLC anh VIII trung diém ctia BC nen toa a6 diém Cla x¢ = 2%, ~ Goi Ka chan durdng cao ké ti B, nén toa 49 cla K 18 K(k k +4). - Mim toa. d6 diém K tee = 4,23) = CK=| k+=,k+— |. y BR =(k+2,k-+2), ( ghee } Tact c BKLCK eo BRER=02>(42)(ko 8) 4a}(ie 17 23 rachon (22,3) a 140 eee ereee (i 2) Be ‘Timtoa dg diémA Dudng thing CK di qua diém {2 phwong trinh («+8)e(y- Durdngthdng Al dl. qua aiém P( 2 a phwong trinh &: 24u+2)-(y-4} Digm Ala giao diém,cta ATW CK nén 1a nghigm cia hé phuong trin ey (-13 19 (47 va fc dinh cha tam giae aBcra af 43,22), a(-2,2),c{ =4,2 xy ta dd céc dinh cia tam gi Fe 2) (2,2), [F 2) Bal 21: Cho tam giéc ABC c6 AB=S, dinh C(~1,1), dwong thang AB cé phuong trinh x+2y—3=0, trong $ tam cia tam gidc ABC thudc duéng thang x+y . Xac dinh toa @6 cdc din A, B cia tam giéc ABC. biel A » Timtoa d0 trong tam G F i Goi toa dO trong tam G cila tam giéc ABC thugc dudng thang : x+y-2=0 la G(g,2—g). Goi toa 46 trung diém M cia AB thudc MA i “> | dugg thang AB: x+2y-3=0 li M(3~2m,m). @ = Khi 46, CG=(g+1,1-g),CM =(4~2m,m-1). VIG IA trong B ce | tam tam giéc ABC nén ta c6 he thitc vecto sau: G Loveboolern 47gri=2(4-2m) [m=0 {M(3,0) 7 =] 5° | 5 toed 3 3 1-e=2(m-1) Bin keot a A(3~2a,a), B(3—2b,b). Ta cb: t [(2a-2b)' +(a-b)* VE fy b=1 A ) Vay toa a6 cée dinh A, B cia tam gléc ABCA alas }a(s: Bj 22: Trong mat phing v6i hé toa dO Oxy, cho tam gidc ABC vuGng tai’A, GOLM la diém trén canh AC s20 cho AB=3AM, Bung tron tam 1(1j-1) duéng kinh CM cat DMta 36 2 can g6c vung AB=3AM, nén viee tig cos g Soot jwongthang, khong c6 diém nao lién quan t6i cde, géc cia tarigiée BAM, phai ching chang ta phai suy nghy mtahuong giai Kade? Nhung hay rihin Ii hinh vé mgt fn fia, bai ten c6 hal tam lac vudng 6 cp g6c nhon a6% dinh, céc‘ban s8 nghi toi gi? ‘Ta s® nghit6t tam gidc dbiig dang "ABAM~ ACDM. Nhu vay minh sé ding thih, chat ding dang 46 tinh gin tiép 1. g6c nao d6 cia tam gléc CMI ma minh c6 thé ste dung duéng thing hay diém ndo 46 d3 cho .Cé toa @6 1, N va DC vay nén minh sé sit dung géc cos MCD. Bang viéc tham s6 héa diém C va tinh todn cos(IC.CD), chiing ta sé tim duege toa dé diém C. Khi Ga tim duvge ¢, va tim duoc diém M1a7c6 diém E ching ta sé lap phuong trinh BC va BM, sau 46 tim durge diém B.C6 CM ching ta Lap duoc phuzong trinh AC, ¢6 B, ta sé lip duoc AB do cé phép tuyén 1a AC, va tim ndt durge aiém A Lai giai Két ABAM va ACDM c6: fe =MDC=90° = ABAM~ ACDM(g~g)=> ACD= ABM BMA=DMC => cosACD = cos ABI Goi toa d6 diém C thuge duéng thing CD: Tad: ~3y-6=018 C(8e+6,¢)(c>~2) Lovett 48cho | et a6 AC, i i 3____|t00+ 16) WO” oe 32036 7 ose see eof a 190(3,-2) : 5 ‘Tir d6 ta tinh dugc phuong trinh ding thang BC:3x-+5y—4=0 va BM:3x+y+4=0 Khi dé diém B la giao diém cia BC va BM nén toa a6 diém B 18 nghiém cia hé phwong trinh sau io oo, sxty+ Ta c6: AC:y +1=0,AB:x+2~0, Suy ra diém Aa giao diém cia AC va AB nén toa &6 diém Ala nghiém eda hé phwong trinh sau: Vay toa d9 cde dinh cita tam giéc ABC1A A(—2,-1),B(-2,2), (3 Bai 28: Trong mat phidng toa &Q Ony, cho tam giéc ABC c6 puong trinh dung cao AH, rung tuyén AM Pan luge fh x-2y-130;13%-6y-~9.0. Bit tim ding tn ngoa tp tam aide ABC 1a 1(-551). Tim toa a6 céc dlah AB,C. Phan tfch: Doc qua d& thi chéc hin céc ban da thy diém dau chiing ta dé tim nhat chinh Ia A ding khong nao. Vay nét'éhting ta. sk f siai hé phwong trinh twong giao cia 2 duvdng thing AH vXAM dé'tim ra toa dé diém A. Nhiing bai t@p cd durdng cao va api ‘ditomigerdn.ngoai {igp thi minh sé thudng nght toi quan hé song song ala ttng cao tng ‘G11 canh va dterng n6i tam drt tron ngog{ ep vi trung diém canh 46(, do vay minh sé lap dugc dung IM. sho 6, 6.diéima va duong thang Au. ae ‘Tigp theo d6 minh sé tim diém M bing epntone {Fin twong giao giita 1M va durémg thang AM. Khi mini 4 c@.¢iém'4 thi vigc lap BC rét den gian ding Rhong? € ‘GB qua M va cé phap tuyén la IM nén minh tim dug phurong trinh BC, Minh sé tham s6 héa 1 BC:2x+y—11=0 Goi B(b;11~2b) th hi 46: ‘Toa d6 diém M la nghiém cia hé: { => M(3;5) Uae ie> (045) (10-287 05224? -6+9-069| 977 =B(4;3),€(&7) + Voi b=2=B(2;7), (453) Wf 3}-8);B(2;7);¢(4:3) A(-3;-8);8(43);¢(2)7) Lovebooiom 492. Sah chitnbat Bai 1: (B 2002) Cho hinh chit nht ABCD o6 tam 1(4.0}, pltong tinh duéng thing ABla x-2y +2=0 va AB=2AD. Tim toa d6 cac dinh A, B, C, D biét dinh A cé hoanh dé am. Phan tich: Ding trude mot bai hinh chit nhat, €6i kh ching ta s@ ling 4 ting vi khong biét str dung tinh chat gi ca hinh chir nhat. Hay cir nghi th§t don gidn, si dung nhing yéu t6 song song va vudng géc cita ching vihinh chi nhat theo dinh nghfa thi chi la te lac c6 3 géc vudng ma théi. D Quay lai bai todn, 48 bai da cho tam I va phurong trinh duéng thing AB nén theo quan tinh ta ¢6 thé tinh duoc khodng c&ch tir €én AB. Lau la tam I cla hint ché nhat ABCD cing chinh [a trung diém ca AC va BD nén kéthop voi dinh i Tha-let ta c6 thé tinh duoc AD. Cing v6i dir kién AB=2ADva dinh If Py-ta-go ta tinh duge @6 daf cla tét c& cdc canh va during chéo cia hinh chit nhat. Tiép theo, nan thay diém A céch I mot doan c6 sin vA ném trén dhrimg théing 44 biét phwrong trinh nén ta tim duge toa dé dlém A. Va ciing nhur tam gide, mOt hi da tim durgc toa dG mOt éinh rBi tht vide tim nhGing dinh kia sé dem gian, Li gia ‘Tim toa dé diém A 1 fp-2004 1? +(-2)* Gol H la hinh chigu ca 118n doan AB. Ta c6: 1H = Gq len i trung diém BD din @én AD=2HI= V5 25 ‘Theo dinh If Ta-let, AD song song véi Hl ve 2 = AB =2AD=2V5:> Al? = AH? +HP? (8) +H #8) Goi tga 46 diém A nm trén dudng thang x-2y-+2=0 la A(2a-2,a). Ta cé: at ofor2-2) 4¢ 0 [po Ne ace) VINA trung diém AC nén x, = ¥e=2i-Yq =0- Gol toa d0 diém B nam trén duéng thing x—2y +2=0 1a B(2b-2,b). Theo dé: b-5,b). Ta cb: B= (20,0), bro b=2 = B(2,2) 2(-2,0) = AB.LCBe> atic 0 22h-5)+48=02>| (a yea B(2,2) toa d6 diémD Vi 18 trung diém BD nén xp =2x,—xg=—L,¥0 =2y1-y, Vay toa a céc dinh cia hinh char nh&t ABCD I& A(-2,0),B(2,2),C(3,0),D(~1,-2). Bai 2: (D 2012) Cho hinh chet nhat ABCD. Cac durong thang AC va AD Bin lwot c6 phwong trinh x-+3y =0 va 7 ~ ws x—y+4=0. Dudng thing BD di qua diém u(21}-tim toa 6 Ee dinh Bterhigh chér nhat.han tich: D8 bai cho hai dwong thang la canh va duong chéo ctia hrinh chirnhatnén df nhién chiing ta ¢6 thé tlm dueoe dinh A. Ta eting tu dy twang tu’ cAc bai todn vB tam gidc, trong cae dinh cla hinh hit nhgt thi 44 c6 hai dink D, C nam trén hai duong thing da biét phuong trinh nén ta cn hei &n, Ta cdn cBn phai mo ti dinh B theo 2 {in d6. Nhén thy rng tam [1a trung diém cia c& AC va BD nén ta cé Xa tXe _ Yet Xp 2 2 YatYe _Yat¥o 2 2 Luu ¥ tinh chat nay 3 ding cho hinh binh hanh, va hinh chi nbat la hinh binh hank dae bigt nén né cing ating cho hinh chér nhgt. Do &6, ta méi chi sirdung rang budc v8 hinh binh hanh, Dé la hinh chie nhatthi cn phaic6 tinh chat c6 mot géc vudng & dinh. Va ta sie dung diém M don giin li B, M, D thang hang, ‘ ‘Tuy nhién, ngoai cach giai dt dn é trén thi ta con c6 thé sir dung phuong phap dung hinh. Ta thir ké ‘0M mOt dutmg thdng d song song hoc vuding abe véi hat durong thang 4 cho. Kinh nghiém cho thay nén ké song song hoc vudng g6c v6i cée canh cia hinh chér nhat. Laic nay, d s@ ct AC tai diém N va ta ¢6 hinh thang ‘can ANMD. Khi dé, durémg ndi trung diém hai canh day sé vudng géc véi hal day. VA tir d6 ta tim duoc trung ‘tim AD, chinh 1 chla khda dé gidi phn cdn Iai cia bat tos. Livi gid 1 : Diém A.18 giao diém cita hai durémg thang AC va AD nén toa d6-A'1a nghiém cia hg phuong trinh sau: Goi toa 46 diém CD fan lugt thude x23 ‘Timtoa dd diém B theo ed % VIII trung diém cia AC va BD nén taco; Ka bei Xp Fp x=y-+4=0 la C(-3e;¢),D(d.d-+4). 2 2a, [Ka =Xa +o —Xy =-B-3e-d Yate _vet¥e” Ve=¥atve-Voo-d4e-d 2 2 Ti c Tird6 ta c6 toa d8 cita cdc vecto sau: AD=(d+3,d+3),De=(-3¢—d,c-d~4), Bi (E8044), BR (2 4;-d-3) Theo aes (4+3)(-Be~d)+(4+3)(c-d-4)=0 ‘ADLDC BM=KDM 4-¢+d=k(-d-3) a? (c45)d430-+6=0(+) = Sraceden( a) 3 3 4-crd _-d-3 3g S+8c4d 3 Lovebookom | ST~1)° va ta 06 hai nghiém la: Xem phuong trinh (#) Ia bdc 2 di v6i d, khi dé: ~(c+5)-(e-1) ~(c+8)+(c-1) 2 2 yd = 4-c-3 3, thay vio phwrong trinh (*#), ta dage 830-3 3 -3,1),D¢- —2, thay vao phuong trinh (**), ta duge: Arex(-c-2) _-(-e-2)-3 2,2), B(~4,0) : ta loal nghlém nay vi C tring A Eh ya -4=0 See 303 c(-3,1),D(-3,1),B(0,0) Paneer Be30+(-0-2) c=1 2 cet Vidiém A(-3,1) nénta log nghigm c6 C(~3,1) Vay toa d6 4 dinh cita hinh cht nhatla A(-~3,1),B(1,-3),C(3,~1),D(4,2 Lai giat 2 7 Ké MN song song véi AD, Ne.AC.Goi Ka trung digm MN, Tim toa do diém NK , % Khi a6 MN di qua diém uf + lam vecto phép tuyén do 46 c6 phuong trinh: (xs z iém N la giao diém cla MN va AC d6%@6 toa, a6 cia N la nghiém cika hé phuong trinh: Fer feet SR ey Vi Ka giao diém dogn MNAgn 3282 Xe KH dng ge voURD, HeAD ‘Tim toa 46 digm H a Kihi 46 KH at qua aiém (33) ‘va nhgn vecto chi phwong (1,1) lam vecto phép tuyén nén c6 phwong (x42 \4[y-2 emo}. 118 giao diém cta KH va AD nén toa dé ca H 1a nghiém cla hé phwong trinh sau: [x+y =0 lx-yr4 Oexty=0 Timtoa.dé diémA ATA giao dim cha AD va AC nén toa d@ cia A 18 nghiém cia hé phwrong trinh sau: ‘Tim toa dg didm ¢ HIB trung diém cila AD nén ta cé: avo 52Duong thang DC at qua aiém D(—1,3) va vecto nhan chi phuong (1,1) cia dudng thang vuong géc ime AD: x-y-+4=0 lam vecto phap tuyén nén ¢6 phwong trinh: (x-+1)+(y-3)=0 Vay toa d§ digm B, Cla B(S,~4),C(1,-7) Bai 4: (D6 Larong 4 ~ Nghé An) Cho hinh chi nhgt ABCD c6 dién tich bang 12, tam I thug duong thing d:x-y-3=0 va x= ,trung diém eta mOt can la giao diém cla d va true Ox. Tim toa dé cée dinh ca inh chornbat, Phan tich: Truc hét ta hay xem @@ bai da cho nhimng gt rbi © Dign tich hinh chi mht ABCD tire da cho tich d6 dai hai can + Hoanh dé tam 1 va duong thang chita diém I ite da cho toa d6 1 Trung digém mot canh la giao dim cits d va Ox. Khi dé ta tim duoc toa d6 trung diém 46 cling véi phuong trinh canh 6 nh da c6 vecto IM 1a vecto phép tuyén va diém M, a (Mots6 ban s& thac mc la Jam sao dé biét trung diém nay 14 ciia AB, BC, CD hay DA. Cau tra 18418 cita canh nao cing ding, Oday ta gid sit n6 1a trung diém DC) Ti dign tich va d6 dai IM tere mdt mike chiu dai AD ta hon toan'cé thé tinh durgc a dai DM. Diém D nam trén CD da biét va céch M mét doan cho trurée nén.ta 66 thé d8 dang tinh duc diém D. Lai gial ‘Tinh.do daiMc 3 3). Khéng mat téng quét, goi giao aiém ciia d 16 toa.d6 M la nghiém cia hé phwong trinh sau: $ Z ayo 3 3 0-3) 5 7 { 2) + 3 a7 xen dudng trung tuyén IM cing 1 durong trung tryc. Ta eé: Sisco = AB.BC=2MC2IM=12 MC=2.=J3 iM =0 18 C(c,3~c), Ta cé: (2,1 oc) c(4,-1) Vi vai tro cita C va D 1a nbw nhau nén néu C(2,1) thi D(4,—1) va nguge Iai néu C(4,~1),D(2,1). Timtoadd A.B » © Khi C(2,1),D(4,~1) thi f (eieanca Y= 2M Y= Do tam gidc ICD can tai Timtoadé diém C.D Dwéng thang CD di qua diém M(3,0) va c6 vecto phap tuyén Ih 25 ) hay (1,1) nén 06 phuomg trinh:(x~3)+(y-0)-Oeox-y~2 Gol toa d6 diem C thude duéng thang x+y—~ MC? =(c-3)' +(3~c)* 26 xq = 2X) —Ke=7 Ya=2y-You?@ Kni C(4,-2),D(2,1) thi vay tea 06 c4c dinh ca hinh chit nhgt ABCD 18 A(7,2),B(5,4),C(2,1),D(4,~1) hose A(5,4),8(7,2),C(4,~2), D(2,2) Bai 5: (Chuyén Nguy8n Quang Diéu ~ Bong Thap) Cho hinh chit nhat ABCD cé dé tich bing 6, dudmg chéo AC:x+2y—9=0.Diém M(0,4) nim trén canh BC, dug théng CD di qua diém N(2,8). Tim toa d6 céc dinh cia hinh cht nhgt ABCD biét dinh C c6 tung €6 la mot sé nguyen. Phin teh: Nhting bai true da cho ta mét bai hoc la néu d® bai cho ta nhting diém bat ki thude mot durong thang thi ta cin phai ch ¥ d6n dwong thang nay, O day, a2 bai cho ta hai diém nhw vy, tuong ting v6t hai dug thang CD, CB, Hai durdng thing nay vung géc voi nhau va ngodi ra ching cing véi AC dng quy tal Do dé, r6 rang diém C c6 hai rang bu6c la thugc AC va nhin MN duGimgt gée vudng nén ta e6 toa 49 C. Liic nay, di nhién ta c6 thé vigt dwg phwong trinh hai canh BC va DC nén dé mé ta toa dQ hal diém B,D chi cin hai an, Rang bude thir nhét la din tich bang 6, Rang bude thir hai chinh la tinh chat cha hinh chit nhdt: trung diém dudmgichés hay nd trén durdmg thang cinta during chéo kia i * Loi giai pe a ‘Timtoa.d9.diém¢ Goi toa d9 diém C thude dudmg thing x+2y-=9=0.)8 C(9-20,¢) =>NE=(7-2c,0-8), MC=(9-2c,c-4). Ta c6: a. 7 ote 4 c=5 NCLMCeoNEMC=02(7~2c)(9-28)4(c-8)(c-4)=0e2| 19 22045) « 5 Dung thang CD i qua diet .C(-1,8) va c6 vecto chi phuong NC=(~3,~8) hay vecto phap tuyéin | tmteatoaiina.p i © (Let) nén c6 phuong trinhs (9-1) (y-5)=0ex-y+6=0 Durdng thing BC di qua digin C(-1,5) va c6 vecto chi phuong MC=(~1,1) hay ¢6 veco phép tuyén | (11) nén 06 phuong triah:(x-+1)+(y-5)=0coxsy-4=0 Gol toa d6 diém B,D lan heot thuge cde dime thing x+y—4=0,x-y-+6=0 la B(b,4~b),D(d,d+6) d-b+10 2 suy ra CD (4+1,4+1),CB=(b441,—1-b) va toa 46 trung diém I ca BD 18 (ey eafea—o_ [lasay +(aray oray roa) <6 Sane ) . eac (232) -o{229) 029 ‘Theo a8 ta c6: 2 eo {lt+tb+1]=3 _ flavalsasr2sa}=2 be3d+2 lb=ad+2 Loveboalen 551B(2,2),0(0,6) Geass ‘Tim toa do diém A ViAC va BD déu nan I lam trung diém nén ta co “4 %e = Xe *¥o. 2. va tuong tu voi tung 46, Khi B(2,2),D(0,6) thi x, =Xp +X) —X¢ =3,¥,=Ve+¥n-Vo=3 Khi B(—4,8),D(-2,4) thi xq =Xg +p —X¢=-5,y4 =Vg +¥o-Vo=7 Vay toa a® cae dinh eta hinh chornhat fa A(3,3),B(2,2),C(-2,5),D(0,6) hode A(-5,-7),B(4,-8), (1,5), D(-2,4) Bai 6: (Hong Quang ~ Hai Dong) Cho hin chit nhat ABCD c6 dtinh C(3,—1). Goi Ma trung diém cha canh BC, during thing DM c6 phuong trinh y—1=0. Biét dink A thuge durdmg thing d:5x~y-47=0 va diém D co hoanh 46 4m. Tim tga 0 céc inh A va D. Phan tich: Vi hai diém A, D da thudc hai durdng thang, cing ‘v6i da biét toa dQ diém C nén theo tinh chét cita hah chit nat (chinh xéc 14 cia hinh binh hanh) ta ¢6 thé tinh durge toa dé diéma B theo hat dn mé ta toa €6 diém A, D theo ons thir, *A*%e_ %e* Ae (euong tw véi tung 46). Tir aogia’ Re é¥ing c6 thé mo t8 toa d6 digm M 1 trung dim BGAtieg Hal 4n d6. Ta chi cn tim rang bude cla hal &n. Thief sow M phai thude durong thing DM. Thithai, a rang’bude dé ABCD la hin cho-nhat N6 da hinh binh hanb vita da sir dung meee trensthi dé la hinh chi nhat thi phai cd m§t géc vudng. Lai giai ra y? Goi toa d6 diém A, D lan lye rating thing Sx-y+7=0,y— ViLdOng thoi rung aida AG va BD nén 2 =q #16 = 4p =p Ma HEM Twong ty, ya =Sa+7~-1-fagars, Se =018 A(a,Sa+7),D(4,1). =d+3. Vina trungdiém BC pee foa a0 diém MI w+ Set) 2 ‘Theo dé, ta cé: 13 ee 5 1 San4 = (d-a)(3-d)+(-Sa~6)(~2)=0 [a fea Vay toa d@ diém AvaD1a (35) 0(-21) : (Toan hoc va Tudi tré) Cho hinh chi nhat ABCD c6 B(1,1). Trong tam cia tam giéc ABC nam trén duimg thing d:3x—y~2=0. Bim N(4,6) la trung diém canh CD. Tim toa &6 dinh A. Leben 86phan tich: BB bai cla ta cht cho toa d6 hal diém B, N cing mot ‘@udng thing clita trong tm G cia tam gidc ABC. Ta thay rang, B, {G cing thude during chéo BD va ta c6 thé tinh duo te gitta 46 dai céc canh cila during chéo dé theo tinh chat cta trong tam va cia hinh chit nhat. Tir 6, ta tinh duoc toa 46 dim I vaD theo 1 gntoadd cla G. Ya tirD ta c6 thé tinh duo toa d0 € theo trung diém N cia DC. ‘Rang buéc ca ta khong gi khéc ngoas DCL BC. Loigiil Goi toa d6 diém G thudc 3x—y-2=0 1a G(g,3g-2) ‘Tinh.toa.d6 diém D theo g ‘Tam gldc ABC vudng tai B cé G la trong tm nén néu 11a tam hinh chi nhat, tte BE a trung tuyén cia anh AC thi ta c6 he théte BG=2Biva TintoaddG.c VIN IA trung diém CD nén xg =2xy ~Xp = 10 meg2vn = ND=(8g-6,9g-14),BC=(9-3g, 19-9g). Ta c6: “ ll BC.LNDe> BEND = od Big 5) +(19~98)(9g-14) 0 < it c(ss).o(2.3} (F)e(e) . ves o(sse(§ see Ae Hy = 3X —Xy Xo =D Vg =BVe—-Va-Vo=3. +d (E) ‘ViG la trong tam tam gidc ABC nén x4 =3X¢ x9 —X¢ = 7 Ya=BVo-Ya Vom e Vay toa d0 cia Ala A(-1,3) hode A(z, 22) Bal 8: (Chuyén NguyBn Quang Diéu - Dong Thép) Cho hin chtr nhét ABCD cé din tich bing 48, dinh D(-3,2). Budng phan glic cla gc BAD cé phuong rink x+y—7=0.Tim toa d§ inh B biét diém A.cé hoanh 49 durong. Lorebook 57Phan tich: V6i kinh nghiém khi gidi céc bai todn ed tam gidc, ta 6 thé nhgn ra & bal nay ta cling c6 thé st dung céch twong tir 8 tim mét digm E nam trén AB khi ldy d6i xing cba D thudc ‘AD qua phan gide géc DAB. Thém mét diéu nita, géc DAB la mot géc viidng va A lai thuge dong phan gide géc 46 di c6 phwong trinh nén hoan toan o6 thé xdc dinh duoc toa d6 digém. A. Liie nay, ta c6 thé viét durgc phurong trinh cAccanh BAAD, DC diva vao toa &6 cac diém E, A, D cting d6 dai canh AD. Tir dign tich, ta tinh durgc &6 dai canh con lai nén diém B (C) thuge AB (DC) va cdch A (D) mot doan a biét nén ta tinh duege toa dd B, C. Lai gidi Goi E(a,b) 18 diém d6i ximg cia D qua phan gic géc A. ‘Tim toa 46 diém E Kenta ga a6 rung aién ve (253, #2) va DE=(a-+3,b-2). Theo d8, ta cb: an3 b+2 ao) [az3,b+2 ef (PAP coro 5 ofS DELEA [2.(a+3)-1(0-2) 00.1 Goi toad diém A thude dwong thang x+y—7=0 la A(G, 7c). Khi dé: DA=(c43,5-c), (¢-5,-c-3). Ta cé: & DA LAE <> DAEA Durdng thang AB di qua dim ‘A(5,2) vainh§n vecro phap tayén la AD ~(-8,0) nén c6 phuong trinh: -8(x-5)+0(y-2)=0ex=5 Goi toa a diém B thio durég thang x=5 18 B(5,¢). Ta c6: d=8 de-4 AB [e-F HO =6eco-an5e ta c6: © Xétvitri tong 461 gitra D(-3,2),B(S,—4) va dubng thang x+y~7: (-3+2-7)(6-4-7)=48>0 nén D(-3,2) va B(S,—4) cing phia véi dong thing + Xétvj tri twong d6t gitta D(-3,2),B(S,8) va dwéng thang x+y ~7=0 tacé: (-3+2-7)(5+8-7) =~48<0 nén D(-3,2) va B(S,~4) khdc phfa véi duong thing Vay toa dé diém B 1a B(5,8) Bai 9: (Quéchoc Hué) Cho hinh chit nhat ABCD cé dinh C nm trén duréng thing A:x-2y-1=0, duémg thing BD c6 phuong trinh 7x—y~9=0. Biém E(—1,2) thuge canh AB sao cho EB=3EA. Biétrng diém B cé tung dd wong, Tim tga d® cia eée diém A, B,C, D. Lean] 58Phan tich: O' day, néu khéng tinh duréng thang di qua diém C thi d@ bai chi cho ta biét toa 46 diém E va phuong trinh dung thing BD. ‘Ta sé tim lién hé gitta khodng cach tir E dén BD va 46 dai cc canh | | 2 eda hinh chit nhat. Néu gol H, K Fan lugt la hinh chiéu cia E, A lén BD | “| thi ta c6 hai tam giéc BEH va BAK dng dang véi nhau din dén ta dE tinh durge khodng céch tirA dén BD cling ehinh la tir aén BD. © © Gang véi phuong trinh durémg thing chita dim C ta tlm dugc toa d dim C gia vin. toa 6 diém Goi hinh chigu cia B, A lén BD 18H, K theo thi ty [*(-1)-2-9]_ 92 VWPee 8 Hal tam gidc vung BEH va BAK c6 EBH=ABK nén dng dang v6i nhau, suy ra hé thite EH BB _3_ ay 48H _12V2 Ta c6 khodng céch tir E dén dung thing BD: EH=d,y. BH _ BB ABH IE aK AB 4 AK="Z> 5 =depo0 Goi tga d6 dim € thude eivdmg thing x-2y-1=0:18 C(2e+1,¢) Tab (31 -22 2e+1)-e-9 19 of 34 22 dno «ERS 8)=2- 92207 wht |B (G5) a) 5 pe xét tich (7.234229 (7.(-1)-2-9)s'0 neh auéia’cl 2) ndim cing phia so Aiaaiag Vi duémg thang 7x-y9 6 i nén toa &6.digin C13 C(S,2) Goi toa d9 diém B thuge duanig thang 7x—-y—9. 18 B(b,7b~9), khi d6 tacé: = * b=22 EBLCB <> EB.CB=0<(b+1)(b-5)+(70-11)(70-11)=069] "255 b=2 biém (2, 22 25" 95 Dmtoa.d9 diem Goi toa d6 diém Ala A(a,,a,). Theo d® bai ta o6, ) 6 tung 46 am tréi v6i d¥ bai nén toa 46 diém B la B(2,5). hing) Timtoado diémD agdo | Goi toa d6 dim D thudc dung thang 7x-y—9=0 IA D(d,7~9), ki dé ta c6: : me =1 ; DAL DC ABED=0.e(d+2)(4—5)+(74~-10)(74 1)=06[5 E Ta loai D(2,5) vi tring diém B, : Vay toa d@ cdc dinh cia hinh chor nhatla A(~2,1),B(2,5),C(5,2),D(1,-2) Lovebeaiewn | 52|, dinh C thuge duéng thang Bai 10: Cho hinh chit nh&t ABCD, dinh B thude durdng thing d,:2x—y42= ,:x—y—5=0, Gol H 18 hinh chiéu cla Bxudng chebng thang AC. Biét n(2.2)«(02) Bin vot trung digm cla AH va CD. Tim toa 46 céc din B, C cla hinh ch nhat ABCD biét x, >4 Lai giai A cita tam gidc cho tam giée vuéng ABC c6 dwomg cao ting véi canh huy8n BH ta cé: ast -atsaces ana! acs aH AE ac ac _({ 2A¢? ~ ap?) “Cae Mat khde: tse 23} (2h 2) or r Goi toa a aig € thud en oe y~5=0 I’ C(oc-5). Kai €6, RE=(c~9,e-7), BC=(c—1,c—9). Ta 06 phi trina? ne ee-nfesjeon| ic * sc(9,4) Vay toa dé diém B, cla B(1,4),C(9,4) Bai 11: Cho hinh chir nhgt ABCD c6 tam 1(6,2), dim M(1,5) nam trén duong thang chtta canh AB vA trung digm E cha canh CD thudc duréng thing x+y—5=0. Viét phuong trinh AB. Lei giai Goi Fa trung dim AB, Goi toa dO diém E thude dwong thing x+y—5=0 1b B(e,-e+8). Khi d6, vi 18 trung diém cia EF nén toa d6 diém Fla Xp =2K; “Xp =12-a,yp =2y, Vg =a-1, Khi dé tam giéc FMI vudng tai F nén theo djnh If Pytago acd: FP +FM? =IM? <> (e-6)' +(e-3)' +(e~11)' + (e-6)* =34 =|: as Lavebon 016: 8 t f $ inh: (x-1)-4(y~5)= Ya nghiém cia hé phwong trinh sau: « Tnrdng hp toa 40 diém F(6,5) Dudmg thing AB di qua diém M(1,5) va F(6,5) tikc c6-vecto chi phirong (5,0) nén cb phaong trinh:y=5 a Trtdng hgp toa 6 dé F(5,6) ‘budng thang AB di qua diém M(1,5) va F(S,6) tite 66 vecto chi phuong ME=(4,1) nén c6 phuong eox-4y419=0 vay phuong trinh dubng thang ABla y=5 hoe x—4y+19=0 pai 12: Cho hinh cht nat ABCD c6 phwong trinh canh AB:x~2y +1 ‘purdmg thang AC di qua M(2;1). Tim toa 6 cdc dinh cia hinh chit nhat. 0, dwing chéo BD:x—7y-+14 “Loigial Bla giao diém cia dung thing AB va BD nén toa dé cia B a2 eadytteo Pg x-Ty+14=0° | 13 ors jez} Ta c6: cosDBA= =~. Khi a6 goi vedi Vnriee vio 4 phap tuyén cia dig thang ACIA i(n,,n,) din dén: [ox=2nel_ py 3 | ner AR + Truénghep n,=0 thi (*) vi nghidin ng, + Treonghop n, #0 thi chia ge Naku Vgraino ta duoc cosCAB= fe We asjontamero| o NEw Dung thang AC di qua diém M(2,1) va 6 vecto phép tuy€n (1,~1) nén c6 phixong trinh: 1.(x-2)-1.(y-1)=0ox-y-1=0 Digm Ala giao diém cia duéng thing AC va AB nén toa d6 ciia A 1a nghiém cita hé phuong trinh: 4 thita chon ny =4,nq=—1 bVc=2V-Yq=3 igm 11a trung diém cita AC nen ta o6 toa dO diém Cla xe =2x, 12 Blém 1a trung digm cha BD nén ta 66 tga 46 diém DIA Xp = 4 -% =A yp = 2y, Levebookon | 6t21 13 Vay toad cé inh cation a(3,2),(24,22).c(4,3),0( 2,2) 5) ai 13: Cho hinh hinh chi nhat ABCD c6 céc canh AB, BC, CD, AD lin heot di qua cae diém M(4,5),N(6,5), P(5,2),Q(2). Tim toa 4 céc dinh cia hinh chi nhat ABCD. Lat gial Duong thing AB di qua diém M(4,5) nén phuong trinh AB c6 dang: y=k(x-4)+5 eo he-y 454k =0 Néu k=0 thi phwong trinh ABIa y (vOlivi NeBC) Dudng thang BC di qua diém N(6,5) nén phuong suy ra NeAB Kl+(-1)(-1)=0eK=-101 VIABCD 12 hin cht nhgt nén: [k5-2+5—44] _ fk+3] AD= dria, reed Twong Ex, ta c6: l.2-145-6l| [4-4 Ande Heal eet VPP > Vier ‘Theo gid thiét, dién tich hinh chi nhgtla16 néivta c6: +k apap Aker a 16 <2)k? +4k+9 fe iV ‘Sy fakt—aktaso [RAP po ale =| 16 “Sk? 4k ke- [l=-3 ° Trrdng hyp phuong trinh duong thing ABla x-y+1=0 vaBCla x+y —1 ung thing AD dt qua diém Q(2,1) va vubng gée v6i x—y +1=0 nén 6 phueng trinh 1.(X-2)41.(y-1)=0eox+y-3=0 Dim A la giao diém ctia AD va AB nén toa d@ cha A li nghi@m cila hé phuong trinh sau: feet xel 2. \x-y+t207 |y=2 n Da giao digi uta AB va BC nén toa dé cia B la nghiém cia hé phuong trinh sau: ere offs x-y+ Dung thang CD i qua diém P(5,2) va song song véi xy +1=0 nén cé phwong trinh x—y~ Biém Cla giao diém cia CD va BC nén ta dQ cila Cla nghigm ciia hé phurong trinh sau: + Biém D 1a giao diém cla CD va AD nén toa dé cia D la nghiém cla hé phuong trinh sau:x 2 Trdg hep phwrong trinh dwéng thing ABIA x—3y +11=0 va BCIa 3x+y—23=0. Hoan to’n 3413 22) pe, ( 5 =} 21) Vay toa 46 cic dinh cia hinh chi nhgt ABCD [a A(1,2),B(5,6),C(7,4),D(3,0) hose A(3,4), quongty, ta tim duge toa dd cae dinh eda hink chi nhat 18 4). ; (2,1) Bal 14: Trong mat phing v6ihé toa 49 Oxy, cho hinh chi nhat ABCD c6 D(3;4). Goi M la trung diém cia AD, ung thing CM:2x—y+1=0. Tn toa d® céc dinh cba hinh chit nhat ABCD, biét B thuge dung thing. xry +3=0 va Bc6 hoanh 49 am. Phan tich: Nhu nhimng bai trwéc, minh s@ tinh khong céch tir 1 ‘dim cho truéc t6i 1 duxong cho truréc, tim méi lién hé kho’ng. ‘cdch tie diém @4 cho v6i 1 diém thude phueng trinh duéng thing khong ¢6 tinh chat hinh hoc trong hinh vé. Minh chon diém D 4é tinh khoang cich t6i CM, va tham s6 héa toa dp digm B, bang cach tim lién hé khodng céch dua vao lién hé ign tich cia 2 tam gidc chung @4y Syyac =25yo¢ minh sé tinh dug khoang céch tir B t6i AC va tim dwwoc diéim B. Bai todn nay cho ho’inh a6 B am la mot dit kign kha quan trong va khong c6 chit gl got Ia “lira” ching ta, nhung néu khong c6 diéu kién nay cha B chting ta vin chi doc Iya chon 1 diém B thda man, vi vj tr twong déi cla B va D so v6i MC 1a khée phia, vigc ding khodng cach cho chiing ta 2 digm B, thy té c6 1 dim cing phia véi D sb véi MC (phai loal) m9t diém khde phia (day méi la «digi Sn tim). C6 B, o6 D thi minh s@ tim trung diém I eda BD 46 tim mdi lién h@ voi AC (wil thudc AC). Bay gier thi tham s6 héa C va sit dung thém BC va BD yudng géc voi nhau dé giai ra C. Cudt cing Ia tim A Ki d& c6 va ¢ s Leigiai % Ta cb: BC=AD=2MD= Syjgé =2Syp! =>€( BMC) =24(D:MC)(1) Got: B(b;~3~-b)(b<0) Tira eaaage: Be =b=-2=>B(-23) Goi ACABD=1 = 1a trang diém BD ai(3 2) Do ABCD 1a hinh cha nbgt dn dén Vay toa 40 cae dinh cla hinh cht nhatla A(1,6),8(-2,3),C(0,1) hose 3. Sftethet Bai 1: (Chuyén Quée Hoc Hué) Cho hinh thoi ABCD cé AC=2BD. Biét ‘dudng thang AC cé phuong trink 2x-y—1=0, Dinh A(3,5) va diém B thugc dudng thing dix+y—1=0. Tim tga dé cfe dinh B,C, D cla hin hos ABCD. Lorebook | 63Phan tich: Hai diém B, C thudc hai dwong thang da bide phwong trinh nén ta cin tim rang bude gia hai diém a6. Véi gid thiét AC=2BD, ta c6 thé bién d6i v8 quan hé gid céc diém ai dat &n, cdc diém ai c6 tea dO va phuong trink duéng thing AC 4618: AC=4dgjqc. V6i tinh chat cia hinh thoi, ta cOn cé mét rang bude nial BILAC voi {8 trung diém cita AC d8 dang tinh urge theo an toa a6 diém C, La gial ‘Tim toa dd diém B, Goi toa a6 diém B, C lan lugt thudc cac dutng thang x+y—1=0,2x—y~ B(b,1-b),C(c,2c~1). Khi d6 toa 0 tam | cla hinh thoi cling chinh 8 trung @iém AC cé toa 46: 8) a Ta cb: AC=(c-3,2c~6), Bi sb+c+ 4) Vi AC= 28D = 4B] Tir 46 ta c6 hé phuemg trinh sau heret 0 c al £ "jorcagiery coat © cee, asco ay (bees)? Villa trung diém chung ella AC va BD nén 2x, © Khi iB 2), B32), xp = By eH EY = Vat¥enY B+Xp:2¥1 Yat ¥o “Yet Yo * Khi C(~1,-3),B(—1,2), tong ty ta c6 xp Yo = Vay toa d9 céc dinh B,C, D eta hinh thot ABCD Ia B(3,-2), (= 8 34) 02 4) hode B(-1,2),C(-1,-3),D(3,0)sai: (Lang Giang 1 ~ Bc Giang) Cho hinh thot ABCD ¢6 phwong trinh canh ACA x-+7y-31=0, hal inh B, pibnlwot thude cic durbng thang d, :x+y-8=0,d, :x-2y +3=0. Tim toa d9 cée dinh ci hinh thot biét ign tich cla hinb thot bang 75 va dinh C6 hoanh a am. phn teh: Tuong ty nhu bai trén, ta sé d&t hal én twong tng voi ‘toa dé hai diém B, D da thudc hai dudng thang chotrwéc, Vi ABCD. |p hinh thot nén ta sé sir dung cdc tinh cht mat céch chon oc cia hhinh thot éé tm hai &n 6, Va tinh chat d6 1a: haf during chéo jyudng géc voi nhau tai trung diém mi dong (d8 dang thay rang jngt tr gc c6 tinh cht trén cling chfnh ta hinh thof). Vi d bai hl cho phucng trinh duéng thang AC nén ta chi str dung tinh cht tai trung diém mi dwong & ch6la trung diém BD nm trén ‘AC. Tir€6 ta tinh durgc toa 46 B, D Cap diém A, C cting d cing thudc mot dudng thang nén ta chi cin hai dn d€ mo ti A, C. Va rang bude Je nay sé b6 sung cho tinh cht & trén la trung diém AC tring véi trang diém BD. Két hop voi dign tich bang “gb tatinh durge toa a6 A, C. Laigiai ‘Tinh.toad6 B.D on B(b,8-b),D(2d-3,d). Th €6, ta c6: BD=(2d~b-3,d+b-8), AER 8) 61118 trung diém BD va cfing 8 trung @iém AC phuong trinh sau: uy ra tga db dignity ‘Tinhioa dd A.C Goi toa 46 aiém bapa duimg thing x+7y~31=0 18 A(31—7a,a),C(31—7e.e). Teed, ta tfnh Tare) 272) aaa panini Or duoc toa dé diém I theo a, ¢: re 31- va AC=5Y2|a—q]. Ta c6 hé phuong trinh sau: 2s, 150_ 15 2la—]=AC= AB Sad Bb 2 ie, a6 fe: ‘A(-11,6),C(10,3) i = earliest [c=6 ‘Vi digm C c6 hoanh 46 am nén ta chon toa d6 diém Cla C(—11,6) Vay toa d@ céc dinh cia hinh thot ABCD la A(10,3),B(0,8),C(-11,6),D(~4,~4) Lovebooken 65Nhan xét: Ta cling cé thé dat mOt hic 4 a. twong ting v6i 4 dim ri gidi he phwong trinh véi 4 dn d6. Tuy nhién lam nbur vay sé khé theo dt, khé siza 16 Lam tig bude nhw trén sé giip kiém duge timg phn, trénh trudmg hop sai mét chd sai toan bd bai todn, Bai 3: Cho hinh thoi ABCD c6 AC:x+y-1=0. Diém £(9,4) nm trén duéng thang AB, aiém F(~2,~5) thuge AD, AC=2V2. Xée dinh toa 46 A, B,C, D, biét diém C6 hoanh a6 am. Phan tich: MOt tinh chat cia hinh thot (ctng diing cho tat cdc hinh binh hinh khdc) tt str dyng la dong chéo ti dinh nao cing 1a duréng phan gidc ting vot géc & dinh dé. Tinh chat nay sé hitu dung & bai nay do ta cé diém E ndim trén tia AB cla géc BAD cling véi phivong trinh AC Ia phan giéc géc BAD. Ti 46, tuong ty nhu cde bai tap én quan dén tam gidc, ta tinh duoc toa 4 dim ai xing cha E qua phan gidc AC va thuge AD. Ti 46, két hop v6i diéin F thudc AD da biét, ta ké duoc duéng thing AD. iém ASé a giao digi cla AD va AC. Sir dng thém céc dit kign hdc, ta sé tim durge toa dé céc dinh khac cia hinh thoi. Lai gidi Tim toa d6 diém déi xtng cia Equa AC i Gol K(k,yky) 18 diém A6i xing cla E qua phan giéc AC cb Ge BAD. Khi d6, BK = (Kk, -9,le,—4) va trung diém H cba EK c6 ta 40 o(2 et na 6 hé phwonfftrinh sau: exiac [eo ia Heac (S2)es) 0° Yk, =-8 2 z Timtoa d6.diém A.C Dung thang AD di qua diém F(-2,-5) va é@ vecto chi phuong FR = (3,1) nén 6 phwong trinh:3(x~2)=(y+5)20¢>3x—y+1=0 ‘Diém Ala giao diém cika AD va AC nén toa dé A la nghiém ca hé phwong trinh: ‘ Jo [3e-y+ x=0 Eacas of Goi toa d6 diém C nim weit duong thang x+y—1=0 la C(c,1—c). Theo db, ta e6 ace fle-0F (tment? saben yfoalto[ 2 Pcac(-2a) Tmioa dadiém 8D Goi toa d6 diém D thuge dwong thing 3x—y+1=0 la D(d,3d+1) ‘Ta c6 toa d6 trung diém I cha AC Ma I{~1,2). Khi 46, 15 =(d-+4,3d~i) . Vi ABCD la hin thoi nén: IDLACe> ID.AC= 0c (~2).(d+1) +2.(3d~1) Ap dung tinh cht cla hinh binh hank cho hinh thoi ABCD: Xp RXpq +X_—X, YorVnr¥e-Vo=. Vay toa d9 cdc dinh cia hinh thoi ABCD 1a A(0,1),B(-3,0),C(-2,3),D(1,4) ~1,-3) hay vecto php tuyén Jeodat Bai 4: Trong mat phang toa d6 Oxy, cho hinh thol ABCD,¢é tam {(2;1)va AC=2BD. Diém u(oi2) thude duémg thang AB. Diém N(0;7) thugc dwong thang CD. Tim toa d@ dinh B biét B cé hoanh 46 dong,phan tfch: Khi thay mot bai todn v8 hinh binh hanh (hay cfc © janh binh hinb dc biéthinh thot, hinh vuéng, hinh chika ‘ihgt) ma cé giao diém 2 durdng chéo, va 1 diém nim tren 1 ‘gnh cia hinh d cho, minh thirbng lay diém 46 d6i xing qua 4g tim thém 1 diém nia, sé rét hiru fch. YVoihinh thot ABCD trong bai todn nay, minh thay a pai cho I,cho N thudc CD nén minh sé tim cach Ky diém L dt «ing v6i N qua 1va L m6i tim duge nim trén AB. Tir 2.4i6m LM thu§e AB, mink lap duge AB. Tiép sau d6 minh khai thac thém quan hé 49 dai AC= 2BD hay Al = 281. ‘Bing vige dat BI = a minh sé tinh duc dé dai khodng céch thr téi AB theo ava dé dang thm ra.a nhé tinh 46 al d((;AB)- Theo cach tinh trén ta duge Bl=~5, nén diém I sé thude dwing trong tam I bin kinh VS, minh 1(4;5) : Ja243.1-1 TacbAB qua (02) :n(0;7)= AB: 4xt3y-1=0=4((,a8)alP2*34=1 _» 3) ee iva Vi AC=2BD, nén Al=2B1=> dit Bl=a=> Al=2a . Xéttam gidc vudng ABI c6 ——* 14 1 na JS pis feeamyp iém B 1a giao clia ding thang 4x-+y ~3=0V6iduéng trén tam I ban kinh VS 49 Bi nghitinctane] eNO (xg >0) =toa nghigin ca he Paar ees SKS HY RAL (Ving > (s-2)" ya) yen Vay B(1-1) ty 4. Shirt oudng BA 1:(A 2005) Cho hai dwong' bigtrang dinh A thugc d, , dInh Ctiuée d, va cdc dinh B,D thudc truc hoanh Phan tich: Tuong ty nhu tam giéc, mOtkhi céc dinh ciahinh vung da cao —3B during thang da biét phuong trink tht mol vige tré:nén don gién hon rat niu. Vige cin lat la rang bude a6 4 aiém dé xée djnh mot hinh vung. Ta 1 | ‘S€ dinh nghfa hinh vuéng la tt giéc c6 hai duéng chéo bing nhau va vuéng | 6c V6i nhau tal trung diém mdi dong, J 4 Lb gai i~ Goi toa d6 diém A, Cin lugt thuge cde dung thing ce 4) ix-y=0,d, :2x+y—1=018 A(a,a),C(cy1—2c) Goi toa 49 dim B,D thugc tryc hoanh 1a B(b,0),D(d,0). Tee 46 ta fah duoc: ‘AC=(c~a,1-2c~a),8B=(d—b,0) va toa dé trung diém I cia mi doan AC, BD Ia , -S wong tt) Vi ABCD la hinh vudng nén hai dudng chéo bing nhaw, vudng géc véi nhau tal trung diém mbi dung {tte trung diém hai doan AC, BD triing nhau). Tir 46 ta c6 hé phurong trinh sau 4 ‘ Lovebostern | &7 see2 a) |(e-a) +(4-2e-aJ=(4-Y) (ca)? + (120-2) =(d-b)* =P) |le-a)(o-a)s(a-2e-2}.0=0 [Pea 0 ff ACBD=0) are bra “ ek 2 2 ae L-2e+a 7 2e~a = z 1 + Trudnghgp c—a=0, hé (*) tre thanh: [(1—3c)? =(4—b)’ Pec 2} (d~b) =46. = Pera brd=2 4-0-2 col © Trudnghop b—d=0 khong ding vi Bphai khéc D. Vay toa d6 cfc dinh cia hinh va6ng A, B, C.D !8 A(1,1),B(0,0),C(1,~1),D(2,0) hose A(1,1),B(2,0),C(1,~1),D(0,0) Bai 2: (Chuyén Vinh Phiéc) Cho hinh vuéng ABCD cé M la trung diém cia canh BC, phuong trinh durtng thang DM:x-y~2=0 va C(3,-8). Biét dinh A thude duimg thing d:3x-+y-<2=0. Tim toa dé che digm A, B,D. Phan tich: Be bai cho ta toa a9 diém C va phwong trink duromg thihigDM Mm c nn c6 thé ta $8 ean ding dén khodng céch tir C dén DM, Nhan thay rang tam gic CMD vudng tai Ce6 hal canh géc vudng 66 a6 dat : nen tac6 thé tinh doe tle gléa cde doan thang bétld trang tami bbzo gm canh aoc vudng, can huyen, img cao He hnh chigu eta canh géc vudng én canh huyén.,, Voi deo cao CH ting v6t cans hua virgata ay dai cc canh cia tam gide a6. 4g 4 ‘Ta chi quan tam t6i céc canh CM.va. CQ vi wat la hai diém da thudc mot dwomg thAng 4a biét phong ‘trinh. O day ta chon M. Diém M citaa cde int fogn cho truéc va thugc DM nén hoan toan xdc dinh durge Aiém M, Tod, do M8 rung dia BC ny ta hh dug toa dO diém B. Va digm Achinh fa glao diém cba duds, thing di qua B, vudng gée vei BC WA durdg thang d da cho. 4 san cd, i enh huyén va Lai gidi > ‘Timtoa dd diém M ¥ Goi H la hink chigu cia Clén MD. Kht d6, ta c6: CH= Xéthal tam gléc vung MCH va MCD: tanCM= SF = >. vi Ma trungaiém BC nén CP-=2 suy ra H “5 Ap dung dinh ly Py-ta-go cho tam giéc MCH. ta cé: MC? = MH? +CH* =10 Gol toa d9 diém M thude dudng thang DM: -y-2=0 1a M(m,m~2) Ta c6: ‘M(G,~2) [ns 0) 2 (m3)? 2 2-4 =0 e9|™ IC =(m-3)" +(m-+1)" =10¢92m?—4m-=06) Timtoad0B. A.D + Trdg hop M(0,-2): VIMIA trung digm doan BC nén x5 = 2xy—%;=-3¥9 =2¥u-¥, Lovo 162ng mg rc mg ra Duong thang AB di qua diém B(~3,~1) va c6 vecto phap tuyén B 6(4+3)-2(y #1) =0.-232-y +8=0 ‘iém Ala giao digém ca AB va d nén toa dd cia A la nghiém cia hé phurong trinh sau: Sx-y+8=0 L fea—d ax+y-2=0° | (6,2) nén o6 phuong trinh: A118 trung diém ciia c& AC VA BD nén 2x, =X, +o =Xp-+¥p hay Xp =Kq-4Xe—y =5, tong tw yp=¥at¥ena=3 ‘= Truoaghgp M(2,0): ‘ViMI& trung diém doan BC nén xp =2xy—Ke = Venu -Vo=3 urdng thing AB di qua diém B(1,3) vi c6 vecto phép tuyén BC »~6) nén cb phuong trinh: 2-1) -6(y-3)-O4x-3y +8=0 Diém Ala giao diém cia AB va d nén toa a6 cita Ala nghiém eta he phuong trinh sau: =i x—ay+8=0 | [Sx+y-2=0 Ta loai tredng hop nay vi AB 280 oid ac Vay toa 89 cfc dn A,B, DIA A(~4,5),B(-3,-1), (SA, hal dlém trén canh BC, CD sao cho BM=CN bude capi tai as Phan tich: Néu vé hinh chinh xéc, casting Sis ABT vung géc v6i BN. ae {(c~2)' +(2c~4)' = \(-2-2)° +(6-4)" o> VBle-2]= aime a Vay ta a diém C18 C(0,0) hoe C(4,8) Bai 4: (Dang Thtic Hita ~ Nghé An) Cho hinh vuéng ABCD cé dinh A thuéc d:x—y—4=0. Duong thang BC, CD lan lugt di qua M(4,0),N(0,2). Biét tam giéc AMN cén tai A, xac dinh toa 49 céc dinh cla hink vudng. Phan tich: Tor dt kign tam giéc AMN cn tal A hay A thude trung tre cita MN, mat khdc A lai thudc d nén hoan toan e6 thé tim duoc toa a6 digm A. Do tinh 46i xing cia hinh vudng nén digi C cing thude trung ‘trure cia C. Tite di€m C tao véi M,N mot tam gidc vudng can nén ta cling ¢6 thé thn duge toa d9 diém C. Cudi cling, dé tim tga 49 B,D chi cin 4p ‘dng m6t vat tinh chét vudng géc, bang nhau cia hlnh vubng. Loi giai Timtoa dé diémA Goi toa a6 diém A thude x—y~4=0 la A(a,a—4). Theo d@, taifegiic/AMN c&n tai A din dén: AM=AN o> (a—4)’ +(a-4)’ = ya)’ +(a-6)' <> : ¢ Mat kindc, A cling cdch du M, N nén C, Anam trén urgng-trung tive cla MN. Suyra AC.LMN. ‘Tirn.toad6 digm ¢ (1€2-2) 2 4d—4e,~2c, 20 SA(e, +1)+2(c, +5)=0 © |-4e, -442e) +1020 ‘i ‘ot > bP a= elites) 40, -2(2c, -3)=0 [: ey =2¢,-3 [are cp=2e,-3 be“ B%a=3 tt BD + Trubnghgp C(1,-1): Ta.c6 toa 46 tam I clia hinh vudng: x, Durdng thing BD di qua diém 1(0, 3) va c6 vecto php tuyén AC=(2,4) nén o6 phicong trinh 2(x-0)+4(y +3) =0cox+2y +6= Vivai tré cla B, D nhurnhau nén ta got chung toa a9 B, Dla B(~2e~6,e).Ta cb: BI=Ale> ((-2e-6)' +(e+3)' = AFH CSaF eo Slees-B-o[S cf Suy ra toa d6 B, Dla B(-2,~2),D(2,~4) hode nguge lat + Trudmghgp (3,3): Lovboctrn1 70Xatke yy Yate synth pudng thang BD di qua diém 1(1,~1) va 06 vecto phap tuyén A afert)oOly+t)=0e x42 +120 Vivaitrd cia B, D nh nhau nén ta goi chung toa 46 B, Dla B(—2e—1,e). Ta c6: too (20-2) (erty (TET = Blevseaiol et ‘Ta c6 tga dQ tam I cha hinh vudng: x) = 4,8) nén c6 phuong trinh: BI 3 suy ra toa @6 B, D 1a B(5,~3), D(-3,1) ho&e ngwoc al Vay toa dd céc dinh ca hinh vudng ABCD 18 A(~4,~5),B(~2,~2),C(1,-1),D(2,~4) hoa A(4-5),8(5,-3).(8,3), 93.1) Bai S: (A 2012) Cho hinh vuéng ABCD. Goi M Ja trung diém clia canh BC, N 1a diém trén canh CD sao cho (N= IND.Gid st w(24) va dwong thing AN:2x-y~3=0.Tim toa d6 diém A. phan tich: Néu khong tinh dir kién CN=2ND thi ta chi cé hai sé liéu 46 1a toa d6 diém M va phuong trinh dung thang AN nén theo kinh nghigrn ‘thi ta dung hinh chiéu H cita M lén AN va d8 dang tinh due MH. DEY ‘rang MH la duong cao tla tam giéc AMN ma dién tich ciia n6 hoaih toan’ co thé tinh dire theo canh hinh vudng bing c4ch trir di dién tfch céc tam, gidc ABM, CMN, AND tir dign tich hinh vudng. Tr d6, ta tinb dugc'd® dal Mii theo d6 dai canh hinh vuéng, hay ngwec lai, ta tinh direc d6 dai canh inh vuéng theo MH. D6 cing la mit that quan trong ca bal.toan.” Liic nay cdc doan thang d&u cé thé tinh dugc. Vid8.bal da cho toa d@ diém M va ta cn di tinh toa dd ‘diém A nén r6 rang ta can 49 dai AM. Va digm Ada dwgc xc dinh dua trén khodng cich Gén M khéng a6i va nim trén dong thing AN. Ye Lbigidi ‘Tinh do dai canh hin vudng Goi HI hinh chiéu cia Ml lwomg théng AN. Khi 46: MH =dhjay ! Paay ? aon ~Sixen ~Sanp- Do dd: Tac: Spon MILAN hoi Sau =Sasco 2a ) as S220 yi ata eg dant canh hinh fsssteveuissiy | Jentatetinazt ‘vudng ABCD. Suy ra: MH | Timmadodiéma ‘Tiras: AM ea Goi toa d6 dim A thude durong thing 2x—y~3=0 18 A(a,2a—3). Khi dé: ny ( zy SiO oe asd ama, f(a-22) +(2a-Z) =3419 sat 250420 [a 2) 3) = ess? -280420- 069] 1 Loveboskevn | 71Vay toa d6 diém A tha man dB baila A(1,1) hode A(4,5) Bai 6: (Quéc Hoc Hué) Cho hinh vudng ABCD. Goi M, N Tan lugt I trung diém cita céc canh AB va CD. Biét ring u(t 2) vva durdng thang BN c6 phvong trinh 2x-+9y—34~0. Tim toa dé cdc diém A va B bidt ring iém B c6 hoanh a9 am. Phan tich: MGtl&n nita ta lai gdp mot hinh vudng ma chi cho toa d6 mot dig B EH HEHE va phyong trinh mot duding thing, ta vin sé di tinh khoang céch tty diém a6 ES én dutng thing rbi sau dé di tim lién hé glta 49 dai doan nay va a6 dai —— canh hinh vuéng, M@t trong s6 céc cdch 1a xét hai tam giéc dng dang BMH yy “Sy va BCN, Cudi cng, phai xéc dinh mt dinh quan trong thue duémg thang BN da cho va cch diém M mét doan cho triréc. Va diém 4618 diém B. Li gid A D ‘Tinh 8 dai conh hich vudng Gof Hla hinh chiéu cia Mlén BN. Khi 46, MH =dyypy Vi BMH=CBN (do cing phy vl MBH ) nén hai tam gidgvuong Bit ‘VAIBNC ding dang véi nhau, a2 eh 6 i 34—-2b 191 toa d6 diém B thudc di et ng 2x+9y~34=0 la Bb, ) Ta é A VME trung diém AB nén x, =2xy 5 =0,y, =2yy-Ya 20 Vay toa 46 A, B ciia hinh vuéng ABCD la A(0,0),B(~1,4) Nhan xét: * Tachi cin quan tam dén & dai MH va c6 thé dé dang tinh durgc théng qua cong thite khong céch tir mot diém dén mot dung thang nén ta khng cin phai tinh toa @ diém H rbi méi tinh doan MH ¢ Tacé thé tinh truc tiép 46 dai MB théng qua (*) tuy nhién 10% gid trén tinh dQ dai canh hinh vudng a truée dé thay 16 phuong php, Nhdt la d6i véi nbiing bal tir dQ) dal duréng cao tinh dro dén a6 dai dogn can tinh Kh6ng lién quan nhieu v6i nhau, Bai 7: Cho hinh vudng ABCD c6 A thugc d,:x+y+2=0, céc dinh C, D thude d,:x-y-2 dinh A, C, D cia hinh yudng biét dign tich hinh vudng bang 8. . Tim toa dé cc Levebone| 72“igi : estas : Goitga dO diém A thude dwong thang dy x+y +2=0 18 A(a,—a~2) Goltoa d6 diém C, D'thudc dudmg thang d,:x—y-2=0 1a ¢(e.0-2),P(ad— me ni as, AD=\(anay+(-a-2-d2) = ela +0"), De= Veal, qB-(a-a,d+a), = oo Dién tich hinh vuéng bang 8 din én &6 dai canb hinh vu6ng la 2V2 . Te nhiing diu trén ta c6 he D phueong trinh: avane [ Pere) Dc=2v2 <4 V2|e-a]=2v2 ADLCD — |(d~a)(d—c)+(d-+a)(d-c)=0 fa? +a? =4 ae +d? : e{fe-dl=2 ede (a-c)(d-asdsa)=0 [a=0(a% Bh aad e4cad2e| ee -2) hose A(~2,0),C(2,0),) D0. 2) ae A a, 4) (0, ae “Bale: Cho diém 1(1,~1) 1a tm cia mOyhinkiyud: Git trong céc canh cia n6 o6 phwrong trinh + 2y+12=0, Viet phuong trinh cfegan reanilai cia hink vung. f ? x ‘ho A B Khong mat, ‘ing oe D on én durdg thang x-2y +12=0. Va got H 18 hint wlect én durdmg thing AD va cing la I ‘trung diém-ciia AD. Toa a6 diém H la H(2h-12,h), khi a6 a 4 Ti=(2h-13,h+1), i I & » - THLADe>2.(2h~13)+1.(h+1)=0e>h=5 vt ‘Tmtoa do diém A.D Z ‘ va wad 1-2.(-1) +1 an Hay! +19] 38 @ AD=21H =6V5. V+ Goi toa 46 diém A, D thude dwong thang x—2y +12=0 la A(2a—12,a),D(2d~12,d).Ta 6 he phwong trinh: ‘apeoys _ |V(2a-24)? +(a~4)* = 65 rea yards 2 svebookevn 1 73Vivai trd A, D nhur nhau nén ta chi cin nhan mot nghiém A(4,8),D(-8,2) ‘Tim toa.dé diém B.C Duong thang AB di qua diém A(4,8) va vudng géc v6i durong thang x-2y +120 nén 6 phueng trinh 2(x~4)+1(y-8)=0<>2x+y—-16=0 Dung thang DC di qua diém D(~8,2) va vudng géc.v6i dwong thing x-2y +120 nén ¢6 phurong trinh 2(x+8)+1(y-2)=0e92x+y+14=0 Ggi toa 49 diém B thuge durong thang 2x+y-16=0 la B(b,16~2b) Ta c6: 65 <> f(b—4)° + (16-2b-8)" =6V5 (0-404 =6.8 Joa) -6.e9| ones | B(~2,20) Goi toa 49 diém C thuge dug thang 2x+y-+14=0 la C(c)-142e). a Dene eye) +(-14-25 2 evs 7 é c(-2,~10) 2 y(c+8)'+2(c+8) nob elerth tele 144) Duong thang AD di qua diém A(4,8), D(-8,2) tired vetti chi phuong AB: AD=(~12,-6) nén c6 phuong trinh:(x 4) 29 8)=Deox-2y #89 0, ye a Bai 9: Cho hinh vuéng ABCD c6 ath Che 2) valine ut chéoes ola trinh 2x-y +80. Viét phuong trinh ede eanh cli hinh vugpg Lavi giai ‘ Khéng mét ting quat, alist diém A 6 toa a6 (5,8) va durbng thing DC cd phwong trinh 7x—y+8=0. ‘Timtoa dé diém D Ki d6, goi toa a0 diém D thnude durémg thing 2x-y +8=0 6 tga do D(d,2d+8), cong la hinh chiéu ca diém A lén durong thang DC. Khi 46: AD =(d-+5,2d) Ta od: ADLDCe>1.(d-+5)+2.2 Vata cd: AD=\(-5+1)' +(8—6)° ‘Tim.toa d6.diémc Gol toa d9 dig C thude duéng thing CD 1a C(c,2c+8) Ta cé: CD=2V5 eo (ci)? +(2e+8-6) =28 eofestl=2PD = AP-AD=2V3-2 PCP DE = (2/52) 42? = 20-8 ‘Doan DM la dwéng trung: wu tig v6i canh huy€n cia tam giac PDC nén D=5PC=4 20-85 = [s-23 Tia i Ap dung dinh tf ham cos cota ie PCE DK =POPSPK?~2PD.PKecos30 =(2s8-2) +22 (08 -2)2.B8 6-48-00 toa Gol toa d9 diém Dia D(dy,d).Ta cb: je eo [Ere -2ar sa, #2 0, fad, vB=0 df +d3.24, -2d34'V3. le +43 —24, -24,+ 3-0 Bai 15: Cho hinh vuéng ABCD, cé Ma trung diém cla doan AB va N1a diém thuée dogn AC sao cho AN: Tim toa 49 cdc dinh cUiahinh vudng biét ring M(1,2),N(2,-1). Lb gi Dat AB=x=>AC=xVZ Vi AN=3NC nén AN Bac annd Ta 06: MN=(2~1)* +(2#1)° =J70- Tam gide AMN c6: P+ AN? MN? cosMAN = AM’ + AN? 0 trai v6i gid thige a © Trudmg hop toa 46 diém BIA 4? a 17 21) (34 9) (22 -7 Vay toa d@ cac dinh cha niu la AQL,2), a 2, s 2), of =" 2) 2, 2) a Bai 17: Cho hinh vung ABCBYG mélange chéo c6 phuong trinh y-3=0.X4c dinh toa 49 BvaDciahinh ig vuong biét toa 46 dinh A(4,5) : : Ph Loi gil 4 B mi Vidiém A(4,5) khong thudc dung thing y-3=0 nén y-3=0 a 12 phirong trinh duong chéo BD. v6 Goi tém cla hinh vudng cing 1a mot diém thuge durée thang te ¥~3=0 06 tga dd 18 1(1,3). Khi d6, Al=(i-4,-2). Ta c6: qu MLBDe>L (1-4) +0 2aCeried 8, ViTIa trung diém cita AC nén ta c6 toa 46 diém Cla Xe = 2x -Xq =4,Ye=2y,-V,=1 va _ tm Gol toa a diém D thudc dudng thing y~3=0 1a D(d,3). Khi dé, Al Li 6 phuong trinh sau: = 09 (d-4)(d~4)+(-2). 2-06 Vi vai trd cla B,D la nur hau nén ta c6 2 cp nghiém la B(6,3),D(2,3) hoa B(2,3),D(6,3). Levees 90aes cgnh cdnlai thi van 6n vi vige tinh géc cht phu thudc vao phap tuyén cher khong lign quan téi toan bd phueng “anh dung thang). Sau ki gia ra phép tuyén, minh sé lap AB,AD, va tim duoc A, B,D nhihé phuong trinh ‘ong giao gltta 3 cap dwomg thing twong ting la (AB véi AD);(AB v6i BD):(AD voi BD). Cong D va ket hud, Ta 06 d:x+y-3=0=>i=(1;1)!8 vecto phap tuyén et Goi AB:a(x+1)+b(y~-2)=0,a7 +b? #0. Voi b= -Chon a= V6i a=0.chon b: AD: x—2= O=> A(2;2);B(1;2);(1;1)sD(252) Vay toad of nbn vi ki ee 2)5 at 2); (151);D(21). ely :2x—y +3=0jdy:3x-y -5 =0. Tim toa Phan t{ch: Minh nhan thay 3 dutmg nathlog nay khOng.c6 bat ki quan hé gi nén minh danh tham 6 héa c& 4 diém , khi da 06 toa d9 4 diém theo tham s6, minh sé tim duc toa a dim I, Do A, C cling thude duréng BD sé vudng géc v6i d,, nhw vay minh thm sé gidi phwong trinh b§c nhat v6i 2 an bd nho Uich v6 huréng cita BD.ug, =0, tigp tuc minh sé lp 1 phwong trinh nita lin ‘quan t6i toa d9 glao digm { cia 2 dwong chéo thudc AC, va minh sé gidt duvge B,D, ‘T6i day thi bai ton don glin hon r8i, minh c6 J,c6 phuong trinh AC 4 a ‘vad dai 1D nén minh 58 gli phurong trinh 49 dai ca Al theo bin a va Um ra tga do diém A, c6 diém A va l mink sé tim durge nét dim C. - Lei git Goi ACABD=1 cot A(a2-~a)sB(2b43):c(«72-<)0( 438-8) => (BEE, P4882) Lovebookvn 81led, ‘Ta c6B=(a-b;2d-20-8).Do {ror 55 <21(d~b)-1(3d—2b-8) > b- 24+ (b—2d+8=0 ot foed_ 2b+3d 2-1) 0(a4)(2:3) zt 3 5 DolA 4) a8 Néntacéphuong inh (a—2) (2-0 Beoata-6u0e ‘A(25~4)sC(3;-1) A(S-1);005-4) ‘A(@-4):B(-2-4);€(3;-1): 08:4) "8 | AG -a)i@(-2-1)s025-4)008;4) ViC va Acé vai trd nh nhau vl 5- Heh had + Trong mit phing vii he toa dd Oxy cho hin binh hah asp. biém M(-3,0) ta trung diém cla AB, Bi 1a trong tim tam gide BCD.Tim toa €6 4iém H(0,-1) 18 hinh chiéu vudng géc eda B lén AD va.diéth, of S éiém B,D. Py Phan tch: Vige kha théc mt bai toanc6 nh qu annbiye song song va nhimg ti sé xoay quanh hinfiys S80 ctio ta tél djoh Ithales. Vi vay hay ngbt eofginh'y ehaleses thdy bal todn nay. ty, 4 Gia thigt cho ta 3 diémH thudc AD,M vAG IA 2 diém kha ac biét (M Ia trung dieuiAC, G Iugong tam tam gide DBC) nén ta sé tim toa a6 sido. digit, E, F cha ca BC Tin lugt voi HM va HG, ti dé dm ce Jap phwong trinh BC. Khi da c6 BC, dé dang lap BH vuéng voi BC va tim ra giao diém B cia BH va BC. D Khi da c6 B va trung diém M ciia BC, tas@ tim durge diém A, Khéo 1é0 ching mink AG=4IG va sit dung thém phuong trinh vecto AG = 416 cdc ban sé tim ra giao diém 2 dutmg chéo | ca hinh binh hanh, C6 B va trung diém I cla BD, chuing ta sé tim durge D. Loi gia Gol HMABC={E}; HG BC ec ic Ic. ac 'F};ACr BD={I} Tach: avec 82 y Bai Bie a, Pl c i Di ne ne Déi 2a ban he ko rat duc sé dure Be a Loiban hay méc néi cae dit kign bal tosin, khéo leo. _ | hdc c6 dign tfch lién quan téi khoang cach tir diein, da tho toi duéng EM iM GP CH (Bcix—2y+8-0 TO Ipthsaxey 1-0 Ap dung dinh i Thales =) B(-2;3) => A(~4;~3) (do MIA tung diém ciia AB) |= D(2;0) "phn tich: Bai ton cho ta dwong AG, va diém E thuge dwong, cao ké tir D ctia tam giéc ADC nén vigc dau tién céc ban nén kkhai thac 1814p phurong trinh DE, sau hi dé cé phwrong trinh ‘DE, hay tham s6 héa diém D va tim céch tim tham sé bang rapt mot én hé 9 dat. Minh-nhn thay git D va G c6 moi lign h khong céch t6i AC voi nhau : d(D;AC)=3d(G;AC) vay nén minh sé thm duge D. D Déivoihinh binh hanh thi giao diém 2 duémg chéo khg quan tron nén minh sé tigp tyc tim giao diém I cia 2 duong chéo bing cach str dung vectoD Pa sé tim diém B d8 dang nhér toa dQ 1 va D. hi mozbat toan d® bai cho ta toa €6 ajéfn phwong trinh durimg thdng v8 dién tich mot hinh nao d6,cée duge quan hé ciia hinh c6 dign tich cho treéc v6i 1 hinh ‘rong bai toa nay,minh nhan tidy digm E khong c6 gi dc biét nén minh sé nght toi diém G a tinh | hodng cich tr G6 AG, nhu vayisé cBbitim lign hé gitta Spcgg V8 Sage. Céc ban s@ thay dim dc biet G ‘at quan trong d€ ching ta tim raigméi lid hé din tich vi khi chia nhd ti gide nbér durdmg chéo BD, ta sé thu urge céc tam gide nhé cé thig dign ticking v6i tie d6 dai ddy chia trén BD. Cu thé ti @ dién tich trong bai nay $818 Syog =Spac +Saca = 20S poit Seb) = 28 acc- Nb €6 Spoe va d(G,AC) chiing ta sé tinh duoc AC. Khi da 6 durdng thing AC, chting ta sé tham'$6,h6a tga a9 A rdi ding phuong trinh dé dai doan thing chita A v6i 1 diém Binh sn c6 va d6 dai doan thang ching ta chon da durgc tim ri. Viée cuéi cling béy gid la giai phuong trinh dd dai AI theo tham sé va tim A, sau dé tim nét diém C théi! Loi giai Taco: jt-4+4] VP +? Goi toa 46 diém D thuéc duéng thangDE:x+y+3=01a D(d,-3—-a) 140) Bo p[ [eS ena) Par =-S "| D(-5;2) 4((G;AC) = V2 =d(D;AC)=3d(G;AC)=3V2 Theo dé: =3DG=46l=2 DE = 476 = 1(1;2) = 8(158) DI=1B Bi=3G1 Mat khéc: Leveboolen 168Saces =Sanc +Sacc =2(Spai +Saic)= 2S xce *12=>Spac Ngoai rai a(G;AC)= V2 1 = AC=6V2 1A =3y2 Srcc =F (GAC) Ac Goi toa d6 diém A thude dudng thing x+y+1=0 1a A(a;a+1). Khi dé: =IA= [oaPeap ae [ aces 2) A(-2)-1);¢(438) Vay toa a6 céc dinh cia hinh binh hanh 12 A(4,5),8(1,8),C(~2,~1),D(1,—4) hoae A(-2,~1),B(1,8), (4,5),0(1,-4). 6. Ahthang BAi 1; Trong mat phang vét hé toa 46 Oxy, cho hinh thang ABCD v6i hai diy 18 AB, CD biét B(3,3),C(S,-3) Giao diém I cla hai duéng chéo nam trén durong thing d:2x+y—3=0. X4e dinh toa a6 céc dinh con Iai cha hninh thang ABCD dé Cl=26I, tam gide ABC c6 dién tich bing 12 48 1 c6 hoanh 46 dwong va digim A e6 hoanh 49am, Phan tich: Trong bai ton nay, gia thiét cho chting ta phuong trinh dudng thang d qua I, toa d6 2 dinh B, C va-"* mn6i lign hé 1C=21B, Do vay déi v6i bai tap nay, cac ban, nén gol diém I trén dudmg thing d cho truéc theo.1@iib nao d6, sau 6 tinh 46 dai cdc doan thang IB, IC.theo,bién / va tap chung gial phwong trinh bac 24nb.2" Sau dé sir dung dir kign bal todn d€ loal rhe binged™ tha man im durge digi | (DB: Kht vige dBcho Fateklén py —— vB toa d® cia 1 diém lai got cho ching tahuréng tam. Véi nhiing bai tap d ra c6 ditu kfén ciaid diém cho sn, cdc ban hay dé ¥ diém 46 trudc hét va c6 ging tim rata idm 4, hn ge dg ic). Khi di tim durge dig ede ban 38 8 dang ap phuong trinh AC, BD, sau d6 tinh khodng cich tr B déo ‘AG va sirdung nét dirkign cudi thngla dign tich tam gid ABC. Goi A trén AC theo bign a va sit dung cong thie dign tich tam giéc ABC, ta sé gil fa toa 46 A cling theo digu kién d® ra, ta bé dura 1 diém A khOng théa man, Cudi cing, céc ban nén goi diém D trén duéng BD, sir dyng diéu kign AB song song vér CD va giai ra toa dé ig D bing cach ding vecto. Li gid Vidiém [nim trén dwg thing d:2x +y~3=Onén goi toa dé 118 I(i,3—2i)(i>0) theo gid thiét iB- nén ta cé phureng trinh: i 4y{(i-3)' +41? = y(i-5) + (6-2 o] Buong thang AC di qua diém 1(1,1) va diém C(5,~3) nén ¢6 phuong trinh x+y-2=0. Suy ra i= Wat cot 1e HN) Loose 94Bape 242 _ “a(BAC) 22 Goi toa d6 diém A thudc dong thing x+y~2=018 A(a,2~a),(a<0).Khi dé: (a~5) +(2-a43)' =6V2 a-sl=6 |; eaetoac3) Dudng thing BD di qua @iém B(3,3) va 1(1,1) nén cé phuong trinh xy =0 nén ta goi toa a6 dlém 1aD(Gd).Ta cé: 8 AB// CDe> AB k(d-5)=4 oe te Vay toa a6 dtém D ka D(-3,~-3) ‘rong mat phdng toa 40 Oxy, cho hinh thang vuéng ABCD cé A=D=45° Biét CD=2AB Hla hinh +a dvong trong binh tao bai trung diémM ctiaHCvoi trung diém K cia DH (do gia thiét hink thang c6 2% ‘anh AB//CD nén v8 hinh nhur vay s8 tgo m6i lién hee. ‘git KM, DC va AB, Khi tién hanh lam voi hinh dae, ‘them, ban sé nbn ra tinh chat hinh hoe kha ac byét. ‘rage ion |KM=AB=BE ya xe /as oe (diya , tigh chit ela duimg trang bink). 2. Ag ‘Trhinh bink han, chang ta 5B kia theduoe kha nhiéu dic diém quan trong: KML AD 8M /AK. Do 6 KIA "rye tam tam gldc ADM, nén AK L'DMnéa)BM.1 MD. T6i day céc ban sé lap durgc phuong trinh BM (do c6 ‘php tuyén I& MD va BM aig qua M)ttrhurong trinh MB va durong thang x—2y-+-4=0 qua B, chiing ta sé tim ‘tinge B, sau d6 cae ban s® 19p phone BC do di qua 2 diém BjE. Nhan thdy ABCD [a hinh thang vudng va ba F ‘dc bigthon 18 déy lon CD gap 2 day nhé AB nén BD= VAD" + ABP = ap? Oe BC. Toi day, céc ban sB Boi diém C trén dong BC da lap va gidi phuong trinh BD=BC. Tir d6, ching ta dé dang tim durgc C. Ti d6 chiing ta lap phuong trinh AB, AC va gldi ra toa a A, Loi gia Goi K i trung diém cia HD => KM la dwong trung binh cha AHDC KM//DC ae BC. qp 2? BRM binh Binh hanh = AK//BM;KM_LDA (doKM//AB) Xét AADM 6 {k}=KMADH=9K la tre tim AADM Lai c6 AK qua K => AK LDM. ene rach > BM LDM=>BM:3x+y-16=0 AK EM ceeeeereeecee erred itovebeateva 85lies PESTS TO mC) Bed:x-2y+4=0 E(5;3) BD= BC <> (4-2) +(4-2)* = eg of 4) = gg =(150) = ABx~4=0 (1) Talal cé AC:4x+3y~26=0(2) 10) 3 vay a( 22 ecua)e(a0) =>BC:x+y-8=0 BC (434), (256) =9€(2;6) (C#B) Tr(a) >Al Bai 3: Trong mgt phang véi hé toa a9 Oxy, cho hinh thang vu6ng ABCD, yudng tal Ava D ¢6 AB=AD B(152) durdng thang BD:y =2 biét duéng thing d:7x-y~25=0cat é BM vudng géc v6i BC va tia BN Ia tia phan gide cla géc MBC. Timi Phan tic: Véi hinh thang vuénge6 déy nhé bangcanh a, ae XB vudng g6c thi minh sé nghi téi vigeké vudng gécdé © tao ra Lhinh vudng vi nhGing tinh chat cla hinh vudnge, hd dc bigt so v6i cécttt giéc khdc. Vay minh s€ kEBH som, vudng géc véi DC dé tao ra hinh vudng ABHDSWhd co) hinh vudng méi vé, minh sé str dung tinh eWvatg gbe cb canh twong tng vudng géc @@ chitng minh'eéc cap.tan gidc bang nhau, nhdm tim ra lién hé ith hoe m: ‘Tir gid thiét BM vuéng véi BC, Cy BH Sree nén HBC = ABM. ‘Tigp theo minh s€ chémg milhh, duDc cp tam gléc bing nhau AABM=AHBC sau 46 sit dung diéu kign BM=MC thu durge dé ching itinh ABMIN'= ABCN. Hal tam giéc nay bing nhau nén 46 dai 2 dudng cao ting véi iém B cling bang nhau.Sau khi @g thai thac khé 6n v8 quan hé hinh hoc, minh chuyén sang buréc tinh ton, tim tai DE dang tinh duoc khoang céch tir B dn d va dé chinh 1a 46 dai BH hay néi cach khdc la 46 dai cgnh hinh vudng, minh s@ gidi dure d6 dai canh cla hinh vudng, Buéec tiép theo la tham sO héa diém D trén durong BD va giai phwong trinh do dai BD theo bién d va két luan diém D. Loi gia Ké BHLDC=>ABHD [a hinh vudng Va HBC= ABM (hai g6c ¢6 canh twong ting vung g6c) BAM=BHC=90° XétAABM va AHBC ¢6: | AB=BH(AB=BH = AD) => AABM= AHBC=> BM=MC HBC=ABM BM=BC Xét ABMNa ABCN cé: { MBN=NBC=> ABMN = ABCN BN=BNtacé (Bid) =! =|a-a] Goi D(d;2)(a>0) => DB= \(d-1)° 5) Goi I(xjy:) 18 diém sao cho ky TA HegTAy +. +k TA, foes [Gn a6) oy (HR) =9 co ~y Tess) he (yo-yo ta (Ye V0 Cc 4 ley haa yt) (ly ta ht) =O SS vue? non #Ky¥q)~(It1 +h += wR Kx Ky tt hyp Ky tk, tet ky, Kays + Kava tit Ken (le the +k) M+ (lg lA | +a +k) [fk +k +k Do dé minS =min|Mil. Vit la diém c6 dink va M thuge d nén dé Mi min thi M l& hinh chiéu cia I lend. Vidy: “Cho ding thing d:2x-+3y -1=0 vahal dlém A(-2;1),B(3;0). Tim diém M trén (d) sao cho [2AM c6 4 tr nhd nha, ~ Ubigial —a, 1-b),1B=(3—a, -b). Thr dé ta c6: 7 Goi I(a,b) la diém sao cho 2iA~-1B=0. Theo dB, 1A: (arte Levebeckeyn| 87Ta.c6: [PMA =|o( i+ TA) - (+ Te a (2a Mi. Do 46 aé [2A MB} oho nhat thi [Mi] mhd nha hay M la hin chigu eda t len 4 2m} Goi toa d9 adm Mla um 2 } ) VM nh eigen dn Bal todn 2: Cho dudng thang d:ax+by+c=0 van diém A,(x,y,),1=1..n .Tim M trén d sao cho MA] +K,MA}-+...#K MAB] c6 gid tri nhé nhét véi by €R, Lodi gii Goi I(xjy,) 14 diém sao cho k, fA; +k,IA,+...+k,iA, =. Khi a6;ta c6: ky (x, my) (2X) Hoty (ey =I) 0 & He, (1-91) + 8a (¥2-¥1) ++ (Yq —¥:) =O (Bars + hak teeth g) (ky thy tn ty) =0 © (Kays thay 2 tet Kg (Wey ky toothy yy 20 gg a ak tay boat Kg Pg ey ant Ky 2 lav gye tt gy 9 gale Pat hy Theo de: so S=[k;MAz +kgMAl +. ga ofA, = fs (TA) se (vy) a (iim) feu 2-102) on ep % 2 +1a3) + wk, (MP +2518, +142) =| ste bate) +2 (hy Hh hock) +(kyIAZ HklAZ +. “Hk + kyla} ‘Lonla nhimg diém c6 dinh, k,, = sky tole, JME + (LAY +g 1A3 vilva A, lahdng s6 nén (Ig 1A} +1143 +k glAS la hang sé nén dé $ nhé nhat tht MI? nhé nhdt hay Mf hinh chiéu cia Len 4. Vi dy: Cho dung thang (2): 2+ — im A(~2;1),B(3)0). Thm diém M wen (4) sao cho fama? —B?| co gia tei nhd nhat Loi git Goi 1(a,b) la dim sao cho 314-15 =0, Theo d®: (A =(-2-a,1~b), 8 phwong trinh sau: (3-a,~b). Tir d6 ta c6 he Lewbocm 60 ‘ht 3(-2-2)-(3-2)=0 [3(1—b)-(-b)=0 [sa? —MB"| = [334A Hea em pe? +2) =a a 28) 2 418) (a? 1] + (a1? 18] | VIIA, IB labbing s6 nén a6 [2M + (31a? —18*)| nho mht ent 1a hinh chi ca H1én durong thang Goi M(m,1—2m) la hinh chiéu cia 1én d. Theo a2, =(me3. st am).vi IM vubng g6e v6iid eby +e=0 va 2 diém A(a,,22),B(b,,b,)ed. Tin M ten d sao cho a) MA+MBnhé nbat - & % b)_ [MA-MBj lon nhat ©) [kyMA+kyMBl véi ky,k eR a) Taxétdéu ciia D=(2a, +ba, +c)(ab, +bby +c). 4é biét v tr wrong 65 ciia A, B vad. © Trudnghep D<0 hay A, B ndntikhdcphia s04V6i d. ‘Ta ob: MA-+MB2 AB (theo bt ding thiic tam gic). Do dé gia tr nhd nhat cia MA+MB dat duro hay du "=" xdy ra ki M triing N, vét NIA giao diém cla dudng thang AB va d, + Trudng hp D>0 hay A, B nim cing phia so vot d. Loyeboak | 88Goi B18 diém 461 xing cia B qua d. Khi dé: MA+MB=MA+MB!. Va ta quy v8 truémg hop hal diém nm khée phfa voi d, b) Tuong tr, ta xét dau cla D=(aa, +ba, +c)(ab, +bb, +c) a8 biét vj tr tuong dai cia A, B vad, + Truong hgp D>0 hay A, Bnam cing phia so véi d. M N ‘Theo bit dng thiéc tam gidc, ta c6: [MA~MB|-< sepa blbg xiy ra khi M tring N, v6i N18 giao din cia ABVa d. _ ¢ Tredng hop D<0 hay A, Binim kde piso dS B Gol Ba diém di xing cla B qua d. Khi dé: |MA~MB|=|MA-MB{ va ta quy v8 tredng hop hai diém nam chng phfa, Vidu: Cho duéng thang d:x—2y-+1=0 va 2 diém A(1,~1),B(2,0). Tim M trén d sao cho a) MA+MBnhé nha b) [MA-MBj 1én nha Loi gia a) tavern} 90 | a A v @Br vi (1-2(-1) + ene 1) >0 nén A, B nim cing phia so v6i d. Goi B'(a,b) 1a dim d6i xing cha B led psy abet90 pd? ? lena) Dung thang AB’ di qua diém eel phuong AB (17,1) nén c6 phuong trinh: 17(x~1) 7x+y-16=0 idm N a giao diém eta ABd neha AO ca NA nghiém cia hé phuong tri sau: 31 xo dt \ 7x+y-16=0 35 a Sven oy 3 Vay toa dé diém M théa man ie B (S 3) A ém » \ Ap dung bat dang thie tam gléc di voi tam glac ABM, ta c6: a |MA-MB|< AB. Du bang xdy ra khi M tring véi giao diém N cia AB va d. Duong thing AB di qua diém A(i,~1) va o6 vecto chi phuong 1) hay vecto phép tuyén (1,~1) nén o6 phwong trinh sau: rn 7 1(x-1)-(y+1)= Biém N la giao diém ciia AB va d nén toa dé cla N la nghiém cia hé phwong trinh sau: x-y-2=0 — [x=5 © x-2y+1=0°° |y=3 ‘Vay toa 46 diém M théa man dé bai ld M(5,3) Jcoxnyn2= Lovebookn 195‘Vi dy: Trong mat phiing véi hg toa 49 Oxy ;cho dudng tron (C):x2+10x-+y* =O va dudng thang A: 8x-+6y ~25=0. Tim Mtrén (C) va diém N thude A, sa0 cho MN bé nhat Phan tich Day la mOt bai ton cure trj kha hay va la, truoc hét minh sé xét vj tri tuong d6i gitta A va (C) vi vi trf tuong d6i gitta 2 hinh nay kha 1 quan trong véi vige tm cuc tr] MN (néu ching cét nhau thi hién nbién MN min khi M=N) trong bai toan nay dng thite tam gide vao bai todn nay vi minh thdy tam gidc IMN c6 46 dai khong cat nhau nén ‘M va N khng bao gid tring nhau, Minh sé str dung bat [M c6 dinh, chtra duéng MN. Nhan thay MN2IN~IM ma IM cé dinh nén MN min khi IM min, ¢6 dink, M thay @i trén 4 nén IM min kai M la chin durémg cao ké tividén 4 Vay nén minh sé vé 1H vudng géc voi A cét dong tron tai K va L,, —————g 7 vay nén MN min chinh la doan HK. Xong céch tim toi M:N théa man de bai, bay gid sé la vigc tinh ton, lap duréng, tim digin thong thurdng, Minh lap durgc HK do di qua I va vuéng ‘26¢ v6i 4 sau dé minh tim toa d6 H bang cach gial hé phwrong rinh tueng giao gitta va HK. Sau 46 minh sé tim duoc K va L ld nghiém cia he phurong trinh tuong giao gitta HK va A. Bay giérc6 2 nghiémn K va L. Dé dim bo MN min tht minh s8 ioh khodng céchtir2 dim vita tim duge ti 4 Vay nghigm uhé hon. Vay M cin tim chinh la K, N e&n tim chin 1a H. Lei gia “Ta.c6:(C) c6 tim 1(-5;0);R=5 [o-s)-39) 15 ma a(ka Gia sie nim gia Hf va Ta c6fMNSIN—INSTH-IK=KH Vay MN min=HK khiM=KsNaH 5 Tacé d:6x-8y+30=0 5, pee a rahe (8x+6y -35=0 1 Hin af =: 'da d6 diém H la nghiém cia he |6x-8y 430-0 | Patoxey?=0_ fee-tay : |6x-8y +30=0 x=-Hy=-3 ; (C9)-8+6(-3)— 35 | 25. 6? 48? 2 Toa a K; L la nghiém cia vf 54((-9;-3),A) = => K(—1;3) Lrveokso 92(ugg I09: Duong thing © prong thing? MOt khéi niém v6 cing quen thude v6i céc ban, HOI ban mot vai vi dy v8 dudng thing, c6 span endng.cln neh elm doc ra ngay tree mat mot oat cée 8 wat dung cv c tinh cht thang”, ban o Hraganam vol doan thang nhé. Mink ng, ban nght hay rt nh nigud kde nght dtm hng la mot # cang gian di, nhung c6 ai biét duoc né dén tir dau, va di ve phuong nao khOng? N6 Khai sinh ra thing pl v3 c6 val tro nhwr nao khong? TNé eta dying rétnhibu yéu t6 huyen bf, C6 18 viy ma ngay tr Khi uroe sinh ra né a dvoe trang bi rit ‘au ménh a8, tién 8, djnh If..va cho dén hign tai thi nhimg thir ma nhén logi khat thée tirné fa..that éndienhurng minh mong céc ban lién tubng dEn tap s6 ty nhien ** pan than da 1A d@ tai mudn tha nhung mat khac kbi dt cling vot cfc d6i tweng khde vi dy nhur diém, 1 lal cdng bic 16 ban chat 18 mét dita “tham su" va dy “nham hiém”. N6 c6 nhiBu trd + erén idm, va ddi khi viée tim ra n6, phanh phui né truée toan dan thin hg...tét nhién khdng phal a mot sige don gin. Nhung minh biét, céc ban thich thir thach va kham pha, ma Gc biét & day 1a khém pha trong, *Unitueng twong va tr duy. ji'mot-d0i twong tong dé choi, hung kh6 nhin nhw "duéng thing" thl minh, voi mot ham muén ‘cabng” , minh mong rang sé dua céc ban dén v6i nbidu nbit cae chieu tro, muru meo cla duvdng thang mg mt khong glan thc té va gin gil véi ching ta, €6 18 ede bal ton tr phirong trink durdng thang trong, mit phdng cla cc d® thi dai hoc, cao dang, -* Ching ta, hin can tir ning cudc néi chuyén, gi6i thigu, dao choi dén khau ting tc chay dua va cust cing 1d dé¢ kiét sitc th méi cé dug mot cugc phuu hru, khém phd thac su phai khéng... oveboslern 9,4. LY THUYET TRONG TAM tot, Plutong trink dusng thitng Biét dich biét ta tram tran trim thang. Cé biét r6 ban chit cia né mdi chinh phue né duge, vi vay ben dtyng bd qua phn If thuyét nhé. Budng thing la mét trong nhéng chuyén d® co ban va v6 cing quan trong trong todn hinh hoc gid tich, é vigt phuong trinh mbt dudng thang (gid str ld duéng thang A ), ta thudng hung dén mot s6 cach sau: + * Gach 4: Phal biét A qua M(xoi¥9) , <6 mot vecto chi phuong (vtep) (ash) sécé phuong trink tham | sb: : [x = x9 tat : (teR) : £ = yorbt (rer) t Phuong trinh chinh tac: 29 a (ab #0) | ‘Ti phwong trinh chinh téc c6 thé di thanh dang phuong trinh t6ng quat: Ax+By +C=0(A? +B*>0)(1) * Gach 2; Phai biét 4 qua M(xo;yo) , c6 mt vecto phap tuyén (vtpt) A(asb) sé cé phuong trinh: a(x—x9)+b(¥-¥o) =08, Sau G6 ta cling c6 thé dura v8 dang phwong trinh téng quat (1) Chit y: ‘ Ngoai dang (1) phwong trink duéng thing trong-mat, phiing cin ¢6 dang: -A -c me Fim De@ Le! 6 d6 k duge goi la he s6 géc cla dudng thang AVA") goi la phuong trinh cia A theo hé s6 géc. Nhung khi viét phuong trinh cla duvng thang" theo hé s6 géc k nhiBu ban thwedmg dé s6t nghtém do thiéu truéng hop (A) L xx’ (he $6 g6¢ kc khOliy thn fai) do 6 phai xét thém trudng hep x=c va xem durdmg thang A kid 6 thod mtn dig kigh cia We bai khong. Cac dang déc biét cta phwong trlflutdng quat: ¢ Dudmg thdng by. c= song Song hode tring véi truc Ox © During thang ax "hc = 0 gong song hod tring vai truc Oy » During thing ax + By=0 ai qua g6c toa a0, 7 + Géch 3: Dudmg thang A’ gla A(xy,:y4) va B (sei¥e) ta cb phwrong trink: yi %q(B=0) (2) hofe |, yolo+m (Be 0, a = Footy NE (ess) Yon-ya) #0 a (Thye chat Ia tim veep va 1 diém) ‘Néu duéng thang qua A(a;0) va B(0;b) thi duong thang c6 phurong trinh: x ab Tuy theo cu thé ting dang bai khac nhau sé 6 mé6t vai cdch viét phuong trinh duéng thang khac nhau ngoai viéc tim cdc yéu t6 co ban nhw vtpt, vicp, ai qua.mdt diém,;.sé due a8 cp cy thé qua cac vi dy ‘va bai tap. 4.2. Mtr tteng abt ctia 2 ducing thilng ‘Trong mat phng toa 46 cho hai dwing thing A,,A, c6 phwong trinh: Ayransby +e, Aptaxsbyy +c =0. thi =1(a#0,b#0)=> Phuong trinh duong thing theo Goan chan vty Lovebeciem | 98joy jaz | #0; og Hal dwong thing cit nhau <5} A la yg Hal dudng thang song song «|! fa, by| labo a[he | boca + ‘Vo Hai dwbng thing tring nhau | ‘prong trvdnghop az,bz,cp du khéc 0, ta cb: Se byt et a BaP aeate Apedeott= Pha, oo : tac: cos =— stat Daal ae Ee vb dad +b eceminonman A, [dr © Haidiém MN rekncugetag vera e (ay +byy4 +¢) (ay byw vat — ai diém MN nim Ke Pa VOI A > (amy tbe He) (axey Fbyy +c) <0. Vid ‘ie, Wid 1: Cho A(26), B(-3)~4),5€(5;0). Viet phuong trinh duéng thang AB va phuong trinh durong phan “ glac trong, phan giée ngoai cia géc A. Phan tich: Véi phuong tink durdng thing AB, kht bit qua 2 dim, theo If thuyét & trén dB dang vit oe lu6n duge, nhung 4é bal todn dugc ré rang, trénh, sal s6t vA c6 thé con dueor ting dung cho phiin sau thi céc ban nén dura v® céch 2 18 viét phong trinh tng quat. O day biét toa d6 A, B, ta viét duge vipt AB. AB(xp-x,ive-Ya) => 1 vtpt cla AB 1A (Gs-¥n)i-@2-%4)) Ch y: Néu G(ajb)la 1 vtep cla dwong thang AB i ‘hae Aa) 16:0) thi kil cfing la mt vtep ca durdmng thang AB v6i mgi s6 thuc k#0, khi dé vecto (bya) hoe m(bj-a) 1a ~ Vtpt cita dung thang AB cing vecto’ kn cling la 1 vtpt cla duémg thang AB v6i moi sé thre k #0. ewok 95(0) = -5(452) => AB cé L vtpt n(2;-1) va qua A(2;6) nén AB cé phuong trinh: 2(x-2)-(y-6)=0 & 2x-y+2=0. Bai toan yeu clu thm r6 phan gide trong, phén gléc ngoai, v6i yeu cdu nay céc ban thurdng c6 ging tin moi céch a dia ve cic huéng glat quyét quen thude nhu minh 48 cap trén. Nhur vay 18 rt rit tho gian, ‘tham chf la con gay khé khin. Bén canh d6 néu ching ta dwa vao dinh nghfa thi s@ ed mot céch rét nhanh gon. aBhiéu. Cu thé: ta bist tim phong trinh dudng thang thyc chat & im t4p hgp cdc diém théa man diu kidn cho truéc, vay cae diém thude phan gic thda man diu kién gi? Céc diém a6 déu cach du 2 dudg thang tao nén géc, Néu ta xét1 diém M(xjy) thude phan gide en ‘tm thi khodng cdch tir M dén AB, M dén AC bang nhau. Ph, C6 AC(3;6) =3(1;-2)=> AC: 2x+y~10=0 | Phurotig trinh AB:2x-y+2=0 fo ke C6 €(M ;AB)=d(M ;AC) F eo Peaytal_[exry 20) _ [2x-y+2=20+y-10 ef’ A ey VET Jad S |ax-y+2=-2x-y+107 |, pooat Nhue vay da xudt hign 2 durong phan gidc, 48 nhan biét du 1a phan gléc trong, dau 1a phan glée ngoai, Gan xét vj tr cla B, Cs0 véi cdc dong 46, & ° {cho 7 (ap +by 9 +c) axe #5 : | AB (50 = B,Cetng phla pe + t<0 = B,Ckhécphia. fy po oo: Nhu vay xem B, ¢ cling phia hay khdc phla so'y@i dittmng thang y=6 thyc hién: be , (4-6)(0-6)>0-8, C cing phia so voi dwong thang Vine al = y=6la phan glicngoa, 4” I aan ‘Tat nhién x=2 sé la phan gidc trong, fa chi cai thyc hign 1 [an kiém tra, k owl ¥ Chil $: DOr Khi truce moe yéttodu viétphuong trinh 1 duréng thang ndo dé ta cting nén nght dén céch » FX Khai thée theo dink nghia.dé bat'jodn diroc tdng quat va ngcin gon. Bay Id cach lim nhanh, dé hiéy, | anhung ch! dp dung-duve che. mgt s6 dang todn 6 dit kign cy thé phat p dung ating din nghia Uk khong sé rit dé sai. Ta cé thé Se gip huréng gial nhur thé nay khi tim phurong trinh dong thang ni i giao diéia 2 during tran elt ahau, i i Vidy 2:L4p phuong trinh durémg thang () qua 1(-2;3) céch dBu A(S;~1),B(3;7). j i vid F Phar chot Lorebookn 96V6i3 diém cho tréc, diéu ching ta hay quan tm Ia xem 3 diém nay c6 thang hang kh6ng: tim s6 ire k thda man AN = MB ching han, néu kh6ng thn tai sé k nao thi A, M, B khéng thang hang; c6 diém nao ~Trévé yeu cau bal todn tite lap phuong trinh durdng thang da biét quia'int diém va c&ch déu 2 diém 10 trwéc, néu theo tw duy hinh hoc ta théy sé c6 2 truzng hyp duéng thing théa man: mt la song song vai nodng cich tir mol iém trén (4) én AB dBu bang nhaui (ma A, B ta da biétchéc chan s@ tim due la AB => phuong trInh AB), halla di qua trung diém AB, tr hinh vé ta thay néu Ml trung éiém AB ta tam gidc vung bang nhau oe => Khong céch bing nhau (ta tnt” “ouoe- M £88 aang da vio cong thc trang aiém [a 2%e Ya t¥e z fasta) Con nu dya trén ai, ghd a ao Khoang céch tir A dén (d) bang tir B dén (d) va bat byetd tht citig.cho ta’2-vipt tir 46 cho 2 duwong thang (d) théa man, Vatvc? _ Thy AB(-2)0);7A G4) RAB+KIA Vk => A,B, khong thing hing + THI: Biét (a) c6 1 vtpt (4#1) va qua 1 aiém 1(-2;3) = phuongtrinh (d):4x+y+5=0. 4 TH2: Goi M(xyiyy) [a trung diém AB, ta cb => M(433) Biét (2) qua trung diém cia AB ka M(4;3) qua I(-2 3) Mi(—6;0) => phwong trinh (d):y=3, Vi dy 3: Viét phwong trinh duéng thang d a) Qua M(2;1) va tao 1 géc 45° vii dutng thang (d"):2x+3y+4=1 b) Qua A(1;3) céch B(-2;1)motkho’ng bing 3. han tich: Géc hay khoang céch thurémg cho ta dir kién tim duge vipt ctia dwong thang. nhung kiéu dt kién nay cho ta 2 nghiém, vi vay can dua diéu kign cu thé dé logl nghiém chfnh xéc. Lovebookn 97Day la dang bal chi cin &p dung cng thite [a cho két qua, ma biét duvdmg thing di qua mot diém vi dy M(X5¥0) nén ta thudng gia str phizong trinh (d) c6 dang: ax-+by-axg~byy ~0(a7 +b? >0). Khi dé, tao th€ sir dung cée céch khai thée thurémg gap nhw: (d) tao véi (A)nio dé 1 g6c « = sir dung cing thie gée cho vept ela (A) va vept (asb) eta (d) nhw trén = tim durge veptcita (a); trudng hop khéc 18 c6 1 aim | no dé céch (4) mdt khoiing cho trudée => thay toa 46 I vio cng thie khodng céch vét phwomg trinh (d) ds gid sirtrén kia = ta cling tim duge vipt ela (4) Loi gli: a) Biét (4) qua M(22) Gia sit phuong trinh dudng thang (d):ax-+by-2a—b=0(a? +b* > 0). 5 (4at)=45" cosldat)=-fe ols AL 52(2a430y7 35a? + 5Sb? 4 24ab=1 © Néub=0 thia=0 = KhOng théa man a? +b? >0 = loai. | 7 t + Néubyos]? . » 7 ; f } %. * =o 91: egy £(3a+2b)' <2 Sb? ~12ab= ols et Sb=12a © =O chona=t => (d):28y £0 © Sb=12a chon Nhu vay 06 2 durdmg thang (a) tha man, Vi dy 4: Cho dung thing (d):2x~2y+1=0 va A(0;4), B(S;0) lap phuong trinh céc dudng thing d,,¢y theo thir ty qua A, B va nhan (d) lam duémg phan gidc. Phan tich: Bai ton cho cae yu t6 e6 dink ta cin ‘xem smi quan hé gilka ching, C6 thé néi day ia bat todin ngwee so v6i vi dy 1, nhung céch lam thi chura chac 42 di ngugc ti duéi lén, do lién quan dén phan gide ¢6 rat nhi@u tinh chat, dinh I = thy vao ‘mi hoan cénh cy thé ta cin chon ra yéu t6 dé khal théc,lién quan nhieu dén gid thiée nha, Bai ton v8 duong phan gidc, ta thudng 2=> (d):5x+12y-41=0. Whai thae cdc yéu t6 v8 géc, dy diém déi ximg, tile AB_ BD (S):2x-2y +40 i doan thang & day tam gide voi canh bén: AE a AC DC Lovebodion [98 vi Al| (goitam fc ABC 06 chan ding c20 18D) 0 Khong quan tam @&n tam gide c6 thé bé huedng ti, khi dling cOng thie cos cn lien quan 2 deme th’ng, theo hirong nay sé phat de nhiBu Sn nen khOng kha thi, Ma baL cho ta 2 dim, 1 duémg thing, ma v6t cde ‘fared cho phwong ttInh durdng phn gide, nb céc bai trudge ta @& lam => can ngh ngay dén phwong phap i xg, khi dé voi m&i diém thudc dung thing nay, ta thn duroc thém mot digm thuge dudng thing Voi diéu kign AB khOng vudng géc v6i (d) thi ch3ng phai ct nhur vay ta sé tim thém dugc 2 diém, mBi => ta sé tim durgc cy thé cdc dueng (d,), (dp). Cac ban c6 biét vi sao khif ta ldy d6i xing nhu vay thi sé duoc cac diém nim trén anh con lai cia goc dt khong? Cing khdng phai la qua kh6 a8 nhin ra, Gia str (dy) va (dy) c&t nbau tai |, va got A’ la diém bg Goi A'(uiy) 461 xting v6i A qua (d) => A'ed,. ER trung diém AA’. Tga 46 (Bs nit) 2 AANLA [xi tys— Bed hx - Getpehe o” Twong tr goi BY(xziy2) 46i xing B qua (a) oBga _ 7 9 r(22t8.¥. SS ung diém BB 25 Ya By.) FIa trung di a toa aoe: 2), Ry), 7s id Fed Vi du 5: Lap phwong trink céc’ganh ~ “ ABC biét toa 40 diém B(2;~1),phuong trinh durdmg cao H:3x—4y +270, phwanig tri fac CD:x4+2y-5=0. _ a ~ Phin ich: Dé théy phwong trinh BC ta viét duge ludn vi biét viptla AH va 1 diém a B. Cho duong phan gide ta lai nghi ngay dén ly adi xing B’ clia B so voi AC => toa 46 diém B’ ta tim Khi da tim thém céc dit kién méi ta lai két hop voi gia thiét, bai nay sau khi biét BC ta tim duoc C do C 48 giao CD va BC. C6 2 diém thude AC, sé tim duro pt AC. Cét vay ta lal biét thém A do Aa giao diém AH va AC, biét A, B thm AB dé dang. Lewabsckevn 199Livi gid ‘Dudng thing BC c6 1 vept (453) vaqua B(2;—1) => ptBC:4(x-2)+3(y-+1)=0 odxrdy-5=0 C6 BEACD=C = toa 49 C thda man hé phuong trinh: Lay B’ 46i xing B qua CD. B'(xei¥o)M lA trung diém BB'=> M( 2222, Yo"1) Bay, 2.541) cf ee a 2iYo BB’ LCD wo +2 ¢ Morey 4-520 [xy= ‘ea | Zt ¥ont f 2(%9-2)~(Yo+1)= BYC(-5;0). Vay phwong trinh AC:y =3 AHOAG=A= toa a A théa man hé phuong trinh: ae = A(-5)3) => 1B (7;~4) = ptaBsaxe7y~ 3x4 +27=0 Vi du 6: Cho tam giéc ABC cé tryc tam H(1;0), chan duémg cao ha tir dinh Bla K(0;2). Trung diém AB la M(3;1). Viet phuong trinh cdc canh tam giéc ABC. Phan tich: Can tim méi quan hé gifra trye tam H, chan dune cao K, trung diém M. Cho toa 6 chan dwéng cao ta thuéng viet dugc phuong trinh dwdng cao, phuong trinh day (tng voi dwéng’cao-dé) hoac biét duge biéu thir tich v6 huéng 2 vecto vudng g6ce Cho tre tam thuding ta khat théc doe 2 d0kign’ 1 1a vept cila 1 dueng cao ndo a6, 218 1 biéu thitc tich'v8 hwémg cho 2 vecto vudng géc trong a6 c6 1 duréng ¢20 hac tei. Cho trung diém hay dudng trun tuyé,ta thirong cb duoc mét he phurong trinh bac nhét 2 4m Aé,tim doe cy thé 3 aiém lien quan. i dudng vira xét Quay v8 bal toda nay thay K thudc BK. K, H da biét ta s8 vidt doe FIR. Ti d6 viét duge phuong trinh AC (AC qua K(2;0) va nhan’HK 1a 1 vtpt) va phuong trinh BK . Vi phuong phap tham s6 cho A, B biét AcAC, BeBK cing yéu t6 trung diém M(3;1) tas€ tim duge A, B va phuong trinh AB. Con phuong trinh BC qua B da biét, biét 1 vtptla AH thi dé dang viét duec. Labi gid HK(-1;2) ACnhan TK 1a 1 vtpt PLAC:-x+2y-4=0, tham sé cho diém A. A(2a—4;a) BH qua H(1;0),K(0;2) nhan n(2;: PtBH:2xty-2= ) 2a Lvtpt , thamn 86 cho diém B. 11(h;2-2b) Hg + By = OX Yat¥y 6 M(3;1) trang diém AB of => A454), F(25-2), AB(-3;-4) Phuong trinh BC:3x-+4y+2=0 Phuong trinh AB:3x-y-8 Lovebookm| 200 2 a-2b+2=2 “| ans vid aut @n vid cm hai AC avo giao tear fn wor that Bd chet tein bid kha bch cic Ki Loi Vic ACChai f: D6i htc khOng thé trwe tigp tim ra duge mot diém hay mot vtpt, khi d6 en At cho ching mot “gn s6 r0i tim cfc biéu thiic lién quan, ‘idu: tham s6 cho 1 diém trén 1 dwong thang da biét, gid sir vept la A(a;b), phwzong trink duedng thang (a): gy tayte=0 (tim), “an biét cdc bidu thitc ding cho ta t6i da may nghiém, 4é cé phwrong phép loai nghiém hay nha Cho tam giéc ABC biét A(1;2) durdng cao qua Bla BH:x+y-2=0, trung tuyén qua Cla . Viét phurong trinh cdc canh tam gidc. Ging dim, 2 dudng thdng chia 2 du mat doan “thing, thi bal nay ta biét dudmg thang lign quan aén ‘B, dén M va biét 76 A, nhu vay c& biét dwing thing "chia diém nao ta tham s6 cho diém 46, con dim da biét cu thé thi chon Lim s6 hang tw do trong hé phuong _ {Pim Vi du ny ta tham 56 cho M theo pong trnh CM, tham s6 cho tho pheng rink BH 8 gin v20 : Bie =Kq Xe ‘bidu thie bE tim duge A, B trong nhiing truvng hop mhw wy, COratinhi@u céch 1am khde nhau, vi du 1 edch esta tham 36 cho M(m:2m-+1) > B(2m~2y4rm) vaca goa dB thoa mn phuong tinh BH Ban chit 2 “Ge iém) va gldp cdc ban c6 1 phn xa linh host nhl) ‘Khl gap hing trudng hop gidng nhw vi dy nay. Bén _ Rb gip cic bt cho trong tam, ce ban vin si dung durgc each gat quyét two ty _ bit ke Dung thang AC ¢6 1 vtpt (4 vatia (G2) = Phuongtrin AC: x-y+1= c CMNAC=C = Toa dd aie ea, nghiéin hé phuong trinh: ‘A fe yst=0 cco) ; 2x-y+1-0 = ‘Tham s6 M(m ;2m-+1),"B(b}2—b) bie id 7 2m=b+1 comma rrngaiém a nen[ set fie 2u=Vat¥e [4me2= Vay B(0 2) BC(0;-1) > BC:x=0 ))=> AB: i AB(~ | Vidu 8: Trong mt phiing Oxy cho tam giéc ABC ¢6 phurong trinh AB:x—y-2=0, phwong trin AC:x42y—5=0 trong tam G(3;2). Viétphwong trinh duéng thang BC. vovebookn 10%Phan tich: Néu trung diém, trang tuyén cho ta 1 hé a phuong trinh bac nhdt 2 dn néu biét 1 diém, 2 duong, thing chita 2 diém con lai nhu vf du 6, vi dy 7 (cde ban nén doc lai) thi trong tm cling cho ta 1 hé tuong tu nhung ta Gin biét ching han: phong trinh 2 canh cua tam giéc va toa &6 trong tam (khi dé ta cé toa a6 ila dinh 1a giao 2 canh day va tham s6 durgc cho 2 dinh én lai) , hoge néu biét durdng thang qua trong tam can biét thém phurong trinh i qua mot dinh cia tam giée (46 tham s6 cho trong tam va dinh 46) va ‘toa 46 2 dinh cdn Iai,. Tém lai néu dung duoc 1 hé 2 phwong trinh 2 dn thi ta sé thm duge toa a@ clia tat c& cdc digm lién quan, 3 nye, apo Lot giét: Biét AB:x-y-2=0, tham s6 B(bsb-2), bigt AC:x+2y-S=0, tham s6 C(S—2c;c) : Va toa d9 A la nghigin cla hé phueong trinh: x-y-2=0 AGS: (ayheaen C6 G1 trong tam tam gléc ABC ta c6: BC(-4;-1) . Vay drome nh ga ~ IC Vi dy 9 (D-2009): Trong mat oineaee ic ABC c6 M(2;0) 18 trung diém AB, trung tuyén, dung cao qua A fan lugt c6 phuong wae s 0 va 6x-y—4=0. Viét phwong trinh AC. t trinh age diving thang khong qua A v(VD: AC). Nhin vao hinh vé, ta cé 1 duéng cao, 1 trung tuyén, 1 trung diém va chd ¥ téi MN chinh 14 dwéng trung binh ma néu biét MN ta sé biét dugc vtpt clia AC. Kha nang thm vipt c6 thé dé hon tim 2 diém vi hién tai c6 {t dt kign lién quan @én ¢, va ta dang cé nhiéu dit kién lign quan @&n MN hon (biét toa 46 M va dirdng trung tuyén AN). Gid can mét diém thudc AC, rat r6 rang 46 chinh a diém A. Lam sao dé tim durge diém N? Biét N thudc AN, hodc tim B va C (nhung néu tim C d8 dang thi ta chang i theo huéng nay) do tim C kh6 khéin clin nghf ngay dén tim phwong trinh BC (vi c6 N Ia giao diém BC va AN), ma da blét pt AH con diém B thi chang khé gi khi ta da biét M va A. Lai gidis 7x~2¥-3=9_ a2) A=ANOAH nén toa 46 Ala nghiém hé phuong wn Do M(2;0) 1a trung diém AB nén B(3;-2) Lovebeckom | 102 big do che fn bié thi ral Le Vic 3x. Pat ho? tha tha che BaL carDo AHLBC nén BC c6 4 vipt (156) va qua B(3;~2) = phurong trinh BC:x+6y+9=0 NeBCOAN, nw vay diém N18 nghiém cia hé phong trink =) im(-22) cfing}a vtep ofa duéng thang AC. _Ypyphong inh AC:3e—4y +5=0. 8 a tofin lién quan dén dién tich, @u tién ta can liét ké trong @u nhitng cong thitc tinh dién tich aa +i dua vio dir kign bai cho, hinh vé, ta chon cng thie pha hop nhat. Vi dy nhur cho tam gide da biét s6 c can, ta cé thé nght dén hé thite Hé-rong, cho durdng cao thing nght t6i mika tich day va chiéu cao, 6 s6 do géc nghi téi nia tich 2 canh va sin géc xen gita,.. ‘Quay lat bai nay, 2 tam gléc c6 din tich bang nhau c6 thE cho ta mot biéu thitc nao a6, nhung phai l2 1 1 midi gidi dwoc hod fa gia sir vtpt. Nhfn thay: 2 tam gléc c6 chung dinh M, AMCD da biét CD, AMAB 44 {bie AB, c6 thé coi AB, CD 182 day, ligu c6 sit dyng durge cng thite tink aes céch tie M dén day? Néu deoe ‘bl toan cot nr xong, a of pat abu ngay eh, Baila a Me(d) goi M(m;3m—-S) : C6 AB (~3;4) = AB: 4x43y—4= (4:1) =>cox-4y417=0 ‘dy 11; Cho canh bén AB va dyiBC cila tam gidc ABC cin tai A co phuong trinh theo thé tw: x+2y-1=0; .-¥+5=0 . Thm phurong trinh canh bén cn lai biét né di qua M(15~3). ‘Phan tich: Bai todn cin tim thém mot yéu t6 na, a “hoje them 1 diém, hog vept. Gia thiét cho 2 duong thing ta thurdng nghT dén cfc dit kién c6 thé khai “the rihur: ching ¢6 vu6ng géc, song song, géc glika “chiing, giao diém c6 gl dc biét,. pee ‘Bi may cho ta 1 tam gidc cén va phwong trinh céc a hang can, cin lu ¥ ngay dén yéu t6 g6c, do Ia tam gide ica | canthi2 canh ben tao voi day 2 g6c bang nha ® © ‘5 6 thé &p dung cos(AB, BC) =cos(AC,BC), oe: Khi dé ta s@ tim duxge vtpt clia canh bén con Iai AC. Loi gia: AC qua M(1;~3) nén gid sir phuong trinh AC c6 dang: ax-+by-a+3b=0(2? +b? >0) Lovebookivn 203cos( A, 8¢) =cos(ac,2c) <= ipl : Oya? +b? ‘ => (IAB) Ma=2 as rms sas-ssan-0 of Vay AC ¢6 phuong trinh: 2x-+11y +431=0. ‘Vi dy 12: Trong mat phang toa d9 Oxy, cho M(0;1) va hai duéng thang (d;),(d,) c6 phuong trinh Bin lugt Tis Bx+y42=0 va x-3y+4=0. Goi Ala giao diém (d,), (dy). Viet phwong trink ding thang (A) quay, 7 1a : c#t (As )(d.) Bo tage taL BC (BCH) sao cho E+E; dat gtr nhd mht, Phan tich: Dau tién, nhin vao phwong trinh A (4:),(d2)chde ban da thay ngay ching vudng 6c, thoi sung qu ri, 46 la mot yéu td mang al rit nhigu digu quan trong. ‘Mt khdc tam gidc tao ra la ABC véi A Ia giao diém (dx) va (a2), Be(d,), Ce(d,). Bén day minh méi nén v8 hinh 18 hop li nhét. Ban ct vé sa0 cho (a) cét (€,),(d,) tal B, ¢ bat ki thot min sao (d,),(d,) vudng 1a duoc, Ri ban nhin vao didu kign eee ban thay n6 quen quen khong? ty Néu van chua thay thi tra 1di gidp minh cathy: ‘dE hon, 1a né voi mot tam gide vudng c6 gi twongty Khong? C6 mét su lién quan khong he nhe giita ching dy. Cling nhé lal kién thre ldp 10 v8 he thie Iwong trong tam gléc vudng, ta c6 tam giéc ABC, yung tai A voi H la chn dutmg vudng goc tt A thi ayrsreya area AB AC’ AH . Nhu vay ttt2 &n AB, AC td da Ghuyén V8 duoc 1 4n AH rbi, nén ta cit nhdm vao n6 ma khal théc thoi Ve thém AH nao,cin chyglnta. Vay la xong buéc nfign blét vaitant gon bidu thite, céi quan trong gid’ 1a diéu kign chtah: dat gid tri nhd 1 ihdt tite ta phai dua +a. hay b> gl dd AM? giddy => AH2 gi? 0 Phai dua Tota ce au May pe eld AH? gi dsy 8 Suyt quén, ta con thing M(0;1)¢(d) dang bi hét hii. Cho né vao nhap cugc v6i, bing eéch thie néi ‘AM xorn, Vang gid, khong ning khong cdn lac 1dng vO dung ma con lign két chat ché véi A, véi H. Bay ban thy Whng a6 a1 tam gi wud ta enh Eto ANLSAM. én Ay co ba toén song Vilthi AH=AM=>H=M nén (d) e6 M thuge va c6 AM vudng géc => viét duge ngay va lubn, Lai gti (d,):3x+y+2=0; (4,):x-3y +420 €05(d,d)=0 =9(d,) L(d,) => AARC vusng tal A arty A(-asl x-3y+ - ) ‘Toa d9 A la nghiém cia hé phuong trinh: { Goi Hl chan dong cao tir A. Bat aa ciy oe Le cat gi tri nna nat eo 2, hd nh Adon nh ‘AB AC? AW? ape ace “#84 AK? Lal cAHSAM => AH Ién nhat <> AH=AM¢>H=M Tacd Lovebookaen 1304 tar vi 1 gle dit a 0: « fai ho ae Le avay + dat nhé mhatkhi AML(d).Do Me(d,), Me(d,) =» vn théa man sw tao thank AB? AC” om Blac. C6 AN(1;0) = phuong trinh (a): ju 13 (Chuyén Ha Long - Ln 3 - 2024): rong mat phing toa 4 Oxy cho 2 dung thang: d,: V3x~y-V3+2=0; dy:V3xt+y—V3-2=0 . Goi Ala “gan diém d, dp. Viet phuromg trinh duong thing d cét d, tai, cit d, tai C sa0 cho tam gide ABC déu va c6 = ign tich bang 8VS. Phan tich: Vin can kiém tra quan hé gitka 2 duémg thing cho trwée. Ding eat fay? +b,” faz’ +b,” véi nhau géc 60°, nhuw vay chi can thém 1 yéu t6 néta hotic tam gide can hoe c6 thém mét géc 60°. Dya trén hinh v@, ta thay c6 thé c6 v6 s6 (4) tao nén tam giée Bu, nén dd kién nay chi gidip ta tint divie vipt cha durdng thang, két hop véi dign tich méi ghip ta tim dude cy thé (¢). Dibu Kign gl a c6 Auge mét tam glac cén, nén ding 2 canh bling nhau, cic duéng die bigt tring nhau hay 2 g6e & déyi bing inhaw ? B2i cho nhibu duong théng hon nén Binnght dén céc abc dy ding cong thie cos(éyd,)=cos(d,d,) => e6 2 vipt théa man, cOng thite cos(dyida) a8 thay 2 duémg nay tao iém tra xem (@) 6 tg0 v6i2 dune a Wingo ep*ihiong laxong. Céch 2 lam ngirge lai céch trén Be rawiptthéa iin tho g6c 60°. Ta vin tham s6 cho vtpt nhung tfnh cos(da) hote cos(@sda) va cho bing > sou'da, aa 4i 1 vept 6 phuong song song véi during thing cdn ‘ai. dau tén 1a tinh duoc a6 dai.canh tain.gide S “hode AC, Cach 2 hay hon & day'lanén dua ve 46 dai duréng cao vi dé chinh 1a khoang céch tir A (tim dtrec) én (d) 4a biét vtpt = phuong trinh (d). adr néi fyb * Li gidi: Theo cach 2: an a i ‘A(1;2). Goi (a;b) 1a mét vipt ca (2), ta e6: AABC du <> ABC=60" — rb 3 e0s(dh8,)=3 Voi a=v3b => (d)//(d,) => logi. Vay (d) c6 mot vept n(0;1) Gia ste phivong trink (4) 6 dangsy+c=0 sanB=a(nd)eré oleae os ong [c=-2v6 -2 “Troe mot bal todn nén vé hinh a6 dy dodn céc trxdng hep c6 thé xy ra => loal nghiém. é thé bai toan cho r6 cae diém B,C dé dénh lac hwong céc ban lao vao tim 2 aiém a6 ri m'(d) = mat thdi gian, f : : ' ‘Vay c6 2 durdng thing (d) thoaman y+2V6~2=0;y-2V6-2=0 t | vee