Zdravka Paskaleva, Maya Alashka

MATHEMATICS
6A
GRADE
TEXTBOOK

Translated, Adapted, and Augmented

by
Zvezdelina Stankova
Founder and Director
of the Berkeley Math Circle

PUBLISHING HOUSE

I
 CONTENTS
Foreword........................................................... V
Introduction to the Program............................VI
Middle School Curriculum at a Glance......... XVI
The 6A Program by Topics and Lessons.... XXIV
How to Work with the 6A Materials........... XXVI
Chapter 1. Review with Extensions.
New Basic Concepts.......................................... 1
1. Natural Numbers. Operations
Order of Operations........................................ 2
2. Expressions and Efficient Calculations with
Natural Numbers............................................ 4
3. Word Problems and Expressions Again.......... 6
4. Variables and Basic Equations........................ 8
5. How Mathematicians Write Solutions.......... 10
6. Sample Pre-Tests and Exams........................ 12
7. How to Study for and How to Take Tests..... 14
Chapter 2. Fractional Numbers. Decimals..... 15
8. Fractional Numbers...................................... 16
9. Fractional Numbers. Common Fractions...... 18
10. Units of Measure. Intro to Metric System.... 20
11. Decimals. Introduction................................. 22
12. Reading and Writing Decimals..................... 24
13. Properties of Decimals.................................. 26
14. Multiplying and Dividing a Decimal
by 10, 100, 1000........................................... 28
15. Comparing Decimals.................................... 30
16. Representing Decimals on a Number Ray.... 32
17. Adding Decimals.......................................... 34
18. Adding Decimals. Properties of Addition..... 36
19. Subtracting Decimals.................................... 38
20. Subtracting Decimals. Exercises.................. 40
21. More Equations (Review w/ Extension)....... 42
22. Dependence of a Sum and a Difference
on Their Components................................... 44
23. Adding and Subtracting Decimals................ 46
24. Multiplying Decimals................................... 48
25. Multiplying Decimals.
Properties of Multiplication.......................... 50
26. Dividing a Decimal by Natural Number....... 52
27. Dividing a Decimal by a Decimal................ 54
28. Dependence of a Product and a Quotient
on Their Components................................... 56
29. Operations with Decimals............................ 58
30. Calculating with a Calculator. (Project)....... 60
31. Expressions, Units, and Words Again........... 62
32. Length of a Segment Equal to the Sum or
Difference of Segments................................ 64
33. Multiplying and Dividing the Length of
a Segment by a Natural Number................... 66
34. Basic Motion Equation. Average Speed....... 68
35. Motion Problems.......................................... 70
36. Solving Word Problems. Exercises............... 72
37. Review of the Topic
“Fractional Numbers. Decimals”.................. 74
38. Sample Test and Exams................................ 76
Chapter 3. Geometric Figures in the Plane...... 77
39. Basic Geometric Figures (Review)............... 78
40. Triangle. Types of Triangles (Review)......... 80
41. Distance from a Point to a Line.................... 82
42. Altitudes in a Triangle.................................. 84
43. Rectangle (Review)...................................... 86
44. Area of a Rectangle (Review)...................... 88
45. Units for Length versus Units for Area
(Review with Extensions)............................. 90
46. Converting Units for Area. Exercises........... 92
47. Area of a Right Triangle............................... 94
48. Area of a Triangle......................................... 96
49. Area of a Triangle. Exercises........................ 98
50. Quadrilateral and its Perimeter................... 100
51. Area of a Quadrilateral............................... 102
52. Parallel Lines.............................................. 104
53. Parallelogram. Rhombus............................ 106
54. Perimeter of a Parallelogram...................... 108
55. Area of a Parallelogram.............................. 110
56. Area of a Parallelogram. Exercises............. 112
57. Trapezoid. Perimeter of a Trapezoid.......... 114
58. Trapezoid. Types of Trapezoids.................. 116
59. Area of a Trapezoid.................................... 118
60. Area of a Trapezoid. Exercises................... 120
61. Areas of Geometric Figures. Exercises...... 122
62. Review of the Topic
“Geometric Figures in the Plane”............... 124
63. Sample Test and Exams.............................. 126
III
Chapter 4. Divisibility.................................... 127
64. Multiple and Divisor of a Natural Number.128
65. Prime and Composite Numbers.................. 130
66. Divisibility of a Product............................ 132
67. Divisibility of a Sum.................................. 134
68. Criterion for Divisibility by 2 and by 4...... 136
69. Criterion for Divisibility by 5, 10, 25......... 138
70. Criterion for Divisibility by 3 and by 9...... 140
71. Criteria for Divisibility. Exercises.............. 142
72. Common Divisor and Greatest Common
Divisor of Natural Numbers....................... 144
73. Representing Natural Numbers as
as Product of Prime Factors........................ 146
74. Finding a Common Divisor (CD) and
Greatest Common Divisor (GCD)
by Factoring into Prime Factors................. 148
75. Common Multiple and Least Common
Multiple (LCM) of Natural Numbers.......... 150
76. Finding the Least Common Multiple
(LCM) of Natural Numbers. Exercises....... 152
77. Review of the Topic “Divisibility”............. 154
78. Sample Test and Exams.............................. 156
Chapter 5. Rectangular Parallelepiped.......... 157
79. Determining the Position of a Point
in a Coordinate System............................... 158
80. Rectangular Parallelepiped. Cube............... 160
81. Rectangular Parallelepiped. Exercises........ 162
82. Surface Area of a Rectangular
Parallelepiped............................................. 164
83. Surface Area of a Rectangular
Parallelepiped. Exercises............................ 166
84. Practical Work: Constructing a Model
of a Rectangular Parallelepiped.................. 168
85. Volume of a Rectangular Parallelepiped..... 170
86. Units of Measure for Volume..................... 172
87. Surface Area and Volume of a Rectangular
Parallelepiped. Exercises............................ 174
88. Exercises with Practical Applications......... 176
89. Review of the Topic
“Rectangular Parallelepipeds”.................... 178
90. Sample Test and Exams.............................. 180
Biographical Sketches.............................. XXVIII
Answers.......................................................XXX
IV
Projects: Cheat Sheets
Chapter 1. Introduction
• Order of Operations & Expressions. Examples
• Efficient Calculations. Examples
• Six Basic Types of Equations. Examples
• CoCoClear Rubric. Examples of scoring
Chapter 2. Decimals
• Fractions and decimals. Examples
• Operations with decimals. Examples
• Fake and harder equations. Examples
• Units for money, mass, length. Metric System
• Basic motion equation. Examples
• Average speed. Examples
• Word problems. Examples
Chapter 3. Plane Geometry
• Types of triangles. Examples
• Distance from a point to a line. Examples
• Altitudes in triangles. Examples
• Parallel and non-parallel lines. Examples
• Units for area. Conversions. Examples
• Types of plane figures. Examples
• Perimeters of plane figures. Formulas. Examples
• Areas of plane figures. Formulas. Examples
Chapter 4. Number Theory
• Divisors and multiples; prime and composite
numbers. Vocabulary. Examples
• Criteria for divisibility by 2,3,4,5,6,9,10, and 25.
Extra: by 12,15,18,24,36. Examples
• Prime factorization. Examples
• Different ways of calculating GCD. Examples
• Different ways of calculating LCM. Examples
Chapter 5. Spacial Geometry
• Coordinate system. Examples
• Rectangular parallelepipeds. Vocabulary
• Drawing rectangular parallelepipeds. Examples
• Surface areas, lateral areas, and volume of rect-
angular parallelepipeds and cubes. Examples
• Units of measure for volume
• Practical applications of surface area and volume.
Examples