GLOSSARY Asif Tanveer Muhammad Tahir. Muhammad Ather Nadeem Asghar Ali antl “all we te is exactly balanced by its respiratory release, indicating that the rate of synthesis of organic material is equal to the rate of break down by respiration. Plants use 23 .the maximum amount of available CO? at this point. 1 two or more plants in which the supply of a growth factor falls below their combined demands.2.The situation that arises when two or more organisms of the same or different species need the same limited resources Competition: Relationship between Complementary Effect: When a crop (such as legume yield of succeeding crop by increasi improving sanitation conditions, suc! complementary effect. ) has a favourable effect on ing soil fertility and h effect is called Sample obtained by mixing all primary seed samples in a Composite Sample: suitable container. ed by open-pollination among a number of Composite Variety: Variety product which results from a cross of outstanding strains.2.Variety so many inbred lines. A. chemical substance (compost accelerator), which promotes decomposition and fermentation of decaying plant, remains in a compost heap. Compost: Manure derived from decomposed plant remains, usually made by fermenting waste plant material (e.g. straw, grass mowings, etc.) in heaps, usually alternate layers with added lime, nitrogen and water. Compost is usefully used in greenhouses, to enrich soil, either dug in or as a surface MULCH. Straw compost is valuable in building up poor soils for intensive vegetable cropping and assists in maintaining soil structure on heavier land. Compost Activator: Composting: is 2 i posting: i is a process by which crop residues are degraded, to conserve nutrients in a confined environment ; Compound Fertilizer: a eae containing a mixture of two or three of the jor plant nutrients (i.e. nitrogen, phosphorus and 24Compound Leaf: Concentration: potassium). One divided into separate leaflets, ¢.g. clover. The amount of a substance dissolved in a given volume of liquid Conservation Tillage: Conservation: Contact Herbicides: Contour Bunding: Contour Cropping: Contour Farming: A tillage designed to maintain roughness of a field surface and leave most of the previous crop residues on the surface while providing suitable seed bed and weed control for the next crop. The roughness reduces water runoff and water and wind erosion The optimum rational use of natural resources and the environment, having regard to the various demands made upon them and the seed to safeguard and maintain them for the future. 2. The protection of the soil against erosion or loss of fertility. 3. The preservation of grass as hay and silage and of fodder crops for winter-feed. Also applied to the preservation of certain growing crops in situ for later use. Herbicides which kill only those parts of a plant with which they come into contact and used mostly to control annual weeds when seedlings. The construction of small bund across the slope of the land in a contour, so that the long slopes is cut into a serious of small one and each contour bund acts as a barrier to the flow of water. The cultivation of crops along the contour of a slope. A method of cultivation of crops wherein operations including sowing are carried out along the contour. It reduces runoff, conserves more moisture and increase crop yield.2.Ploughing, planking, makings of bunds and sowing of crops against the slope of field. 25Contour Planting: Contour Ploughing: the contours.2.Planting row crops s the slope at a constant elevation ‘9 the downward direction of the Planting row crops along so that the rows go acros: and are at right angles to @ slope. Ploughing along the contours. Contour Strip Cropping: tine growind Bela soi Contour: Control: Corolla: Cortex: Cotyledon: Count: The cultivation practices invol 3 n J exposing and erosion permitting crop In strip steep widths alternating with strips of a soil protecting an erosion resisting crops along the contours. An imaginary line on the surface of the earth connectin: points of same elevation. Process of limiting an infestation below a point where grea loss to the producer will occur. The inner ring of the parts of a flower consisting of the petals, usually conspicuously coloured. The bark of outer layer of a plant. 2. The outer layer of the various organs of plants. A sced leaf, forming part of the embryo of seeds. It is the first leaf to develop when a seed germinates, initially lacking chlorophyll. Monocotyledonous plants have one cotyledon in each seed whilst dicotyledonous plants have two. The two types of plants are also distinguished by their leaves. The former possess long, narrow leaves with parallel veins (e.g. grasses) whilst the latter have broad leaves with branching veins (e.g. broadleaf weeds such as dock, fat hen, etc.), It is number of hanks (one hack contain 840 yards of thread) Tequired to weigh a round of fiber. It is used to evaluate quality of fiber. The finer the thread, greater will 26Cover Crop: Crop Development: Crop Ecolog: Crop Growth Rate: Crop Husbandry: Crop Model: Crop Modeling: Crop Production: Crop Rotation: be count. American varieties = 80 to 40 counts. Desi varieties =22 coun . A crop used to cover the soil surface to decrease erosion and leaching, shade the ground to protect it from excessive freezing and heating.2.A crop which provides protection to ond crop sown beneath it, Also called a nurse crop. as It describes the series of anatomical and morphological changes undergone by the individual plants between the sowing of one seed and the harvest of the economically important part of the crop, which may itself be a seed. Ecology of crop plants. Rate of dry matter produced per unit ground area in a crop at any time. The practice of growing and harvesting crops. The main object is the production of crops economically without determinant to the land. It is a series of statistical equations (regression equation that express the quantitative relationship between dependent and independent variable), arranged by a model builder to mimic the complex processes of a system. Statistical representation of daily biological and physical processes which predict harvestable yield, plant growth and development, nitrogen dynamics and water balance in response to controlled (management) and uncontrolled (weather) variables. It is the interaction among genetic potential of a crop, environmental factors and management practices to which crop is subjected A system of raising crops in a regular order one after the other on the same piece of land, keeping in view that 27fertility of land may not be adversely affected and farmers profit out of land may not be reduced. Plants, carefully selected and developed over many years, Crop: 3 sown on cultivated land to produce food for man and animals or raw materials, €.8. wheat barley, potatoes. Cropped Area: It includes net area sown and area sown more than once. Cropping Intensity: The number of crops raised from a cultivated piece of land during a specific period of time (may be one or two or more years) Cropping Pattern: Distribution of an area to various crops grown in an ecological zone or on different farms. Cropping Scheme: Allocation of area to different crops being grown on a particular farm in a year. Cropping: ‘The raising of crops. 2. The cutting or harvesting of crops. Crops Drill: To sow seed by drilling in two directions, i.e. up or down the field, and across the field. Cross Crops: To sow a crop out of its normal rotation order : Cross Fertilization: Fertilization by the transference of pollen from one flower or plant to another flower and plant as distinct from self fertilization. Cross Plough: 6 plough a field in both directions, side to side and top to ottom. Cross-drill: To drill seed in two directions, usually at right angles to each other, Crown: f om The top part of a plant, such as the top branches of a fruit tte, of the leaves of certain root crops, e.g. sugar beet. 2 The junction of the root and stem of a plant.3.The base of 28Crude Protein: Culm: Cultivar: Cultivated Area: Cultivations: Cultivator: Culturable Waste: Cusec: Cyclic Use of Water: Cytokinins: the stems where roots @ Unrefined, total protein: digestible protein is a fraction of the crude protein The jointed stem of grasses. A variety of a cultivated plant. It includes current follow and net area sown during the year. The various tillage operations carried out to the land prior to and during the growing of crop. An implement used to break down the soil into a tilth before sowing a crop, for ripping out weeds, raising: un- rotted trash to the surface to be killed by the sun, and (by attaching special blades) for row crop hoeing. Cultivators have heavy tines and penetrate the soil deeply, as distinct from the lighter, shallower working harrows. Area which has gone out of cultivation temporarily due to reasons like water logging, salinity, alkalinity, un-leveling etc. It is one cubic foot of water running through a point per second. It is substitution of canal water for saline water at most sensitive growth stages of crop plants. A group of natural growth hormones and artificial growth regulators, which have various effects on the growth, and reproductive processes of plants such as germination, cell division and elongation are promoted by it. 29Dark Reaction: Day Neutral Plants: Dealkalization: Deep Tillage: Deepwater Rice: ‘Deficient: Deflocculate: Deflocculation: Defoliant: Defoliation: Dehiscent: D esis controll The part of photosynthest than light ie. CO, fixation and. th pathway. led by enzymes tather e reductive pentose to day, length in ked|: ot respond markedly ‘aba and Plants which do m tion. Examples are cotton, terms of floral initia maize. Leaching of sodium ions and salts from soil. It refers to tillage that loosens the soil 40 cm di more with purpose of conserving moisture in the monsoon for breaking hard pans. Also known as sub soiling. tt It is grown in river areas, with no structured water control. Flooding occurs periodically throughout the growing season. When an essential element is at.a low concentration that severely limits yield and produces more or less distinct deficiency symptoms. , To break down soil aggregate into component particles. _ The disassociation of large particles into smaller ones. Particularly applied to soils and the disintegration of crumbs under wet conditions. Any substance which is used to cause the leaves or foliage to drop from a plant. The Temoval of the leaves of a plant. A defoliant is a chemical, which causes this. A descriptive term for fruits, i i ‘on its, elease 5 which split, open to rel 30Delta of Water: Denitrification: Desalinization: Desert: Desiccant: Determinate: Development: Deviation: Dew: Dextrose: Dicotyledon: Differentiation: It is the total water requirement of a crop from sowing till its harvest. The breakdown of nitrates and nitrites by denitrifying the soil in anaerobic conditions with the release ous nitrogen. Removal of soluble salts from saline soil usually by leaching. A major regional community characterized by low rainfall and consequently supporting little or no vegetation. A chemical applied to a crop causing the foliage to dry up so that harvesting can commence. The growth of the main stem is definite, i.e., the terminal bud does not continue to grow. The process of growth and differentiation of individual cells into recognizable tissues, organs, and organisms. The departure of a value or observation from what was expected. At night, grasses, flowers and leaves radiate heat more quickly than many other things and thus become very cold. When moist air touches them it is also cold and cannot hold the same amount cf water as before. A part of the water vapour is condensed and deposited on these things in the form of water drops which we call dew. A term for glucose. A plant having two cotyledons or seed leaves in each of its seed. The process by which cells become specialized. 31Diffusion: Dinitrogen fixation: Dioecious: Direct Drilling: Disaccharide: lecules. from the of the (solute) molecu Aedes (solute) concentration (through Haphazard move! fluid. Solution gets higher towards z membrane) in a as ; en) It is responsible for transpiration and uptake of CO2- of molecular dinitrogen to organic iological conversion ilar ¢ r Sint utilizable in biological process. combination or to form having the male and female ied to plants : A tem rn die dividual plants of the species, flowers borne on different in e.g. date palm. j The sowing by drill, of seeds directs into a field, without previous cultivation and usually following the application of weed control sprays. Carbohydrates comprising two condensed simple sugar molecules. Cane or beet sugar. Disc Harrow (Disc Cultivator): Disc Plough: A type of harrow with a number of sets or gangs of sharp- edged concave rotating discs, the angle of which can be varied in relation to the direction of travel, altering the severity of cultivation according to requirements. The gangs can be positioned so that disc faces in different gangs face in opposite directions. Often used on light land, and o1 freshly ploughed grassland or stubble. ~ A type of plough with heavy dish-faced wheels, individually mounted, and usually adjusted at an angle (between 35 and 40 degree) to the line of travel, which cut and turn the soil to the side, partly inverting it. The discs are usually between 50-80 cm (20-32 in.) in diameter and are sometimes fitted’ with scarping devices to remove accumulating mud. The discs may be plain or cut-away. The latter give more bite and cut into hard soils. Disc Ploughs are used for deep, rapid cultivati : Vv: but are not very common. : ee 32Disease: Disorder: Dominant Plant: Dormancy: Dormant Period: Dormant Spray: Double Cropping: Abnormality shown by a plant due to attack of pathogen. Stress. injury and disease collectively called disorder. The major plant in a vegetation community, usually the most numerous or the tallest A state of low metabolic activity in living organisms, particularly in seeds and spores, usually associated with unfavourable environmental —_ conditions (eg. low temperature, inadequate moisture, short day length) for growth. Period during which growth is reduced down. A spray applied to a crop curing a dormant period. Growing of only two crops one after another in the field in a year. 2.Taking two crops a year in sequence from the same piece of land. Double Relay Cropping: Double Zero: Drain: Drainage: Dress: When two crops are involved in a relay cropping system. Varieties of rapeseed and mustard from which two toxic compounds i.eerusic acid and glucosinolates had been eliminated through breeding techniques. An artificially dug channel or ditch to carry surplus water away The removal of excess of surface or ground water from land by means of surface or sub surface drains. To apply fertilizer to land, 2. To chemically treat seed before sowing to control fungal disease in growing crops, particularly cereals. 33ws Seed and fertilizer using 4 combine hich places seed in cl sow seed in 10 ill: implement used to So = Seas be sown simultaneously may als simultat drill.2.Machine 0 ding equipment w! rows with no distance between plants. a longer time in a given a crop to grow for zl h may be due to a deep root conditions which f less water. Ty permits moisture st system or use 0 Drought Avoidance: to maintain growth and yield with It is the relative ability 1 Id moisture stress conditions. Drought Resistance: \ little ar no major set back under A period of dryness during which soil moisture is depleted sufficiently to retard plant growth. 2. It is the condition, which occurs when rainfall is far enough below normal amount, to adversely affect the plant growth. Drought: The practice of crop production entirely with rain water received during the crop season or on conserved soil moisture in low rain fall areas of arid and semi arid climate and crops may face mild to very severe moisture stress during their life cycle.2.It is the practice or growing crops without artificial irrigation in areas where annual rainfall is at least 25 cm. Also known as dry land farming. Dry Farming: Dry Matter: The various mi i .) H ineral and organic components i carbohydrate etc.) : ore Dry Season: i i i 'y son: A Pefied during which water deficiency occurs, as stored war used for evapo-transpiration and actual evapo- spiration falls below potential evapo-transpiration. Dry Spell: i f 'y Spell: A period of at least 15 consecut i ive da i 2 Single wetting rain has fallen days, during which not a D . K uo Culture: Sowing of cro Ps in sequence such : , (wheat-wheat) quence such as grain after grain or vegetable after vegetable, 34Dust Mulch: Dusting: Duty of Water: A layer of fine, deflocculated soil material at the surface formed by excessive tillage, believed to be effective in reducing evapo-transpiration losses of water from soil. The application of insecticide or fungicide to crops ina dry, powder state. It is less efficient than spraying, usually requiring about twice the amount of chemical per unit area. Area commanded by one cusec supply of water.2.Number of acres to be irrigated by a specific amount of water available or area commanded by one cusec supply of water. 35Ear: Farthing Up: Eco-fallow: E ywering head of a grass, usually applied to The spike or fle cereals. The building up furrows. of a ridge with soil removed from adjacent trolling weeds and managing crop residues throughout a crop rotation with minimum use of tillage so as to reduce soil erosion and production costs while increasing weed control, water infiltration, moisture conservation and crop yield. A system of con! A system of controlling weeds and managing crop residues Eco-farming: throughout a crop rotation with minimum use of tillage so as to reduce soil erosion and production costs while increasing weed control, water infiltration, moisture conservation and ¢rop yield. Ecology: Study of organisms in relation to their environment. Economic Injury Level: When economically important populations are present at a level where crop losses are higher than the minimum of total control cost. Economic Threshold: The point in weed densit ly where cost of weed equals value of crop yield saved coum Economic Yield: i ‘ Yield of that part of plant, which is used for economic purpose e.g. grain in cereals. : Ecotype: A , ti . ee with in a species that has developed a distinct sete or _ Physiological characteristic (e.g. sistance) in response to a specific environment 36and which persists when individuals are moved to a different environment. hic Factors: The physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil that influence the life of organisms. The main edaphic factors inchide water contents, organic contents, texture and pH. phic: Of or pertaining to the soil. 7 Edaphology: The study of the influence of soils on living organisms, particularly plants, including man’s use of land for growing crops. t tive Precipitation: That portion of the total precipitation, which becomes available for plant growth. ective Rainfall: A fraction of total precipitation, which forms a part of the crop consumptive use or a fraction that becomes utilizable for crop production. ective Rooting Depth: § Soil depth from which the full-grown crop extracts most of the water needed for evapo-transpiration. Flite Variety: An approved variety developed by plant breeders and i . released to farmers because of superiority in at least one respect. A young plant fertilization, €.8- Visible appearance 0} t in its earliest stages of development after the innermost part of a plant seed. f the shoot above the ground surface. nancy: ithi logenous Dorn Dormancy due to the factors present within the embryo. erent i ishing the embryo storage tissue surrounding and nourishing ry’ a sects By the time the seed is fully developed the ua a may have completely absorbed the endosperm in a 37some seeds, e.g. peas and beans, whilst in others part may remain and be absorbed after germination, e.g. wheat. Cereals are grown for the endosperm content of the grain, which is a valuable food source. Enforced Dormancy: > Dormancy caused by unfavourable environment and breaks when external limitation is removed. Environment: Surrounding conditions, ¢.g. climate, landform water, temperature etc. Enzymes: Proteins present in living organisms, which act catalytically to promote chemical changes whilst remaining unchanged themselves, e.g. alpha amylase. Epidermis: The outermost layer(s) of cells of plants. Epigeal: Describing seed germination in which there is considerable elongation of the hypocotyl so the cotyledons are raised above the surface of the ground to form the first leaves (seed leaves) of the plant. Epinasty: Downward bending of the plant part due to increased growth on the upper side of an organ. Erosion Resistant Crop: ‘ A crop, because of its dense foliage, root system etc. provides effective protection against soil loss by erosion, J Erosion: The wearing away of the land surface, particularly soil, by running water, ice and wind, etc. Ploughing up and down slopes can lead to gully formation, and light and friable soils can blow away in strong winds when exposed. Erosivity: The ability of rainfall to cause soil erosion. 38Etiolation: A condition of plants when grown in darkness characterised by a gencral pale yellowness due to a lack of chlorophyll and by long internodes and small leaves Evapotranspiration: The loss of water from an area (e.g. a field) by evaporation at the soil surface and by plant transpiration. It is double in arid than humid regions. Potential evapotranspiration is the maximum transpiration possible under given weather conditions with a low-growing crop, which does not shade the soil completely and has an adequate water supply. Also known as consumptive use of water. Evapo-Transpiration Ratio: Ratio of the sum of weights of water transpired by plants and directly evaporated from soil to the weights of dry plant substance produced. Evergreen: A plant which keeps its leaves throughout the year. Excessive: When the concentration of an essential plant nutrient is sufficiently high to result in a corresponding shortage of another nutrients. Exchangeable Phosphate: The phosphate that is held by the adsorption complex of soil and is easily exchanged with anion of liquid phase. Exchangeable Potassium: The potassium thai is held by the adsorption complex of soil and is easily exchanged with a cation of neutral non- potassium salt solutions. Exchangeable sodium percentage: The extent to which adsorption complex of a soil is occupied by Na Exhaustive rotation: Rotation which includes more number of exhaustive crops which take out the plant food nutrients and leave the soil poor in fertility. 39Exogenous Dormancy: Dormancy due to the features of seed located outside the embryo. Exogenous: Originating extremely outside the organism. Exotic: A descriptive term for plants or animals introduced into an area or country from outside or abroad, not naturally occurring there. Extensive Farming: A method of farming in which a large amount of land is used to raise stock and produce crops, yields usually being about average, as distinct from intensive farming. 40Facultative Weed: Facultative: Fallow Crop: Fallow Land: Fallow: Family: Farm Management: Farm: F A weed found growing both wild and in association with man, Possessing the ability to utilize certain circumstances or environme! conditions but not being dependent upon them, For example, a facultative parasite can grow either parasitically or saprobically. A crop grown in well spaced out rows, e.g. potatoes or Cotton, so that the land between the rows can be hoed and cultivated to control weeds. Also called a cleaning crop. A land left unfarmed for one or more growing season to Kill weeds, make soil richer. It is the practice of allowing cropland to lie idle during a growing season to build up the soil moisture and fertility contents, so that a better crop can be produced the following year. It is usually worked periodically to control weeds and improve moisture infiltration.2.Land left unsown, usually for a season, during which it is ploughed and cultivated to kill perennial weeds by desiccation. The practice of fallowing is now less common. A group of closely related genera. Putting land, labour and capital together in order to get maximum profit from the farm in the decided period. It is a piece of land under the control of an individual or society or corporation meant for raising plants or animal products or both or any other alike industry for subsistence or profit or both.2.[t is a unit enterprise where working is well organized. 41Farming: It is a complex and s and animal products ientific busin for use of man. ss of producing plant Farming system: A farming, system is defined as a population of individual farm systems that have broadly similar resource bases, enterprise patterns, household livelihoods and constraints, and for which similar development strategies and interventions would be appropriate. Farmyard Manures: The feaces and urine of farm animals mixed with litter, mainly straw, to absorb the urine. This mixture is also called “Long Dung.” Its composition is variable dependent on the animals contributing the dung, their diet and the kind of litter used. Farmyard manure is usually stored in manure heaps. Fats: Storage materials found in living organisms, mainly in liquid form (oils) in plants, and in solid form (also called adipose tissue) in animals, comprising mixtures of glycerides (condensation products of glycerol and fatty acids). Some plants, mostly tropical, produce seed rich in oil, which is extracted mainly for cooking, the residue being used for cattle cake. Fatty Acids: Organic acids, thirteen of which occur in natural fats. They are either (a) saturated (i.e. molecules to which no further atoms can be added), found mainly in solid form in animal fats, or (b) unsaturated, found mainly in liquid form (oils) in plants. The most common fatty acids in natural fats are palmitic, oleic and stearic. Fermentation: The breakdown of organic. substances by the acti : ‘ enzymes, usually secreted by. living ene af .- bacteria and yeast. Heat sees. carbon dioxide) are usually evolved. The principle: of n dio the making of: silage, I Pegpentation is us aIt refers to the inherent Capacity of a soil to supply nutrients to plants in proper amount and Proportion. Fertilization: The enrichment of soil by the application of fertilizer.2. The union of male and female gametes to produce a zygote Fertilized Use Efficiency: It means, managing soil for today and tomorrow. It is function within its ecosystem boundaries to sustain biological productivity and — diversity, maintain environmental quality and promote plant and animal health. Fertilizer Grade: It refers to the minimum guarantee of the plant-nutrient Content in terms of total nitrogen, available phosphorus pentoxide, and soluble potassium oxide (e.g. 6-24-24) Fertilizer Placement: Method of application in which fertilizer is distributed or placed in specified location either below or on the soil surface by hand or by machine. Fertilizer Ratio: to the relative percentage of N, P2Os, and 24 grade has a 1-4-4- ratio). Fertilizer Requirement: The quantity of certain plant nutrients needed, in addition to amount supplied by soil to increase the plant growth. Fertilizer Starter: A fertilizer applied in relatively small amounts with or near the seed for the purpose of accelerating early growth of the crop plant or nodules formation. Fertilizer Value: Manurial value. Fertilizer: _ Any organic or inorganic material added to soil to provide plant nutrients and to increase the growth, yield, quality or nutritive value of crops.2.Any substance containing one or more recognized plant nutrient (s) which is used for itsFiber: Fibrous Root: Field Capacity: Field Inspection: Field Layout: _ az ] ii ve plant nutrient content. Unprocessed ane ee manures, lime, limestone and other pro Pred from this definition An clongation or outgrowth of an epidermal cells of seeg Coat. It forms staple or lint. A slender thread like root as in grasses. Amount of water held in soil after drainage of excess of gravitational water, or moisture contents of soil 2 or 3 days after a thorough wetting of soil profile by rain or irrigation water2Jt is maximum amount of water a soil can hold against gravity or it is amount of water that a well drained soil can hold after the gravitational water is Percolated.3.The state of soil when all the soil moisture that is able to freely drain away has done so. The remaining moisture is held by the forces of surface tension around soil Particles and in capillary pores. Field inspection refers to the scrutiny of seed production plots by a team of qualified Persons (seed inspectors). It is done to ensure that the seed Production pertains to the designated variety and that it has not been contaminated genetically or physically beyond certain specified maximum limits. Designing of an area according to the mature of the experiment to be conducted. Field Water Balance: I is an itemized statement of all gains, losses and changes of storage of water occurring in a given field within specified boundaries during a specified Period of time.Fineness: This is due to thickness of cell wall. Varieties have thin walls and Posse Desi varieties have thick walls and American cotton a silky feel (fine). are coarse, Fixation: The process of conversion of ar n clement in soil from a readily available to a available form Fixed Rotation: Rotation in which no change is made in the sequence of crops and same set of crops is sown in succession on the same piece of land in a limited period year after year Flag: Cereal leaves.” Flame cultivation: — Flame weeding (thermal weed control) is called flame cultivation. Flexible Rotation: — Rotation which can be adjusted according to the fluctuation in market rates, attack of pest and availability of irrigation water. Floating rice: Deep-water rice. It develops elongated stems capable of coping with water depths exceeding 2 meters. Flocculate: To aggregate individual particles into small groups or Bes clusters. Flocculation: The aggregation of small particles to form larger ones. Particularly applied to soils and the formation of crumbs. Water is applied from water channel without any ridges oF i bunds to guide flow of water or restrict its mye ou % , i y. Also a botanical lant population of an area or country 0 al ordeing fy ae plants together with description afFlower: Fodder Crop: Fodder: Fog: Foliage: Foliar Diagnosis: The blossom of a plant containing the Et hora arranged on a central axis or receptacle ff usually bri iff the outermost calyx (the sepals), then # A e the aaa y coloured corolla (the petals), inside which ar a and the innermost carpel(s). Crop grown for use as animal feed, € ee rae er trifolium, etc., and usually consumed in the green state, Also called green crop or forage crop. Food supplied to livestock, particularly dry roughages such as hay, straw and concentrates. Sometimes used loosely to mean forage. When hot moist air comes in contact with cold air or cold water, it is also cooled and some of the water vapours condense round the floating particles of dust in the atmosphere. This is called fog. A collective term for the leaves of a plant or community. An estimation of mineral nutrient deficiencies (excesses) of plants based on examination of the chemical composition of selected plant parts, and the colour and growth characteristics of the foliage of the plants. Certain crops consumed in the particularly cattle and horses (e. made into silage.Sometimes used green state by livestock, 8. maize, lucerne, etc.) or loosely to mean fodder. A monosaccharide sugar (CHO) Present in fruit, nectar and honey. Also called fruit sugar. , a One of a large group of Plants includin a : m mushrooms and yeasts, characterized Lye lacl ds,Funicle: Furrow: Fuzz: animals. They are mainly constructed of thread-like hyphae. ‘The stalk attaching an ovule to the ovary wall. The groove or trench in the soil made by a plough as the mouldboard turns over the soil in a more or less continuous strip (the furrow slice). Shorter outgrowth (1 mm in length) of an epidermal cell of seed coat.G Gallon: A measure of volume or capacity, equivalent to 4.55 litres, used mainly for liquids. Genera: Plural of genus tion of an individual plant or dominant genes and recessive sion of a character. Genotype: The total genetic constitu organism including both genes present, affecting the expres: Genus: A taxonomic group in the classification of living organisms, consisting of one or more closely related species bearing the same generic name. Germ: A microorganism causing disease, particularly bacteria. 2. A loose term for seed or the nucleus of a seed. Germination Capacity: A term used in seed testing for the number of seeds in a sample which germinate in a given time. Germination Energy: The rate of germination of a seed. Germination Test: A test done to determine the actual planting value of the seed produced. Germination tests are done under controlled and standardized laboratory conditions. Germination: The commencement of growth of a seed (or spore) with the production of roots and shoots (plumule, radicle) usually requiring favourable environmental conditions (e.g. adequate moisture, temperature and day length, etc.).2. The transition of seed from the resting phase to one of the activity. 3. Emergence and development from seed embryo of those essential structures, which indicate the ability to develop into normal plant under favourable conditions. 48Gibberellin: A group of natural growth hormone which can have various effects on the growth and reproductive process of plants, such as germination, cell division, elongation and flowering promoted by it. Ginning out Turn: — Ratio of lint to sced cotton. GOT. = lint weight x 100 seed cotton weight Glabrous: Having a smooth surface, without hairs Global Warming: — The accumulation of certain pollutant gases like COz and others act as a blanket in the lower atmosphere and trap more of the secondary radiation, giving rise to enhanced green house effect which is commonly known as Global Warming. Glucose: A monosaccharide sugar (CHO) found in honey, sweet fruits, grapes, etc. complex storage carbohydrates (e.g. starch )are converted into glucose, the form of sugar used by plants to produce energy. Glucose is the primary product of photosynthesis. Also called dextrose of grape sugar. One of two small bracts enclosing a grass spike let. The glumes enclosing seeds of cereals and grasses are usually removed by threshing but may remain attached as husk. Glume: Mixtures of insoluble proteins present in wheat (and other cereal grains) giving wheat flour its distinctive character (strength to stretch). It is a sticky substance remaining after the starch has been extracted. Gluten: Conversion of hexose (6c) sugar (usually glucose) to pyruvic acid in cytoplasm in the absence of oxygen. One molecule of glucose gives two molecules of pyruvic acid. Glycolysis: 7 a Plants - those are sensitive to relatively high salt é Glyeophytess. « concentrations. BeGrading (Rice): The process of removing the brokens from head rice and sorting them into well defined fractions of different length. Grain Leaf Ratio: — Grain yield divided by post-anthesis duration. Graii A ca se ‘opsis. 2. A collective term for the cereals. 3. Cereal in bulk. 4.Fruit of the large-seeded grasses. Grass: A plant of the graminae family, but usually excluding the cereals 2. A term used in the general sense for herbage used for grazing or making into hay, and for meadows, pastures and grass land. Grassed Waterway: A natural or constructed waterway usually broad and shallow, covered with erosion resistant grasses used to collect surface water for cropland. Grassland Agriculture: A system of farming in which either forage crops or soil conserving crops, usually both, farms the nucleus. Gravitational Water: _ That water which freely drains through the soil due to force of gravity It is not available to the plants. Green Crop: Fodder Crop. Green Forages: A group of feeding stuffs Comprising the grasses and young i ie ; cereals, some legumes (e.g. clover, luceme,etc.), and certain brassicas (e.g. cabbage, rape, etc.), green maize and lage, etc. They characteristically have higher protein » particularly when very young, than succulent foods x si FiteGross Domestic Product (GDP): All the goods and services Produce in a country ina year. Gross Irrigation Requirement: The total amount of water applicd through irrigation is termed aS gross irrigation requirement. In other words, it is het irrigation requirement plus losses in water application and other losses Gross Irrigation Water Requirement: It is total amount of water applied through irrigation. It includes net irrigation and water application and leaching losses. Gross National Product (GNP): GDP +Foreign remittances. Ground Water: Rain water, which has percolated through to underground rock strain from the surface as distinct from draining to streams or rivers as run-off. Such water is the source of well and spring supplied.2.The portion of water below the surface of ground whose pressure is greater than atmospheric. A method, which estimates the efficiency of photosynthetic system in the field by determining the rate of increase of dry matter per unit leaf area at short intervals throughout the growth period. Growth Analysis: tion: The relationship that exists between the different growth pert Correia rates of various parts of a plant body. Growth rates depend : on the balance of growth substances in the region and the . competition between parts for nutrients. Any substance that affects the growth rate of a plant or art. ‘ aaa plant p ki - plant body to regulate the wth Hormone: A. chemical, prod i co growl, od iota Growth Factor: Gro}Growth Inhibitor: Growth Rate: Growth Regulator: Growth: Gully Erosion Guttation: Gypsum: Gypsum Requirement: Any substance that retards the growth of a plant or plant part. Increase of plant material per unit time. Artificially produce substance used for controlling or modifying plant growth processes without appreciable phytotoxic effect at dosage applied.2.A chemical applied to a plant, which regulates or alters its rate of growth, either by stimulation or retardation. It is irreversible increase in size and gain in weight of an individual cell or tissue. It is an advanced stage of rill erosion (form of water erosion). During heavy rains firstly channels then ravines are formed which become deeper and deeper as the rainwater spreads with the passage of time, especially where earth crust is comparatively soft. The exudation of liquid water on to a plant surface. It occurs under conditions of high humidity when the saturated atmosphere prevents transpiration. (CaSO4.2H20). Crystalline hydrated calcium sulphate. Often added to soil to correct saline conditions, the calcium displacing the sodium (cation exchange). It is number of tones per hectare of gypsum needed » Teplace the sodium in the upper 15-30 cm of soi "Habitat: Hail Storm: Halophytes: Hard Seed: Hardpan: H The environment (place and climate) where an organism grows/lives. When raindrops on their way to the earth pass through a region of intense cold, they freeze and become hail. Falling hailstorms gather round them rain-drops which also freeze, thus increasing the size of the hailstorms. Plants which can tolerate high concentration of salts. Seed, which does not imbibe water and fails to germinate. 2. Seeds that remain hard till the end of the prescribed soaking (test) duration are called hard seeds. Such seed are generally observed in Leguminosae and Malvaceae families where the seed coat is impermeable to water. Conditions of the soil or subsoil in which the soil grains become cemented together by such bonding agents as iron oxide and calcium carbonate, forming a hard, impervious mass. It is disadvantageous to farming, interfering with circulation of moisture in the soil and with growth of the roots. A low, flat implement, which has many spikes, set in a slanted or vertical position. It is dragged over a rough, tiled surface to smooth it.2.These are tillage tools ,which are used to prepare land by breaking clods, cutting weeds, pulverizing soil, covering seeds and smoothing surface. A secondary tillage operation, which pulverizes, smoothens and packs the soil in seedbed preparation and /or control weeds.The time when ripe or mature crops are cut (€.g cereals). Harvest: z e lifted (e.g. root crops) or picked (e.g. fruit) and gathered in, the whole process being called harvesting. Haulm: The stems and leaves of corn, peas, beans, potatoes, etc., especially after harvesting. Also called halm. Hay: A term mainly applied to stalk of grasses, but also to legumes. Haymaking: The conserving of hay for use of fodder, involving drying and the maintenance of nutritive content (hay quality). Heavy Land, Heavy Soil: Land or soil with a high clay contents. Hectare: A metric unit of land measure equal to 10000 sq. m. or 2.47 acres. Hedge: A close row of shrubs. Herb: Ay vascular plant distinguished from a tree or shrub by ving a non-woody stem, often used in medicine or for providing scent or flavouring. Herbicide: A pesticide which kills weeds. Hermaphrodite: Having both male and femal le a E same flower. Teproductive parts in the Heterotrophic Nitrification: = tered Biochemical oxidation of red nical oxic luced form: i ammonium) to nitrat mms of nitro e4 hs iti hic microor; ee .High Cropping Intensity: Hill Dropping: Hill Reaction: Hill: Hilum: Hoe: When the number Of crops raised from a cultivated piece of land ina Specific period of time is more. A Planting method wherein seeds and fertilizer are dropped at interval spacing along the row rather than fed continuously, The name for the Part of the light reaction of Photosynthesis. It involves the reduction of NAD P to NAD PH). It is provided by photolysis of H20. An individual hop plant, particularly when cultivated ona small mound of soil. The point of attachment of a seed in a pod, marked after Temoval or shedding by a small scar. A trailed implement used to cultivate the soil between row crops. It is the cultivation of soil between rows of crop. Hormone Weed Killer: Hormones: Host: Hulling: | Humid: A synthetic hormone applied to growing crops which acts selectively by causing distorted growth and eventual death to weeds whilst leaving the crops unaffected. Organic substances produced by plants and animals in minute quantities. A plant or animal infected by a parasite. 2. An organism, ich provides food to parasite. It is usually larger than wi parasite. It is removal of chaff. When rainfall is more than 75 cm per annum. 55Humus: Husk: Hybrid Vigour: Hybrid: Hybridization: Hydration: Hydrocyanic Acid: Hydrogen (H): Hydrolysis: Decomposed and partly decomposed organic matter in the soil, derived from plant and animal remains as a result mainly of bacterial action, giving a dark colour to the upper soil horizons. 2.Organic matter in soil that has reached an advance stage of decomposition and has become colloidal in nature. The dry, thin, outer covering of certain fruits and seeds. Qualities in a hybrid not present in either parent, e.g. increased hardiness, improved growth rate. Progeny from hybridization between two or more strains.2.It is defined as the Ist generation of a cross that involves two or more inbred lines.3.The offspring of parents of different species, varieties or breeds of plants or animals. They may fertile or sterile.4.The offspring of two parents unlike in one or more heritable characters. Natural or artificial processes that lead to the formations of a hybrid. The hybridization of normally self-pollinating species involves the removal of the anthers (emasculation) and the artificial transfer of pollen from another plant. The adsorption of water by hydrophilic surfaces (e.g., of such colloids as protein, starch, and clay). An organic acid, that is highly toxic to livestock, also called prussic acid (sorghum). An odourless, colourless, tasteless gas, occurring in water combined with oxygen, and in all organic compounds (e.g. carbohydrates). A chemical reaction involving the breakdown of a molecule into two molecules, with the addition of water. These are water-loving plants, e.g. rice. The growing of plants (e.g.wheat, tomatoes) in nutrient 56Hydroponics: Hygroscopic water: Hypocotyl: Hypogeal: Hyponasty: The growing of plants (e.g.wheat, tomatoes) in nutrient Solution without soil. Water held tightly to the surface of soil Particles by adhesion force.2.It is that form of water which is tightly held or captured by soil Particles and is adhered around the soil particles. It is not available to plants. The region of the stem derived from that part of the embryo between the cotyledons and the radicle or the Portion of the axis of embryo or seedling which is below the cotyledon and above the root. Describing seed germination in which the cotyledons Temain under ground as there is no great lengthening of the hypocotyl. Curving upward of plant organ due to more rapid growth on the lower side of an organ. 57Imbibition: Imbibitional Water: Immobilization: Immunity: Inbred Line: Indeterminate: I The process by which a substance absorbs a liquid and, as a consequence, swells in volume but does not dissolve. Moisture internally absorbed by the clay-humus complex in the soil The conversion of an clement from the inorganic to the organic form in microbial tissues or in plant tissues. The ability of a plant or animal to resist an infectious disease or the effects of a poison. A strain or genotype, which has been selfed or back crossed so many times that it is homozygous.2.Progeny developed from a single seed. Developed by controlled self- pollination of adapted strains for 5-7 generations. The principle value of inbred line is that the plants within a particular line are essentially alike in their inheritance. The growth of the main stem is indeterminate i.e. it continue to grow indefinitely by the terminal bud and gives off branches laterally in acropetal succession. Induced (secondary) Dormancy: Inert Matter: Infection: Infertile Soil When seed remains dormant for sometime after the limiting factor has been removed, it is said to be under induced dormancy. Inert matter includes broken or damaged seeds, seed-like structures and other matter such as pebbles, straw, dust etc. Entery of disease causing organism into any living thing. A soil which is deficient in plant nutrients and requires plentiful applications of fertilizer to produce good crops. 58| Infestation: Infiltration: Inflorescence: Injury: Inoculation: Inoculum: Inorgani In-sit Insufficient: Integrated Control: Sticking of microorganisms or fungus on the surface of any thing which later on cause infection. The downward entry of water into the soil.2.The downward flow of water fj tom the surface into the soil. The entire floral Portion of the plant. Deviation from normal at to abnormal under stressed Conditions, The application of rhizobium (bacteria) is referred to as inoculation, or the practice of Placing strains of rhizobia in a soil-legume-seed environment in such a way that such strains will infect, nodulate and fix nitrogen in the plant to the maximum extent Possible. It is a black powder in which bacteria are mixed with ground peat or some similar carrier like powdered compost, which can provide nitrogen in association with roots ofa certain crop plants (also called bacterial culture). A term applied to a substance of mineral origin, as distinct from an organic one, which contains carbon. In the natural position or original position or location. When the level of an essential plant nutrient is below that required for optimum yields or when there is an imbalance with another nutrient. Symptoms of this condition are seldom evident. A system in which two or more methods are used to control a pest. These methods may include cultural practices, natural enemies and selective pesticides. Integrated Crop Nutrient Management: It refers to the management of a combination of sources of nutrients in crop production. 59Integrated Nutrient Management: It is the maintenance or adjustment of soil fertility and of plant nutrient supply to an optimum level for sustaining the desired productivity through optimization of benefits from all possible sources in an integrated manner. Integrated Pest Management: It may be defined as a system where advantage is taken of all those factors (physiological, ecological, biological, chemical, cultural and even legislative), which in one way or the other have some bearing on breeding, development and multiplication of pests. Integrated Weed Control: Intensive Farming: Use of two or more weed control techniques selected from five general categories i.e. prevention, cultural, mechanical, chemical and biological. A method of farming in which the aim is to produce the maximum number of crops per year, of high yield, from the amount of land available and to maintain a high stocking rate for livestock. Inter Relay Cropping: Intercropping: Inter-cultivation: Inter-culture: Triple relay cropping system is called inter relay cropping. When one crop is growing, second is sown in between the rows of first crop, in separate lines or strips. Soil cultivation performed in between rows of standing crops, primarily for controlling weeds. Any operation performed in standin crop during it period. ig Crop ing its growthInterference:, Jon Acti ity: Jon Exchange: Combined eft c iti Binnie effect of competition and allelopathy among The ive c i ¢ effective concentration of an ion in solution. Reversi . nee A ee Process by which ions (cations, anions) are 5 changed between solid and liquid phases. Sometimes etween two solid surfaces which are in contact. Irrigation Efficiency: Irrigation: Isolation: ‘The ratio of the amount of water used by irrigated crops to the amount actually supplied. The application of water to soil to provide an adequate supply for crop needs, to increase crop yields or to aid their establishment. Keeping the seed production plots aloof from fields of the same crop to avoid the risk of contamination by pollen from the neighbouring fields. Isolation between the seed plots can be effected by distances (spatial isolation) or time (temporal isolation). 2. It refers to the necessary but minimum distance kept between the two varieties of the same crop to avoid natural crossing and mechanical mixture. 61i i odes ot Jointing: The stage of growth in a grass plant when the intern the stem begin to clongate. K Kernel: The matured body of an ovule. Kinins: A group of natural growth hormones or artificial growth regulators which have various effects on the growth and reproductive processes of plants. Usually considered 1 stimulate cell division. Side sii iiL hich readily undergoes transformation or is ¢ to plants. Labile: A substance w) Teadily availabl Lay: A pasture, Leaching Requirement: Th i ‘ | a eo of water entering the soil that must pass . gh the root zone in order to prevent soil salinity from exceeding a specified value. Leaching: fl 8: The Temoval of nutrients in solution from the soil, Particularly under heavy rain is called leaching. Leaf Area Duration (LAD): An integral of LAI over the growth period, which is a Measure of combined action of LAI and time, is called LAD. Leaf Area Index (LAI): The ratio of the total surface area of a plant’s leaves to the ground area available to that plant ie. LAI = Leaf area/ground area. The LAI is of value when considering the number of plants that can be successfully cultivated on a given area of land. A value obtained by dividing the total leaf area of a plant by its dry weight. The ratio is useful in relating total photosynthetic to total respiratory material within the plant, thereby giving information concerning the plants available energy balance.2.It is the ratio of total area of plant's green leaf (one side) per unit area of ground available to plant. LAI =LA/GA. Total (lamina) leaf area of plant divided by total plant dry i; Leaf Area Ratio: t E weight. A lateral development of the stem arising from the node. Lah An indiviual unit of a compound leaf. Leaflet: 63Legume: Lemma: Lethal: Levee: A plant of the pea family (leguminosae), which produced seed in pods and is characterised by five-petalled jowels and by roots nodules capable of N fixation. eu ae often grown as a break between cereal crops to enrich the nitrogen in soil. ‘The lower outer and larger of the two bracts which enclose the flower (floret) of a grass.Frequently an awn will form as an extension of the mid-rib of lemma. A sub or hereditary factor that covers death A bank of earth used to hold irrigation water within certain limits so that uniform irrigation of the entire field is obtained. Life-saving Irrigation: Light Reaction: Light Soil: Ligule: Lime: Line: Irrigation given to a dry land or rain fed crop to save it from total failure due to long dry spells or severe soil moisture stress, the source of irrigation generally being harvested water. Also called supplemental irrigation. The chemical reactions of photosynthesis, which require light. These reactions, in which pigments are used to trap light energy, are the splitting of water molecules to give H and O; and the production of ATP and NAD Ho. Soil with a high proportion of sand and e: tivate a h sier to cul An outgrowth from the top of th i may be a scale like flap o} sent Sheath in grasses. I f tissue or Ting of hairs. Various calcium containin raise pH and correct acidi from natural deposits of c ig Materials applied to the soil 10 ty (acid soil) and mainly derived halk and limestone. , 64Lint: Liquid Manure: Longer oy ae utgrowth (2.5 cm) of an epidermal cell of seed The urine of ima 7 fi farm build farm animals, dung liquor and drainage from : Ns Containing valuable nitro; id one time meet A gen and potash, at 'y collected in tanks and distri OF Over soil dung heaps. Oinbuted on Feds Liquid Nitrogen Fertilizers: Litter: Loam: Lodging: Long Day Plants: Vari , a" , ; arlous nitrogen fertilizers applied in liquid form, usually ‘Ss concentrated than the granulated. Bedding for livestock, e.g. straw, shavings, sawdust, etc. A soil with a balanced soil particle mixture (approximately 25% clay, 40% sand and 35% silt), having most of the advantages of clay soil and sandy soils and few of their disadvantages. The falling over of plant. Plants which require a minimum of 13 hours of day light before they will fully develop flower parts; in addition, the days must get progressively longer, net shorter. Examples are wheat, oat, barley, alfalfa and berseem. Low Cropping Intensity: Lowland Rice: Luxury Uptake: When the number of crops raised from a piece of land in a specific period of time is less. Rice, which is flooded throughout the growing season. i it i f their need The rption by plants of nutrients in excess 0: fc eh Luxury concentrations during early growth may for . be utilized in later growth. 65i si atively Macronutrient: A chemical clement which is needed by crops in gelatin . | large amounts (normally greater than 1 ppm), not applied as a fertilizer. Maintenance Application: a Application of fertilizer materials in amounts ah intervals to. maintain available soil nutrients at levels necessary to produce an acceptable yield Maltase: An enzyme which breaks down maltos into glucose. Maltose: A disaccharide sugar (carbohydrates) comprising two glucose molecules, formed by starch breakdown by the enzyme diastase, particularly during digestion and seed germination. Management: Conservation of resources and their use to effect a maximum economic production. Manual Weeding: Weeding performed with human hands. Marginal Land: Land, which has such low Productive capacity that it, is on the borderline with respect to Producing a profitable return. Maturation: Stage at which a fruit reaches to : I its full size and the rate of dry weight gain becomes zero, Mature: In the botanical sense, a se ceased growing and has be bearing such seeds. (2) In th which has reached the sta; consumers Whether botanic: ed in which the embryo has Come dormant; also the fruit '8¢ of development, desired by ‘ally mature or not. Mechanism of Action; The biochemical and bi ‘ | herbicide. biophysical responses of a plant t0# 66Membrane: Mesophytes: Metabolic Pathway: Metabolism: Meteorology: Microbes: Micro-Climate: Micro-Meteorology: Micronutrient: Micropyle: - Milling Recovery (pas) A thin tay . m Yer of tissues or if within a cell, a thin layer of nolec : ules usually high in lipid content. Plants which ; require aver a cultivated crops, ‘quire average amount of water eg. Ttisa IS a set emi i i of chemical reactions which follow cach others in a sequence, Ea penstuenee: Each reaction uses the product ofthe reaction ae leading to the formation of organic compounds in ie oh their break down into simple compounds and ae imilation into protoplasm.2.The chemical processes es in living organisms, including those which aa lown complex organic compounds to more simple Tt deals with the day-to-day atmospheric conditions and their causes. Microscopic organisms such as bacteria. The pattern of variation in temperature, moisture etc., over a small area. It is the branch of meteorology which deals with the interaction between atmosphere and ground A chemical element necessary only in small amounts, usually <100 mg/ kg in the plant. a seed coat made by the pollen tube entering, iny pore in n papas d through which water enters prior to the ovule, an germination. } milled rice (70%), which comprises head 7 al t refers 10 ION Te 55%) and broken rice (15-20%). rice (whole grain, 67Mineral Nutrition: Mineral: Mineralization: It is a field concerned with the complex of Ce oa events by which higher plants produce organic mate absorbed from their environment. it i i ical A naturally occurring, inorganic substance with chem! composition and physical properties. i i an The conversion of an element from an organic jm to inorganic state as a result of microbial decomposition. Minimum Seed Standard: Minimum Tillage: Mixed Cropping: Mixed Farm: Mixed Farming: Minimum prescribed limits of seeds of different crops with Tespect to purity, germination, moisture, etc. For qualification as quality seed; it is different for the different classes of seeds. A method aimed at reducing tillage to the minimum necessary for ensuring a good seedbed, rapid germination, a satisfactory crop stand and favourable growing conditions 2 Soil cultivation is kept to the minimum necessary for crop establishment and growth, weed control if necessary being done by use of herbicides. Mist and fog are identical and are formed in the same way. The only difference is that in mist the water Particles are bigger and wetter. Sowing of two crops together at piece of land and whose hary of multiple, companion and ir the same time, on the same esting time is also same (type inter cropping). A term usually applied to a farm oj i tiuitieg fog mn which a range of aes. including Crop production (arable, erassand it, etc.) and livestock keeping, are Practiced, as distinct from one specializin, in i ivi eee 8 a particular activity (e.g. poultry Farming system, which j, Tearing animals or Poultry. 68Mode of Action: | : | Modeling: Moisture (Soil): The total Ph i aplan, > 'Y"toxic effects and fate of a herbicide on a1 .. the sion pee of developing statistical equations Telationship by ion that expresses the quantitative P between dependent and independent variables) Soil i a ee holds water on its surface in the form of a thin wai Certain force. The terms soil moisture and soil €T are used as synonyms. Moisture Contents (Soil): Molasses: Mole Drain: Mole Plough: Molecular Farming: Monocotyledon: Monoculture: The quantity of water present in soil usually expressed in Percentage by weight, on oven dry basis. A thick treacle produced as a by-product of sugar refining, containing 20-30% water, and rich insoluble sugars (particularly sucrose). Used to improve the palatability of feeding stuffs, and as a binding agent in the production of cake. A sub-surface land drainage channel formed by drawing a mole plough across a field, commonly 7.5 -10 cm (3-4 inch). ‘An implement used to form mole drains, consisting of a torpedo-shaped cylinder (a mole or cartridge) attached to a zi fe-edged coulter, which is itself fixed to a metal vere n two wheels. beam suspended betwee rowing and harvesting genetically modified It describes & producing not foodstuffs but crops, with the object of pharmaceuticals. jant having only one the same crop on a field year after year. seed leaf in each of its seeds. Ap The growing ofing both separate male and dual plant, €.g- maize i ious: a &4 ts ha) Monoecious: A term applied to plan aah female flowers on the same sesame and castor bean. Monopodial Branch: h in cotton. Vegetative or indirectly fruit bearing brane Mortality: Death rate. Mouldboard: A curved steel plate on the body of @ plough, which turns over the furrow slice Mowing: Reasonably effective physical method of controlling certain annual weeds, if done often enough to prevent flowering and seeding; however, it is relatively ineffective on perennial weeds. Muck: A general term for farmyard manure. Mulch Farming: A system of farming in which the organic residues are not plowed in the ground but are left on the surface. Mulch: Material such as straw, leaves, sawdust, grass cuttings, loose soil, etc., applied to the soil surface to protect the soil and plant roots from drying out and from the effects of heavy rain, freezing, to control weeds etc. Multiple Cropping: When two or more crops are grown together on the same piece of land ina given period of time, system is called multiple cropping. Also called Companion cropping. | Mustard: Any of various speci ses 2 : pe pecies of Sinapis section of the genus Mutation: A sudden, spontaneous and Permanent change in the genetic code if not lethal, it is Passed on to the offspring 70Myco-herbicide/Bio-herbicide: It refers to microbial Plant pathogen, which are applied as SPrays that uniformly kill or suppress weeds. It involves Spray of specific fungal spores or its fermentation products oF microbial products against the target weed and can be ~ Sprayed just like any herbicide,Native Weeds: Nature Farming: Natural Selection: Necrosis: N i ical limits of their All Weeds occurring within the geographic: origin. Farming which does not utilize antficial eee Pesticides like organic farming. However, E ara i does not incorporate animal manure or waste p' s Soil amendments An evolutionary process whereby Emuronmental — allow only the survival and reproduction of organisms Which are genetically capable of tolerating the environment in which they must live. Discoloration, dehydration and death of plant parts, Symptom of fungus infection. Net Assimilation Rate (NAR): It is the rate of increase in dry weight per unit leaf area per unit time. Net Irrigation Requirements tis the depth of irrigation wate carry-over soil moisture or g other gains in soil moisture , th for crop production, T, exclusive of Precipitation, foundwater contribution or at is required consumptively Net Irrigation Water Requirement: Neutral Soil: Nitrate of Potash: gation water de} i for Successful crop prod (depth) required luction exclusive of cipitation, ground water, etc. Precipil A soil in which the surfac, : na . © layer j ‘i dic. nor alkaline in Teaction, je, its oH "1S neither acidic nt neutrality is pH 7.0), 1S about 7.0 (strictly. (KNOs) Potassium nitrate, 2Nitrate Reduction: - Nitrification: j The Process whereby Micro-organisms to Various lower oxidati the terminal e| Y nitrate is reduced by plants and ammonia for cell synthesis or to on states by bacteria using nitrate as ectron acceptor in anaerobic Tespiration. The Conversion by various soil bacteria of organic nitrogenous compounds, which are not available to, plants, to nitrates, which they can readily absorb, Nitrogen Assimilation: Nitrogen Cycle: Nitrogen Fixation: Nitrogen: j Node: Nitro-Positive Cereals: The incorporation of nitrogen into organic cell substances by living organisms. The sequence of biochemical changes undergone by nitrogen where in it is used by an organism, liberated by the death and decomposition of the organism and converted to its original state of oxidation. Conversion of molecular dinitrogen (Nz) to organic combinations or to forms usable in biological process. Nitrogen Negative Cereals: Cereals which delay their maturity due to more nitrogen e.g. wheat and barley. An odourless, colourless gaseous element, forming about 78% of the atmosphere present in the soil inline bs form, such as ammonium compounds and i a am us organic forms such as amino acid and pi somplexes as constituents of humus. jo not delay their maturity due to more ich d Cereals whit ty and millet. nitrogen. Sorghum f the stem where one or ightly enlarged portion © The slightly ¢ more leaves arise. BNodulation: Nodules: Normal kernels: Noxious Weed: Nurse Crop: Nursery: The production of nodules on roots of legumes specialized legume bacteria. Swellings on the roots of leguminous plants (legume) containing bacteria, (Rhizobium spp.) living symbiotically with the root tissues, capable of converting atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogenous compounds using energy derived from carbohydrate supplied by plants. The various strains of bacteria, which form nodules, are usually naturally present in the soil. The bacteria enter the plant via the root hairs. Normal kernels are those that attain full size, translucent, show normal starch compaction and allow light to pass through them. A plant arbitrarily defined by law as being specially undesirable, troublesome and difficult to control. Cover Crop. A place or piece of ground where young plants are cultivated for transplanting or sale. Nutrient Antagonism: The depressing effect caused by one or more plant nutrients on the uptake and availability of another. Nutrient Cycling: The turnover of nutrients in the soil - plant cycle or movement of nutrients around the ecosystem. Nutrient Efficient Plant: Nutrient Stress: ae more able to absorb, translocate and utilize a rent under conditions of relati cific atively low availability of that nutrient in soil. : A condition of plant rowth el i supply restricts growth, 8 when inadequate nutrient 74Nutrients Any element taken into plant body that is essential (0 growth, development or reproduction of plants. Nutrition: It includes the processes which are concerned with ingestion, digestion and assimilation of food. 15Objectionable Weeds: Obligate Weed: Off-types: Oil: Oilseed Crops: Opaque kernels: Organic Farming: Organic Fertilizer: Organic Manure: Organic Matter: O if onc Troublesome weed whose seeds Lae seeds are extremely difficult to C0! ¢ mixed with crop A weed never grows wild but grow 1" association with man. Plants those are phenotypically different fon of ee variety grown as seed crop. Off-type includes wen e plants of the same variety, i-¢., seed crop variety, which do not conform to the varietal purity requirements. A slippery, viscous, liquid, or fat like substance produced and stored in the seeds of many plant species such as sunflower, soybean and flax. Various crops grown for their seeds, rich in oil and extracted after crushing for the manufacture of margarine, cooking oil and salad oil, etc. Opaque kernels are those which attain full size but do not become translucent due to lack of carbohydrates and also do not allow light to pass through them because of overall dull chalky structure due to porous filling of starch. It is a production system, which avi the use of synthetic inorganic fertil regulators and livestock feed additi Oids or largely excludes izers, pesticides, growth ives. Fertilizer, which is of animal or plant origin. Carbon containing manure B ie. excreta Fi , urine and plant residues used to fertilize the animals dung. Carbon containing subst, i tissues are composed. anees OF which Plants and axial 76af organic Soil: organic: Orthodox Seeds: Osmosis: Osmotic Pressure: Ovary: Ovule: Ovum: Oxidase: Oxidation: Oxygen: anne ! ‘oil Which contains a hi ) of organic matter throu igh percentage (>150 to 200 g kg” ighout the solumn. A term i applied t py with hy. P! (0 a substance containing carbon combined ‘drogen and vary often also with nitrogen. Seeds whi ‘i ig ne Can be dried to a low moisture level with out a Rea a Mab in general, the lower their seed : and the temperature during storage, the higher their viability. ie ° This is a process in which a solvent such as water will flow through a semi-permeable membrane (e.g. a cell wall) from a region of low solute concentration to more concentration. It is the pressure needed to prevent the passage of pure water into an aqueous solution through a differentially permeable membrane, thereby preventing an increase in the volume of solution. The hollow organ at the base of the carpel of a flower, containing one or more ovules (the future seeds). A small structure in the ovary of a plant containing the egg- cell or female gamete which, after fertilization develops into a seed. ‘An egg cell or female gamete. A type of enzyme which acts as a catalyst in the oxidation of substances, removing hydrogen which then combines with oxygen to form water. The combination of oxygen with a substance, or the removal of hydrogen from it. 4 An odourless, colourless, gaseous element, forming about 21% of the atmosphere and constituent of water. 71Paddy Milling: Paddy: Palea: Panicle: Parasite: Passive Uptake: Pasture: Peat: Percolation: Perianth: P d the germ. Removal of the bran (pericarp layer), husk and the & together). Rice grain enclosed in the hull (lemma and palea tog +) fl rass flowers, The upper of the two bracts, which ae enclosing 3 or the innermost, smaller, bract like struc single grass floret. a vertical main stalk tii st mprisin, A type of inflorescence comprising ‘ach bearing stalked with divided branches or racemes ¢ spikelets. An organism which gets its food from other organism (Host) without killing it. It is usually smaller than host. Process in which water or nutrients move from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration automatically; i.e. without energy expenditure. An area of land covered with grass or other herbaceous forage plants, and used for grazing animals. An organic soil consisting of plant material accumulated in mainly anaerobic waterlogged conditions in which bacteria and earthworms, etc. are absent and decay is very slow. The movement of water through soil Profile. The outermost, non-sexual part of a flower, which encloses the stamens and carpels, and usual! i sepals and corolla of petals, Sapaeene calyx ct Permanent Wilting Percentage: The moisture percentage of so; ‘ fail to recover turgidity, wham at Which plants wilt and in humidity. an atmosphere of 100% relative aePermanent Wilting: The point at whi "WT ich the amount of w: that plant wilts a humidity is 100 {0 such a level though relative Stopped. ater in soil has dropped ind fails to revive even % and transpiration is Permeable Membrane: Persistence: Pest Management: Pest: Pesticide: Petiole: pH value: Phenology: _ Phenotype: Phloem: Membrane which h allows the passage of solute and molecules through it. * ed The duration of toxic levels of a herbicide in soil, Manipulation of pest or potential Pest population by means of all or any pest control tactic to reduce their damage well below the economic threshold or render them harmless Those organisms that compete with us for food, have a negative effect on our crop plants, other desirable vegetation, on our domestic animals and on our health. Types - Weeds, insects, disease, pathogen, birds, rodents, animals. Any chemical used to kill, control or diminish in some way those organisms that threaten man. A stalk by which a leaf is attached to the stem of a plant. A measure of the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution, and therefore an indication of its acidity or alkalinity. The study of organisms and their activities in relation to the seasons of the year. eee ‘i ‘etinet The visible characteristics of a plant or animal as distinc! from its genetic constitution. i i ized food hich carries, synthesize i in vascular plants, WI arial roteins, etc.). materials (€.8- sugars, PI 19Phosphate: Photo-biological Weed Control: ich is an importa, An inorganic ion present in the soil, ees ot ATp mutient for plants. POs is used in , . quolusedliny s ae so us : during photosynthesis and Legere nucleotide molecules of nuclei weed species with tillage conuolgoy Hight sensithe dark (e.g. at night). operations performed in the Photo-neutral Plants: Photoperiod: Photoperiodism: Photorespiration: Photosynthesis: Physical Analysis: Plants, which show indifferent, or little ie to the length of daylight. They can flower in. all possible photoperiods ranging from few to 24 hours o pee light - cotton, tomato. Also known as Day-neutral Plants, Requirement of different light periods by plants. Length of daily light period to which ; plants are exposed.2.The effect of the length of day and night on plant flowering. Respiration that occurs in plant in the light. 2. The process in which plants, in the Presence of light, high oxygen concentration and low CO, concentration, will take up Or and give off CO2, due to the oxidation of organic compounds produced by CO) fixation. It involves the chloroplasts, mitochondria and Peroxisomes. Its function is unclear. The process in green plants by which ‘ carbohydrates are synthesized from water and carbon dioxide using the energy of sunlight absorbed py Ci carbon assimilation, oe a Al eae The determination of th . - - 7 mhysical mean Composition of a substance bY 80cal Impurity; Physiology: Pistil: Placement Drill: Plant Ecology: Plant Hormone: Planter: Planting Geometry: Plants: Plastic Mulch: Plow Pan: Weis th Ne proporti toy as dust, pebbieg. . 4 Sced lot of physical mat amaged seeds. + Weed seeds and shail ee bs r shriveled or d The stud) m: Cs Of the intern; 'Y Of the internal functioning of living organisms. The ovary of rh ry of a 'y Of a flower together with the style and stigma A machine whi W hich places fertiliz rig i jaces izer close to the side o: of seeds and slightly below them. eofrons Study of plants in relation to their environments. An organic compound synthesized in one part of a plant and translocated to another part where, in very low concentrations, it causes a physiological response. Equipment, which places seed in rows, at equal depth and with space between, plants. 2. Machine which places seed in rows at equal depth, in desired amount and with space between plants. It is the measurement of soil in different ways in relation to the placement of crops in order to reduce interplant competition and to provide fundamental growth factors for independent growth and development of crop plants. These are living organisms consisting of innumerable tiny cells, and build up valuable organic substances from simple materials. i ic y be transparent or black in polyethylene film, which may ; t at iE tied z mulch for field crops and helps in moisture retention, increasing soil temperature ‘and weed control. plowing, of soil at the same depth, a bard Due to continuous ow the plow depth layer (2-3 inch thick) is created bel which is called plow pan. 81Plumule: Pollen: Pollination: Pollution: Polyculture. Population Pore Space: Potassium Fixation: i ant which develyy, The young shoot of an embryo seed Pian psy in to the stem and produces true Ié | d by the anther: The minute spores, often yellow. Cer "nae an of flowers and carried by the * ination) sometimes by water, to the stigma (po = Te iv a The transfer of pollens from the male reproductive organs to the female in seed plants. Usually high levels of natural or Hae oa in the environment which cause undesirable effects. It involves the combination of different types of crops such as grain and pulses, grain and fibre crop, vegetable and pulses. Group of individuals. It is the space in between the soil particles occupied by air and water. The process of converting exchangeable or water soluble potassium to that occupying the position of K in the micas. Potassium Supplying Power of Soil: Practice: The capacity of the soil to supply potassium to growing plants from both the exchangeable and the moderately available forms. It is a way of carrying out Particular farming operation. Pre- soaking Irrigation: Pre-Basic Seed: The irrigation applied to the field for the preparation of land for sowing. It is heay: iricati ; i acre-inches, Y Urigation and is usually of Fengpuoduced under the responsibility of the preeder whd lecides in consultation With the federal seed certification 82Precision Farming: Plication of technologies a inci ind Manage spatial and temporal vari Beach Temote sensing, geographic, Lote s information systems, global Positioning system, sensors, ac rt ‘ute analyzer and computers. It is a Production system that Promotes variable management practices within a field according to site Conditions. It is otherwise known as site-specific crop management. Predator: An organism which kills and eat other organism (prey).It is usually larger than prey. Pre-emergence Herbicide: ; A herbicide applied following the sowing of a crop but before it emerges from the ground, either before or after the weed emergence. Prey: An organism which is killed and eaten by predator. It is “y usually smaller than predator. Primary (innate) Seed Dormancy: Primary Dormancy: Dormancy caused by inte Primary Sample: Failure of seed to germinate due to forces acting within the seed even under favourable conditions. mal factors of seed. from | i lot. A small portion of seed taken from one point of a seed 83Primary Sced Sample: | individual samples are Primary Tillage: Productivity: Progeny: Propagules: Protein: Protoplasm: ; ad. several When a sced lot is sampled, sever viiners or bulk drawn from different places in com such sample is called primary sample er harvesting one Crop for complete illage carrie: aft Tillage carried out 4 elods coverage of crop residues and to breal The capacity of a soil to produce specified plant. It is expressed in terms of yield. It is broader term since fertility is only one of a number of factors that determine the magnitude of crop yields. The offspring Plant parts that give rise to new plants. A class of complex organic compounds, containing Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen (about 16%), Hydrogen and some also containing Phosphorus and Sulphur. They consist of thousands of amino acids linked in polypeptide chains (peptide) and sometimes folded in a complicated manner. About 20 different amino acids are found in proteins, the sequence of their arrangement in the chains being specific for each protein and giving it its characteristic properties. Proteins may be simple, containing only amino acids, or conjugated, being combined with other compounds, e.g. carbohydrates (muco- or glycoproteins), fats (lipoproteins), nucleo-proteins (phosphorus-containing proteins combined with DNA and forming the chromosomes of cell nuclei), etc. With water they form the basic constituents of protoplasm, and play an important role in the structure of organisms. Plant proteins are often stored in seeds and other organs and A . prolantin, include globulins, albumins, glutens and The contents of the cells o nucleus. ' living organisms, including the wRaS ce aeatePseudomonas: Pubescent: Puddling: Pulse Crops: Pure Line: Pure Seed: Purity of Seed: A ge f bacteri: i i eae Tus of bacteria Present in the soil which convert amino Npounds to ammonia and ammonium compounds. Hairy Process. by which soil losses structure and becomes deflocculated. It is caused by excessive water and handling. Leguminous crops such as peas and beans yielding edible seeds (pulse).2. These are legumes which have edible seeds, Bacteria on the roots of these crops can fix N, So, normally , they require very less N fertilizers and the following crops benefit from N left in the soil. When a variety descends from a single plant, it is called a pure line and method of its production is called pure-line method of selection. Seed of a crop or variety being tested. It means freedom from impurities like weed seed, inert matter and crop seeds other than kind being tested. 85R i ing stalked Raceme: A type of inflorescence with a main stem bearing e re flowers.2.An inflorescence or head whose i pia on the end of simple branches or ae ke nee to the main stem. For example rapeseee’ Rachilla: The axis of a spikelet in grass. Rachis: The axis of a spike or raceme.2.The main stem of an inflorescence. Radicle: The young root which develops from a germinating seed. Rain Fed Farming: Growing of field crops entirely with rainwater Teceived during the crop season under humid and sub humid climates and crops, may face little or no moisture stress during their life cycle. Range: An excessive area of natural pastures land. Ratoon: Regrowth from stubble. Ray Flowers: The strap-like flowers located on the margin of the flower head of many compositae. The flowers in the i er part of the head are called disk flowers. nee Reactive Pentose Pathway (C3 Pathway) The set of reactions in photosynthesis j i i - in whi by tibulose-bisphosphate, @ pentose maak ars 7 ae which is used fo Produce a hexose sugar and more ribulose diphosphate, which 1s used for further CO) fixation. This Sey from ATP produced in the teaction for reduction or ok ees tats Bake wn as Cycle or C3 PathwayReadily Available Moisture: Real Value: It is the function of purity (%) and germination (%) and is defined as the percent seed of a seed lot that will give tise © to normal seedlings of the variety in question. Reap: To cut a crop, particularly a cereal, to harvest the grain. Reclamation: The process of removing excess soluble salts or excess exchangeable sodium from soils. Relative Growth Rate: Increase of plant material per unit of material present pet unit time. Relative Humidity: The percentage of water vapors, which the air holds at 2 given temperature, compared with that it could hold at the same temperature if fully saturated. Relative Weed: One that have some use to a farmer in certain circumstances. Residual Herbicide: A herbicide which, when applied to the soil, persists for some time, killing weeds on germination. Relative Yield Total: The sum of the yields of each species in a mixture divided by its yield in pure stand. ‘i nile 1 crop is standing in the ng: Sowing of second crop while 7 Relay Cropping: field and is near to maturity (Type of companion or multiple cropping) i s cultivated -++uncultivated area. Reported Area: It includes ane oit stigation into a subject to find out new facts ant Research: Ines principles. The volume of water held in the soil between field capacity and permanent wilting percentage, which is capable of being removed by plants. 87Respiration: Rest Period: * Restorative Rotation: Retting: Rhizobia: Rhizome: Rhizosphere: Rice Bran: Rice Cleaning: Rice Processing: polishing and grading Operations, Intake of oxygen by plants, whit foodstuffs to release energy, cam" called respiration. pon dioxide and water j, can maintains ; Period during which a plant or seed i dormancy. ich improve Rotation, which includes those crops, whic! Pp) the soil fertility Soaking flax, hemp, or other fiber plants material to facilitate processing of the fibers.2.The exposure of harvested flax, sunhemp to moisture so that it partially rots and the fibres are more easily separated from the rest of the stem. Bacteria capable of living symbiotically in Toots of legumes from which they receive energy and often utilize molecular nitrogen. A horizontal creeping underground stem growing just below the soil surface, from which exillary buds produce new stems and roots giving rise to new separate plants, acting as a food store and means of vegetative reproduction. The zone of soil in which micro organisms and living plant roots effectively interact. It is the nutritious outer layer of the brown rice kernel that is removed during the Polishing process to Produce white tice. Germ and the rest of husk of brown rice are removed. Removal of impurities, foreign objects such as dust, stone and straw from paddy. , Improving the quality of tice through cleaning, husking: ch combines with organicRice Hulling (Husking); Ridge: Rill Erosion: Rogue: Roguing: Root Hairs: Root: Row Crops: Process of Temoving husk from Paddy. A soil thrown up by a plough between two furrows. Formation of rills Over the surface of the bare fields after heavy showers of rain, which wash away the soil is called rill erosion. It is form of water erosion and an intermediate Stage leading towards gully erosion, Any plant that varies from the rest of the crop and is consequently not wanted, Roguing is the removal of off-type Plants from a field. An elongated Projection of the outer root cell which increases the absorptive area of the root. The part of the plant which grows downward into the soil. Those crops planted in widely spaced rows facilitating cultivations between the Tows, €.g. cotton, maize, sunflower, etc. Running out of Varieties: Runoff: It is the phenomenon in which a variety, which is once very popular and considered very satisfactory in an area, has ceased to be of much value after several years. When water flows out the field by breaking bunds or flows from the high level to the sloppy area. 89S It refers to certain farming practices, which can be followed Saline Agriculture: for successful crop production on salt affected soils, to improve lands that are partially affected, to prevent reclaimed land from becoming again unproductive when full-scale reclamation is not economically feasible. Saline Sodic Soil: A soil which contains both soluble salts and exchangeable sodium in sufficient amount or a soil whose electrical conductivity is more than 4 dSm! with exchangeable sodium percentage greater than 15 and pH is seldom greater than 8.5. Soil which contains sufficient soluble salts to impair its productivity, or a soil whose electrical conductivity is equal or greater than 4 dSm'', exchangeable sodium percentage is less than 15, pH usually below 8.5. Surface of such soil is covered with white salt crust. The process of accumulation of soluble salts such as sulphates and chlorides of Ca, Mg, Na, K in soil. This process forms saline soils. Soil containing sufficient soluble or insoluble salts, which restrict growth of most of plants, not all because some are salt tolerant. It refers to the ability of plants to tolerate concentration of soluble salts in the root medium. gronomy, the elimination of plant residues here disease organisn’ insects might be eds on decaying organic material. fungi.Satellite Weed: Saturated: Scarification: Science: Season: Weeds th gr cro] is that has become an i an ini mes th tegral part of a Organic molecule with no double bonds between its C atoms e.g. palmitic acid. Break down of sced dormancy by mechanical or other treatments, which rupture or soften the seed coat A body of knowledge that explores nature One of the four climatic divisions of the year, spring. Secondary Dormancy: Secondary Tillage: Dormancy, which is caused by external unfavourable conditions. It is the tillage provided after primary tillage to make the soil loose, well aerated and pulverized or to prepare a fine seed bed. Also known as seed bed preparation. A large family of grass-like plants (Cyperaceae). They are distinguished from grasses by having a solid, usually triangular, stem, and only one scale beneath each flower (grasses have two). Flowering heads are greenish, brownish or purplish. d to physical or chemical methods of erm applic’ ro ru quality or composition of seed. determining the Reservoir of viable seeds found in the soil or its surface. esel f land or @ field cultivated (0 @ level, fine cilth, in a of land oF 8 p arei A ceeds are SOW: which S . chi ities From seeds usually by machine, of impun The removal rs proken Jeaves, insects, elc- such as weed SeeSeed Drill: A tractor-mounted or trailed machine, which sows seeds jn rows. Seed Leaf: A cotyledon Seed Lot: Any quantity of seed (agricultural commodity) up to a maximum of approximately 20,000 kilograms for seeds of the size of cereals or larger and 10,000 kilograms for seeds (vegetables/flowers) smaller than cereals. Improving the quality of harvested seed through a series of Operations, viz, drying, cleaning, grading, testing, treating, bagging and labeling. Chemical used to treat the seed in order to protect it from infection and infestation. It means seed should be free from impurities like weed seed, inert matter, straw, dust and seed of other varieties. Seed quality comprises a wide range of interrelated attributes, viz, high germination and vigour, uniform size. absence of seed- borne diseases and optimum moisture - content. The ultimate seed quality is the result of these attributes and their interaction with each other. A small quantity representative of a seed lot. _ An instrument used to draw samples of free flowering seed a procedure of taking samples from seed lot that is 10 ted for quality. f seed lo germinate. 2. Potentiality of seed ‘and produce normal seedling when exposed 10Seed Vigour: Seed: Seedling: Selective Herbicide: Self Fertilization: Self-sterile Plants: It is f sty eee td of au seed attributes, which favour stand Se favourable field conditions. According + Seed vigour is the sum total of those properties of the _ seed, which determine the potential level of performance and activity of a non-dormant seed of seed lot during germination and seedling emergence. A reproductive structure of flowering plants. 2. Miniature plant possessing all the characteristics of the type of cultivar to which it belongs. A young plant raised from seed. 2. A young plant, grown from seed as distinct from one grown from a cutting or bya graft. A herbicide capable of killing or stunting the growth of weeds growing in a crop but having little or no harmful effect on the crop itself. A process by which certain plants are able to fertilize themselves by the transference of pollens from the stamens to the stigma of the same flower. A plant which is not able to fertilize itself with its own pollen. ith abrupt changes in temperature (sometimes Vv. Climate wi t u igh wind velocity, storm: high, some time V. low), hi Rainfall is 26-50 cm per annum. A root arising from the base of the hypocotyls. accompany aging and that Mm.Sepal: Serrated: Shattering: Sheath: Sheet Erosion: Sheet Erosion: Shifting cultivation: One of the green leaf-like parts of a flower which from the calyx and surround the petals. Having notched, saw tooth like projections around the edge, A term used to describe the loss of grain or seed from the inflorescence or head The part of a grass leaf which encircles the stem and is attached to the node. It means the washing away of the topsoil by rainwater, slowly or rapidly. It is not easily observed as the soil is removed in thin layers and the farmers do not notice it until it is far advanced. It is most serious form of water erosion. The erosion or removal of surface soil in a uniform manner under the influence of surface run-off water. A practice common in the tropics. In this agricultural system, farmers typically abandon a given plot when soil fertility wanes and move on to more fertile land, often utilizing slash and burn techniques. A considerable fallow period ensues on the abandoned land. Plants, which require a maximum of 12 hours of day light before they will fully develop flower parts. Days must get progressively shorter, Examples are rice, soybean. The plants that develop normally only when the photoperiod is Jess than a critical minimum i.e. between 12- 14 hours. They require long period of darkness o! flowering. Tobacco, beans, rice, sugarcane, maiz? (autumn),ide Dressing (fertilizer): Application of fertilizer plants during the growin; Wide rows. ag or alongside the base of the ig scason when these are sown in Silage: Fora Forage or fodder usually chopped and stored at 60 to 70 Percent moisture and allowed to ferment, producing an acid condition, which preserves the forage. Simple Leaf: A leaf, which is not divided into separate, leaflets, as distinct from a compound leaf. 2. The blade consists of one continuous piece. Sink Capacity: Capacity of plants to make use of carbohydrates for grains development. Sink: Site of metabolic activity. Individual plant organs (e.g. seeds) may be a source, during one phase of development (germination and seedling growth) and a sink during another (grain filling). Slow Release Fertilizer: A delayed release, controlled release, slow acting or 4 fertilizer whose availability is controlled. It may involve either compounds, which dissolve slowly, or soluble compounds coated with substances impermeable to water. which suppresses or stops the It is grown for ously A dense growing crop, wil growth of a less competitive crop. suppression of weeds.2. A crop which grows vigo! when well fertilized (e.g. arable silage crops, etc. ) Smother Crop: cend to intensely cold regions of without passing through the liquid preparation of land for yr the . of 4 acre- and is usually. Inches. The subsequent irrigations are of 3 acre inches each. Sodic Soil: A soil, which contains sufficient amount of soluble and exchangeable sodium, or a soil whose electrical ivity is less than 4 dSm, exchangeable sodium age greater than 15 and pH usually ranges between 8.5 and 10. IL is also called black alkali soil Soil Analysis: The determination of the composition of soil by various laboratory chemical and physical methods. Soil Conservation: It is a matter of using land efficiently under a farming system that safeguards it from erosion.2.The reservation of soil against deterioration and loss by using it within its capabilities and applying the conservation practices needed for its protection and improvements. Soil Degradation: A process that describes human induced phenomena that lower the current and/or future capacity of soil to support human life or a process that lowers the current and/or the potential capability of soil to produce (quantitatively and/or qualitatively) goods or services. It deals with different nutrients, fertilizers, their supply. availability and different chemical changes they undergo in soil. The sum total of all tillage operations, cropping practices, fertilizer, lime and other treatments conducted on or applied to soil for the production of plants. Deficit: . ~The amount of water, return it to field capacity. which a soil requires to be addeeo | Soil Sterilant: Soil Structure: Soil Texture: Soil Tilth: Soil: Solution: Source: Sow: Species: Sperm: Spike: Spikelet: Splash Erosion: A chemical applied to the soil to kill pests, diseases or weeds, Arrangement or overall aggregation of the soil particles. It refers to the relative proportion of sand, silt and clay in soil. The texture of a given soil may be coarse, medium and very fine depending on group(s) of particles that dominate. It refers to the physical condition of the soil in its relation to plant growth. The unconsolidated material covering the surface of the earth in which plants grow, and in which many animals (e.g. insects, worms, beetles, bacteria, etc) live and derive food. A liquid with substance dissolved in it. Site of synthesis or storage. To place seeds in soil. A group of individuals which breed freely with each other and produce fertile offspring. A reproductive cell. A mode of inflorescence or arrangement of flowers on a stalk, in which the flowers are attached directly, without stems, along the end of the stalk. An individual unit on a spike, generally consisting of 2 glumes and one or more flowers each bome between a Jemma and palea. The splattering of small soil particles caused by the impact of rain drops on wet soils. The loosened particles may not subsequently be removed by surface runoff. 97Split Application: Spray: Square: Stale Seed Bed: Stamen: Stand Density: Stigma: Straight Fertilizer: Strain: Sterile Spikelets: When the required dose of fertilizer is applied im more than, One application. A liquid applied under pressures, via a nozzle. in the form of a mist of fine droplets. An unopened flower bud of cotton with its subtending involucre bracts. A weed management practice that involves seed bed Preparation enough in advance of crop planting to ensure germination of many weed seeds which are then destroyed mechanically or by use of non-residual herbicide. ‘The male part of a flower consisting of a stalk or filament a nd a pollen-producing anther. It is the number of plants per unit area. The receptive tip of the carpel, which receives pollen at pollination and on which the pollen grain germinates. A fertilizer containing only one substance, usually providing only one, but sometimes two,.or the major plant nutrients (i.e. nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium). Any group of very similar or identical individuals, such as a pure line. Variety before approval is also called strain or line.2.A group of individual similar in Phenotype and often in genotype (A strain is known a variety when released for commercial cultivation by a variety release committee).3.A breed, race, stock or type within @ species of plants or animals, the individuals of which have specific characteristics distinguishing them from those of other strains.4.A group of plants derived from a variety Sterile spikelets are unfilled and unfertili 7 and they are easily distinguished fertilized spikelets from other categories. 98