Question 1

Evaluate the CSTR reactor design algorithm by substituting the value given in the question.

vo X
V=
k C Ao ( 1− X )2

dm3
v o=10
min

C A 0=4 M =4 mol /dm3

dm3
k =0.1
mol .min

V =600 dm3

( 10 ) ( X )
600=
( 0.1 ) ( 4 ) (1− X 2)

240(1−X 2 )=10 X

240(1−2 X + X 2 )=10 X

240 X 2−490 X +240=0

Let, f ( X )=240 X 2−490 X +240

a) Graphically

I. Graphical method are the simplest method to estimate the root of equation. A
range value of X are evaluated to get values of function.

X f(X)
-1.0 490.0
-0.8 478.4
-0.7 465.4
-0.6 447.6
-0.5 425.0
-0.4 397.6
-0.3 365.4
-0.2 328.4
-0.1 286.6
0.0 240.0
0.1 193.4
0.2 151.6
0.3 114.6
0.4 82.4
0.5 55.0
0.6 32.4
0.7 14.6
0.8 1.6.0
0.9 -6.6
1.0 -10.0

II. The value of X and f(X) are ploted and the intercept at x-axis are observed to
get the rough approximation of the root.
 The graph of X vs f(X)
600

f(x) = 6.42 x² − 305.23 x + 239.19

R² = 0.97 500

400

300
f(X)

200

100

0
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5

-100

conversion, X

Figure 1 The graph of function against the conversion, X

x-intercept = 0.8300
The estimated value of the root, the conversion factor, X= 0.8300
b) False position method with initial guesses of Xl =0.6 and Xu =0.9

The false position method is an alternative based on a graphical insight.

First iteration

i. The xl and xu for the root are determined from the question.

x l=0.6 000 x u=0.9000

f ( x l ) =32.4000 f ( x u )=−6.6000

ii. Estimate the value of root from the equation of xr and evaluate f(xr)

( 0.9 ) ( 32.4 ) −(0.6)(−6.6)

x r=
32.4−(−6.6)
x r=0.8492

f ( x r )=−3.034 2

iii. Find the pair to determine the position of the root.

f ( x l ) . f ( x r ) =−98.3081<0

f ( x l ) . f ( x r ) < 0 ,thus the roor lies in the lower interval, then x u=x r

iv. Calculate the absolute relative approximate error for each iteration.

ε a=|0.8492−0.6
0.8492 |
× 100 %

¿ 29.3453 %
Second iteration

i. The xl and xu for the root are determined

x l=0.6 000 x u=0.8492

f ( x l ) =32.4000 f ( x u )=−3.0342

ii. Estimate the value of root from the equation of xr and evaluate f(xr)

( 0.8492 ) ( 32.4 )−(0.6)(−3.0342)

x r=
32.4−(−3.0342)

x r=0.8279

f ( x r )=−1.1706

iii. Find the pair to determine the position of the root.

f ( x l ) . f ( x r ) =−37.9274< 0

f ( x l ) . f ( x r ) < 0 ,thus the roor lies in the lower interval, then x u=x r

iv. Calculate the absolute relative approximate error for each iteration.

ε a=|0.8279−0.8492
0.8279 |×100 %
¿ 2.5728 %
 Third iteration

i. The xl and xu for the root are determined

x l=0.6 x u=0.8279
f ( x l ) =32.4000 f ( x u )=−1.1706

ii. Estimate the value of root from the equation of xr and evaluate f(xr)

( 0.8279 ) ( 32.4 000 ) −(0.6 000)(−1.1706)

x r=
32.4 000−(−1.1706)
x r=0.8200

f ( x r )=−0.4240

iii. Find the pair to determine the position of the root.

f ( x l ) . f ( x r ) =−13.7376<0

f ( x l ) . f ( x r ) < 0 ,thus the roor lies in the lower interval, then x u=x r

iv. Calculate the absolute relative approximate error for each iteration.

ε a=|0.8200−0.8279
0.8200 |× 100 %
¿ 1.0000 %
 Fourth iteration

i. The xl and xu for the root are determined

x l=0.6 x u=0.8200
f ( x l ) =32.4000 f ( x u )=−0.4240

ii. Estimate the value of root from the equation of xr and evaluate f(xr)

( 0.8200 ) ( 32.4 000 ) −(0.6 000)(−0.4240)

x r=
32.4 000−(−0.4240)
x r=0.8172

f ( x r )=−0.1522

iii. Find the pair to determine the position of the root.

f ( x l ) . f ( x r ) =−4.9313< 0

f ( x l ) . f ( x r ) < 0 ,thus the roor lies in the lower interval, then x u=x r

iv. Calculate the absolute relative approximate error for each iteration.

ε a=|0.8172−0.8200
0.8172 |×100 %
¿ 0.3426 %
v. The absolute relative approximate error is less than 1% thus, the procedure is
terminated.

The conversion factor, X=0.8172

c) Secant method with initial estimates of Xi-1 = 0.6 and X0, =0.9

Secant method is a slight variation of newton’s method for function that is hard to
determine. The method required two intial roots.

First iteration

i. Determine the value x 0 and x−1 based on the question.

x 0=0.9000 x−1=0.6 000

f ( x 0 ) =−6.6 000 f ( x −1 ) =−32.4000

ii. Estimate the root of value of root from the equation of x i+1

0.6 000−0.9 000

x 1=0.9−(−6.6000)
( 32.4000−(−6.6000) )
x 1=0.849 2

iii. Calculate the absolute relative approximate error for each iteration.

ε a=|0.8492−0.9000
0.8492 |×100 %=5.9821 %
Second iteration

i. Determine the value x 0 and x 1

x 0=0.9 000 x 1=0.8492

f ( x 0 ) =−6.6000 f ( x 1 )=−3.0342

ii. Estimate the root of value of root from the equation of x i+1

0.9 000−0.8492
x 2=0.8492−(−3.0342) ( (−6.6000 )−(−3.0342) )
x 2=0.8060

iii. Calculate the absolute relative approximate error for each iteration.

ε a=|0.8060−0.8492
0.8060 |×100 %
¿ 5.3598 %
Third iteration

i. Determine the value x 1 and x 2

x 1=0.8492 x2 =0.8060
f ( x 1 ) =−3.0342 f ( x2 ) =0.9726

ii. Estimate the root of value of root from the equation of x i+1

0.8492−0.8060
x 3=0.8060−(0.9726)
( (−3.0342)−(0.9726) )
x 3=0.8165

iii. Calculate the absolute relative approximate error for each iteration.

ε a= |0.8165−0.8060
0.8165 |× 100 %
¿ 1.2860 %
Fourth iteration

i. Determine the value x 3 and x 2

x 3=0.8165 x 2=0.8060
f ( x 3 ) =−0.0837 f ( x 2 )=0.9726

ii. Estimate the root of value of root from the equation of x i+1

0.80 6 0−0.8165
x 4 =0.8165−(−0.0837)
( 0.9726−(0.0837) )
x 4 =0.8155

iii. Calculate the absolute relative approximate error for each iteration.

0.8155−0.8165
ε a= | 0.8155 |
×100 %

¿ 0.1226 %

iv. The absolute relative approximate error is less than 1% thus the procedure is
terminated.

The conversion factor, X=0.8155